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Woods NN, Dows BL, Goldstein EB, Moore LJ, Young DR, Zinnert JC. Interaction of seed dispersal and environmental filtering affects woody encroachment patterns in coastal grassland. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Woods
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Benjamin L. Dows
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Evan B. Goldstein
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27412 USA
| | - Laura J. Moore
- Department of Geological Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 104 South Road, Mitchell Hall Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - Donald R. Young
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Julie C. Zinnert
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
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Scholer MN, Arcese P, Puterman ML, Londoño GA, Jankowski JE. Survival is negatively related to basal metabolic rate in tropical Andean birds. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah N. Scholer
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Martin L. Puterman
- Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Gustavo A. Londoño
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Icesi Cali Colombia
| | - Jill E. Jankowski
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Ciach M, Fröhlich A. Habitat type, food resources, noise and light pollution explain the species composition, abundance and stability of a winter bird assemblage in an urban environment. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Beauregard F, Blois S. Rapid latitudinal range expansion at cold limits unlikely for temperate understory forest plants. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Beauregard
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill School of EnvironmentMcGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne‐de‐Bellevue Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Sylvie Blois
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill School of EnvironmentMcGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne‐de‐Bellevue Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
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Kurek P, Holeksa J. Toxic Fruits in the Diet of Carnivores in Poland. ANN ZOOL FENN 2015. [DOI: 10.5735/086.052.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Carrascal L, Seoane J, Villén-Pérez S. Temperature and food constraints in wintering birds — an experimental approach in montane Mediterranean oakwoods. COMMUNITY ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.13.2012.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Carrascal LM, Santos T, Tellería JL. Does day length affect winter bird distribution? Testing the role of an elusive variable. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32733. [PMID: 22393442 PMCID: PMC3290600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in day length may act as a critical factor in bird biology by introducing time constraints in energy acquisition during winter. Thus, differences in day length might operate as a main determinant of bird abundance along latitudinal gradients. This work examines the influence of day length on the abundance of wintering crested tits (Lophophanes cristatus) in 26 localities of Spanish juniper (Juniperus thurifera) dwarf woodlands (average height of 5 m) located along a latitudinal gradient in the Spanish highlands, while controlling for the influence of food availability, minimum night temperature, habitat structure and landscape characteristics. Top regression models in the AIC framework explained 56% of variance in bird numbers. All models incorporated day length as the variable with the highest magnitude effect. Food availability also played an important role, although only the crop of ripe juniper fruits, but not arthropods, positively affected crested tit abundance. Differences in vegetation structure across localities had also a strong positive effect (average tree height and juniper tree density). Geographical variation in night temperature had no influence on crested tit distribution, despite the low winter temperatures reached in these dwarf forests. This paper demonstrates for the first time that winter bird abundance increases with day length after controlling for the effect of other environmental variables. Winter average difference in day length was only 10.5 minutes per day along the 1°47' latitudinal interval (190 km) included in this study. This amount of time, which reaches 13.5 h accumulated throughout the winter season, appears to be large enough to affect the long-term energy budget of small passerines during winter and to shape the distribution of winter bird abundance under restrictive environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Carrascal
- Department of Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Greenberg CH, Levey DJ, Kwit C, Mccarty JP, Pearson SF, Sargent S, Kilgo J. Long-term patterns of fruit production in five forest types of the South Carolina upper coastal plain. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zuckerberg B, Bonter DN, Hochachka WM, Koenig WD, DeGaetano AT, Dickinson JL. Climatic constraints on wintering bird distributions are modified by urbanization and weather. J Anim Ecol 2010; 80:403-13. [PMID: 21118200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Ecologists have long been interested in the role of climate in shaping species' ranges, and in recent years, this relationship has taken on greater significance because of the need for accurate predictions of the effects of climate change on wildlife populations. Bioclimatic relationships, however, are potentially complicated by various environmental factors operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we test the hypothesis that climatic constraints on bird distributions are modified by species-specific responses to weather, urbanization and use of supplemental food. 2. Our analyses focused on 18 bird species with data from over 3000 sites across the north-eastern United States and adjacent Canadian provinces. We use hierarchal occupancy modelling to quantify the effects of short-term weather variation and surrounding urbanization on food stress and probabilities of detection, and how these fine-scale changes modify the role that climate has on the distributions of wintering bird populations at regional scales. 3. Examining site occupancy and supplemental food use across the study region, we found that average minimum temperature was an important factor limiting bird distributions, supporting the hypothesis that the occupancy of wintering birds is limited by climatic constraints. We found that 15 of 18 species (83%) were more energetically stressed (had a higher likelihood of visiting a feeder station) as minimum temperature declined from the seasonal average. Because we found these patterns in populations that regularly visit supplemental food sites and were likely not food-limited, we suggest that resource availability is less important than climate in constraining wintering bird distributions. Across a winter season, local within-winter extinction probabilities were lower and colonization probabilities higher at warmer sites supporting the role of climate-mediated range shifts. Importantly, however, these relationships were modified by the degree of urbanization and species' abilities to persist in human-modified landscapes. 4. Our results suggest that urbanization and behavioural adaptation can modify the role of climate on bird ranges and should be included in future analyses of range shifts because of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Yoshikawa T, Isagi Y, Kikuzawa K. Relationships between bird-dispersed plants and avian fruit consumers with different feeding strategies in Japan. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-009-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shifts in litterfall and dominant nitrogen sources after expansion of shrub thickets. Oecologia 2007; 155:337-45. [PMID: 18040723 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Woody encroachment into herbaceous ecosystems is emerging as an important ecological response to global change. A primary concern is alterations in C and N cycling and associated variations across a variety of ecosystems. We quantified seasonal variation in litterfall and litter N concentration in Morella cerifera shrub thickets to assess changes in litterfall and associated N input after shrub expansion on an Atlantic coast barrier island. We also used the natural abundance of (15)N to estimate the proportion of litterfall N originating from symbiotic N fixation. Litterfall for shrub thickets ranged from 8,991 +/- 247 to 3,810 +/- 399 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and generally declined with increasing thicket age. Litterfall in three of the four thickets exceeded previous estimates of aboveground annual net primary production in adjacent grasslands by 300-400%. Leaf N concentration was also higher after shrub expansion and, coupled with low N resorption efficiency and high litterfall, resulted in a return of as much as 169 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) to the soil. We estimated that approximately 70% of N returned to the soil was from symbiotic N fixation resulting in an ecosystem input of between 37 and 118 kg ha(-1) year(-1) of atmospheric N depending on site. Considering the extensive cover of shrub thickets on Virginia barrier islands, N fixation by shrubs is likely the largest single source of N to the system. The shift from grassland to shrub thicket on barrier islands results in a substantial increase in litterfall and foliar N concentration that will likely have a major impact on the size and cycling of ecosystem C and N pools. Increasing C and N availability in these nutrient-poor soils is likely to permanently reduce cover of native grasses and alter community structure by favoring species with greater N requirements.
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Abstract
For many plant species, seed dispersal is one of the most important spatial demographic processes. We used a diffusion approximation and a spatially explicit simulation model to explore the mechanisms generating seed dispersal kernels for plants dispersed by frugivores. The simulation model combined simple movement and foraging rules with seed gut passage time, plant distribution, and fruit production. A simulation experiment using plant spatial aggregation and frugivore density as factors showed that seed dispersal scale was largely determined by the degree of plant aggregation, whereas kernel shape was mostly dominated by frugivore density. Kernel shapes ranged from fat tailed to thin tailed, but most shapes were between an exponential and that of the solution of a diffusion equation. The proportion of dispersal kernels with fat tails was highest for landscapes with clumped plant distributions and increased with increasing number of dispersers. The diffusion model provides a basis for models including more behavioral details but can also be used to approximate dispersal kernels once a diffusion rate is estimated from animal movement data. Our results suggest that important characteristics of dispersal kernels will depend on the spatial pattern of plant distribution and on disperser density when frugivores mediate seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Morales
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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Levey DJ, Tewksbury JJ, Cipollini ML, Carlo TA. A field test of the directed deterrence hypothesis in two species of wild chili. Oecologia 2006; 150:61-8. [PMID: 16896774 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The directed deterrence hypothesis posits that secondary metabolites in ripe fruit function to deter fruit consumption by vertebrates that do not disperse seeds, while not impacting consumption by those that do. We tested this hypothesis in two species of wild chilies (Capsicum spp.). Both produce fruits that contain capsaicinoids, the compounds responsible for the pungency of chilies. Previous work suggests seed-dispersing birds but not seed-destroying rodents consume chili fruits, presumably because rodents are deterred by capsaicin. However, fruit removal from chili plants by rodents and other mammals has not been previously explored. Because laboratory rodents can develop a preference for capsaicin, it is quite possible that wild rodents are natural consumers of chili fruits. We monitored the fate of 125 marked fruits of Capsicum chacoense and 291 fruits of Capsicum annuum. For both species, essentially all fruit removal occurred during the day, when rodents are inactive. Video monitoring revealed fruit removal only by birds, mostly by species known to disperse chili seeds in viable condition. Furthermore, these species are from taxonomic groups that tend to specialize on lipid-rich fruits. Both species of chili produce fruits that are unusually high in lipids (35% in C. chacoense, 24% in C. annuum). These results support the directed deterrence hypothesis and suggest that fruiting plants distinguish between seed predators and seed dispersers by producing fruits that repel the former and attract the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Levey
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA.
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Bartuszevige AM, Hughes MR, Bailer AJ, Gorchov DL. Weather-related patterns of fruit abscission mask patterns of frugivory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on frugivory in temperate bird-dispersed plants have concluded that fleshy fruits are removed more rapidly in cold than in warm winters. However, these studies do not distinguish between fruit abscission and frugivory. The implicit assumption that fruit loss reflects frugivory may not be valid; fruit abscission may be important and respond differently to weather. During two winters, we measured fruit loss from an invasive shrub ( Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder) using fruit traps. We examined the effects of temperature and precipitation on fruit retention on shrubs and fruit abscission. In the first year of our study, there was no effect of temperature or precipitation on fruit retention. In the second year, both warmer temperatures and lower precipitation resulted in more fruit retention. In both years, fruit abscission was greater during periods of cold temperatures and high precipitation. These findings suggest that weather-dependent “frugivory” reported for other bird-dispersed plants may actually reflect patterns of abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Bartuszevige
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - A. John Bailer
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - David L. Gorchov
- Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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