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Kuklina EM, Glebezdina NS. [Extrathymic Differentiation of αβT Lymphocytes]. Ontogenez 2015; 46:209-224. [PMID: 26480481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extrathymic differentiation is an alternative way of αβT lymphocyte development. In normal conditions it is expressed slightly and limited mainly to the liver and intestinal mucous. However, it increases significantly with age, as well as in certain physiological and pathological conditions, buying more widespread. In the review, the phenotypical and functional features of extrathymic T lymphocytes have been considered in detail depending on their localization and a way of the process activation. The mechanisms of such differentiation induction have been analyzed. Special attention is paid to the biological significance of extrathymic αβT cell development.
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2
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Abstract
NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that provides innate sensing of bacterial muramyl dipeptide by host cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages and epithelial cells. While NOD2's role as an innate pathogen sensor is well established, NOD2 is also expressed at low levels in T cells and there are conflicting data as to whether NOD2 plays an intrinsic role in T cell function. Here we show that following adoptive transfer into WT hosts, NOD2(-/-) OT-I T cells show a small decrease in the number of OVA-specific CD8 T cells recovered at the peak of the response to respiratory influenza virus infection. On the other hand, no such defect was observed upon intranasal immunization with a replication defective adenovirus carrying the OVA epitope recognized by OT-I, or when OVA was delivered with LPS subcutaneously, or when influenza-OVA was delivered intraperitoneally. Thus we observed a selective defect in NOD2-deficient T cell responses only during a live viral infection. Moreover, there was no apparent defect when NOD2(-/-) OT-I T cells were stimulated in vitro. Finally, this selective defect in recovery of NOD2-deficient CD8 T cells was not observed in a non-transgenic respiratory infection model in which mixed bone marrow chimeras were used such that the NOD2(-/-) T cells were allowed to develop and respond in a NOD2-sufficient host. Taken together our data indicate that T cell intrinsic NOD2 is not required for CD8 T cell responses to antigen delivered under a variety of conditions in vitro and in vivo. However, CD8 T cells that have developed in the absence of NOD2 show a selective and modest impairment in their response to live respiratory influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria H. Y. Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Poole JA, Gleason AM, Bauer C, West WW, Alexis N, Reynolds SJ, Romberger DJ, Kielian T. αβ T cells and a mixed Th1/Th17 response are important in organic dust-induced airway disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:266-273.e2. [PMID: 23010233 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments induces an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, yet repetitive dust exposures result in chronic lung diseases. Animal models resembling this chronic lung inflammatory response have been developed, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well defined. OBJECTIVE Because mice repetitively exposed to organic dust extracts (DE) display increased CD3+ T cell lung infiltrates, we sought to determine the phenotype and importance of these cells. METHODS Mice received swine confinement DE repetitively for 3 weeks by established intranasal inhalation protocol. Studies were conducted with peptidoglycan (PGN) because it is a major DE component in large animal farming environments and has shared similar biologic effects with DE. Enumeration of T cells and intracellular cytokine profiles were conducted by flow cytometry techniques. Whole lung homogenate cytokines were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. T cell receptor (TCR) αβ knockouts were used to determine the functional importance of αβ-expressing T cells. RESULTS DE increased lung-associated CD3+CD4+ T cells and interleukin (IL)-17 (but not IL-4, interferon [IFN]-γ, IL-10) producing CD4+ T cells. PGN treatment resulted in increased IL-17 and IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Both DE and PGN augmented expression of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th17 polarization in lung homogenates. DE-induced lung mononuclear aggregates and bronchiolar compartment inflammation were significantly reduced in TCR knockout animals; however, neutrophil influx and alveolar compartment inflammation were not affected. CONCLUSION Studies demonstrated that DE and PGN exposure promote a Th1/Th17 lung microenvironment and that αβ-expressing T cells are important in mediating DE-induced lung pathologic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Aggregation/genetics
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Dust/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Deswal S, Schulze AK, Höfer T, Schamel WWA. Quantitative analysis of protein phosphorylations and interactions by multi-colour IP-FCM as an input for kinetic modelling of signalling networks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22928. [PMID: 21829558 PMCID: PMC3146539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand complex biological signalling mechanisms, mathematical modelling of signal transduction pathways has been applied successfully in last few years. However, precise quantitative measurements of signal transduction events such as activation-dependent phosphorylation of proteins, remains one bottleneck to this success. Methodology/Principal Findings We use multi-colour immunoprecipitation measured by flow cytometry (IP-FCM) for studying signal transduction events to unrivalled precision. In this method, antibody-coupled latex beads capture the protein of interest from cellular lysates and are then stained with differently fluorescent-labelled antibodies to quantify the amount of the immunoprecipitated protein, of an interaction partner and of phosphorylation sites. The fluorescence signals are measured by FCM. Combining this procedure with beads containing defined amounts of a fluorophore allows retrieving absolute numbers of stained proteins, and not only relative values. Using IP-FCM we derived multidimensional data on the membrane-proximal T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signalling network, including the recruitment of the kinase ZAP70 to the TCR-CD3 and subsequent ZAP70 activation by phosphorylation in the murine T-cell hybridoma and primary murine T cells. Counter-intuitively, these data showed that cell stimulation by pervanadate led to a transient decrease of the phospho-ZAP70/ZAP70 ratio at the TCR. A mechanistic mathematical model of the underlying processes demonstrated that an initial massive recruitment of non-phosphorylated ZAP70 was responsible for this behaviour. Further, the model predicted a temporal order of multisite phosphorylation of ZAP70 (with Y319 phosphorylation preceding phosphorylation at Y493) that we subsequently verified experimentally. Conclusions/Significance The quantitative data sets generated by IP-FCM are one order of magnitude more precise than Western blot data. This accuracy allowed us to gain unequalled insight into the dynamics of the TCR-CD3-ZAP70 signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Deswal
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Schulze
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kim ST, Touma M, Takeuchi K, Sun ZYJ, Dave VP, Kappes DJ, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Distinctive CD3 heterodimeric ectodomain topologies maximize antigen-triggered activation of alpha beta T cell receptors. J Immunol 2010; 185:2951-9. [PMID: 20660709 PMCID: PMC2936104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alphabeta TCR has recently been suggested to function as an anisotropic mechanosensor during immune surveillance, converting mechanical energy into a biochemical signal upon specific peptide/MHC ligation of the alphabeta clonotype. The heterodimeric CD3epsilongamma and CD3epsilondelta subunits, each composed of two Ig-like ectodomains, form unique side-to-side hydrophobic interfaces involving their paired G-strands, rigid connectors to their respective transmembrane segments. Those dimers are laterally disposed relative to the alphabeta heterodimer within the TCR complex. In this paper, using structure-guided mutational analysis, we investigate the functional consequences of a striking asymmetry in CD3gamma and CD3delta G-strand geometries impacting ectodomain shape. The uniquely kinked conformation of the CD3gamma G-strand is crucial for maximizing Ag-triggered TCR activation and surface TCR assembly/expression, offering a geometry to accommodate juxtaposition of CD3gamma and TCR beta ectodomains and foster quaternary change that cannot be replaced by the isologous CD3delta subunit's extracellular region. TCRbeta and CD3 subunit protein sequence analyses among Gnathostomata species show that the Cbeta FG loop and CD3gamma subunit coevolved, consistent with this notion. Furthermore, restoration of T cell activation and development in CD3gamma(-/-) mouse T lineage cells by interspecies replacement can be rationalized from structural insights on the topology of chimeric mouse/human CD3epsilondelta dimers. Most importantly, our findings imply that CD3gamma and CD3delta evolved from a common precursor gene to optimize peptide/MHC-triggered alphabeta TCR activation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sheep
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Taek Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhen-Yu J. Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Lymphocyte Development Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dietmar J. Kappes
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Chen SH, Li YQ, Yang LJ, Zhou YB, Li B, Zhang XL, Luo GX. [Analysis of CDR3 sequence of TCR Valpha6, Valpha10 and Vbeta23 oligoclonal T cells in one APL case]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2009; 25:136-138. [PMID: 19174011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clonality and the pattern of CDR3 sequence of TCR Valpha and Vbeta repertoire in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). METHODS The CDR3 of TCR Valpha 29 and Vbeta 24 subfamily genes were amplified in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of one case with APL using RT-PCR. The positive PCR products were further labeled with fluorescent and analyzed by genescan technique for the CDR3 size, to evaluate clonality of the detectable TCR Valpha and Vbeta T cells. The products of the oligoclonal T cells were analyzed by sequencing to define the sequence of CDR3. RESULTS Oligoclonal T cells expressed TCR Valpha6, Valpha10 or Vbeta23 genes were identified from the APL patient. The molecular characteristics of the CDR3 of Valpha and Vbeta genes rearrangement were Valpha6NJalpha17, Valpha10NJalpha35 and Vbeta23NDbeta1NJbeta2.7. The amino acid sequence of CDR3 region in TCR Valpha 6, Valpha10 and Vbeta23 subfamilies were CAMRENSAGNK, YLCAGDELLWECA or CASSSKWAGGTYEQY, respectively. These sequences were accepted by GenBank (Accession Number EU544946, EU544947 and EU647219). CONCLUSION Three idiotype Valpha and Vbeta sequences are identified in a case with APL, which is thought that may mediate the host specific immunity response for leukemia cells in APL. It might provide data for farther research on the specific immunotherapy of APL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-hua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
We aimed to investigate the population of gamma/delta T (gamma/delta T) cells in patients with acute brucellosis. When the bacteria penetrate to the host, the innate immune response aims to prevent the attack by non-activated professional phagocytes. At that moment, macrophages trigger the other cells of the immune system. The cells that can respond immediately are natural killer and gamma/delta T cells. The study included 40 cases of acute brucellosis and 20 healthy volunteers. In this study, it was aimed to compare gamma/delta and alpha/beta (alpha/beta) receptors of the T cells at pre- and post treatment period of patients diagnosed as brucellosis, especially to evaluate the levels of gamma/delta T cells at monitoring of the disease, using flow cytometry. As a result, it was observed that gamma/delta T cells significantly increased in peripheral blood in patients with brucellosis compared with the healthy individuals (13.23 +/- 4.7 and 5.25 +/- 1.4, respectively (p = 0.0001)). gamma/delta T cells were significantly decreased after the brucellosis treatment (p < 0.01). The results of the present study indicate that considerable counts of gamma/delta T cells are involved in acute brucellosis cases. Our findings suggest that gamma/delta TCR bearing cell counts may be used as a supplementary marker for monitoring brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kilic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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8
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Majewska M, Zajac K, Dulak J, Szczepanik M. Heme oxygenase (HO-1) is involved in the negative regulation of contact sensitivity reaction. Pharmacol Rep 2008; 60:933-940. [PMID: 19211986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous contact sensitivity (CS) is a subtype of delayed-type sensitivity and is mediated by either CD4(+) or CD8(+) CS-effector T cells. CS can be induced by skin painting with haptens like trinitrophenyl chloride (TNP-Cl).We have previously shown that CS is under the negative regulation of T regulatory cells (Treg) induced by the iv injection of a high dose of homologous antigen or via epicutaneous application of any protein antigen prior to TNP-Cl painting. In this study, we examined the role of heme oxygenase (HO-1) in the negative regulation of CS in mice. We found that ip injection of heme, an inducer of HO-1, before TNP-Cl sensitization strongly suppresses CS when compared to uninjected controls. Using a transfer out protocol, we showed that suppressor activity can be transferred with lymph node and spleen cells isolated from mice treated with heme for 7 days before TNP-Cl or sham immunization, which suggests a lack of antigen specificity of observed suppression. Negative selection with monoclonal antibodies and complement showed that regulatory cells induced via heme injection belong to the population of TCRalphabeta+ lymphocytes. Using CBA/J (H-2(k)), SJL (H-2(s)), and DBA1 (H-2(q)) mice, we showed that the suppression mediated by HO-1 is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) unrestricted. In vitro treatment of heme induced Treg cells with tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX), an inhibitor of HO activity, prior to adoptive transfer abolished the suppressor activity. In summary, injection of heme results in the induction of antigen non-specific and MHC unrestricted TCRalphabeta+ Treg that suppress CS response in mice, possibly in a HO-1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska
- Department of Human Developmental Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kopernika 7, PL 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Wang J, Zhang H, Ma H, Lu B, Wang J, Li Y, Li J. Inhibitory effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to intestinal IL-15 expression is associated with reduction of TCRαβ+CD8α+CD8β− intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:475-81. [PMID: 17855067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their cytokines play an important role in the regulation of gut immune response and take part in gut immune barrier function. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is an immunoregulator that has been shown to influence the process of gut inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a T-cell growth factor that has been shown to influence the differentiation of IEL. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on IEL. IEL phenotype and cytokine (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1) profile were measured by FACS and real-time RT-PCR in healthy adult rats fed with fish oil diet for 90 days. Rats fed with corn oil diet served as controls. Intestinal IL-15 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The results demonstrated a decrease of intestinal IL-15 expression in the fish oil group. Associated with this deduction, n-3 PUFA significantly decreased the proportion of TCRalphabeta+CD8alpha+CD8beta- cells and IEL-derived TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA could inhibit intestinal mucosal expression of IL-15 and may influence phenotype and function of IEL through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21002, China
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10
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Egawa T, Kreslavsky T, Littman DR, von Boehmer H. Lineage diversion of T cell receptor transgenic thymocytes revealed by lineage fate mapping. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1512. [PMID: 18231598 PMCID: PMC2211402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the thymus determines fates of TCRαβ lymphocytes that subsequently home to secondary lymphoid tissue. TCR transgenic models have been used to study thymic selection and lineage commitment. Most TCR transgenic mice express the rearranged TCRαβ prematurely at the double negative stage and abnormal TCRαβ populations of T cells that are not easily detected in non-transgenic mice have been found in secondary lymphoid tissue of TCR transgenic mice. Methodology and Principal Findings To determine developmental pathways of TCR-transgenic thymocytes, we used Cre-LoxP-mediated fate mapping and show here that premature expression of a transgenic TCRαβ diverts some developing thymocytes to a developmental pathway which resembles that of gamma delta cells. We found that most peripheral T cells with the HY-TCR in male mice have bypassed the RORγt-positive CD4+8+ (double positive, DP) stage to accumulate either as CD4−8− (double negative, DN) or as CD8α+ T cells in lymph nodes or gut epithelium. Likewise, DN TCRαβ cells in lymphoid tissue of female mice were not derived from DP thymocytes. Conclusion The results further support the hypothesis that the premature expression of the TCRαβ can divert DN thymocytes into gamma delta lineage cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Flow Cytometry
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Egawa
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dan R. Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (DL); (Hv)
| | - Harald von Boehmer
- The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (DL); (Hv)
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11
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Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) conceptually may be divided into three evolutionary stages: allostimulation, effector cell homing to specific tissues, and cellular targeting and injury. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the targeting stage of GVHD. Recently, we have learned that epithelial target cell injury is mediated by specific subpopulations of effector T cells that may be identified based on Vbeta family expansion during allostimulation. Antibody probes specific for these Vbeta families have permitted precise identification of effector cell homing patterns. In squamous epithelium, allospecific T cells selectively home to basal cell layer subpopulations that express cytokeratin 15 (CK15) and that undergo target cell injury via apoptosis. Interestingly, these target cells coincide with basal layer subpopulations that have properties of epithelial stem cells and that normally express an apoptosis-resistant genomic profile. Accordingly, epithelial cell injury in GVHD appears to involve selective targeting of stem-cell subpopulations via conversion from an anti-apoptotic to a pro-apoptotic phenotype. Understanding of the mechanism(s) of this conversion could facilitate development of translationally relevant approaches to shielding target cells from injury in GVHD. Moreover, determination of how putative apoptosis-resistant stem cells may be rendered vulnerable to immune-mediated targeting has implications potentially relevant to more directed immunotherapeutic approaches focused at elimination of neoplastic (cancer) stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The size of the lymphocyte repertoire is of great interest, but direct information has been elusive. Moon et al. (2007) report the enumeration and isolation of naive CD4(+) T cells and show their numbers could predict the size and diversity of the primary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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14
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Abarrategui I, Krangel MS. Noncoding transcription controls downstream promoters to regulate T-cell receptor alpha recombination. EMBO J 2007; 26:4380-90. [PMID: 17882258 PMCID: PMC2034674 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The T early alpha (TEA) promoter in the murine Tcra locus generates noncoding transcripts that extend across the 65 kb Jalpha array. Here, we have analyzed the significance of TEA transcription for Tcra locus regulation through the targeted introduction of a transcription terminator downstream of the TEA promoter. We demonstrate that noncoding transcription driven by this single promoter can instruct both positively and negatively the activity of downstream Jalpha promoters, and can similarly instruct alterations in Jalpha chromatin structure and Jalpha recombination. TEA transcription activates promoters associated with relatively proximal Jalpha segments and stimulates histone acetylation, histone methylation and chromatin accessibility in this region. In contrast, at more distal locations, TEA transcription inhibits promoter activity through transcriptional interference and suppresses chromatin accessibility. In combination, these effects target initial Valpha-to-Jalpha recombination to TEA-proximal Jalpha segments and promote the ordered usage of the Jalpha array. The ability of TEA transcription to coordinate the activity of multiple downstream promoters maximizes the biological potential of the Jalpha array and diversifies the Tcra repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Histones/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Abarrategui
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael S Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, 318 Jones Bldg, Box 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel.: +1 919 684 4985; Fax: +1 919 684 8982; E-mail:
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15
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Scott-Browne JP, Matsuda JL, Mallevaey T, White J, Borg NA, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Kappler J, Marrack P, Gapin L. Germline-encoded recognition of diverse glycolipids by natural killer T cells. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1105-13. [PMID: 17828267 DOI: 10.1038/ni1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells expressing 'invariant' T cell receptor alpha-chains (TCRalpha chains) containing variable (V) and joining (J) region V(alpha)14-J(alpha)18 (V(alpha)14i) rearrangements recognize both endogenous and microbial glycolipids in the context of CD1d. How cells expressing an invariant TCRalpha chain and a restricted set of TCRbeta chains recognize structurally diverse antigens is not clear. Here we show that a V(alpha)14i TCR recognized many alpha-linked glycolipids by means of a 'hot-spot' of germline-encoded amino acids in complementarity-determining regions 3alpha, 1alpha and 2beta. This hot-spot did not shift during the recognition of structurally distinct antigens, suggesting that the V(alpha)14i TCR functions as a pattern-recognition receptor, conferring on natural killer T cells the ability to sense and respond in an innate way to pathogens displaying antigenic alpha-linked glycolipids.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Crystallography
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
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16
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Ostiguy V, Allard EL, Marquis M, Leignadier J, Labrecque N. IL-21 promotes T lymphocyte survival by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling cascade. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:645-56. [PMID: 17554014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 is a Type I cytokine, which uses the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) in its receptor. As members of the gamma(c) cytokine/cytokine receptors family play crucial role in the differentiation, activation, and survival of lymphocytes, we have investigated if IL-21 could promote T cell survival and thus, contribute to T cell homeostasis and expansion. Unlike most gamma(c) cytokine receptors, we report that IL-21R is constitutively expressed by all mature T lymphocytes and that stromal cells of lymphoid organs are a constitutive source of IL-21. These observations are reminiscent of what is observed for IL-7/IL-7R, which control T cell survival and homeostasis and suggest a role for IL-21 in T cell homeostasis. Indeed, our results show that IL-21 is a survival factor for resting and activated T cells. Moreover, the ability of IL-21 to costimulate T cell proliferation is mediated by enhancing T cell viability. Further investigation of how IL-21R signaling induces T cell survival shows for the first time that IL-21 binding to its receptor activates the PI-3K signaling pathway and induces Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the activation of the PI-3K signaling pathway is essential for IL-21-mediated T cell survival. Our data provide a new role for IL-21 in the immune system, which might be used to improve T cell homeostasis in immunocompromised patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Size
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation
- Flow Cytometry
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Ostiguy
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 boul. de l'Assomption, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HIT 2M4
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17
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Buonpane RA, Churchill HRO, Moza B, Sundberg EJ, Peterson ML, Schlievert PM, Kranz DM. Neutralization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by soluble, high-affinity receptor antagonists. Nat Med 2007; 13:725-9. [PMID: 17515896 DOI: 10.1038/nm1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus belong to a family of bacterial proteins that act as superantigens by activating a large subset of the T-cell population, causing massive release of inflammatory cytokines. This cascade can ultimately result in toxic shock syndrome and death. Therapeutics targeting the early stage of the pathogenic process, when the superantigen binds to its receptor, could limit the severity of disease. We engineered picomolar binding affinity agents to neutralize the potent toxin staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). A single immunoglobulin-like domain of the T-cell receptor (variable region, Vbeta) was subjected to multiple rounds of directed evolution using yeast display. Soluble forms of the engineered Vbeta proteins produced in Escherichia coli were effective inhibitors of SEB-mediated T-cell activation and completely neutralized the lethal activity of SEB in animal models. These Vbeta proteins represent an easily produced potential treatment for diseases mediated by bacterial superantigens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Buonpane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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18
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Austin BA, Halford WP, Williams BRG, Carr DJJ. Oligoadenylate synthetase/protein kinase R pathways and alphabeta TCR+ T cells are required for adenovirus vector: IFN-gamma inhibition of herpes simplex virus-1 in cornea. J Immunol 2007; 178:5166-72. [PMID: 17404299 PMCID: PMC1865505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An adenoviral (Ad) vector containing the murine IFN-gamma transgene (Ad:IFN-gamma) was evaluated for its capacity to inhibit HSV-1. To measure effectiveness, viral titers were analyzed in cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) during acute ocular HSV-1 infection. Ad:IFN-gamma potently suppressed HSV-1 replication in a dose-dependent fashion, requiring IFN-gamma receptor. Moreover, Ad:IFN-gamma was effective when delivered -72 and -24 h before infection as well as 24 h postinfection. Associated with antiviral opposition, TG from Ad:IFN-gamma-transduced mice harbored fewer T cells. Also related to T cell involvement, Ad:IFN-gamma was effective but attenuated in TG from alphabeta TCR-deficient mice. In corneas, alphabeta TCR(+) T cells were obligatory for protection against viral multiplication. Type I IFN involvement amid antiviral efficacy of Ad:IFN-gamma was further investigated because types I and II IFN pathways have synergistic anti-HSV-1 activity. Ad:IFN-gamma inhibited viral reproduction in corneas and TG from alphabeta IFNR-deficient (CD118(-/-)) mice, although viral titers were 2- to 3-fold higher in cornea and TG compared with wild-type mice. The absence of IFN-stimulated antiviral proteins, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L, and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R completely eliminated the antiviral effectiveness of Ad:IFN-gamma. Collectively, the results demonstrate the following: 1) nonexistence of type I IFN receptor does not abolish defense of Ad:IFN-gamma against HSV-1; 2) antiviral pathways oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L and protein kinase R are mandatory; and 3) alphabeta TCR(+) T cells are compulsory for Ad:IFN-gamma effectiveness against HSV-1 in cornea but not in TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Ann Austin
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | | | - Bryan R. G. Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Center, 27-31 Wright St., Clayton 3168, Victoria Australia
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Departments of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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19
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Abstract
The interaction between T cell receptors (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens can lead to varying degrees of agonism (T cell activation), or antagonism. The P14 TCR recognises the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-derived peptide, gp33 residues 33–41 (KAVYNFATC), presented in the context of H-2Db. The cellular responses to various related H-2Db peptide ligands are very well characterised, and P14 TCR-transgenic mice have been used extensively in models of virus infection, autoimmunity and tumour rejection. Here, we analyse the binding of the P14 soluble TCR to a broad panel of related H-2Db-peptide complexes by surface plasmon resonance, and compare this with their diverse cellular responses. P14 TCR binds H-2Db-gp33 with a KD of 3 µM (±0.5 µM), typical of an immunodominant antiviral TCR, but with unusually fast kinetics (koff=1 s−1), corresponding to a half-life of 0.7 s at 25°C, outside the range previously observed for murine agonist TCR/pMHC interactions. The most striking feature of these data is that a very short half-life does not preclude the ability of a TCR/pMHC interaction to induce antiviral immunity, autoimmune disease and tumour rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Boulter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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20
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Abstract
At two checkpoints, T cell development is controlled by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, which determines survival and lineage commitment. At the first of these checkpoints, signaling by the pre-TCR, the gammadeltaTCR or the alphabetaTCR has a major but nonexclusive impact on whether cells will become CD4-CD8- gammadelta or CD4+CD8+ alphabeta lineage cells. Pre-TCR signals synergize with moderate Notch signals to generate alphabeta lineage cells. Relatively strong signals by the gammadeltaTCR (or early expressed alphabetaTCR) in the absence of Notch signaling are sufficient to yield gammadelta lineage cells. However, relatively weak signals of the latter two receptors combined with strong Notch signaling result in the formation of alphabeta lineage cells that generate a diverse alphabetaTCR repertoire in pre-TCR-deficient mice. It remains to be determined whether TCR and/or Notch signals instruct or confirm predetermined lineage fate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/analysis
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette I Garbe
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Miles JJ, Borg NA, Brennan RM, Tynan FE, Kjer-Nielsen L, Silins SL, Bell MJ, Burrows JM, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Burrows SR. TCR alpha genes direct MHC restriction in the potent human T cell response to a class I-bound viral epitope. J Immunol 2007; 177:6804-14. [PMID: 17082594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying generic properties of alphabeta TCRs that control MHC restriction remain largely unresolved. To investigate MHC restriction, we have examined the CTL response to a viral epitope that binds promiscuously to two human leukocyte Ags (HLAs) that differ by a single amino acid at position 156. Individuals expressing either HLA-B*3501 (156Leucine) or HLA-B*3508 (156Arginine) showed a potent CTL response to the 407HPVGEADYFEY417 epitope from EBV. Interestingly, the response was characterized by highly restricted TCR beta-chain usage in both HLA-B*3501+ and HLA-B*3508+ individuals; however, this conserved TRBV9+ beta-chain was associated with distinct TCR alpha-chains depending upon the HLA-B*35 allele expressed by the virus-exposed host. Functional assays confirmed that TCR alpha-chain usage determined the HLA restriction of the CTLs. Structural studies revealed significant differences in the mobility of the peptide when bound to HLA-B*3501 or HLA-B*3508. In HLA-B*3501, the bulged section of the peptide was disordered, whereas in HLA-B*3508 the bulged epitope adopted an ordered conformation. Collectively, these data demonstrate not only that mobile MHC-bound peptides can be highly immunogenic but can also stimulate an extremely biased TCR repertoire. In addition, TCR alpha-chain usage is shown to play a critical role in controlling MHC restriction between closely related allomorphs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-B Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-B35 Antigen
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Miles
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Signals from the IL-7R are uniquely required for T cell development and maintenance, despite the resemblance of IL-7R to other cytokine receptors and the apparent sharing of common signaling pathways. This unique requirement could either reflect unique expression of IL-7R or IL-7, or it could indicate that the IL-7R delivers unique signals. To determine whether the IL-7R provided unique signals, we exchanged its intracellular domain with that of other cytokine receptors: IL-4R, IL-9R, and prolactin receptor (PRLR). Chimeric receptors were used to reconstitute development of IL-7R(-/-) hemopoietic progenitors by transducing the receptors in retroviral vectors. Whereas IL-7R(-/-) thymocytes are arrested at the double-negative stage, IL-4R, IL-9R, or PRLR all imparted some progression to the double-positive stage. IL-4R and PRLR gave only small numbers of thymocytes, whereas IL-9R gave robust alphabeta T cell development and reconstitution of peripheral CD4 and CD8 cells, indicating that it can duplicate many of the functions of IL-7R. However, IL-9R failed to reconstitute rearrangement of the TCRgamma locus or development of gammadelta T cells. Thus, the IL-7R signals required in the alphabeta T cell lineage (such as survival and proliferation) are not unique to this receptor, whereas rearrangement of the TCRgamma locus may require a signal that is not shared by other receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-9/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-9/physiology
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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23
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Aublin A, Ciofani M, Willkomm N, Hamrouni A, Szymczak-Workman AL, Takahashi T, Sandjeu Y, Guillaume P, Vignali DAA, Michielin O, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Maryanski JL. A natural structural variant of the mouse TCR beta-chain displays intrinsic receptor function and antigen specificity. J Immunol 2006; 177:8587-94. [PMID: 17142757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Cbeta0 alternate cassette exon is located between the Jbeta1 and Cbeta1 genes in the mouse TCR beta-locus. In T cells with a VDJbeta1 rearrangement, the Cbeta0 exon may be included in TCRbeta transcripts (herein called TCRbeta-Cbeta0 transcripts), potentially inserting an additional 24 aa between the V and C domains of the TCR beta-chain. These TCRbeta splice isoforms may be differentially regulated after Ag activation, because we detected TCRbeta-Cbeta0 transcripts in a high proportion (>60%) of immature and mature T cells having VDJbeta1 rearrangements but found a substantially reduced frequency (<35%) of TCRbeta-Cbeta0 expression among CD8 T cells selected by Ag in vivo. To study the potential activity of the TCRbeta-Cbeta0 splice variant, we cloned full-length TCR cDNAs by single-cell RT-PCR into retroviral expression vectors. We found that the TCRbeta-Cbeta0 splice isoform can function during an early stage of T cell development normally dependent on TCR beta-chain expression. We also demonstrate that T hybridoma-derived cells expressing a TCRbeta-Cbeta0 isoform together with the clonally associated TCR alpha-chain recognize the same cognate peptide-MHC ligand as the corresponding normal alphabetaTCR. This maintenance of receptor function and specificity upon insertion of the Cbeta0 peptide cassette signifies a remarkable adaptability for the TCR beta-chain, and our findings open the possibility that this splice isoform may function in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Epitopes
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Hybridomas/cytology
- Hybridomas/metabolism
- Mice
- Protein Isoforms
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aublin
- INSERM Unité 503, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
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24
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Ferreira C, Furmanski A, Millrain M, Bartok I, Guillaume P, Lees R, Simpson E, MacDonald HR, Dyson J. TCR-alpha CDR3 loop audition regulates positive selection. J Immunol 2006; 177:2477-85. [PMID: 16888009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
How positive selection molds the T cell repertoire has been difficult to examine. In this study, we use TCR-beta-transgenic mice in which MHC shapes TCR-alpha use. Differential AV segment use is directly related to the constraints placed on the composition of the CDR3 loops. Where these constraints are low, efficient selection of alphabeta pairs follows. This mode of selection preferentially uses favored AV-AJ rearrangements and promotes diversity. Increased constraint on the alpha CDR3 loops leads to inefficient selection associated with uncommon recombination events and limited diversity. Further, the two modes of selection favor alternate sets of AJ segments. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the imprint of self-MHC restriction and peripheral T cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- H-2 Antigens/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreira
- Transplantation Biology Group, Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Fernández-Malavé E, Wang N, Pulgar M, Schamel WWA, Alarcón B, Terhorst C. Overlapping functions of human CD3delta and mouse CD3gamma in alphabeta T-cell development revealed in a humanized CD3gamma-mouse. Blood 2006; 108:3420-7. [PMID: 16888097 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-010850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans lacking the CD3gamma subunit of the pre-TCR and TCR complexes exhibit a mild alphabeta T lymphopenia, but have normal T cells. By contrast, CD3gamma-deficient mice are almost devoid of mature alphabeta T cells due to an early block of intrathymic development at the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) stage. This suggests that in humans but not in mice, the highly related CD3delta chain replaces CD3gamma during alphabeta T-cell development. To determine whether human CD3delta (hCD3delta) functions in a similar manner in the mouse in the absence of CD3gamma, we introduced an hCD3delta transgene in mice that were deficient for both CD3delta and CD3gamma, in which thymocyte development is completely arrested at the DN stage. Expression of hCD3delta efficiently supported pre-TCR-mediated progression from the DN to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage. However, alphabetaTCR-mediated positive and negative thymocyte selection was less efficient than in wild-type mice, which correlated with a marked attenuation of TCR-mediated signaling. Of note, murine CD3gamma-deficient TCR complexes that had incorporated hCD3delta displayed abnormalities in structural stability resembling those of T cells from CD3gamma-deficient humans. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD3delta and CD3gamma play a different role in humans and mice in pre-TCR and TCR function during alphabeta T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Fernández-Malavé
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Taylor KN, Shinde Patil VR, Colson YL. Reconstitution of Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cells: The Essential Role of FcRγ and the TCR β-Chain-FCp33 Complex. J Immunol 2006; 177:1444-50. [PMID: 16849450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of purified allogeneic hemopoietic stem cells (SC) alone is characterized by a decreased risk of graft-vs-host disease but increased incidence of engraftment failure. It has been established that the facilitating cell (FC) promotes allogeneic SC reconstitution and results in donor-specific transplantation tolerance across MHC disparities, without graft-vs-host disease. Although the requirements for this facilitating function are not well-characterized, it is known that facilitation is dependent on FC expression of a unique heterodimer consisting of the TCR beta-chain (TCRbeta) and a 33-kDa protein, FCp33. The current study confirms that CD3epsilon and TCRbeta expression are present on the FC at the time of transplantation and demonstrates that the majority of cells in the FC population express the TCR signaling molecule, FcRgamma, rather than the more conventional CD3zeta receptor. Of particular significance, we have now demonstrated that FC-mediated allogeneic SC reconstitution is critically dependent on FcRgamma expression and that FcRgamma coprecipitates with the TCRbeta-FCp33 heterodimer. The mandatory requirement of TCRbeta and FcRgamma for FC function provides the first evidence of a previously undescribed role for FcRgamma in the facilitation of allogeneic SC reconstitution and establishes that FcRgamma is part of the TCRbeta-FCp33 complex uniquely expressed on FC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Dimerization
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Isoantigens/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Taylor
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Abstract
The TCRbeta chain constant domain contains an unusually elongated, solvent-exposed FG loop. This structural element forms one component of an alphabeta TCR cavity against which CD3epsilongamma may abut to facilitate Ag-specific signaling. Consistent with this notion, in the present study we show that N15alphabeta TCR transfectants expressing a FG loop-deleted chain (betaDeltaFG) stimulate less tyrosine protein phosphorylation than those bearing a wild-type beta-chain (betawt) upon TCR cross-linking. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies suggest a weakened association between the CD3epsilongamma heterodimer and the beta-chain in TCR complexes containing the betaDeltaFG variant. To further investigate the biologic role of the Cbeta FG loop in development, we competitively reconstituted the thymus of Ly5 congenic or RAG-2-/- mice using bone marrow cells from betawt or betaDeltaFG transgenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both betawt and betaDeltaFG precursor cells generate thymocytes representative of all maturational stages. However, betaDeltaFG-expressing thymocytes dominate during subsequent development, resulting in an excess of betaDeltaFG-expressing peripheral T cells with reduced proliferative and cytokine production abilities upon TCR stimulation. Collectively, our results show that the unique Cbeta FG loop appendage primarily controls alphabeta T cell development through selection processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/deficiency
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Inoue J, Kanefuji T, Okazuka K, Watanabe H, Mishima Y, Kominami R. Expression of TCR alpha beta partly rescues developmental arrest and apoptosis of alpha beta T cells in Bcl11b-/- mice. J Immunol 2006; 176:5871-9. [PMID: 16670294 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bcl11b(-/-) mice show developmental arrest at the CD44(-)CD25(+) double-negative 3 (DN3) or immature CD8(+)single-positive stage of alphabeta T cell. We have performed detailed analysis of sorted subsets of Bcl11b(-/-) thymocytes, DN3 and CD44(-)CD25(-) double-negative 4 (DN4) cells. Surface expression of TCRbeta proteins was not detected in DN3 thymocytes and markedly reduced in DN4 thymocytes, whereas expression within the cell was detected in both, suggesting some impairment in processing of TCRbeta proteins from the cytoplasm to the cell surface. This lack of expression, resulting in the absence of pre-TCR signaling, could be responsible for the arrest, but the transgenic TCRbeta or TCRalphabeta expression on the cell surface failed to promote transition from the DN3 to CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive stage of development. This suggests that the pre-TCR signal cannot compensate the deficiency of Bcl11b for development. Bcl11b(-/-) DN3 thymocytes showed normal DNA rearrangements between Dbeta and Jbeta segments but limited DNA rearrangements between Vbeta and DJbeta without effect of distal or proximal positions. Because this impairment may be due to chromatin accessibility, we have examined histone H3 acetylation in Bcl11b(-/-) DN3 cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. No change was observed in acetylation at the Vbeta and Dbeta gene locus. Analysis of Bcl11b(-/-) DN4 thymocytes showed apoptosis, accompanied with lower expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2, than wild-type DN4 thymocytes. Interestingly, the transgenic TCRalphabeta in those cells reduced apoptosis and raised their protein expression without increased cellularity. These results suggest that Bcl11b deficiency affects many different signaling pathways leading to development arrests.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Asahimachi 1-757, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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29
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Leposavić G, Pesić V, Kosec D, Radojević K, Arsenović-Ranin N, Pilipović I, Perisić M, Plećas-Solarović B. Age-associated changes in CD90 expression on thymocytes and in TCR-dependent stages of thymocyte maturation in male rats. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:574-89. [PMID: 16632291 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of ageing on T-cell-maturation, in 3- and 18-month-old rats, we analysed the expression of: (i) CD4/CD8/TCRalphabeta and (ii) Thy-1, which is supposed to be a regulator of TCRalphabeta signalling, and thereby the thymocyte selection thresholds. Since an essential role for TCRalphabeta signalling in the development of CD4+25+T(reg)-cells was suggested, the frequency of these cells was also quantified. We demonstrated that, as for mice, early thymocyte differentiational steps within the CD4-8- double negative (DN) developmental stage are age-sensitive. Furthermore, we revealed that TCRalphabeta-dependent stages of T-cell development are affected by ageing, most likely due to an impaired expression of Thy-1 on TCRalphabeta(low) thymocytes entering selection processes. The diminished frequency of the post-selection CD4+8+ double positive (DP) cells in aged rats, together with an overrepresentation of mature single positive (SP) cells, most probably suggests more efficient differentiational transition from the DP TCRalphabeta(high) to the SP TCRalphabeta(high) developmental stage, which is followed by an increase in pre-migration proliferation of the mature SP cells. Moreover, the study indicated impaired intrathymic generation of CD4+25+T(reg)-cells in aged rats, thus providing a possible explanation for the increased frequency of autoimmune diseases in ageing.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Male
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- Thy-1 Antigens/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Leposavić
- Institute of Immunology and Virology Torlak, Immunology Research Center Branislav Janković, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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30
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Yamagata T. [New aspects of thymocyte differentiation--self-reactive TCR induces differentiation into specific T cell subsets]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2006; 47:513-20. [PMID: 16862979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) functions and the study of early thymocyte development continue to fascinate immunologists more than 10 years after the first description and cloning of the receptor. Although multiple reports have addressed several aspects of pre-TCR signaling and function, its ability to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, survival, and allelic exclusion of the TCR-beta locus, remains an open question. What fascinates us is its central role in the fine balance between physiological differentiation and thymocyte transformation that leads to T-cell leukemia and lymphomas. In this review, we integrate pre-TCR signaling pathways and study their effects on the regulation of T-cell progenitor cell-cycle entry and cell survival. We also connect aberrant pre-TCR signaling to deregulated proliferation and apoptotic balances and thymocyte transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis Aifantis
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Committees of Immunology, Cancer and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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32
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Weber KS, Donermeyer DL, Allen PM, Kranz DM. Class II-restricted T cell receptor engineered in vitro for higher affinity retains peptide specificity and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:19033-8. [PMID: 16365315 PMCID: PMC1323173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507554102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta heterodimer determines the peptide and MHC specificity of a T cell. It has been proposed that in vivo selection processes maintain low TCR affinities because T cells with higher-affinity TCRs would (i) have reduced functional capacity or (ii) cross-react with self-peptides resulting in clonal deletion. We used the class II-restricted T cell clone 3.L2, specific for murine hemoglobin (Hb/I-E(k)), to explore these possibilities by engineering higher-affinity TCR mutants. A 3.L2 single-chain TCR (Vbeta-linker-Valpha) was mutagenized and selected for thermal stability and surface expression in a yeast display system. Stabilized mutants were used to generate a library with CDR3 mutations that were selected with Hb/I-E(k) to isolate a panel of affinity mutants with K(D) values as low as 25 nM. Kinetic analysis of soluble single-chain TCRs showed that increased affinities were the result of both faster on-rates and slower off-rates. T cells transfected with the mutant TCRs and wild-type TCR responded to similar concentrations of peptide, indicating that the increased affinity was not detrimental to T cell activation. T cell transfectants maintained exquisite hemoglobin peptide specificity, but an altered peptide ligand that acted as an antagonist for the wild-type TCR was converted to a strong agonist with higher-affinity TCRs. These results show that T cells with high-affinity class II reactive TCRs are functional, but there is an affinity threshold above which an increase in affinity does not result in significant enhancement of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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33
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Kim BS, Mohindru M, Kang B, Kang HS, Palma JP. Effects of the major histocompatibility complex loci and T-cell receptor beta-chain repertoire on Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:846-56. [PMID: 16049971 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential effects of H-2 and T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta family genes on induction of T-cell immunity and susceptibility to virally induced demyelinating disease by using BALB.S (H-2K(s)A(s)D(s)) and BALB.S 3 R (H-2K(s)A(s)D(d)/L(d)) mice. These parameters were compared with those of highly susceptible SJL/J (H-2K(s)A(s)D(s)) mice that contain only one-half of TCR V beta family genes compared with the above-mentioned strains. Our results demonstrate that BALB.S but not BALB.S 3 R mice are susceptible similar to SJL/J mice. Although the level of CD4(+) T-cell infiltration to the CNS was elevated in susceptible mice, virus-specific immune responses restricted with H-2(s) were similar in these mice. No preferential use of V beta families associated with differences in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) components was apparent. However, the pattern and sequence of CDR 3 distribution shows T-cell clonal accumulation in the CNS associated with the H-2 components. Further anti-CD8 antibody treatment of resistant BALB.S 3 R mice abrogated resistance to demyelinating disease, indicating that CD8(+) T cells restricted with H-2D(d)/L(d) are most likely to exert resistance in BALB.S 3 R mice. These studies indicated that TCR V beta and MHC class II genes are the secondary to a particular MHC class I gene expression in susceptibility to virally induced demyelinating disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Separation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- Demyelinating Diseases/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, MHC Class I/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class II/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Theilovirus/radiation effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung S Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Il 60611, USA.
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34
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Williams JA, Hathcock KS, Klug D, Harada Y, Choudhury B, Allison JP, Abe R, Hodes RJ. Regulated costimulation in the thymus is critical for T cell development: dysregulated CD28 costimulation can bypass the pre-TCR checkpoint. J Immunol 2005; 175:4199-207. [PMID: 16177059 PMCID: PMC1343453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of CD28 is highly regulated during thymic development, with CD28 levels extremely low on immature thymocytes but increasing dramatically as CD4- CD8- cells initiate expression of TCRbeta. B7-1 and B7-2, the ligands for CD28, have a restricted distribution in the thymic cortex where immature thymocytes reside and are more highly expressed in the medulla where the most mature thymocytes are located. To determine the importance of this regulated CD28/B7 expression for T cell development, we examined the effect of induced CD28 signaling of immature thymocytes in CD28/B7-2 double-transgenic mice. Strikingly, we found that differentiation to the CD4+ CD8+ stage in CD28/B7-2 transgenics proceeds independent of the requirement for TCRbeta expression manifest in wild-type thymocytes, occurring even in Rag- or CD3epsilon- knockouts. These findings indicate that signaling of immature thymocytes through CD28 in the absence of TCR- or pre-TCR-derived signals can promote an aberrant pathway of T cell differentiation and highlight the importance of finely regulated physiologic expression of CD28 and B7 in maintaining integrity of the "beta" checkpoint for pre-TCR/TCR-dependent thymic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy A Williams
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Abstract
Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum or Blastomyces dermatitidis is sufficiently frequent to warrant exploring the development of vaccines. This review examines the advancements that have been accomplished over the last few years. The availability of molecular tools to create recombinant antigens or mutant strains has produced a small number of useful vaccine candidates. More importantly, the studies summarized herein demonstrate that understanding the host response to a protein or mutant fungus is critical to creating a vaccine that may be useful for the immunocompromised patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Veterans Affairs Hospital and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA.
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36
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Prinz I, Gregoire C, Mollenkopf H, Aguado E, Wang Y, Malissen M, Kaufmann SHE, Malissen B. The type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor triggers calcium influx and chemotaxis in mouse alpha beta- and gamma delta effector T cells. J Immunol 2005; 175:713-9. [PMID: 16002666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for T cell activation. Mice with mutations of distinct LAT tyrosine residues (LatY136F and Lat3YF) develop lymphoproliferative disorders involving TCR alphabeta or gammadelta T cells that trigger symptoms resembling allergic inflammation. We analyzed whether these T cells share a pattern of gene expression that may account for their pathogenic properties. Both LatY136F alphabeta and Lat3YF gammadelta T cells expressed high levels of the type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT(1)). Upon binding to the 5(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-S-cysteinylglycyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (LTD(4)) cysteinyl leukotriene, CysLT(1) induced Ca(2+) flux and caused chemotaxis in both LatY136F alphabeta and Lat3YF gammadelta T cells. Wild-type in vitro-activated T cells, but not resting T cells, also migrated toward LTD(4) however with a lower magnitude than T cells freshly isolated from LatY136F and Lat3YF mice. These results suggest that CysLT(1) is likely involved in the recruitment of activated alphabeta and gammadelta T cells to inflamed tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/physiology
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Leukotriene D4/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tyrosine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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37
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Abstract
In this Opinion article, I address the role of the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) in the development of antigen-specific B cells in terms of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) variable-region repertoire selection, precursor B-cell differentiation and proliferation, and IgH allelic exclusion. Comparisons with the role of the pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) in T-cell development raise provocative questions. Why do B- and T-cell lineages both use a surrogate chain - the surrogate light chain and the pre-TCR alpha-chain, respectively - as a step to develop their repertoires of antigen-recognizing cells? What are the functions of the pre-BCR and pre-TCR in lymphocyte differentiation and antigen-receptor allelic exclusion? This article, together with the accompanying article by Harald von Boehmer, hopes to answer some of these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charité Mitte, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Zajonc DM, Cantu C, Mattner J, Zhou D, Savage PB, Bendelac A, Wilson IA, Teyton L. Structure and function of a potent agonist for the semi-invariant natural killer T cell receptor. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:810-8. [PMID: 16007091 PMCID: PMC2045075 DOI: 10.1038/ni1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells express a conserved, semi-invariant alphabeta T cell receptor that has specificity for self glycosphingolipids and microbial cell wall alpha-glycuronosylceramide antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of CD1d in complex with a short-chain synthetic variant of alpha-galactosylceramide at a resolution of 2.2 A. This structure elucidates the basis for the high specificity of these microbial ligands and explains the restriction of the alpha-linkage as a unique pathogen-specific pattern-recognition motif. Comparison of the binding of altered lipid ligands to CD1d and T cell receptors suggested that the differential T helper type 1-like and T helper type 2-like properties of natural killer T cells may originate largely from differences in their 'loading' in different cell types and hence in their tissue distribution in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flow Cytometry
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Glycosphingolipids/chemistry
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Temperature
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Zajonc
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Carlos Cantu
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jochen Mattner
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- University of Chicago, Committee on Immunology, 5841 S. Maryland Av., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Brigham Young University, C100 Benson Science Building, Provo, UT 84602-5700
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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39
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Haraguchi K, Takahashi T, Matsumoto A, Asai T, Kanda Y, Kurokawa M, Ogawa S, Oda H, Taniguchi M, Hirai H, Chiba S. Host-Residual Invariant NK T Cells Attenuate Graft-versus-Host Immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:1320-8. [PMID: 16002737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells have an invariant TCR-alpha chain and are activated in a CD1d-restricted manner. They are thought to regulate immune responses and play important roles in autoimmunity, allergy, infection, and tumor immunity. They also appear to influence immunity after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this study, we examined the role of iNKT cells in graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection in a mouse model of MHC-mismatched bone marrow transplantation, using materials including alpha-galactosylceramide, NKT cells expanded in vitro, and Jalpha18 knockout mice that lack iNKT cells. We found that host-residual iNKT cells constitute effector cells which play a crucial role in reducing the severity of GVHD, and that this reduction is associated with a delayed increase in serum Th2 cytokine levels. Interestingly, we also found that host-residual iNKT cause a delay in engraftment and, under certain conditions, graft rejection. These results indicate that host-residual iNKT cells attenuate graft-vs-host immunity rather than host-vs-graft immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Graft Enhancement, Immunologic/methods
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/mortality
- Graft vs Host Disease/therapy
- Hot Temperature
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Haraguchi
- Departments of Hematology/Oncology, Cell Therapy/Transplantation Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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40
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Pitcher LA, Mathis MA, Subramanian S, Young JA, Wakeland EK, Love PE, van Oers NSC. Selective expression of the 21-kilodalton tyrosine-phosphorylated form of TCR zeta promotes the emergence of T cells with autoreactive potential. J Immunol 2005; 174:6071-9. [PMID: 15879101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo negative selection in the thymus to eliminate potentially autoreactive cells. The signals generated through the alphabeta TCR following receptor interactions with peptide/MHC complexes in the thymus control these selection processes. Following receptor ligation, a fraction of the TCR zeta subunit appears as two distinct tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of 21 and 23 kDa (p21 and p23). Previous data have reported elevated levels of p21 in some murine models of autoimmunity. We have examined the contributions of both the p21 and p23 to T cell negative selection in the HY TCR-transgenic system using ITAM-substituted TCR zeta and CD3 epsilon transgenic mice. Expression of just p21, in the absence of p23, partially impairs negative selection of self-reactive HY-specific T cells. This results in the emergence of potentially autoreactive peripheral T cells and an elevated population of CD11b(+)B220(+) B cells in the spleen. These data clearly identify a specific and unique role for p21 during negative selection.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- Female
- H-Y Antigen/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Weight
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pitcher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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41
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van den Brandt J, Kwon SH, Hünig T, McPherson KG, Reichardt HM. Sustained Pre-TCR Expression in Notch1IC-Transgenic Rats Impairs T Cell Maturation and Selection. J Immunol 2005; 174:7845-52. [PMID: 15944289 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Notch1 is involved in directing cell fate decisions in a variety of developmental scenarios. Extending previous experiments in mice, we generated transgenic rats expressing the intracellular domain of Notch1 in the thymus. Importantly, this leads to sustained expression of the pre-TCR throughout thymocyte development, accompanied by a reduction of alphabetaTCR complexes. In addition, re-expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 in TCRbeta(+) cells is impaired, and the Valpha repertoire is altered. Consequently, thymocytes in transgenic rats do not undergo positive selection and largely fail to progress to the single positive stage. According to our model, the previously reported effects of Notch1 on the CD4/CD8 cell fate decision may be explained by a differential sensitivity of the two lineages toward altered TCR signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens van den Brandt
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Molecular Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Dorothée G, Vergnon I, El Hage F, Le Maux Chansac B, Ferrand V, Lécluse Y, Opolon P, Chouaib S, Bismuth G, Mami-Chouaib F. In Situ Sensory Adaptation of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes to Peptide-MHC Levels Elicits Strong Antitumor Reactivity. J Immunol 2005; 174:6888-97. [PMID: 15905531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PBL of a lung carcinoma patient several tumor-specific T cell clones displaying similar peptide-MHC tetramer staining and expressing a unique TCR. Although these clones elicited identical functional avidity and similar cytolytic potential, only T cell clones derived from TIL efficiently lysed autologous tumor cells. Interestingly, all of these clones expressed the same T cell surface markers except for the TCR inhibitory molecule CD5, which was expressed at much lower levels in TIL than in PBL. Video-imaging recordings demonstrated that, although both T cell clones could form stable conjugates with tumor cells, the Ca(2+) response occurred in TIL clones only. Significantly, analysis of a panel of circulating clones indicated that antitumor cytolytic activity was inversely proportional to CD5 expression levels. Importantly, CD5 levels in TIL appeared to parallel the signaling intensity of the TCR/peptide-MHC interaction. Thus, in situ regulation of CD5 expression may be a strategy used by CTL to adapt their sensitivity to intratumoral peptide-MHC levels.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Staining and Labeling
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dorothée
- Laboratoire Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 487, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 54, Villejuif, France
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43
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Gerber D, Quintana FJ, Bloch I, Cohen IR, Shai Y. D-enantiomer peptide of the TCRalpha transmembrane domain inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2005; 19:1190-2. [PMID: 15837719 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3498fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation requires the cross-talk between the CD3-signaling complex and the T cell receptor (TCR). A synthetic peptide coding for the TCRalpha transmembrane domain (CP) binds CD3 molecules, interferes with the CD3/TCR cross-talk, and inhibits T cell activation. Intermolecular interactions are sterically constrained; accordingly no sequence-specific interactions are thought to occur between D- and L-stereoisomers. This argument was recently challenged when applied to intra-membrane protein assembly. In this paper we studied the ability of a D-stereoisomer of CP (D-CP) to inhibit T cell activation. L-CP and D-CP co-localized with the TCR in the membrane and inhibited T cell activation in a sequence-specific manner. In vivo, both L-CP and D-CP inhibited adjuvant arthritis. In molecular terms, these results suggest the occurrence of structural reorientation that facilitates native-like interactions between D-CP and CD3 within the membrane. In clinical terms, our results demonstrate that D-stereoisomers retain the therapeutic properties of their L-stereoisomers, while they benefit from an increased resistance to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Gerber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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44
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Scheckelhoff M, Deepe GS. A deficiency in gamma interferon or interleukin-10 modulates T-Cell-dependent responses to heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2129-34. [PMID: 15784555 PMCID: PMC1087458 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2129-2134.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of mice with heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum or a polypeptide from the protein designated F3 confers protection. Vbeta8.1/8.2+ T cells are critically important for the protective efficacy of this antigen. The production of interleukin-10 and gamma interferon following vaccination is essential for efficacy. In this study, we sought to determine whether the absence of either cytokine modified the repertoire of antigen-reactive T cells and whether it altered the functional properties of T cells. Mice lacking gamma interferon or interleukin-10 manifested a skewed repertoire compared to that of wild-type mice. The bias was most marked in gamma interferon-deficient mice and modestly altered in interleukin-10-deficient animals. The altered repertoire in gamma interferon-deficient mice could not be explained at the level of antigen presentation or by the absence of this population from mice. The proportion of T cells from interleukin-10-deficient mice manifesting a Th1 phenotype was greatly increased compared to that from wild-type animals. Transfer of splenocytes from gamma interferon- or interleukin-10-deficient mice immunized with heat shock protein 60 failed to confer protection in T-cell receptor alpha/beta-/- mice. The transfer of T-cell clones that did not produce both cytokines failed to prolong survival in T-cell receptor alpha/beta-/- mice, whereas the clones with the same features that were derived from wild-type mice did. These results indicate that the cytokine milieu influences the shape of the T-cell receptor repertoire and support the importance of gamma interferon and interleukin-10 in the efficacy of heat shock protein 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Scheckelhoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA
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45
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Ellmerich S, Mycko M, Takacs K, Waldner H, Wahid FN, Boyton RJ, King RHM, Smith PA, Amor S, Herlihy AH, Hewitt RE, Jutton M, Price DA, Hafler DA, Kuchroo VK, Altmann DM. High incidence of spontaneous disease in an HLA-DR15 and TCR transgenic multiple sclerosis model. J Immunol 2005; 174:1938-46. [PMID: 15699121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to involve CD4 T cell recognition of self myelin, many studies focusing on a pathogenic role for anti-myelin, HLA-DR15-restricted T cells. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, it is known which epitopes trigger disease and that disease is associated with determinant spread of T cell reactivity. Characterization of these events in human MS is critical for the development of peptide immunotherapies, but it has been difficult to define the role of determinant spread or define which epitopes might be involved. In this study, we report humanized transgenic mice, strongly expressing HLA-DR15 with an MS-derived TCR; even on a RAG-2 wild-type background, mice spontaneously develop paralysis. Disease, involving demyelination and axonal degeneration, correlates with inter- and intramolecular spread of the T cell response to HLA-DR15-restricted epitopes of myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and alphaB-crystallin. Spread is reproducible and progressive, with two of the epitopes commonly described in responses of HLA-DR15 patients. The fact that this pattern is reiterated as a consequence of CNS tissue damage in mice demonstrates the value of the transgenic model in supplying an in vivo disease context for the human responses. This model, encompassing pathologically relevant, spontaneous disease with the presentation of myelin epitopes in the context of HLA-DR15, should offer new insights and predictions about T cell responses during MS as well as a more stringent test bed for immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HLA-DR Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/physiology
- HLA-DR Serological Subtypes
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Paralysis/genetics
- Paralysis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ellmerich
- Human Disease Immunogenetics Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Biology Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Dhanji S, Tse K, Teh HS. The low affinity Fc receptor for IgG functions as an effective cytolytic receptor for self-specific CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2005; 174:1253-8. [PMID: 15661880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a population of self-Ag-specific murine CD8(+) T cells with a memory phenotype that use receptors of both the adaptive and innate immune systems in the detection of transformed and infected cells. In this study we show that upon activation with IL-2 with or without Ag, between 10 and 20% of the activated self-specific CD8(+) T cells express the low affinity FcR for IgG. By contrast, all IL-2-activated NK cells express high levels of this FcR. The FcR comprises the FcgammaRIIIalpha and FcRgamma subunits. However, the FcRgamma subunit also associates with the CD3 complex, and this association probably contributes to the low expression of FcR in activated cells. Although the FcR is expressed at a low level on activated self-specific CD8(+) T cells, it functions very efficiently as a cytolytic receptor in ADCC. FcR-dependent killing occurred in the absence of TCR stimulation, but could be augmented by concurrent stimulation of the TCR. In addition to mediating ADCC, engagement of the FcR on self-specific CD8(+) T cells results in the production of both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. This is the first report of an activating FcR on self-specific murine CD8(+)alphabeta TCR(+) T cells and establishes the importance of innate immune system receptors in the function of these self-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Fc/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Dhanji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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47
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Abstract
Epicutaneous immunization of T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice whose CD4(+) T cells are specific for the Ac1-11 fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP) with Ac1-11 elicits T cells with dominant suppressor/regulatory activity that confers protection against Ac1-11-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We now report that such disease-resistant MBP TCR Tg mice also harbor a sizeable fraction of peripheral CD4(+) T cells lacking surface expression of the Tg TCR beta chain and expressing diverse, endogenously rearranged TCR beta chains. Ex vivo incubation at physiological temperature caused the loss of neo-beta-chain expression and reversion to the MBP alphabeta TCR(+) phenotype. The presence of recombination activating gene 1 and 2 proteins in CD4(+) T cells with revised TCRs was consistent with effective V(D)J recombination activity. The emergence of these cells did not depend on the thymic compartment. We conclude that in mice epicutaneously immunized with an autoantigen, peripheral specific T cells are susceptible to multiple mechanisms of tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Homeodomain Proteins/analysis
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunization
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bynoe
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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48
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Abstract
During late stages of thymic development, T cells must chose between different fates, dictated by their TCR specificity. Typically, this is thought of as a choice between three alternatives (being positive selection for useful T cells vs negative selection or neglect for harmful or useless T cells). However, there is growing evidence for a fourth alternative, in which T cells are positively selected by agonist ligands, which would normally be expected to induce T cell deletion. In this review, we will discuss where and when agonist selection is induced and whether this should be considered as a novel form of thymic selection or as an alternative differentiation state for Ag-exposed T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Baldwin
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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49
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Elhage R, Gourdy P, Brouchet L, Jawien J, Fouque MJ, Fiévet C, Huc X, Barreira Y, Couloumiers JC, Arnal JF, Bayard F. Deleting TCR alpha beta+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes leads to opposite effects on site-specific atherosclerosis in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2005; 165:2013-8. [PMID: 15579444 PMCID: PMC1618721 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of lymphocytes, especially CD4(+) T cells, in early lesions of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. However, the role of other T cell subpopulations, like CD8(+) T cells or TCR gamma delta T lymphocytes, is not yet clear. We have therefore generated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice genetically deficient in specific T lymphocyte subpopulations and measured atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and en face whole aorta preparation at 18 weeks and at 1 year of age. Whereas TCR gamma delta(+) T lymphocytes appeared to play a modest role, TCR alpha beta(+) T lymphocytes played a major role as their deficiency significantly prevented early and late atherosclerosis at all arterial sites. However, neither CD4(+) nor CD8(+) T cells induced any significant decrease of the lesions at the aortic sinus, suggesting that compensatory proatherogenic mechanisms are operating at this site. Interestingly, the absence of CD4(+) T cells led to a dramatic increase in early lesion abundance at the level of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta, which was still obvious at 1 year. In conclusion, whereas the TCR alpha beta(+) lymphocyte subset in its whole contribute to aggravate both early and late atherosclerosis, the CD4(+) T subpopulation appears to be critically protective at the level of the lower part of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Elhage
- INSERM U589, Institut L. Bugnard, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, 31403 Toulouse Cédex, France
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50
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Ueno T, Tomiyama H, Fujiwara M, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Functionally impaired HIV-specific CD8 T cells show high affinity TCR-ligand interactions. J Immunol 2004; 173:5451-7. [PMID: 15494492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We eventually isolated two different clonotypic CD8 T cell subsets recognizing an HIV Pol-derived epitope peptide (IPLTEEAEL) in association with HLA-B35 from a chronic HIV-infected patient. By kinetic analysis experiments, the subsets showed a >3-fold difference in half-lives for the HLA tetramer in complex with the Pol peptide. In functional assays in vitro and ex vivo, both subsets showed substantial functional avidity toward peptide-loaded cells. However, the high affinity subset did not show cytolytic activity, cytokine production, or proliferation activity toward HIV-infected cells, whereas the moderate affinity one showed potent activities. Furthermore, using ectopic expression of each of the TCR genes into primary human CD8 T cells, the CD8 T cells transduced with the high affinity TCR showed greater binding activity toward the tetramer and impaired cytotoxic activity toward HIV-infected cells, corroborating the results obtained with parental CD8 T cells. Taken together, these data indicate that impaired responsiveness of T cells toward HIV-infected cells can occur at the level of TCR-ligand interactions, providing us further insight into the immune evasion mechanisms by HIV.
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MESH Headings
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Clone Cells
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Products, pol/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- Gene Products, pol/metabolism
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- HIV/immunology
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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