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Gerten S, Engeroff T, Fleckenstein J, Füzéki E, Matura S, Pilatus U, Vogt L, Pantel J, Banzer W. Deducing the Impact of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Physical Performance on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:777490. [PMID: 35069177 PMCID: PMC8769503 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.777490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Participating in physical activity and maintaining physical performance as well as reducing sedentary behavior are discussed to be beneficially associated with cognitive function in older adults. The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to differentiate the relevance of objectively measured physical activity, physical performance, and sedentary behavior on cognitive function in healthy older adults (n = 56, age = 76 ± 7 yrs, gender = 30 female). Methods: Accelerometer based physical activity and sedentary behavior were analyzed as minutes per week spent sedentary and physically active with light or moderate to vigorous intensity. Participants' physical performance was assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing and analyzed as maximal workload and heart rate, heart rate reserve and peak oxygen uptake. The assessment of cognitive function included working memory, attention, executive function, and verbal memory. Data was analyzed with Spearman and partial correlations. Trial registration: NCT02343029. Results: Light physical activity was moderately associated with executive function (r = −0.339, p = 0.015). Attention was significantly associated with maximal workload (r = −0.286, p = 0.042) and peak oxygen uptake (r = −0.337, p = 0.015). Working memory was associated with maximal workload (r = 0.329, p = 0.017). Conclusion: Whereas a broad range of cognitive function were beneficially linked to physical performance, light intensity activities in particular showed an impact on executive function. Our research underlines the need to separate the impact of physical performance and physical activity on cognitive function and highlights the relevance of light physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gerten
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Neurocognition and Action – Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Sports Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology”, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sina Gerten
| | - Tobias Engeroff
- Division Health and Performance, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty 16, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Fleckenstein
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eszter Füzéki
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silke Matura
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Spartano NL, Himali JJ, Trinquart L, Yang Q, Weinstein G, Satizabal CL, Dukes KA, Beiser AS, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Seshadri S. Accelerometer-Measured, Habitual Physical Activity and Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:805-814. [PMID: 34864673 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the mechanisms suggested to link physical activity (PA) to favorable brain health is through stimulation of neural growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Acute bouts of PA stimulate circulating BDNF levels. OBJECTIVE In this investigation, we assessed whether habitual, accelerometer-measured PA levels were related to circulating BDNF levels in a middle-aged cohort. METHODS In the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation cohort, 1,769 participants provided reliable accelerometry data and were not missing BDNF measurement and platelet counts. In a cross-sectional analysis, using multivariable regression, we related PA measures to serum BDNF levels, adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, platelet count, depression status, and accelerometer wear time. RESULTS Our study participants (mean age 47±9 years, 50.8% women) spent an average of 22.3 mins/day moderate-to-vigorous (MV)PA. Most PA variables (steps, MVPA, light activity, and sedentary time) were not related to BDNF levels (p > 0.05). We observed a non-linear trend, where 15-50 mins/week vigorous activity was associated with lower BDNF compared to those with 0 min vigorous activity (β= -0.049±0.024, p = 0.05), but with no significant associations at lower or higher vigorous activity levels. In smokers, MVPA was also associated with lower BDNF levels (β= -0.216±0.079, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study reveals that circulating BDNF is not chronically elevated in individuals with higher levels of habitual PA in middle-aged adults from the community and may even be chronically suppressed with higher PA in subgroups, including current smokers. These results do not contradict previous studies demonstrating that circulating BDNF rises acutely after PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Spartano
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jayandra J Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, BUSM, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ludovic Trinquart
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, BUSM, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dukes
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA.,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analysis Center, BUSPH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, BUSM, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, BUSM and BUSPH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, BUSM and BUSPH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, BUSM, Boston, MA, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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3
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Roeh A, Holdenrieder S, Schoenfeld J, Haeckert J, Halle M, Falkai P, Scherr J, Hasan A. Decreased Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Concentrations 72 Hours Following Marathon Running. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668454. [PMID: 34335291 PMCID: PMC8320388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise has been linked to beneficial effects on brain plasticity. One potential key mechanism for this relationship is an exercise-induced increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the kinetics of BDNF in athletes during training phase, extreme exercise competition, and recovery period have not been investigated so far. Methods: We assessed serum BDNF concentrations in 51 marathon runners (23% female, mean age 43 years) in a longitudinal study design over a period of 6 months. Assessments were conducted during the training period before the marathon and after the marathon race during short-term (24 to 72 h) and long-term (3 months) follow-ups. Potential confounders (fitness level, sex, and platelet count) were included in subsequent linear-model analyses. Results: Linear mixed-model analyses revealed a main effect of time for BDNF concentrations over the study period (F(4,89.389) = 4.296, p = 0.003). Values decreased significantly with the lowest values at 72 h after the marathon compared to baseline (p = 0.025), a finding that was more pronounced in the larger male cohort. Conclusion: Prolonged exercise induces a significant decrease in serum BDNF concentration 72 h post-exercise. We assume that this observation is mainly driven by regenerative mechanisms and a higher muscular utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Roeh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the University Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schoenfeld
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Haeckert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the University Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet München, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet München, Munich, Germany.,University Center for Preventive and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the University Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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4
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Pereira HV, Palmeira AL, Encantado J, Marques MM, Santos I, Carraa EV, Teixeira PJ. Systematic Review of Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Recreational Running. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624783. [PMID: 34025501 PMCID: PMC8139406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this review was to systematically synthesize the published literature describing the psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running in adults, defined as running for leisure, with or without a competitive component. Methods: Quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals until January 2021 were included. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and were included in this review if they (1) were aimed at recreational running, (2) included general adult samples (18 years or older, without a diagnosed medical condition or metabolic disorder), and (3) assessed psychological or behavioral correlates of recreational running. Results: Fifty-six articles reporting 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There were 27 cross-sectional studies, 12 longitudinal studies, and 19 trials (8 non-controlled trials, 5 controlled trials, and 6 randomized controlled trials) (n = 37,501, 1877 years old, 43% women). Twenty-eight studies assessed antecedents of running behavior, and 25 studies used running behavior as treatment or predictor of a given effect or outcome. Four studies examined both predictors and outcomes of running. Thirty-one studies showed poor quality, while 20 had fair and 7 good quality. Motives were the most frequently studied antecedent of running behavior (k = 19), and results suggest that the highest-ranked or more prevalent motives were physical health, psychological motives, and personal achievement. Additionally, perceived control, attitude toward running, intention and subjective norms, self-efficacy, and social support may have also played a role in the adoption of recreational running. Moreover, improvements in mood (k = 10) and well-being (k = 10) were the most frequently reported positive outcomes of running. Reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported in included studies. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this topic. The identification of behavioral and psychological correlates of recreational running across populations can contribute to inform and guide a public policy agenda, focused on helping people sustain regular physical activity, through a modality they have chosen and appear to enjoy. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=68954, identifier: CRD42017068954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vieira Pereira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigao em Desporto, Educao Fsica, Exerccio e Sade (CIDEFES), Faculdade de Educao Fsica e Desporto, Universidade Lusfona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antnio Labisa Palmeira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigao em Desporto, Educao Fsica, Exerccio e Sade (CIDEFES), Faculdade de Educao Fsica e Desporto, Universidade Lusfona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Encantado
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion (APPsyCI), ISPA - Instituto Universitrio, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Moreira Marques
- ADAPT SFI Research Centre and Trinity Centre for Practice & Health Care Innovation, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ins Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratrio de Nutrio, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eliana Veiga Carraa
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Teixeira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Mucher P, Batmyagmar D, Perkmann T, Repl M, Radakovics A, Ponocny-Seliger E, Lukas I, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Lehrner J, Knogler T, Tscholakoff D, Fondi M, Wagner OF, Winker R, Haslacher H. Basal myokine levels are associated with quality of life and depressed mood in older adults. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13799. [PMID: 33655551 PMCID: PMC8243943 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In an aging society, late-life depression has become an increasing problem. There is evidence that physical activity ameliorates depressive symptoms and increases the quality of life (QoL). However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Myokines are molecules secreted in response to muscle contraction. Some of them can cross the blood-brain barrier, making them promising candidates for mediating the beneficial effects of physical activity on mood. The present study aims to compare circulating myokine levels to depression/QoL in older athletes and controls. 55 athletes, 57 controls >59 years were enrolled. The assessment included ergometry, magnetic resonance imaging, blood withdrawal, and neuropsychological testing. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), kynurenine, and cathepsin B were analyzed and compared to surrogates of depression and quality of life. Athletes presented with higher levels of Cathepsin B. Among controls, all myokines but irisin were associated with age. Also, among controls, kynurenine and IL-6 correlated inversely with specific dimensions of quality of life questionnaires, and IL-6 further with depressive symptoms and decreased physical performance. No such associations could be found among athletes. Irisin levels were inversely associated with mild depression and low-grade white matter-lesions in the brain and predicted impaired QoL. The circulating levels of several myokines/muscle activity-related factors appear to be associated with depressive symptoms and impaired QoL among older adults. However, in athletes, some of these connections seem ameliorated, suggesting additional stressors (as f.e. age) or a different pathomechanism among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ina Lukas
- Health and Prevention Center, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johann Lehrner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Knogler
- Institute for Imaging Diagnostics, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martina Fondi
- FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Winker
- Health and Prevention Center, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228400. [PMID: 33202782 PMCID: PMC7697638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultramarathons are becoming an increasingly popular endurance sport. Year after year, the demands on athletes’ skills and endurance increase. Ultramarathons are particularly taxing on athletes’ psychological functioning. This study assessed the relationships between taking part in a nighttime ultramarathon and changes in mood and cognitive functioning. The study included 20 experienced runners aged 26–57 (M = 37.29; SD = 7.94) who had M = 7.08, SD = 5.41 (range 3–44) years of experience running. There were 18 men and 2 women. The mood states were measured twice, just before the start of the run and shortly after crossing the finish line, using the Polish version of the UMACL UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist by Mathews, Chamberlain, and Jones. To assess cognitive functioning, the Stroop Color and Word Test and “Forward digit span” subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were used. We observed statistically significant changes in the mood of the runners: tense arousal, associated with the experienced stress, was significantly higher before the run than immediately after the finish. Moreover, we observed an improvement in cognitive functioning after finishing the 100 km run on both of the trials on the Stroop color word test and on the forward digit span test.
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7
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Autio J, Stenbäck V, Gagnon DD, Leppäluoto J, Herzig KH. (Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082592. [PMID: 32785144 PMCID: PMC7464334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functions, prevents brain atrophy, and delays the onset of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Presently, there are no specific recommendations for PA producing positive effects on brain health and little is known on its mediators. PA affects production and release of several peptides secreted from peripheral and central tissues, targeting receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS). This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the association between PA and cognition with a focus on the role of (neuro)peptides. For the review we define peptides as molecules with less than 100 amino acids and exclude myokines. Tachykinins, somatostatin, and opioid peptides were excluded from this review since they were not affected by PA. There is evidence suggesting that PA increases peripheral insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and elevated serum IGF-1 levels are associated with improved cognitive performance. It is therefore likely that IGF-1 plays a role in PA induced improvement of cognition. Other neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could mediate the beneficial effects of PA on cognition, but the current literature regarding these (neuro)peptides is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Autio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dominique D. Gagnon
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Engeroff T, Vogt L, Fleckenstein J, Füzéki E, Matura S, Pilatus U, Schwarz S, Deichmann R, Hellweg R, Pantel J, Banzer W. Lifespan leisure physical activity profile, brain plasticity and cognitive function in old age. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:811-818. [PMID: 29293024 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1421615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the evidence suggesting physical activity (PA) as a major factor for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline, only a few studies have systematically investigated the impact of leisure PA during the lifespan (LLPA). This study investigates the effects of LLPA on cognitive function (CF) and brain plasticity (BP) in old age. METHOD Participants' (n = 50, 72 ± 5 yrs, 27 females) LLPA energy expenditure and volume was assessed via a validated questionnaire investigating five epochs (14-80 yrs). Using current WHO PA recommendations as reference, participants were stratified into energy expenditure and volume groups. CF outcomes were attention, executive functions, working memory and memory. BP was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRSI) and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). RESULTS Correlation analysis revealed associations of mean LLPA energy expenditure with attention (CF) and N-acetylaspartate to choline ratios (NAA/Cho) (MRSI). ANOVA revealed higher interference control performance (CF) and NAA/Cho in participants complying with current PA recommendations (2-3 h per week) compared to non-compliers. Further CF and BP outcomes including BDNF were not associated with LLPA. CONCLUSION Lifelong adherence to minimum recommended PA seems to be associated with markers of cognitive function and neuronal integrity in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engeroff
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Johannes Fleckenstein
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Eszter Füzéki
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Silke Matura
- b Institute of General Practice , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- c Institute of Neuroradiology , Goethe University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Sina Schwarz
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hellweg
- e Neurobiology and Neurotophins Laboratroy, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- b Institute of General Practice , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- a Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences , Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
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9
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Batmyagmar D, Kundi M, Ponocny-Seliger E, Lukas I, Lehrner J, Haslacher H, Winker R. High intensity endurance training is associated with better quality of life, but not with improved cognitive functions in elderly marathon runners. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4629. [PMID: 30874592 PMCID: PMC6420638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive functions in advanced age leads to a reduced quality of life and impaired ability to perform everyday tasks. The positive impact of physical exercise on the quality of life and well-being, also at a later age, is well established. However, the effect of endurance exercises, including long distance running and cycling, on cognitive function and mental health within the elderly population has still to be elucidated. To this end, elderly active marathoners (N = 50) aged over 60 years and non-athlete controls (N = 49) were followed for four years. Cognitive function was assessed using the CERAD test battery. In addition, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was applied to assess self-reported physical, mental, and emotional health. Except for age, sex and education-corrected z-values of the test “Word list recall”, with marathon runners showing a decline compared to an improvement in controls (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in time trend between groups. In contrast, concerning self-reported health, scores in all eight domains of the SF-36 remained stable over time and, in nearly all of them, marathon runners showed higher self-reported health than controls. The results indicated that extensive endurance exercise is associated with improved subjective health but does not lead to better scores in cognitive performance tests in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Batmyagmar
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kundi
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - I Lukas
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Lehrner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Winker
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
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Fortune JM, Kelly ÁM, Robertson IH, Hussey J. An investigation into the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition and BDNF in young healthy males. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:126-132. [PMID: 30862494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations demonstrate that cardiorespiratory fitness may benefit brain health and plasticity with concurrent enhancements in cognitive performance; possibly via a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-regulated mechanism. While a number of studies have demonstrated an increase in BDNF concentration post exercise the relationship between BDNF, cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE The present cross-sectional study assessed the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), cognitive performance and circulating BDNF concentration. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy male volunteers (mean age 21.7 ± 0.5 years) participated. Cognitive performance was measured by reaction time on a standard detection task and accuracy in a n-back and Continuous Paired Associative Learning (CPAL) task. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a standardised graded exercise test. Plasma and serum BDNF concentrations were assayed by ELISA. RESULTS A significant negative correlation between VO2max and reaction time was demonstrated (p < 0.05). However VO2max was not associated with circulating BDNF concentration, or performance in the n-back and CPAL tasks (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Enhanced psychomotor speed was associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness. In contrast to previous research no significant association between cardiorespiratory fitness and BDNF concentration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Fortune
- Academic Unit of Neurology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Áine M Kelly
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ian H Robertson
- School of Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Juliette Hussey
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11
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Goltz A, Janowitz D, Hannemann A, Nauck M, Hoffmann J, Seyfart T, Völzke H, Terock J, Grabe HJ. Association of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Vitamin D with Depression and Obesity: A Population-Based Study. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 76:171-181. [PMID: 29920493 DOI: 10.1159/000489864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. METHODS Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. RESULTS Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951-0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967-0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Goltz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tom Seyfart
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Chew JD, Markham L, Smith HM, Su YR, Tomasek K, Slaughter JC, Sawyer D, Soslow JH. Assessment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and osteopontin in a healthy pediatric population. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418806136. [PMID: 30364485 PMCID: PMC6196610 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418806136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are routinely used for noninvasive identification or monitoring of disease processes in clinical practice, as well as surrogate end points for drug development. There is a significant lack of data regarding biomarkers in children. An understanding of biomarker levels in a healthy pediatric cohort is essential as more studies begin to apply noninvasive biomarkers to pediatric populations. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions in neuronal survival and plasticity and is associated with exercise capacity and inflammatory disease processes. Osteopontin (OPN) plays a regulatory role in inflammation and may be a clinically useful biomarker of cardiovascular disease processes, ventricular remodeling, and skeletal muscle regeneration. This study describes our initial experience with a cohort of healthy pediatric patients and seeks to provide normal values of BDNF and OPN with correlation to age, gender, and cardiovascular and fitness measures. Serum BDNF and plasma OPN were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 33 healthy pediatric subjects. Subjects underwent complete cardiac evaluation, including echocardiography, exercise stress testing, and health risk assessment. The 5th-95th percentile was 5.63-37.86 ng/ml for serum BDNF and 4.9-164.9 ng/ml for plasma OPN. Plasma OPN correlated with number of days of exercise per week (r = 0.46, p = 0.008). No other correlations were significant. This study provides the initial data on serum BDNF and plasma OPN in children and begins to explore the relationships of BDNF and OPN to cardiovascular health and fitness in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chew
- Thomas P. Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Larry Markham
- Thomas P. Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Holly M Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelsey Tomasek
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,
Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas Sawyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Services, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME,
USA
| | - Jonathan H Soslow
- Thomas P. Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Zhu W, Wadley VG, Howard VJ, Hutto B, Blair SN, Hooker SP. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:47-53. [PMID: 27580146 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence suggests physical activity (PA) is associated with cognitive function. To overcome limitations of self-report PA measures, this study investigated the association of accelerometer-measured PA with incident cognitive impairment and longitudinal cognition among older adults. METHODS Participants were recruited from the cohort study Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke in the United States. Accelerometers provided PA measures, including the percentage of total accelerometer wearing time spent in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA%), light-intensity PA, and sedentary time for four to seven consecutive days at baseline. Cognitive impairment was defined by the Six-Item Screener. Letter fluency, animal fluency, word list learning, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (orientation and recall) were conducted to assess executive function and memory. RESULTS Participants (N = 6452, 69.7 ± 8.5 yr, 55.3% women, 30.5% Black) with usable accelerometer and cognition measures spent extremely limited time in MVPA (1.5% ± 1.9% of accelerometer wearing time). During an average of 3 yr of follow-up, 346 cases of incident cognitive impairment were observed. After adjustments, participants in higher MVPA% quartiles had a lower risk of cognitive impairment (i.e., quartile 2: odds ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.48-0.84) and better maintenance in executive function (≥0.03 z-score units) and memory (≥0.12 z-score units) compared with quartile 1 (P < 0.05). Stratified analyses showed the same association among White adults, but higher MVPA% was associated with better maintenance of only memory among Black adults. No significance was found for light-intensity PA or sedentary time. CONCLUSION There was a dose-response relationship between MVPA% and cognitive function in older adults, with higher levels associated with a 36% or lower risk of cognitive impairment and better maintenance of memory and executive function over time, particularly in White adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhu
- 1School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, CHINA; 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; 3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; 4Prevention Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; 5Departments of Exercise Science and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and 6Exercise Science and Health Promotion Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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14
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Brini S, Sohrabi HR, Peiffer JJ, Karrasch M, Hämäläinen H, Martins RN, Fairchild TJ. Physical Activity in Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2017; 48:29-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Haslacher H, Ratzinger F, Perkmann T, Batmyagmar D, Nistler S, Scherzer TM, Ponocny-Seliger E, Pilger A, Gerner M, Scheichenberger V, Kundi M, Endler G, Wagner OF, Winker R. A combination of routine blood analytes predicts fitness decrement in elderly endurance athletes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177174. [PMID: 28475643 PMCID: PMC5419574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance sports are enjoying greater popularity, particularly among new target groups such as the elderly. Predictors of future physical capacities providing a basis for training adaptations are in high demand. We therefore aimed to estimate the future physical performance of elderly marathoners (runners/bicyclists) using a set of easily accessible standard laboratory parameters. To this end, 47 elderly marathon athletes underwent physical examinations including bicycle ergometry and a blood draw at baseline and after a three-year follow-up period. In order to compile a statistical model containing baseline laboratory results allowing prediction of follow-up ergometry performance, the cohort was subgrouped into a model training (n = 25) and a test sample (n = 22). The model containing significant predictors in univariate analysis (alanine aminotransferase, urea, folic acid, myeloperoxidase and total cholesterol) presented with high statistical significance and excellent goodness of fit (R2 = 0.789, ROC-AUC = 0.951±0.050) in the model training sample and was validated in the test sample (ROC-AUC = 0.786±0.098). Our results suggest that standard laboratory parameters could be particularly useful for predicting future physical capacity in elderly marathoners. It hence merits further research whether these conclusions can be translated to other disciplines or age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Ratzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Nistler
- Health and Prevention Center, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Alexander Pilger
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Gerner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Kundi
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Oswald F. Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Winker
- Health and Prevention Center, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Qin XY, Cao C, Cawley NX, Liu TT, Yuan J, Loh YP, Cheng Y. Decreased peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis study (N=7277). Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:312-320. [PMID: 27113997 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that dysfunction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a possible contributor to the pathology and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies report reduced peripheral blood levels of BDNF in AD, but findings are inconsistent. This study sought to quantitatively summarize the clinical BDNF data in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, a prodromal stage of AD) with a meta-analytical technique. A systematic search of Pubmed, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library identified 29 articles for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis showed that patients with AD had significantly decreased baseline peripheral blood levels of BDNF compared with healthy control (HC) subjects (24 studies, Hedges' g=-0.339, 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.572 to -0.106, P=0.004). MCI subjects showed a trend for decreased BDNF levels compared with HC subjects (14 studies, Hedges' g=-0.201, 95% CI=-0.413 to 0.010, P=0.062). No differences were found between AD and MCI subjects in BDNF levels (11 studies, Hedges' g=0.058, 95% CI=-0.120 to 0.236, P=0.522). Interestingly, the effective sizes and statistical significance improved after excluding studies with reported medication in patients (between AD and HC: 18 studies, Hedges' g=-0.492, P<0.001; between MCI and HC: 11 studies, Hedges' g=-0.339, P=0.003). These results strengthen the clinical evidence that AD or MCI is accompanied by reduced peripheral blood BDNF levels, supporting an association between the decreasing levels of BDNF and the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Qin
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - C Cao
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - N X Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T-T Liu
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - J Yuan
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Y P Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Cheng
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Physical Activity Is Associated with Reduced Implicit Learning but Enhanced Relational Memory and Executive Functioning in Young Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162100. [PMID: 27584059 PMCID: PMC5008769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that physical activity improves explicit memory and executive cognitive functioning at the extreme ends of the lifespan (i.e., in older adults and children). However, it is unknown whether these associations hold for younger adults who are considered to be in their cognitive prime, or for implicit cognitive functions that do not depend on motor sequencing. Here we report the results of a study in which we examine the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and (1) explicit relational memory, (2) executive control, and (3) implicit probabilistic sequence learning in a sample of healthy, college-aged adults. The main finding was that physical activity was positively associated with explicit relational memory and executive control (replicating previous research), but negatively associated with implicit learning, particularly in females. These results raise the intriguing possibility that physical activity upregulates some cognitive processes, but downregulates others. Possible implications of this pattern of results for physical health and health habits are discussed.
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18
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Haslacher H, Nistler S, Batmyagmar D, Ponocny-Seliger E, Perkmann T, Scherzer TM, Kundi M, Endler G, Ratzinger F, Pilger A, Wagner OF, Winker R. Low Vitamin D Levels Do Not Predict Hyperglycemia in Elderly Endurance Athletes (but in Controls). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157695. [PMID: 27304888 PMCID: PMC4909205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recent studies revealed a link between hypovitaminosis D3 and the risk for hyperglycemia. Further mechanistic and interventional investigations suggested a common reason for both conditions rather than a causal relationship. Exposure to sunlight is the most relevant source of vitamin D3 (25(OH)D), whereas adipose tissue is able to store relevant amounts of the lipophilic vitamin. Since running/bicycling leads to increased out-door time and alters physiological response mechanisms, it can be hypothesized that the correlation between hypovitaminosis D3 and hyperglycemia might be disturbed in outdoor athletes. METHODS 47 elderly marathoners/bicyclists and 47 age/sex matched controls were studied in a longitudinal setting at baseline and after three years. HbA1c as a surrogate for (pre-)diabetic states was quantified via HPLC, 25(OH)D levels were measured by means of chemiluminescent assays. Physical performance was assessed by ergometry. RESULTS When adjusted for seasonal variations, 25(OH)D was significantly higher in athletes than in controls. 25(OH)D levels inversely correlated with triglycerides in both groups, whereas only in controls an association between high BMI or low physical performance with hypovitaminosis D3 had been found. Likewise, the presence of hypovitaminosis D3 at baseline successfully predicted hyperglycemia at the follow up examinations within the control group (AUC = 0.85, 95% CI [0.74, 0.96], p < .001, statistically independent from BMI), but not in athletes. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that mechanisms of HbA1c elevation might differ between athletes and controls. Thus, intense physical activity must be taken into account as a potential pre-analytic confounder when it is aimed to predict metabolic risk by vitamin D3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Kundi
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Franz Ratzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Pilger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F. Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Winker
- Health and Prevention Center, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
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Haslacher H, Michlmayr M, Batmyagmar D, Perkmann T, Ponocny-Seliger E, Scheichenberger V, Pilger A, Dal-Bianco P, Lehrner J, Pezawas L, Wagner O, Winker R. Physical exercise counteracts genetic susceptibility to depression. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 71:168-75. [PMID: 25998702 DOI: 10.1159/000381350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Depression is a highly prevalent disorder in elderly individuals. A genetic variant (rs6265) of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) impacting on emotion processing is known to increase the risk for depression. We aim to investigate whether intensive endurance sports might attenuate this genetic susceptibility in a cohort of elderly marathon athletes. METHODS Fifty-five athletes and 58 controls were included. rs6265 of the BDNF gene was genotyped by the TaqMan method. Depressive symptoms were assessed by standardized self-rating tests (BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale). RESULTS In multivariable analysis of BDI and GDS scores, the interaction between group (athletes vs. controls) and genotypes ([C];[C] vs. [C];[T] + [T];[T]) was found to be statistically significant (BDI: p = 0.027, GDS: p = 0.013). Among [C];[C] carriers, merely controls had an increased relative risk of 3.537 (95% CI = 1.276-9.802) of achieving a subclinical depression score ≥10 on the BDI. There was no such effect in carriers of the [T] allele. In a multivariable binary logistic regression, genetic information, group (athletes/controls), but no information on rs6265 allele carrier status presented as a significant predictor of BDI scores ≥10. CONCLUSION Physical exercise positively affects BDNF effects on mood. Since 66Met BDNF secretion is impaired, this effect seems to be much stronger in [C];[C] homozygous individuals expressing the 66Val variant. This confirms that genetic susceptibility to depressive symptoms can indeed be influenced by endurance sports in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Neurologic Changes With Aging, Physical Activity, and Sport Participation. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Flynn JM, Melov S. SOD2 in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:4-12. [PMID: 23727323 PMCID: PMC3811078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active tissue that critically relies on oxidative phosphorylation as a means for maintaining energy. One result of this process is the production of potentially damaging radicals such as the superoxide anion (O2(-)). Superoxide has the capacity to damage components of the electron transport chain and other cellular constituents. Eukaryotic systems have evolved defenses against such damaging moieties, the chief member of which is superoxide dismutase (SOD2), an enzyme that efficiently converts superoxide to the less reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane. Loss of SOD2 activity can result in numerous pathological phenotypes in metabolically active tissues, particularly within the central nervous system. We review SOD2's potential involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, as well as its potential role in "normal" age-related cognitive decline. We also examine in vivo models of endogenous oxidative damage based upon the loss of SOD2 and associated neurological phenotypes in relation to human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Flynn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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22
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Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried-Larsen M, Møller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:1-10. [PMID: 23600729 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to summarize the effects of physical activity and exercise on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy humans. Experimental and observational studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. A total of 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. Evidence from experimental studies suggested that peripheral BDNF concentrations were elevated by acute and chronic aerobic exercise. The majority of the studies suggested that strength training had no influence on peripheral BDNF. The results from most observational studies suggested an inverse relationship between the peripheral BDNF level and habitual physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness. More research is needed to confirm the findings from the observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huang
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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23
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Gregory SM, Parker B, Thompson PD. Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia? Brain Sci 2012; 2:684-708. [PMID: 24961266 PMCID: PMC4061820 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tor preventive measures are necessary to attenuate the increased economic and social burden of dementia. This review will focus on the potential for physical activity and exercise training to promote brain health and improve cognitive function via neurophysiological changes. We will review pertinent animal and human research examining the effects of physical activity on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will discuss cross-sectional and longitudinal studies addressing the relationship between neurocognitive health and cardiorespiratory fitness or habitual activity level. We will then present and discuss longitudinal investigations examining the effects of exercise training on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will conclude by summarizing our current understanding of the relationship between physical activity and brain health, and present areas for future research given the current gaps in our understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Gregory
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Beth Parker
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
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Physical activity for the prevention of cognitive decline: current evidence from observational and controlled studies. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 45:11-6. [PMID: 22278001 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-011-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A sedentary life style has been associated with different types of dementia in several cross sectional, longitudinal, and case-controlled studies. However, randomized controlled trials that support this relationship are rare, have rather few participants, and mainly focus on physical (usually aerobic) exercise. The benefit of an increased physical activity (PA) has been mainly demonstrated for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, less so for other dementia types such as Lewy body dementia or frontotemporal dementia. The clinical evidence builds on a significant amount of animal research pointing to potential mechanisms as to how PA relates to cognitive function. While most studies have investigated singular interventions, others have studied the combination of both mental and physical activity to improve cognition or delay decline. However, questions remain such as what type and how much PA is beneficial? This review gives an overview of the current evidence on the clinical and epidemiological level and tries to answer these questions.
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Wecht JM, Rosado-Rivera D, Jegede A, Cirnigliaro CM, Jensen MA, Kirshblum S, Bauman WA. Systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive testing. Clin Auton Res 2011; 22:25-33. [PMID: 21792728 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-011-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive deficits are reported in 10-60% of individuals with SCI, the primary etiology of these deficits is believed to be concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI). We recently documented diminished memory and marginally deficient attention and processing speed in individuals with SCI discordant for hypotension but matched for TBI. METHODS Twenty-nine individuals participated: 16 non-SCI controls, 6 paraplegic (T2-T10) and 7 tetraplegic (C4-C8). The Stroop test was used to measure cognitive function and transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) while resting (5 min) and continuously during cognitive testing. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated from three brachial blood pressures and cerebral vascular resistance index was calculated as: CVRi = MAP/CBF. RESULTS The paraplegia group (54 ± 6) was marginally older than the non-SCI (42 ± 15; p = 0.06) and tetraplegic (42 ± 11; p = 0.09) groups. Compared to non-SCI group, normalized t-score on the Stroop Color (SC) task was significantly lower in the paraplegic group (p < 0.05). In the tetraplegic group, MAP was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the non-SCI and paraplegic groups, and related to SC t-score (r (2) = 0.873; p < 0.01). In the paraplegic group, CBF was reduced (p < 0.05) and CVRi increased (p < 0.05) compared to the non-SCI group, and CVRi was increased compared to the tetraplegic group (p < 0.05). A significant inverse relationship was noted between change in CVRi and SC t-score in the non-SCI group. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic hypotension relates to cognitive performance in persons with tetraplegia; therefore, BP normalization should be considered. The inappropriate cerebral vascular response to cognitive testing and poor test performance should be investigated in persons with paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Wecht
- Center of Excellence: Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Lindholm H, Punakallio A, Lusa S, Sainio M, Ponocny E, Winker R. Association of cardio-ankle vascular index with physical fitness and cognitive symptoms in aging Finnish firefighters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 85:397-403. [PMID: 21789686 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring cardiovascular risk factors is important in health promotion among firefighters. The assessment of arterial stiffness (AS) may help to detect early signs of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyze associations between aerobic fitness, cognitive symptoms and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a measure for AS among Finnish firefighters. METHODS The data are one part of a large 13-year follow-up study of the health and physical and mental capacity of Finnish professional firefighters. The subjects in this substudy comprised 65 male firefighters of a mean age of 48.0 (42-58) years in 2009. Their maximal oxygen uptake was successfully measured in two cross-sectional studies in 1996 and 2009, and they responded to questionnaires at both sessions, and their CAVI was measured in 2009. CAVI was calculated from the pulse waveform signal and pulse wave velocity. The lifestyle habits and subjective cognitive stress-related symptoms were collected via a standardized questionnaire. Muscular fitness was measured by the routine test battery used for Finnish firefighters. RESULTS CAVI was related to age. About one-fifth of the firefighters had a CAVI of >8. Aerobic fitness was the main physiological factor correlating with increased CAVI. Interestingly, VO(2)max and the accelerated decrease in VO(2)max during a 13-year follow-up were associated with signs of impaired vascular function. The cognitive symptoms derived from the Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS) were mainly associated with stress and sleeping difficulties. No clear association with physical fitness was found in this population of fit firefighters. CONCLUSIONS Among firefighters, the decrease in aerobic fitness predicts increased arterial stiffness. The speed of the age-related decline in maximal oxygen consumption is as important as absolute level. Against expectations, the cognitive function did not correlate with vascular health parameters. The cognitive symptoms, however, were only mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lindholm
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41a A, 00250, Helsinki, Finland.
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