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Drikvandi M, Goudarzi M, Molavinia S, Baboli Z, Goudarzi G. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on air quality index: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1687-1700. [PMID: 37454284 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2234841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries implemented lockdown policies to control its transmission. These restrictions provided an opportunity to rest and recover the environment. This systematic review (SR) aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on the Air Quality Index (AQI) in countries worldwide. ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched using relevant keywords to identify studies published until March 2020. Overall, 20 studies were included in the SR based on the eligibility criteria. The results show that COVID-19-related lockdown policies positively affect AQI by restricting air-polluting activities, such as transportation, industry, and construction. However, it is important to note that these policies are ineffective in controlling sources of natural air pollution and local dust. The findings of this study emphasize the need for policymakers to approve legislation limiting the sources of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrsa Drikvandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdis Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Molavinia
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Navaratnam AMD, Williams H, Sharp SJ, Woodcock J, Khreis H. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of COVID-19 related restrictions on air quality in low- and middle-income countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168110. [PMID: 37884141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are disproportionately affected by air pollution and its health burden, representing a global inequity. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of unprecedented lockdown measures on air pollutant concentrations globally. We aim to quantify air pollutant concentration changes across LMIC settings as a result of COVID-19 restrictions. METHODS Searches for this systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out across five databases on 30th March 2022; MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Transport Research Information Documentation. Modelling and observational studies were included, as long as the estimates reflected city or town level data and were taken exclusively in pre-lockdown and lockdown periods. Mean percentage changes per pollutant were calculated and meta-analyses were carried out to calculate mean difference in measured ground-level observed concentrations for each pollutant (PROSPERO CRD42022326924). FINDINGS Of the 2982 manuscripts from initial searches, 256 manuscripts were included providing 3818 percentage changes of all pollutants. No studies included any countries from Sub-Saharan Africa and 34 % and 39.4 % of studies were from China and India, respectively. There was a mean percentage change of -37.4 %, -21.7 %, -54.6 %, -39.1 %, -48.9 %, 16.9 %, -34.9 %, -30.6 % and - 14.7 % for black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3), particulate matter 10 (PM10) and 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), respectively. Meta-analysis included 100 manuscripts, providing 908 mean concentration differences, which showed significant reduction in mean concentration in all study settings for BC (-0.46 μg/m3, PI -0.85; -0.08), CO (-0.25 mg/m3, PI -0.44; -0.03), NO2 (-19.41 μg/m3, PI -31.14; -7.68) and NOx (-22.32 μg/m3, PI -40.94; -3.70). INTERPRETATION The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis quantify and confirm the trends reported across the globe in air pollutant concentration, including increases in O3. Despite the majority of global urban growth occurring in LMIC, there are distinct geographical gaps in air pollution data and, where it is available, differing approaches to analysis and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Williams
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Woodcock
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Haneen Khreis
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Ambade PN, Thavorn K, Pakhale S. COVID-19 Pandemic: Did Strict Mobility Restrictions Save Lives and Healthcare Costs in Maharashtra, India? Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2112. [PMID: 37510552 PMCID: PMC10379405 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maharashtra, India, remained a hotspot during the COVID-19 pandemic. After the initial complete lockdown, the state slowly relaxed restrictions. We aim to estimate the lockdown's impact on COVID-19 cases and associated healthcare costs. METHODS Using daily case data for 84 days (9 March-31 May 2020), we modeled the epidemic's trajectory and predicted new cases for different phases of lockdown. We fitted log-linear models to estimate the growth rate, basic (R0), daily reproduction number (Re), and case doubling time. Based on pre-restriction and Phase 1 R0, we predicted new cases for the rest of the restriction phases, and we compared them with the actual number of cases during each phase. Furthermore, using the published and gray literature, we estimated the costs and savings of implementing these restrictions for the projected period, and we performed a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The estimated median R0 during the different phases was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.45) for pre-lockdown, 1.67 (95% CI: 1.50, 1.82) for phase 1 (strict mobility restrictions), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.35) for phase 2 (extension of phase 1 with no restrictions on agricultural and essential services), 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23) for phase 3 (extension of phase 2 with mobility relaxations in areas with few infections), and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.123) for phase 4 (implementation of localized lockdowns in high-case-load areas with fewer restrictions on other areas), respectively. The corresponding doubling time rate for cases (in days) was 17.78 (95% CI: 5.61, -15.19), 3.87 (95% CI: 3.15, 5.00), 10.37 (95% CI: 7.10, 19.30), 20.31 (95% CI: 10.70, 212.50), and 45.56 (95% CI: 20.50, -204.52). For the projected period, the cases could have reached 631,819 without the lockdown, as the actual reported number of cases was 64,975. From a healthcare perspective, the estimated total value of averted cases was INR 194.73 billion (USD 2.60 billion), resulting in net cost savings of 84.05%. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) for implementing the lockdown, rather than observing the natural course of the pandemic, was INR 33,812.15 (USD 450.83). CONCLUSION Maharashtra's early public health response delayed the pandemic and averted new cases and deaths during the first wave of the pandemic. However, we recommend that such restrictions be carefully used while considering the local socio-economic realities in countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshit Nemdas Ambade
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
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Navasakthi S, Pandey A, Bhari JS, Sharma A. Significant variation in air quality in South Indian cities during COVID-19 lockdown and unlock phases. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:772. [PMID: 37253943 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the spread of COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the Government of India had imposed lockdown in the month of March 2020 to curb the spread of the virus furthermore. This shutdown led to closure of various institutions, organizations, and industries, and restriction on public movement was also inflicted which paved way to better air quality due to reduction in various industrial and vehicular emissions. To brace this, the present study was carried out to statistically analyze the changes in air quality from pre-lockdown period to unlock 6.0 in South Indian cities, namely, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad, by assessing the variation in concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 during pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlock phases. Pollutant concentration data was obtained for the selected timeframe (01 March 2020-30 November 2020) from CPCB, and line graph was plotted which had shown visible variation in the concentration of pollutants in cities taken into consideration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences in the concentration of pollutants during eleven timeframes, and the results indicated a significant difference (F (10,264) = 3.389, p < 0.001). A significant decrease in the levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 during the lockdown phases was asserted by Tukey HSD results in Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad stations, whereas PM10 and NO2 significantly increased during lockdown period in Chennai station. In order to understand the cause of variation in the concentration of pollutants and to find the association of pollutants with meteorological parameters, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations, temperature, rainfall, and wind speed for a span of 15 months, i.e., from January 2020 to March 2021. At a significant level of 99.9%, 99%, and 95%, a significant correlation among the pollutants, rainfall had a major impact on the pollutant concentration in Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Chennai followed by wind speed and temperature. No significant influence of temperature on the concentration of pollutants was observed in Bangalore station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Navasakthi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Anuvesh Pandey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashita Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Singh B, Pandey P, Wabaidur SM, Avtar R, Kumar P, Rahman S. Substantial changes in Gaseous pollutants and health effects during COVID-19 in Delhi, India. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14489. [PMID: 36643637 PMCID: PMC9835704 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease has affected the entire population worldwide in terms of physical and environmental consequences. Therefore, the current study demonstrates the changes in the concentration of gaseous pollutants and their health effects during the COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi, the national capital city of India. Methodology In the present study, secondary data on gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), and ozone (O3) were collected from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on a daily basis. Data were collected from January 1, 2020, to September 30, 2020, to determine the relative changes (%) in gaseous pollutants for pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlockdown stages of COVID-19. Results The current findings for gaseous pollutants reveal that concentration declined in the range of 51%-83% (NO), 40%-69% (NOx), 31%-60% (NO2), and 25%-40% (NH3) during the lockdown compared to pre-lockdown period, respectively. The drastic decrease in gaseous pollutants was observed due to restricted measures during lockdown periods. The level of ozone was observed to be higher during the lockdown periods as compared to the pre-lockdown period. These gaseous pollutants are linked between the health risk assessment and hazard identification for non-carcinogenic. However, in infants (0-1 yr), Health Quotient (HQ) for daily and annual groups was found to be higher than the rest of the exposed group (toddlers, children, and adults) in all the periods. Conclusion The air quality values for pre-lockdown were calculated to be "poor category to "very poor" category in all zones of Delhi, whereas, during the lockdown period, the air quality levels for all zones were calculated as "satisfactory," except for Northeast Delhi, which displayed the "moderate" category. The computed HQ for daily chronic exposure for each pollutant across the child and adult groups was more than 1 (HQ > 1), which indicated a high probability to induce adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence), University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- Deshbandhu College, Department of Environmental Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Puneeta Pandey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Central University of Punjab Bathinda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Moazeni M, Rahimi M, Ebrahimi A. What are the Effects of Climate Variables on COVID-19 Pandemic? A Systematic Review and Current Update. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37057247 PMCID: PMC10086649 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_145_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The climatological parameters can be different in various geographical locations. Moreover, they have possible impacts on COVID-19 incidence. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review article was to describe the effects of climatic variables on COVID-19 pandemic in different countries. Systematic literature search was performed in Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PubMed databases using ("Climate" OR "Climate Change" OR "Global Warming" OR "Global Climate Change" OR "Meteorological Parameters" OR "Temperature" OR "Precipitation" OR "Relative Humidity" OR "Wind Speed" OR "Sunshine" OR "Climate Extremes" OR "Weather Extremes") AND ("COVID" OR "Coronavirus disease 2019" OR "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "Novel Coronavirus") keywords. From 5229 articles, 424 were screened and 149 were selected for further analysis. The relationship between meteorological parameters is variable in different geographical locations. The results indicate that among the climatic indicators, the temperature is the most significant factor that influences on COVID-19 pandemic in most countries. Some studies were proved that warm and wet climates can decrease COVID-19 incidence; however, the other studies represented that warm location can be a high risk of COVID-19 incidence. It could be suggested that all climate variables such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, precipitation, solar radiation, ultraviolet index, and wind speed could cause spread of COVID-19. Thus, it is recommended that future studies will survey the role of all meteorological variables and interaction between them on COVID-19 spread in specific small areas such as cities of each country and comparison between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Moazeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Combat Desertification, Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Afshin Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Afshin Ebrahimi, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hezar-Jerib Ave., Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81676 − 36954, Iran. E-mail:
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Khan Z, Ali SA, Mohsin M, Parvin F, Shamim SK, Ahmad A. A district-level vulnerability assessment of next COVID-19 variant (Omicron BA.2) in Uttarakhand using quantitative SWOT analysis. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 26:1-30. [PMID: 36345298 PMCID: PMC9630075 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had an impact on the entire humankind and has been proved to spread in deadly waves. As a result, preparedness and planning are required to better deal with the epidemic's upcoming waves. Effective planning, on the other hand, necessitates detailed vulnerability assessments at all levels, from the national to the state or regional. There are several issues at the regional level, and each region has its own features. As a result, each region needs its own COVID-19 vulnerability assessment. In terms of climate, terrain and demographics, the state of Uttarakhand differs significantly from the rest of India. As a result, a vulnerability assessment of the next COVID-19 variation (Omicron BA.2) is required for district-level planning to meet regional concerns. A total of 17 variables were chosen for this study, including demographic, socio-economic, infrastructure, epidemiological and tourism-related factors. AHP was used to compute their weights. After applying min-max normalisation to the data, a district-level quantitative SWOT is created to compare the performance of 13 Uttarakhand districts. A COVID-19 vulnerability index (normalised R i ) ranging between 0 and 1 was produced, and district-level vulnerabilities were mapped. Quantitative SWOT results depict that Dehradun is a best performing district followed by Haridwar, while Bageshwar, Rudra Prayag, Champawat and Pithoragarh are on the weaker side and the normalised Ri proves Dehradun, Nainital, Champawat, Bageshwar and Chamoli to be least vulnerable to COVID-19 (normalised R i ≤ 0.25) and Pithoragarh to be the most vulnerable district (normalised R i > 0.90). Pauri Garwal and Uttarkashi are moderately vulnerable (normalised R i 0.50 to 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Khan
- Department of Geography, Faculty of science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Sk Ajim Ali
- Department of Geography, Faculty of science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Department of Civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Zakir Husain College of Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Farhana Parvin
- Department of Geography, Faculty of science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Syed Kausar Shamim
- Department of Geography, Faculty of science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Ateeque Ahmad
- Department of Geography, Faculty of science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Sahoo TP, Vasavdutta S, Chanchpara A, Sahu N, Thiyagarajan I, Ray S, Chatterjee S, Thorat RB, Haldar S, Madhava AK. Pre-to-post COVID-19 lockdown and their environmental impacts on Ghoghla beach and Somnath beach, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:82140-82155. [PMID: 35750909 PMCID: PMC9244305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental impact of COVID-19 imposed lockdown (2020) and the new normal condition (2021) on two different beaches of India (Ghoghla beach, Diu and Somnath beach, Veraval) were compared with the pre-lockdown era, 2013. The lockdown phase favored the natural restoration of the beaches and showed infinitesimal values of the parameters tested when compared with the pre-lockdown regime. However, the new normal situation in 2021 opened up the accessibility of these beaches to the tourists and pilgrims resulting in significant changes of water quality. The release of diluted sewage mixed with freshwater from the Somnath town to the sea has led to the drastic change in beach water quality. The mean cadmium concentration increased drastically in beach waters (Ghoghla: 1.35, 0.28 and 7.09 μg/L; Somnath: 0.45, 0.28 and 0.58 μg/L) during pre-to-post lockdown, respectively. However, post-lockdown resulted in the rise of toxic heavy metals in the sediments of Somnath beach but Ghoghla beach remained to be pristine which may be due to the Blue Flagship status. The total number of marine bacteria was higher during 2013 and 2021 when compared during lockdown describing greater human interventions. For instance, Vibrio spp. count in Ghoghla beach water during pre-lockdown phase was 7733 CFU/mL and this value reduced to 70 and 5 CFU/mL in the lockdown and post-lockdown phases. Interestingly, the diversity of planktonic and benthic components showed a different trend from pre-to-post lockdown due to significant change in the inorganic nutrients and metal bioaccumulation. To our knowledge, this will be the first comprehensive assessment to report the environmental and ecological health of Ghoghla beach and Somnath beach during the pre-to-post lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Prasad Sahoo
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sonpal Vasavdutta
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Amit Chanchpara
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Nosad Sahu
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Indirapriyatharsini Thiyagarajan
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Sanak Ray
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Shruti Chatterjee
- Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Ravikumar Bhagawan Thorat
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Madhava
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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Sheoran K, Siwal SS, Kapoor D, Singh N, Saini AK, Alsanie WF, Thakur VK. Air Pollutants Removal Using Biofiltration Technique: A Challenge at the Frontiers of Sustainable Environment. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2022; 2:378-396. [PMID: 36281334 PMCID: PMC9585892 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a central problem faced by industries during the production process. The control of this pollution is essential for the environment and living organisms as it creates harmful effects. Biofiltration is a current pollution management strategy that concerns removing odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other pollutants from the air. Recently, this approach has earned vogue globally due to its low-cost and straightforward technique, effortless function, high reduction efficacy, less energy necessity, and residual consequences not needing additional remedy. There is a critical requirement to consider sustainable machinery to decrease the pollutants arising within air and water sources. For managing these different kinds of pollutant reductions, biofiltration techniques have been utilized. The contaminants are adsorbed upon the medium exterior and are metabolized to benign outcomes through immobilized microbes. Biofiltration-based designs have appeared advantageous in terminating dangerous pollutants from wastewater or contaminated air in recent years. Biofiltration uses the possibilities of microbial approaches (bacteria and fungi) to lessen the broad range of compounds and VOCs. In this review, we have discussed a general introduction based on biofiltration and the classification of air pollutants based on different sources. The history of biofiltration and other mechanisms used in biofiltration techniques have been discussed. Further, the crucial factors of biofilters that affect the performance of biofiltration techniques have been discussed in detail. Finally, we concluded the topic with current challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamveer Sheoran
- Department
of Chemistry, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department
of Chemistry, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Deepanshi Kapoor
- Department
of Chemistry, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Nirankar Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Adesh K. Saini
- Department
of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
(Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Walaa Fahad Alsanie
- Department
of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical
Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining
and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering, University of Petroleum
& Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre for
Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
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10
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Biswas T, Pal SC, Saha A. Strict lockdown measures reduced PM 2.5 concentrations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kolkata, India. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:180. [PMID: 36278114 PMCID: PMC9576136 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 situation is a critical state throughout the world that most countries have been forced to implement partial to total lockdown to control the COVID-19 disease outbreak. And displays the natural power to rejuvenate herself without the interference of human beings. So, the top-level emergency response including full quarantine actions are significant measures against the COVID-19 and resulted in a notable reduction in PM2.5 in the atmosphere. India was severely attacked by COVID-19, and as a result, the Government of India has imposed a nationwide lockdown from 24th March (2020) to 30th May (2020) in different phases. The COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown had a significant negative impact on India's socioeconomic structure but had a positive impact on environmental sustainability in terms of improved air quality due to the 68 days of the shutdown of India's industrial, commercial, construction, and transportation systems. The current study looked at the spatio-temporal changes in PM2.5 concentrations at different air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) in Kolkata during the COVID-19 period. The study revealed that the average concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) was slightly high (139.82) in the pre-lockdown period which was rapidly reduced to 37.77 (72.99% reduction) during the lockdown period and it was further increased (137.11) in post-lockdown period. The study also shows that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 66.83 in 2018, which slightly increased to 70.43 (5.39%) in 2019 and dramatically decreased to 37.77 (46.37%) in the year 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown. The study clearly shows that air quality improves during lockdown periods in Kolkata, but it is not a permanent solution rather than temporary. Therefore, it is necessary to make the proper policies and strategies by policymakers and government authorities, and environmental scientists to maintain such good air quality by controlling several measures of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Biswas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
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Faruk MO, Rahman MS, Jannat SN, Arafat Y, Islam K, Akhter S. A review of the impact of environmental factors and pollutants on covid-19 transmission. AEROBIOLOGIA 2022; 38:277-286. [PMID: 35761858 PMCID: PMC9218706 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-022-09748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused an unprecedented loss of life with colossal social and economic fallout over 237 countries and territories worldwide. Environmental conditions played a significant role in spreading the virus. Despite the availability of literature, the consecutive waves of COVID-19 in all geographical conditions create the necessity of reviewing the impact of environmental factors on it. This study synthesized and reviewed the findings of 110 previously published articles on meteorological factors and COVID-19 transmission. This study aimed to identify the diversified impacts of meteorological factors on the spread of infection and suggests future research. Temperature, rainfall, air quality, sunshine, wind speed, air pollution, and humidity were found as investigated frequently. Correlation and regression analysis have been widely used in previous studies. Most of the literature showed that temperature and humidity have a favorable relationship with the spread of COVID-19. On the other hand, 20 articles stated no relationship with humidity, and nine were revealed the negative effect of temperature. The daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases increased by 4.86% for every 1 °C increase in temperature. Sunlight was also found as a significant factor in 10 studies. Moreover, increasing COVID-19 incidence appeared to be associated with increased air pollution, particularly PM10, PM2.5, and O3 concentrations. Studies also indicated a negative relation between the air quality index and the COVID-19 cases. This review determined environmental variables' complex and contradictory effects on COVID-19 transmission. Hence it becomes essential to include environmental parameters into epidemiological models and controlled laboratory experiments to draw more precious results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Omar Faruk
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahidur Rahman
- One Health Center for Research and Action. Akbarshah, Chattogram, 4207 Bangladesh
| | - Sumiya Nur Jannat
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Yasin Arafat
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 Bangladesh
| | - Sarmin Akhter
- Department of Statistics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 Bangladesh
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12
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Silva ACT, Branco PTBS, Sousa SIV. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1950. [PMID: 35206139 PMCID: PMC8871899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, several governments imposed severe restrictions on socio-economic activities, putting most of the world population into a general lockdown in March 2020. Although scattered, studies on this topic worldwide have rapidly emerged in the literature. Hence, this systematic review aimed to identify and discuss the scientifically validated literature that evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on air quality. Thus, a total of 114 studies that quantified the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality through monitoring were selected from three databases. The most evaluated countries were India and China; all the studies intended to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on air quality, mainly concerning PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2. Most of them focused on the 1st lockdown, comparing with the pre- and post-lockdown periods and usually in urban areas. Many studies conducted a descriptive analysis, while others complemented it with more advanced statistical analysis. Although using different methodologies, some studies reported a temporary air quality improvement during the lockdown. More studies are still needed, comparing different lockdown and lifting periods and, in other areas, for a definition of better-targeted policies to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina T. Silva
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro T. B. S. Branco
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. V. Sousa
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Marquès M, Domingo JL. Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111930. [PMID: 34425111 PMCID: PMC8378989 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In June 2020, we published a review focused on assessing the influence of various air pollutants on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and the severity of COVID-19 in patients infected by the coronavirus. The results of most of those reviewed studies suggested that chronic exposure to certain air pollutants might lead to more severe and lethal forms of COVID-19, as well as delays/complications in the recovery of the patients. Since then, a notable number of studies on this topic have been published, including also various reviews. Given the importance of this issue, we have updated the information published since our previous review. Taking together the previous results and those of most investigations now reviewed, we have concluded that there is a significant association between chronic exposure to various outdoor air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO, and the incidence/risk of COVID-19 cases, as well as the severity/mortality of the disease. Unfortunately, studies on the potential influence of other important air pollutants such as VOCs, dioxins and furans, or metals, are not available in the scientific literature. In relation to the influence of outdoor air pollutants on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although the scientific evidence is much more limited, some studies point to PM2.5 and PM10 as potential airborne transmitters of the virus. Anyhow, it is clear that environmental air pollution plays an important negative role in COVID-19, increasing its incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, School of Medicine, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, School of Medicine, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Saadat MN, Das S, Nandy S, Pandey D, Chakraborty M, Mina U, Sarkar A. Can the nation-wide COVID-19 lockdown help India identify region-specific strategies for air pollution? SPATIAL INFORMATION RESEARCH 2022; 30:233-247. [PMCID: PMC8683321 DOI: 10.1007/s41324-021-00426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious concern with the developing economics in India and gets more severe when it has major cities ranked among the top 30 polluted cities worldwide. To find a solution, different programs and/or policies have been launched for air quality management country-wide. Unfortunately, no such plan could effectively solve the purpose rather than an unexpected COVID-19 pandemic situation in India. Our study focused on the air pollution status and air quality index (AQI) in 42 cities (that includes 6 metros) representing North, South, East, West, Central, and North-East region of India during the pre-lockdown, four lockdowns and unlock phases. The results depict most of the pollutants except ozone (O3) were significantly reduced in the lockdown-1, and marginally increased in subsequent lockdown phases. Regarding the average AQI, its value was highest in North Indian cities (227), followed by East India (172), Central India (141), North-East India (130), West India (124), and South India (83) during the pre-lockdown. Due to COVID-19 induced lockdown, North Indian cities observed the highest dip in average AQI (108), followed by Central India (113), East India (82), West India (73), South India (55), and North-East India (49) in the lockdown and unlock phases. Thus, the study gave a conspicuous vision on mitigation of air pollution under this pandemic; and, if strategic centralized policies are sensibly implemented and by involving the participation of people of India, then there is a feasibility of air pollution issue management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Najmus Saadat
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal 732 103 India
| | - Sujit Das
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal 732 103 India
| | - Senjuti Nandy
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal 732 103 India
| | - Divya Pandey
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Monojit Chakraborty
- Environmental Engineering and Social Planning Division, LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 110044 India
| | - Usha Mina
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal 732 103 India
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Aggarwal S, Balaji S, Singh T, Menon GR, Mandal S, Madhumathi J, Mahajan N, Kohli S, Kaur J, Singh H, Rade K, Panda S. Association between ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors with SARS-CoV-2 transmission and mortality in India: an exploratory study. Environ Health 2021; 20:120. [PMID: 34794454 PMCID: PMC8601781 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a serious public health concern worldwide. Certain regions of the globe were severely affected in terms of prevalence and mortality than other. Although the cause for this pattern is not clearly understood, lessons learned from previous epidemics and emerging evidences suggest the major role of ecological factors like ambient air pollutants (AAP) and meteorological parameters in increased COVID-19 incidence. The present study aimed to understand the impact of these factors on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and their associated mortality in major cities of India. METHODS This study used secondary AAP, meteorological and COVID-19 data from official websites for the period January-November 2020, which were divided into Pre-lockdown (January-March 2020), Phase I (April to June 2020) and Phase II (July to November 2020) in India. After comprehensive screening, five major cities that includes 48 CPCB monitoring stations collecting daily data of ambient temperature, particulate matter PM2.5 and 10 were analysed. Spearman and Kendall's rank correlation test was performed to understand the association between SARS-CoV-2 transmission and AAP and, meteorological variables. Similarly, case fatality rate (CFR) was determined to compute the correlation between AAP and COVID-19 related morality. RESULTS The level of air pollutants in major cities were significantly reduced during Phase I compared to Pre-lock down and increased upon Phase II in all the cities. During the Phase II in Delhi, the strong significant positive correlation was observed between the AAP and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, in Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai AAP levels were moderate and no correlation was noticed. The relation between AT and SARS-CoV-2 transmission was inconclusive as both positive and negative correlation observed. In addition, Delhi and Kolkata showed a positive association between long-term exposure to the AAP and COVID-19 CFR. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that the particulate matter upon exceeding the satisfactory level serves as an important cofactor in increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and related mortality. These findings would help public health experts to understand the SARS-CoV-2 transmission against ecological variables in India and provides supporting evidence to healthcare policymakers and government agencies for formulating strategies to combat the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sivaraman Balaji
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tanvi Singh
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Geetha R Menon
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandip Mandal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jayaprakasam Madhumathi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nupur Mahajan
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Simran Kohli
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kiran Rade
- World Health Organization, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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16
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Zheng HL, Guo ZL, Wang ML, Yang C, An SY, Wu W. Effects of climate variables on the transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review of 62 ecological studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54299-54316. [PMID: 34398375 PMCID: PMC8364942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was initially discovered at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City in China and has caused one of the most serious global public health crises. A collection and analysis of studies related to the association between COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) transmission and meteorological factors, such as humidity, is vital and indispensable for disease prevention and control. A comprehensive literature search using various databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, was systematically performed to identify eligible studies from Dec 2019 to Feb 1, 2021. We also established six criteria to screen the literature to obtain high-quality literature with consistent research purposes. This systematic review included a total of 62 publications. The study period ranged from 1 to 8 months, with 6 papers considering incubation, and the lag effect of climate factors on COVID-19 activity being taken into account in 22 studies. After quality assessment, no study was found to have a high risk of bias, 30 studies were scored as having moderate risks of bias, and 32 studies were classified as having low risks of bias. The certainty of evidence was also graded as being low. When considering the existing scientific evidence, higher temperatures may slow the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic. However, during the course of the epidemic, these climate variables alone could not account for most of the variability. Therefore, countries should focus more on health policies while also taking into account the influence of weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Li Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ze-Li Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mei-Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Yi An
- Liaoning Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Mendoza DL, Benney TM, Bares R, Crosman ET. Intra-city variability of fine particulate matter during COVID-19 lockdown: A case study from Park City, Utah. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111471. [PMID: 34102162 PMCID: PMC8178539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban air quality is a growing concern due a range of social, economic, and health impacts. Since the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic began in 2020, governments have produced a range of non-medical interventions (NMIs) (e.g. lockdowns, stay-at-home orders, mask mandates) to prevent the spread of COVID-19. A co-benefit of NMI implementation has been the measurable improvement in air quality in cities around the world. Using the lockdown policy of the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment, we traced the changing emissions patterns produced under the pandemic in a mid-sized, high-altitude city to isolate the effects of human behavior on air pollution. We tracked air pollution over time periods reflecting the Pre-Lockdown, Lockdown, and Reopening stages, using high quality, research grade sensors in both commercial and residential areas to better understand how each setting may be uniquely impacted by pollution downturn events. Based on this approach, we found the commercial area of the city showed a greater decrease in air pollution than residential areas during the lockdown period, while both areas experienced a similar rebound post lockdown. The easing period following the lockdown did not lead to an immediate rebound in human activity and the air pollution increase associated with reopening, took place nearly two months after the lockdown period ended. We hypothesize that differences in heating needs, travel demands, and commercial activity, are responsible for the corresponding observed changes in the spatial distribution of pollutants over the study period. This research has implications for climate policy, low-carbon energy transitions, and may even impact local policy due to changing patterns in human exposure that could lead to important public health outcomes, if left unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, 135 S 1460 E, Room 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, 375 S 1530 E, Suite 220, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; University of Utah School of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, 26 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Tabitha M Benney
- Department of Political Science and Environmental Studies Program, University of Utah, 260 S Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryan Bares
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, 135 S 1460 E, Room 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erik T Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Natural Sciences Building 324, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
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Mangla S, Pathak AK, Arshad M, Haque U. Short-term forecasting of the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Int Health 2021; 13:410-420. [PMID: 34091670 PMCID: PMC8194983 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading in different parts of India, a reliable forecast for the cumulative confirmed cases and the number of deaths can be helpful for policymakers in making the decisions for utilizing available resources in the country. Recently, various mathematical models have been used to predict the outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide and also in India. In this article we use exponential, logistic, Gompertz growth and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to predict the spread of COVID-19 in India after the announcement of various unlock phases. The mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error comparative measures were used to check the goodness-of-fit of the growth models and Akaike information criterion for ARIMA model selection. Using COVID-19 pandemic data up to 20 December 2020 from India and its five most affected states (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala), we report 15-days-ahead forecasts for cumulative confirmed cases and the number of deaths. Based on available data, we found that the ARIMA model is the best-fitting model for COVID-19 cases in India and its most affected states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Mangla
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India 151401
| | - Ashok Kumar Pathak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India 151401
| | - Mohd Arshad
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India 453552
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India 202002
| | - Ubydul Haque
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Sharma GD, Tiwari AK, Jain M, Yadav A, Srivastava M. COVID-19 and environmental concerns: A rapid review. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2021; 148:111239. [PMID: 34234623 PMCID: PMC8189823 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has slowed global economic growth and consequently impacted the environment as well. Parallelly, the environment also influences the transmission of this novel coronavirus through various factors. Every nation deals with varied population density and size; air quality and pollutants; the nature of land and water, which significantly impact the transmission of coronavirus. The WHO (Ziaeepour et al., 2008) [1] has recommended rapid reviews to provide timely evidence to the policymakers to respond to the emergency. The present study follows a rapid review along with a brief bibliometric analysis of 328 research papers, which synthesizes the evidence regarding the environmental concerns of COVID-19. The novel contribution of this rapid review is threefold. One, we take stock of the diverse findings as regards the transmission of the novel coronavirus in different types of environments for providing conclusive directions to the ongoing debate regarding the transmission of the virus. Two, our findings provide topical insights as well as methodological guidance for future researchers in the field. Three, we inform the policymakers on the efficacy of environmental measures for controlling the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep Sharma
- University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mansi Jain
- University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshita Yadav
- University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Srivastava
- University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Mangla S, Pathak AK, Arshad M, Ghosh D, Sahoo PK, Garg VK, Haque U. Impact of Environmental Indicators on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Delhi, India. Pathogens 2021; 10:1003. [PMID: 34451467 PMCID: PMC8399933 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a massive debate on whether meteorological and air quality parameters play a crucial role in the transmission of COVID-19 across the globe. With this background, this study aims to evaluate the impact of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO, NO2, and O3) and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall) on the spread and mortality due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Delhi from 14 Mar 2020 to 3 May 2021. The Spearman's rank correlation method employed on secondary data shows a significant correlation between the COVID-19 incidences and the PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO, NO2, and O3 concentrations. Amongst the four meteorological parameters, temperature is strongly correlated with COVID-19 infections and deaths during the three phases, i.e., pre-lockdown (14 March 2020 to 24 March 2020) (r = 0.79), lockdown (25 March 2020 to 31 May 2020) (r = 0.87), and unlock (1 June 2020 to 3 May 2021) (r = -0.75), explaining the variability of about 20-30% in the lockdown period and 18-19% in the unlock period. NO2 explained the maximum variability of 10% and 7% in the total confirmed cases and deaths among the air pollutants, respectively. A generalized linear model could explain 80% and 71% of the variability in confirmed cases and deaths during the lockdown and 82% and 81% variability in the unlock phase, respectively. These findings suggest that these factors may contribute to the transmission of the COVID-19 and its associated deaths. The study results would enhance the ongoing research related to the influence of environmental factors. They would be helpful for policymakers in managing the outbreak of COVID-19 in Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Mangla
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai 400088, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Ashok Kumar Pathak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India;
| | - Mohd. Arshad
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India;
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Doyel Ghosh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India;
| | - Prafulla Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; (P.K.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Vinod Kumar Garg
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; (P.K.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Ubydul Haque
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76177, USA;
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21
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Mandal J, Patel PP. Gauging the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on atmospheric pollution content in select countries. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS : SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 23:100551. [PMID: 36568402 PMCID: PMC9764693 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Image 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayatra Mandal
- Department of Geography, Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi Mahavidyalaya, Kanpur, Haora, 711410, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyank Pravin Patel
- Department of Geography, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
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22
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Gope S, Dawn S, Das SS. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on air quality: a study based on Air Quality Index. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35564-35583. [PMID: 34036496 PMCID: PMC8148414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected economic activities all around the world. Though it took a huge amount of human breathes as well as increases unemployment, it puts a positive impression on the environment. To stop the speedy extend of this disease, the maximum Government has imposed a strict lockdown on their citizens which creates a constructive impact on the atmosphere. Air pollutant concentration has been investigated in this study to analyze the impact of lockdown on the environment. Based on the air pollutant concentration, Air Quality Index (AQI) is deliberated. The Air Quality Index indicates the most and least polluted cities in the world. A higher value of AQI represents the higher polluted city and a lesser value of Air Quality Index represents a less polluted city. The impact of lockdown on air quality has been studied in this work and it is observed that the air pollutant concentration has reduced in every city of the world during the lockdown period. It has been also detected that the PM2.5 and PM10 are the most affecting air concentrator which controls the air quality of all the selected places during and after lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhan Gope
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - Subhojit Dawn
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Shreya Shree Das
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
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23
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Quantifying the Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown and Spring Festival on Air Quality over Yangtze River Delta Region. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel corona virus and the resulting lockdowns over various parts of the world have substantially impacted air quality due to reduced anthropogenic activity. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown and Spring Festival on air quality of four major cities of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Hefei, and Hangzhou. In situ measurements were taken for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). In situ measurements from 1 January to 25 April were taken two years prior to COVID-19 (2018–19), during COVID-19 lockdown (2020), and one year after the COVID-19 (2021). The results indicated that the concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 dropped considerably during the lockdown days compared to normal days while the O3 concentration showed an upsurge. The NO2 showed reduction of about 54% on average during lockdown level 1 in 2020 whereas, PM 2.5 showed reduction of about 36% through the YRD. A substantial drop was observed in concentration of NO2 during the Spring Festival holidays throughout the YRD from 2019 to 2021.
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24
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Impact of environmental factors on COVID-19 cases and mortalities in major cities of Pakistan. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2021; 3:10-16. [PMID: 33786420 PMCID: PMC7995238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Climate factors play an important role in the transmission of viruses, such as influenza viruses, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-1. This study aimed to determine the relationship between changes in temperature, humidity, rainfall, and SARS-CoV-2 contagion. Five ecologically and climatically distinct regions were considered—Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Method Data on daily COVID-19 cases and deaths were retrieved from government officials, while meteorological information was collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department.. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 and the Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the meteorological factors and COVID-19 cases and deaths. Result Positive correlation of COVID-19 incidence was observed with all the temperature ranges (maximum, minimum and average) and negative correlation was seen with humidity, DTR and rainfall. COVID-19 deaths were positively associated with temperature and were negatively associated only with humidity. Linear regression showed that for every unit increase in humidity, there was a −3.345 daily significant decrease in COVID-19 cases, while in Karachi for every unit increase in humidity, there remained a 10.104 daily significant increase in cases. In Gilgit-Baltistan, for every unit increase in average temperature and rainfall respectively, significant increases of 0.534 and 1.286 in daily cases were found. Conclusion This study signifies the effect of climate factors on COVID-19 incidence and mortality rate, but climate factors are not the only variable and several other interlinked factors enhance the spread of COVID-19. Hence, effective mitigation policies, enhancing testing capacities, and developing public attitudes toward adopting precautionary measures are important to overcome this overwhelming pandemic.
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25
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Khan AG, Kamruzzaman M, Rahman MN, Mahmood M, Uddin MA. Quality of life in the COVID-19 outbreak: influence of psychological distress, government strategies, social distancing, and emotional recovery. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06407. [PMID: 33688587 PMCID: PMC7923947 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the severity of the effects of COVID-19 on psychological health and quality of life, the present study investigates the direct effects of government strategies and social distancing and the moderating effect of emotional recovery on psychological distress and quality of life using the tenets of the theory of attachment and learned helplessness. The snowball sampling technique was used to recruit respondents from Bangladesh who completed a self-administered questionnaire via Google Forms, which provided cross-sectional data. The results revealed that both social distancing and government strategies have significant negative influences on psychological distress. Besides, government strategies have a significant positive influence on social distancing. Although psychological distress has a significant negative influence on quality of life, emotional recovery shows no moderating effect on the relationship between psychological distress and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study provides insights for regulatory bodies and policymakers for developing effective policy interventions to ensure the well-being of people during this pandemic. Finally, the study highlights the implications for both theory and practice and a few notes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Gaffar Khan
- Department of Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamruzzaman
- Dept. of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nannur Rahman
- Dept. of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Aftab Uddin
- Department of Human Resource Management, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
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26
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Sahoo PK, Salomão GN, da Silva Ferreira Júnior J, de Lima Farias D, Powell MA, Mittal S, Garg VK. COVID-19 lockdown: a rare opportunity to establish baseline pollution level of air pollutants in a megacity, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2021; 18:1269-1286. [PMID: 33643420 PMCID: PMC7899058 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-021-03142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper analyses air quality data from megacity Delhi, India, during different periods related to the COVID-19, including pre-lockdown, lockdown and unlocked (post-lockdown) (2018-2020) to determine what baseline levels of air pollutants might be and the level of impact that could be anticipated under the COVID-19 lockdown emission scenario. The results show that air quality improved significantly during the lockdown phases, with the most significant changes occurring in the transportation and industrially dominated areas. A pronounced decline in PM2.5 and PM10 up to 63% and 58%, respectively, was observed during the lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown period in 2020. When compared to 2018 and 2019, they were lower by up to 51% and 61%, respectively, dropping by 56% during unlock. Some pollutants (NOx and CO) dropped significantly during lockdown, while SO2 and O3 declined only slightly. Moreover, when compared between the different phases of lockdown, the maximum decline for most of the pollutants and air quality index occurred during the lockdown phase 1; thus, this period was used to report the COVID-19 baseline threshold values (CBT; threshold value is the upper limit of baseline variation). Of the various statistical methods used median + 2 median absolute deviation (mMAD) was most suitable, indicating CBT values of 143 and 75 ug/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. This results although preliminary, but it gives a positive indication that temporary lockdown can be considered as a boon to mitigate the damage we have done to the environment. Also, this baseline levels can be helpful as a first line of information to set future target limits or to develop effiective management policies for achieving better air quality in urban centres like Delhi. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-021-03142-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Sahoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab India
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA 66055-090 Brazil
| | - G. N. Salomão
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA 66055-090 Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG), Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1, Belém, PA 66075-110 Brazil
| | | | - D. de Lima Farias
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA 66055-090 Brazil
| | - M. A. Powell
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S. Mittal
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab India
| | - V. K. Garg
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab India
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