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Perotto S, Balestrini R. At the core of the endomycorrhizal symbioses: intracellular fungal structures in orchid and arbuscular mycorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1408-1416. [PMID: 37884478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular (AM) and orchid (OrM) mycorrhiza are the most widespread mycorrhizal symbioses among flowering plants, formed by distinct fungal and plant species. They are both endosymbioses because the fungal hyphae can enter inside the plant cell to develop intracellular fungal structures that are surrounded by the plant membrane. The symbiotic plant-fungus interface is considered to be the major site of nutrient transfer to the host plant. We summarize recent data on nutrient transfer in OrM and compare the development and function of the arbuscules formed in AM and the pelotons formed in OrM in order to outline differences and conserved traits. We further describe the unexpected similarities in the form and function of the intracellular mycorrhizal fungal structures observed in orchids and in the roots of mycoheterotrophic plants forming AM. We speculate that these similarities may be the result of convergent evolution of mycorrhizal types in mycoheterotrophic plants and highlight knowledge gaps and new research directions to explore this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
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Ventre Lespiaucq A, Jacquemyn H, Rasmussen HN, Méndez M. Temporal turnover in mycorrhizal interactions: a proof of concept with orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1690-1699. [PMID: 33621346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temporal turnover events in biotic interactions involving plants are rarely assessed, although such changes might afford a considerable acclimation potential to the plant. This could enable fairly rapid responses to short-term fluctuations in growth conditions as well as lasting responses to long-term climatic trends. Here, we present a classification of temporal turnover encompassing 11 possible scenarios. Using orchid mycorrhiza as a study model, we show that temporal changes are common, and discuss under which conditions temporal turnover of fungal symbiont is expected. We provide six research questions and identify technical challenges that we deem most important for future studies. Finally, we discuss how the same framework can be applied to other types of biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hanne N Rasmussen
- Department of Geosciences and Nature Management, Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1958, Denmark
| | - Marcos Méndez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, 28933, Spain
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Li T, Yang W, Wu S, Selosse MA, Gao J. Progress and Prospects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646325. [PMID: 34025694 PMCID: PMC8138444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies indicates how orchids gain mineral nutrients and sometime even organic compounds from interactions with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Thus, OMF exhibit a high diversity and play a key role in the life cycle of orchids. In recent years, the high-throughput molecular identification of fungi has broadly extended our understanding of OMF diversity, revealing it to be a dynamic outcome co-regulated by environmental filtering, dispersal restrictions, spatiotemporal scales, biogeographic history, as well as the distribution, selection, and phylogenetic spectrum width of host orchids. Most of the results show congruent emerging patterns. Although it is still difficult to extend them to all orchid species or geographical areas, to a certain extent they follow the "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects" rule. This review provides an extensive understanding of the diversity and ecological dynamics of orchid-fungal association. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of resources and the regeneration of rare or endangered orchids. We provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing six fields of research on orchid-fungal diversity: the research methods of orchid-fungal interactions, the primer selection in high-throughput sequencing, the fungal diversity and specificity in orchids, the difference and adaptability of OMF in different habitats, the comparison of OMF in orchid roots and soil, and the spatiotemporal variation patterns of OMF. Further, we highlight certain shortcomings of current research methodologies and propose perspectives for future studies. This review emphasizes the need for more information on the four main ecological processes: dispersal, selection, ecological drift, and diversification, as well as their interactions, in the study of orchid-fungal interactions and OMF community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Ori F, Leonardi M, Faccio A, Sillo F, Iotti M, Pacioni G, Balestrini R. Synthesis and ultrastructural observation of arbutoid mycorrhizae of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum). MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:715-723. [PMID: 33079241 PMCID: PMC7591440 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbutus unedo (the strawberry tree) is a Mediterranean shrub which forms arbutoid mycorrhizae with a variety of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. After the discovery of the mycorrhizal symbiosis between A. unedo and Tuber borchii, in this study, arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthetized in greenhouse with Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum. Six months after inoculation, both species colonized the roots of all inoculated A. unedo seedlings, but mature mycorrhizae were only observed after 12 months. Ultrastructure analysis of Tuber arbutoid mycorrhizae was described for the first time, showing, as observed in typical endosymbiosis, a rearrangement of host cells and the creation of an interface compartment with both truffle species. Immunolabelling experiments suggested that pectins are not present in the interface matrix surrounding the intracellular hyphae. Thus, the ability to establish symbiosis with A. unedo seems to be a common feature in the genus Tuber, opening up the possibility to use this plant for mycorrhization with valuable truffles. This could represent an important economic opportunity in Mediterranean areas by combining the production of truffles, edible fruits and valued honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Guo S. Effects of the mycorrhizal fungus Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 on growth and flavonoid accumulation in Anoectochilus roxburghii. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8346. [PMID: 31988802 PMCID: PMC6970008 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anoectochilus roxburghii is a traditional Chinese medicine with potent medicinal activity owing to the presence of secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids. A. roxburghii also maintains a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. Moreover, mycorrhizal fungi can induce metabolite synthesis in host plants. However, little is known about the role of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting the accumulation of flavonoid metabolites in A. roxburghii. Methods A. roxburghii and the isolated fungus Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 were cocultured. The portion of A. roxburghii above the medium treated with or without AR2 was studied by transcriptome and target metabolome analyses. Results AR2 promoted the growth and development of A. roxburghii. The contents of total flavonoid, rutin, isorhamnetin, and cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride were increased compared with those in uninoculated cultures. Transcriptome analysis suggested that 109 unigenes encoding key enzymes were potentially associated with changes in flavonoids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of fourteen flavonoid-related unigenes showed that most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly differentially expressed between inoculated and uninoculated plantlets. Conclusion The isolate AR2 could significantly promote the growth and development of A. roxburghii and the accumulation of flavonoids. Overall, our findings highlighted the molecular basis of the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on flavonoid biosynthesis in A. roxburghii and provided novel insights into methods to improve the yield and quality of A. roxburghii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Jiang JH, Lee YI, Cubeta MA, Chen LC. Characterization and colonization of endomycorrhizal Rhizoctonia fungi in the medicinal herb Anoectochilus formosanus (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:431-45. [PMID: 25575732 PMCID: PMC4512280 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal effects and techniques for cultivating Anoectochilus formosanus are well-documented, but little is known about the mycorrhizal fungi associated with A. formosanus. Rhizoctonia (Thanatephorus) anastomosis group 6 (AG-6) was the most common species isolated from fungal pelotons in native A. formosanus and represented 67% of the sample. Rhizoctonia (Ceratobasidium) AG-G, P, and R were also isolated and represent the first occurrence in the Orchidaceae. Isolates of AG-6, AG-R, and AG-P in clade I increased seed germination 44-91% and promoted protocorm growth from phases III to VI compared to asymbiotic treatments and isolates of AG-G in clade II and Tulasnella species in clade III. All isolates in clades I to III formed fungal pelotons in tissue-cultured seedlings of A. formosanus, which exhibited significantly greater growth than nonmycorrhizal seedlings. An analysis of the relative effect of treatment ([Formula: see text]) showed that the low level of colonization ([Formula: see text]) by isolates in clade I resulted in a significant increase in seedling growth compared to isolates in clades II (0.63-0.82) and III (0.63-0.75). There was also a negative correlation (r = -0.8801) with fresh plant weight and fungal colonization. Our results suggest that isolates in clade I may represent an important group associated with native populations of A. formosanus and can vary in their ability to establish a symbiotic association with A. formosanus. The results presented here are potentially useful for advancing research on the medicinal properties, production, and conservation of A. formosanus in diverse ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Hau Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Botany Department, National Museum of Natural Science, No. 1, Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Lung-Chung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bellino A, Alfani A, Selosse MA, Guerrieri R, Borghetti M, Baldantoni D. Nutritional regulation in mixotrophic plants: new insights from Limodorum abortivum. Oecologia 2014; 175:875-85. [PMID: 24817196 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Partially mycoheterotrophic (mixotrophic) plants gain carbon from both photosynthesis and their mycorrhizal fungi. This is considered an ancestral state in the evolution of full mycoheterotrophy, but little is known about this nutrition, and especially about the physiological balance between photosynthesis and fungal C gain. To investigate possible compensation between photosynthesis and mycoheterotrophy in the Mediterranean mixotrophic orchid Limodorum abortivum, fungal colonization was experimentally reduced in situ by fungicide treatment. We measured photosynthetic pigments of leaves, stems, and ovaries, as well as the stable C isotope compositions (a proxy for photosynthetic C gain) of seeds and the sizes of ovaries and seeds. We demonstrate that (1) in natural conditions, photosynthetic pigments are most concentrated in ovaries; (2) pigments and photosynthetic C increase in ovaries when fungal C supply is impaired, buffering C limitations and allowing the same development of ovaries and seeds as in natural conditions; and (3) responses to light of pigment and (13)C contents in ovaries shift from null responses in natural conditions to responses typical of autotrophic plants in treated L. abortivum, demonstrating photoadaptation and enhanced use of light in the latter. L. abortivum thus preferentially feeds on fungi in natural conditions, but employs compensatory photosynthesis to buffer fungal C limitations and allow seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy,
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Yagame T, Orihara T, Selosse MA, Yamato M, Iwase K. Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:178-187. [PMID: 21995447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• We investigated the fungal symbionts and carbon nutrition of a Japanese forest photosynthetic orchid, Platanthera minor, whose ecology suggests a mixotrophic syndrome, that is, a mycorrhizal association with ectomycorrhiza (ECM)-forming fungi and partial exploitation of fungal carbon. • We performed molecular identification of symbionts by PCR amplifications of the fungal ribosomal DNA on hyphal coils extracted from P. minor roots. We tested for a (13)C and (15)N enrichment characteristic of mixotrophic plants. We also tested the ectomycorrhizal abilities of orchid symbionts using a new protocol of direct inoculation of hyphal coils onto roots of Pinus densiflora seedlings. • In phylogenetic analyses, most isolated fungi were close to ECM-forming Ceratobasidiaceae clades previously detected from a few fully heterotrophic orchids or environmental ectomycorrhiza surveys. The direct inoculation of fungal coils of these fungi resulted in ectomycorrhiza formation on P. densiflora seedlings. Stable isotope analyses indicated mixotrophic nutrition of P. minor, with fungal carbon contributing from 50% to 65%. • This is the first evidence of photosynthetic orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal Ceratobasidiaceae taxa, confirming the evolution of mixotrophy in the Orchideae orchid tribe, and of ectomycorrhizal abilities in the Ceratobasidiaceae. Our new ectomycorrhiza formation technique may enhance the study of unculturable orchid mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takamichi Orihara
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Centre d' Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Masahide Yamato
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Iwase
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science Teikyo University of Science 2525 Yatsusawa, Uenohara 409-0193, Japan
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