1
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Jasim SA, Jabr HS, Karim YS, Supaeva A, Kadhim AJ, Jabbar AH, Yasin G, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF. Fouling resistance investigations of seaweed products. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e263386. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Any solid, unprotected, and undefended surface in the aquatic environment will be fouled. Fouling, on the other hand, can affect a wide range of species that can tolerate some epibiosis. Several others, on the other hand, aggressively keep the epibionts off their body surface (antifouling). Antifouling defenses are built into marine plants like seaweed and seagrass. They do have a distinctive surface structure with tightly packed needle-like peaks and antifouling coverings, which may hinder settling bacteria's ability to cling. Chemical antifouling resistance is most probably a biological reaction to epibiosis' ecological drawbacks, especially for organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. The goal of this study was to see how effective natural compounds derived from littoral seaweeds were in preventing fouling. The brown mussel, an important fouling organism, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against fifty-one populations' crude organic extracts including fort-two macroalgae species. Antifouling activity, exhibited a distinct phylogenetic pattern, with red macroalgae having the largest share of active species, subsequently brown macroalgae. Antifouling action in green seaweeds has never been significant. Seven species showed some level of induced antifouling defense. Our findings appear to back up previous findings about secondary metabolite synthesis in seaweeds, indicating that in the hunt for novel antifoulants, researchers should concentrate their efforts on tropical red macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. S. Karim
- Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Iraq
| | - A. Supaeva
- Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | - G. Yasin
- Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
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2
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Su GF, Chen J, Zhang L. The associational effects of host plant and mistletoe functional traits on leaf herbivory in mistletoe. Oecologia 2024; 204:213-225. [PMID: 38194086 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Associational effects are a phenomenon in which herbivore damage on co-occurring plant species is influenced by neighboring plants. Mistletoes are a group of shrubs that obtain nutrients from host plants through haustoria. Despite the potential for mistletoe herbivory to be affected by associational effects with their hosts, the effects of host and mistletoe functional traits on mistletoe herbivory have been largely overlooked. This study aimed to evaluate the associational effects of host plants and the direct effects of mistletoe functional traits on mistletoe herbivory. To achieve this, we measured leaf herbivory and leaf traits of three mistletoe species (Dendrophthoe pentandra, Scurrula chingii var. yunnanensis, and Helixanthera parasitica) and their associated 11 host species during both dry and wet seasons. Our results showed that leaf herbivory of D. pentandra and S. chingii var. yunnanensis differed significantly on their respective host species, but H. parasitica did not. The relationships between mistletoe and the paired host herbivory differed between seasons, with a stronger positive relationship observed during the dry season. Furthermore, significant relationships were observed between paired leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, and condensed tannin in mistletoes and their host plants, indicating that host plants can affect mistletoes' leaf functional traits. A group of mistletoe leaf traits provided significant predictions for leaf herbivory: leaves with higher leaf thickness and leaf total nitrogen showed higher herbivory. Overall, our study reveals that mistletoe leaf herbivory is directly affected by its leaf traits and indirectly affected by host associational effects, primarily through changes in mistletoes' leaf traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fa Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 65000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
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3
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Kaczmarek JM, Kaczmarski M, Mazurkiewicz J, Kloskowski J. Forget the toad and eat the frog: no associational protection against fish from a chemically defended toad to a later-breeding anuran species. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1967455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Kaczmarek
- Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań 60-625, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Kaczmarski
- Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań 60-625, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań 60-625, Poland
| | - Janusz Kloskowski
- Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań 60-625, Poland
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4
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Schmidt KA, Massol F, Szymkowiak J. Resurrecting Shannon's surprise: landscape heterogeneity complements information use and population growth. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francois Massol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Lille France
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Population Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. Poznań Poland
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5
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Abu Baker MA, Emerson SE, Gorman J, Brown JS. Dietary choices in a generalist herbivore, the eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, in urban landscapes. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We tested for dietary choices of foods varying in nutrient composition by cottontail rabbits on two college campuses in midwestern USA. We quantified choices among pellets of varying nutritional quality at artificial food patches. Dietary choices differed between seasons and locations. Spring giving-up densities (GUDs: food left behind) did not show differences in food choices and were lower than summer GUDs. In Appleton, the cottontails favoured both high protein and fibre pellets, whereas the medium protein and fibre pellets were favoured in Chicago. The cottontails maintained their choice of high protein, high fibre pellets at three spatial scales. The cottontails varied food intake to balance their protein, salt and fibre needs at different times and locations. Studying dietary choices and the effect of resource quality on foraging responses by urban wildlife provides a useful tool to study ecological interactions and can help minimize damage in urban environments such as parks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E. Emerson
- Department of Biology, California State University Stanislaus, 1 University Circle, Turlock, CA 95382, USA
| | - Jessica Gorman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL 61101, USA
| | - Joel S. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street (M/C 066), Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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6
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Effect of neighboring seeds associated with habitats on the seed removal of two coexisting myrmecochorous plants in central China. Basic Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Yang X, Yan C, Gu H, Zhang Z. Interspecific synchrony of seed rain shapes rodent-mediated indirect seed-seed interactions of sympatric tree species in a subtropical forest. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:45-54. [PMID: 31631473 PMCID: PMC6916184 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal‐mediated indirect interactions play a significant role in maintaining the biodiversity of plant communities. Less known is whether interspecific synchrony of seed rain can alter the indirect interactions of sympatric tree species. We assessed the seed dispersal success by tracking the fates of 21 600 tagged seeds from six paired sympatric tree species in both monospecific and mixed plots across 4 successive years in a subtropical forest. We found that apparent mutualism was associated with the interspecific synchrony of seed rain both seasonally and yearly, whereas apparent competition or apparent predation was associated with interspecific asynchrony of seed rain either seasonally or yearly. We did not find consistent associations of indirect interactions with seed traits. Our study suggests that the interspecific synchrony of seed rain plays a key role in the formation of animal‐mediated indirect interactions, which, in turn, may alter the seasonal or yearly seed rain schedules of sympatric tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Ng'weno CC, Ford AT, Kibungei AK, Goheen JR. Interspecific prey neighborhoods shape risk of predation in a savanna ecosystem. Ecology 2019; 100:e02698. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Ng'weno
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- Conservation Department Ol Pejeta Conservancy Private Bag‐10400 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alfred K. Kibungei
- Conservation Department Ol Pejeta Conservancy Private Bag‐10400 Nanyuki Kenya
| | - Jacob R. Goheen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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9
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Marsh KJ, Saraf I, Hocart CH, Youngentob K, Singh IP, Foley WJ. Occurrence and distribution of unsubstituted B-ring flavanones in Eucalyptus foliage. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 160:31-39. [PMID: 30682682 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A group of plant specialised metabolites (PSMs) collectively known as unsubstituted B-ring flavanones (UBFs) have previously been found in the foliage of some species from the genus Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtaceae), specifically from the subgenus Eucalyptus (monocalypts). Captive feeding studies using artificial diets suggest that these compounds may potentially influence the feeding preferences of marsupial folivores, such as koalas. Understanding natural variation in the composition and concentration of UBFs in eucalypt foliage is a first step to deciding whether, through their effects on herbivory, they might have broader effects on ecosystem dynamics. We used ESI-LCMS/MS and HPLC to characterise and quantify UBFs in 351 individual trees from 25 monocalypt species. We found large variation in the total UBF concentration both between and within species. For example, the mean concentration of UBFs in Eucalyptus muelleriana was 0.2 mg g-1 dry wt, whereas it was 105.7 mg g-1 dry wt, with a range of 78.2-141.3 mg g-1 dry wt, in Eucalyptus mediocris. Different eucalypt species contained different subsets of ten UBFs, and three species showed potential chemotypic variation between individuals within species. Our results suggest that UBFs naturally vary between monocalypt species and individuals at concentrations that could realistically be expected to affect the feeding dynamics of marsupial eucalypt folivores. UBFs could be measured relatively rapidly and cheaply in future studies using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy, as we were able to successfully predict the total UBF concentration of samples from their NIR spectra, with an r2 value of 0.98 and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 6.07. This work further solidifies NIR spectroscopy as a powerful tool enabling ecologists to analyse the chemical composition of large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Marsh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Isha Saraf
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab, India
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Long Shuo Rd, Wei Yang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kara Youngentob
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Inder-Pal Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab, India
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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10
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Moyano J, Chiuffo MC, Nuñez MA, Rodriguez-Cabal MA. Seed predation does not explain pine invasion success. Oecologia 2019; 189:981-991. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Kimmel GJ, Gerlee P, Brown JS, Altrock PM. Neighborhood size-effects shape growing population dynamics in evolutionary public goods games. Commun Biol 2019; 2:53. [PMID: 30729189 PMCID: PMC6363775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary game emerges when a subset of individuals incur costs to provide benefits to all individuals. Public goods games (PGG) cover the essence of such dilemmas in which cooperators are prone to exploitation by defectors. We model the population dynamics of a non-linear PGG and consider density-dependence on the global level, while the game occurs within local neighborhoods. At low cooperation, increases in the public good provide increasing returns. At high cooperation, increases provide diminishing returns. This mechanism leads to diverse evolutionarily stable strategies, including monomorphic and polymorphic populations, and neighborhood-size-driven state changes, resulting in hysteresis between equilibria. Stochastic or strategy-dependent variations in neighborhood sizes favor coexistence by destabilizing monomorphic states. We integrate our model with experiments of cancer cell growth and confirm that our framework describes PGG dynamics observed in cellular populations. Our findings advance the understanding of how neighborhood-size effects in PGG shape the dynamics of growing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Kimmel
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33629 USA
| | - Philip Gerlee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-412 61 Sweden
| | - Joel S. Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33629 USA
| | - Philipp M. Altrock
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33629 USA
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12
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Thouvenot L, Gauzens B, Haury J, Thiébaut G. Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1981. [PMID: 30687373 PMCID: PMC6335397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Thouvenot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benoit Gauzens
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacques Haury
- National Institute of Agricultural Research, UMR ESE, Rennes, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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13
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A matter of proportion? Associational effects in larval anuran communities under fish predation. Oecologia 2018; 187:745-753. [PMID: 29713808 PMCID: PMC6018579 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In Batesian mimicry, a species lacking defences against predators benefits from mimicking the aposematic signal of a defended species, while the model may incur the costs of reduced defensive efficacy. Similar reciprocal indirect effects may emerge even when the signal is not mimicked; termed associational effects, such interactions are well known in plants sharing herbivores but have received little attention in animal studies. We investigated associational interactions in a system where unequally defended prey (chemically defended Bufo bufo and undefended Rana temporaria tadpoles), sharing general morphology but not an aposematic signal, were exposed to predation by the carp Cyprinus carpio along a gradient of relative prey abundance. In the absence of fish, the assemblage composition had no effect on the survival of Rana, while that of Bufo decreased with increasing abundance of Rana. Fish reduced the survival of tadpoles from both species. However, increased relative abundance of Bufo in the community led to enhanced survival in both Bufo and Rana. Increasing relative proportions of heterospecifics reduced metamorph mass only in Bufo, indicating greater sensitivity to interspecific competition compared to Rana; the effect was reduced in the presence of fish. Our results show that undefended non-mimetic prey enjoy reduced predation with increasing relative abundance of chemically defended prey, which in turn suffer greater mortality with an increasing proportion of the undefended species. Associational resistance/susceptibility, driven by current assemblage composition, not by selection for resemblance, can shape the dynamics of mixed communities of defended and undefended prey in the absence of mimicry.
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14
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Champagne E, Perroud L, Dumont A, Tremblay JP, Côté S. Neighbouring plants and perception of predation risk modulate winter browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of neighbouring plants and predation risk can affect trophic interactions between plants and herbivores. We hypothesized that the relative preference for neighbouring species would determine winter herbivory and that predation risk would modulate browsing pressure. We tested these hypotheses using feeding trials in two regions with high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) densities: Outaouais and Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada). In each, we selected a species of interest and compared browsing rates and time spent foraging with neighbours relatively preferred or avoided. In a subexperiment, we included coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823) urine to test for threat-sensitive foraging and interactions with neighbour effects. In Outaouais, time spent foraging on the focal species was reduced by the presence of potentially avoided neighbours and deer reduced browsing with increased perceived predation risk. On Anticosti, browsing rates on the focal species increased with avoided neighbours, with no effect of the predator urine. Anticosti deer have been in a predator-free environment for more than 120 years, likely reducing antipredator behaviours. This study demonstrates both neighbour effects and threat-sensitive foraging, phenomena that could interact and thus would benefit from being studied together to better represent trophic interactions in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Champagne
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - L. Perroud
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Écologie–Évolution, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - A. Dumont
- Direction de la gestion de la faune de l’Outaouais, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Gatineau, QC J8T 0B1, Canada
| | - J.-P. Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - S.D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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15
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Gil MA, Zill J, Ponciano JM. Context-dependent landscape of fear: algal density elicits risky herbivory in a coral reef. Ecology 2017; 98:534-544. [PMID: 27870010 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foraging theory posits that isolation from refuge habitat within a landscape increases perceived predation risk and, thus, suppresses the foraging behavior of prey species. However, these effects may depend fundamentally on resource availability, which could affect prey boldness and can change considerably through bottom-up processes. We conducted a field survey and experiment in a coral reef to test the effects of isolation from refuge habitat (i.e., reef structure) on herbivory by reef fishes and whether these effects depend on resource density. By fitting continuous-time, pure death Markov processes to our data, we found that at both the local and landscape scale distance from refuge habitat reduced herbivory in attractive resource patches of palatable benthic algae. However, our field experiment revealed that higher initial resource densities weakened negative effects of distance from refuge habitat on herbivory. Furthermore, we observed higher bite rates and greater total lengths of herbivorous fishes with greater distance from refuge habitat-responses consistent with higher perceived predation risk. Our results suggest that while the loss or fragmentation of refuge habitat reduces consumer control of resources, greater resource densities can partially counteract this effect by altering landscapes of fear of consumer species. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the spatial context of species interactions that structure communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gil
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Julie Zill
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, Hawaii, 96744, USA
| | - José M Ponciano
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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16
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Champagne E, Tremblay J, Côté SD. Spatial extent of neighboring plants influences the strength of associational effects on mammal herbivory. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Champagne
- Département de Biologie & Centre d’études NordiquesUniversité Laval Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean‐Pierre Tremblay
- Département de Biologie & Centre d’études NordiquesUniversité Laval Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité Laval Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de Biologie & Centre d’études NordiquesUniversité Laval Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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17
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Xiao Z, Zhang Z. Contrasting patterns of short-term indirect seed-seed interactions mediated by scatter-hoarding rodents. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1370-7. [PMID: 27136379 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that direct effects of seed predators or dispersers can have strong effects on seedling establishment. However, we have limited knowledge about the indirect species interactions between seeds of different species that are mediated by shared seed predators and/or dispersers and their consequences for plant demography and diversity. Because scatter-hoarding rodents as seed dispersers may leave some hoarded seeds uneaten, scatter hoarding may serve to increase seed survival and dispersal. Consequently, the presence of heterospecific seeds could alter whether the indirect interactions mediated by scatter-hoarding rodents have a net positive effect, creating apparent mutualism between seed species, or a net negative effect, creating apparent competition between seed species. We present a testable framework to measure short-term indirect effects between co-occurring plant species mediated by seed scatter-hoarding rodents. We tested this framework in a subtropical forest in south-west China using a replacement design and tracked the fate of individually tagged seeds in experimental patches. We manipulated the benefits to rodents by using low-tannin dormant chestnuts as palatable food and high-tannin non-dormant acorns as unpalatable food. We found that seed palatability changed the amount of scatter hoarding that occurred when seeds co-occurred either among or within patches. Consistent with our predictions, scatter-hoarding rodents created apparent mutualism through increasing seed removal and seed caching, and enhancing survival, of both plant species in mixed patches compared with monospecific patches. However, if we ignore scatter hoarding and treat all seed harvest as seed predation (and not dispersal), then apparent competition between palatable chestnuts and unpalatable acorns was also observed. This study is the first to demonstrate that foraging decisions by scatter-hoarding animals to scatter hoard seeds for later consumption (or loss) or consume them can influence indirect effects among co-occurring seeds, and rodent-mediated indirect effects vary depending on whether the harvested seeds are hoarded or eaten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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18
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Emerson SE, Brown JS. The influence of food chemistry on food-safety tradeoffs in samango monkeys. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Foraging in groups affects giving-up densities: solo foragers quit sooner. Oecologia 2015; 178:707-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Stutz RS, Banks PB, Dexter N, McArthur C. Associational refuge in practice: can existing vegetation facilitate woodland restoration? OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Stutz
- School of Biological Sciences, The Univ. of Sydney; Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Biological Sciences, The Univ. of Sydney; Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Nicholas Dexter
- Booderee National Park; Village Road, Jervis Bay, Jervis Bay Territory 2540 Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Biological Sciences, The Univ. of Sydney; Camperdown, New South Wales 2006 Australia
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21
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Fedriani JM, Wiegand T. Hierarchical mechanisms of spatially contagious seed dispersal in complex seed-disperser networks. Ecology 2014; 95:514-26. [PMID: 24669744 DOI: 10.1890/13-0718.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intra- and interspecific spatially contagious seed dispersal has far-reaching implications for plant recruitment, distribution, and community assemblage. However, logistical and analytical limitations have curtailed our understanding concerning the mechanisms and resulting spatial patterns of contagious seed dispersal in most systems and, especially, in complex seed-disperser networks. We investigated mechanisms of seed aggregation using techniques of spatial point pattern analysis and extensive data sets on mutispecific endozoochorous seed rain generated by five frugivorous mammals in three Mediterranean shrublands over two seasons. Our novel analytical approach revealed three hierarchical and complementary mechanisms of seed aggregation acting at different levels (fecal samples, seeds, pairs of seed species) and spatial scales. First, the three local guilds of frugivores tended to deliver their feces highly aggregated at small and intermediate spatial scales, and the overall pattern of fecal delivery could be described well by a nested double-cluster Thomas process. Second, once the strong observed fecal aggregation was accounted for, the distribution of mammal feces containing seeds was clustered within the pattern of all feces (i.e., with and without seeds), and the density of fecal samples containing seeds was higher than expected around other feces containing seeds in two out of the three studied seed-disperser networks. Finally, at a finer level, mark correlation analyses revealed that for some plant species pairs, the number of dispersed seeds was positively associated either at small or large spatial scales. Despite the relatively invariant patterning of nested double-clustering, some attributes of endozoochorous seed rain (e.g., intensity, scales of aggregation) were variable among study sites due to changes in the ecological context in which seeds and their dispersers interact. Our investigation disentangles for the first time the hierarchy of synergic mechanisms of spatially contagious seed dispersal at a range of spatial scales in complex seed-disperser networks, thus providing a robust and widely applicable framework for future studies.
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22
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Moore BD, Andrew RL, Külheim C, Foley WJ. Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:733-750. [PMID: 24117919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the mixture of chemicals can vary, such that chemodiversity can be partitioned within and among individuals. Plant ontogeny and environmental and genetic variation are recognized as sources of chemical variation, but recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of variation may allow the future deployment of isogenic mutants to test the specific adaptive function of variation in PSMs. An important consequence of high intraspecific variation is the capacity to evolve rapidly. It is becoming increasingly clear that trait variance linked to both macro- and micro-environmental variation can also evolve and may respond more strongly to selection than mean trait values. This research, which is in its infancy in plants, highlights what could be a missing piece of the picture of PSM evolution. PSM polymorphisms are probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across many spatial and temporal scales, but convincing examples that recognize the diversity of plant population structures are rare. We describe how diversity can be inherently beneficial for plants and suggest fruitful avenues for future research to untangle the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose L Andrew
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
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Beard KH, Faulhaber CA, Howe FP, Thomas CE. Rodent-Mediated Interactions Among Seed Species of Differing Quality in a Shrubsteppe Ecosystem. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2013. [DOI: 10.3398/064.073.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Ostoja SM, Schupp EW, Durham S, Klinger R. Seed harvesting is influenced by associational effects in mixed seed neighbourhoods, not just by seed density. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Ostoja
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Yosemite Field Station Oakhurst CA 93644 USA
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT84322 USA
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT84322 USA
| | - Susan Durham
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT84322 USA
| | - Rob Klinger
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Yosemite Field Station Bishop CA93514 USA
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25
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Using Giving-Up Densities to Test for Dietary Preferences in Primates: An Example with Samango Monkeys ( Cercopithecus (nictitans) mitis erythrarchus). INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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