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Wang D, Trimbos KB, Gomes SIF, Jacquemyn H, Merckx VSFT. Metabarcoding read abundances of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are correlated to copy numbers estimated using ddPCR. New Phytol 2024; 242:1825-1834. [PMID: 37929750 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the abundances of fungi is key to understanding natural variation in mycorrhizal communities in relation to plant ecophysiology and environmental heterogeneity. High-throughput metabarcoding approaches have transformed our ability to characterize and compare complex mycorrhizal communities. However, it remains unclear how well metabarcoding read counts correlate with actual read abundances in the sample, potentially limiting their use as a proxy for species abundances. Here, we use droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to evaluate the reliability of ITS2 metabarcoding data for quantitative assessments of mycorrhizal communities in the orchid species Neottia ovata sampled at multiple sites. We performed specific ddPCR assays for eight families of orchid mycorrhizal fungi and compared the results with read counts obtained from metabarcoding. Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between DNA copy numbers measured by ddPCR assays and metabarcoding read counts of major mycorrhizal partners of N. ovata, highlighting the usefulness of metabarcoding for quantifying the abundance of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Yet, the levels of correlation between the two methods and the numbers of false zero values varied across fungal families, which warrants cautious evaluation of the reliability of low-abundance families. This study underscores the potential of metabarcoding data for more quantitative analyses of mycorrhizal communities and presents practical workflows for metabarcoding and ddPCR to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of orchid mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2332 AA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Krijn B Trimbos
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2333 CC, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia I F Gomes
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent S F T Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2332 AA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Merckx VSFT, Gomes SIF, Wang D, Verbeek C, Jacquemyn H, Zahn FE, Gebauer G, Bidartondo MI. Mycoheterotrophy in the wood-wide web. Nat Plants 2024:10.1038/s41477-024-01677-0. [PMID: 38641664 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence and potential functions of common mycorrhizal networks, or the 'wood-wide web', resulting from the simultaneous interaction of mycorrhizal fungi and roots of different neighbouring plants have been increasingly capturing the interest of science and society, sometimes leading to hyperbole and misinterpretation. Several recent reviews conclude that popular claims regarding the widespread nature of these networks in forests and their role in the transfer of resources and information between plants lack evidence. Here we argue that mycoheterotrophic plants associated with ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi require resource transfer through common mycorrhizal networks and thus are natural evidence for the occurrence and function of these networks, offering a largely overlooked window into this methodologically challenging underground phenomenon. The wide evolutionary and geographic distribution of mycoheterotrophs and their interactions with a broad phylogenetic range of mycorrhizal fungi indicate that common mycorrhizal networks are prevalent, particularly in forests, and result in net carbon transfer among diverse plants through shared mycorrhizal fungi. On the basis of the available scientific evidence, we propose a continuum of carbon transfer options within common mycorrhizal networks, and we discuss how knowledge on the biology of mycoheterotrophic plants can be instrumental for the study of mycorrhizal-mediated transfers between plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S F T Merckx
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sofia I F Gomes
- Above-belowground Interactions, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Deyi Wang
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cas Verbeek
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Population Biology and Conservation, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska E Zahn
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Wilberts L, Vuts J, Caulfield JC, Thomas G, Withall DM, Wäckers F, Birkett MA, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Effects of root inoculation of entomopathogenic fungi on olfactory-mediated behavior and life-history traits of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:307-316. [PMID: 37682693 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most biological control programs use multiple biological agents to manage pest species, to date only a few programs have combined the use of agents from different guilds. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius ARSEF 5128, the tobacco peach aphid Myzus persicae var. nicotianae and the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi as the experimental model, we explored whether root inoculation with an entomopathogenic fungus is compatible with parasitoid wasps for enhanced biocontrol of aphids. RESULTS In dual-choice behavior experiments, A. ervi was significantly attracted to the odor of M. persicae-infested C. annuum plants that had been inoculated with A. muscarius, compared to noninoculated infested plants. There was no significant difference in attraction to the odor of uninfested plants. Myzus persicae-infested plants inoculated with A. muscarius emitted significantly higher amounts of indole, (E)-nerolidol, (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and one unidentified terpene compared to noninoculated infested plants. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, using the antennae of A. ervi, confirmed the physiological activity of these elevated compounds. Inoculation of plants with A. muscarius did not affect parasitism rate nor parasitoid longevity, but significantly increased the speed of mummy formation in parasitized aphids on fungus-inoculated plants. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that root inoculation of C. annuum with A. muscarius ARSEF 5128 alters the olfactory-mediated behavior of parasitoids, but has little effect on parasitism efficiency or life-history parameters. However, increased attraction of parasitoids towards M. persicae-infested plants when inoculated by entomopathogenic fungi can accelerate host localization and hence improve biocontrol efficacy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Wilberts
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - David M Withall
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Meesters C, Weldegergis BT, Dicke M, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Limited effects of plant-beneficial fungi on plant volatile composition and host-choice behavior of Nesidiocoris tenuis. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1322719. [PMID: 38235197 PMCID: PMC10791865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Biological control using plant-beneficial fungi has gained considerable interest as a sustainable method for pest management, by priming the plant for enhanced defense against pathogens and insect herbivores. However, despite promising outcomes, little is known about how different fungal strains mediate these beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated whether inoculation of tomato seeds with the plant-beneficial fungi Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 3097, Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF 1095 and Trichoderma harzianum T22 affected the plant's volatile organic compound (VOC) profile and the host-choice behavior of Nesidiocoris tenuis, an emerging pest species in NW-European tomato cultivation, and the related zoophytophagous biocontrol agent Macrolophus pygmaeus. Results indicated that fungal inoculation did not significantly alter the VOC composition of tomato plants. However, in a two-choice cage assay where female insects were given the option to select between control plants and fungus-inoculated plants, N. tenuis preferred control plants over M. brunneum-inoculated plants. Nearly 72% of all N. tenuis individuals tested chose the control treatment. In all other combinations tested, no significant differences were found for none of the insects. We conclude that inoculation of tomato with plant-beneficial fungi had limited effects on plant volatile composition and host-choice behavior of insects. However, the observation that N. tenuis was deterred from the crop when inoculated with M. brunneum and attracted to non-inoculated plants may provide new opportunities for future biocontrol based on a push-pull strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Meesters
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fu QL, Mo ZQ, Xiang XG, Milne RI, Jacquemyn H, Burgess KS, Sun YN, Yan H, Qiu L, Yang BY, Tan SL. Plastome phylogenomics and morphological traits analyses provide new insights into the phylogenetic position, species delimitation and speciation of Triplostegia (Caprifoliaceae). BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:645. [PMID: 38097946 PMCID: PMC10722739 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Triplostegia contains two recognized species, T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora, but its phylogenetic position and species delimitation remain controversial. In this study, we assembled plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) cistrons sampled from 22 wild Triplostegia individuals, each from a separate population, and examined these with 11 recently published Triplostegia plastomes. Morphological traits were measured from herbarium specimens and wild material, and ecological niche models were constructed. RESULTS Triplostegia is a monophyletic genus within the subfamily Dipsacoideae comprising three monophyletic species, T. glandulifera, T. grandiflora, and an unrecognized species Triplostegia sp. A, which occupies much higher altitude than the other two. The new species had previously been misidentified as T. glandulifera, but differs in taproot, leaf, and other characters. Triplotegia is an old genus, with stem age 39.96 Ma, and within it T. glandulifera diverged 7.94 Ma. Triplostegia grandiflora and sp. A diverged 1.05 Ma, perhaps in response to Quaternary climate fluctuations. Niche overlap between Triplostegia species was positively correlated with their phylogenetic relatedness. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the species delimitation of Triplostegia, and indicate that a taxonomic revision of Triplostegia is needed. We also identified that either rpoB-trnC or ycf1 could serve as a DNA barcode for Triplostegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Fu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Xiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- College of Letters and Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Shao-Lin Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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Qiu L, Jacquemyn H, Burgess KS, Zhang LG, Zhou YD, Yang BY, Tan SL. Contrasting range changes of terrestrial orchids under future climate change in China. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165128. [PMID: 37364836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has impacted the distribution and abundance of numerous plant and animal species during the last century. Orchidaceae is one of the largest yet most threatened families of flowering plants. However, how the geographical distribution of orchids will respond to climate change is largely unknown. Habenaria and Calanthe are among the largest terrestrial orchid genera in China and around the world. In this paper, we modeled the potential distribution of eight Habenaria species and ten Calanthe species in China under the near-current period (1970-2000) and the future period (2081-2100) to test the following two hypotheses: 1) narrow-ranged species are more vulnerable to climate change than wide-ranged species; 2) niche overlap between species is positively correlated with their phylogenetic relatedness. Our results showed that most Habenaria species will expand their ranges, although the climatic space at the southern edge will be lost for most Habenaria species. In contrast, most Calanthe species will shrink their ranges dramatically. Contrasting range changes between Habenaria and Calanthe species may be explained by their differences in climate-adaptive traits such as underground storage organs and evergreen/deciduous habits. Habenaria species are predicted to generally shift northwards and to higher elevations in the future, while Calanthe species are predicted to shift westwards and to higher elevations. The mean niche overlap among Calanthe species was higher than that of Habenaria species. No significant relationship between niche overlap and phylogenetic distance was detected for both Habenaria and Calanthe species. Species range changes in the future was also not correlated with their near current range sizes for both Habenaria and Calanthe. The results of this study suggest that the current conservation status of both Habenaria and Calanthe species should be adjusted. Our study highlights the importance of considering climate-adaptive traits in understanding the responses of orchid taxa to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Department of Biology, College of Letters & Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA 31907-5645, USA
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Dong Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shao-Lin Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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van Neerbos FAC, Dewitte P, Wäckers F, Wenseleers T, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Bacterial volatiles elicit differential olfactory responses in insect species from the same and different trophic levels. Insect Sci 2023; 30:1464-1480. [PMID: 36644938 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insect communities consist of species from several trophic levels that have to forage for suitable resources among and within larger patches of nonresources. To locate their resources, insects use diverse stimuli, including olfactory, visual, acoustic, tactile and gustatory cues. While most research has focused on cues derived from plants and other insects, there is mounting evidence that insects also respond to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by microorganisms. However, to date little is known about how the olfactory response of insects within and across different trophic levels is affected by bacterial VOCs. In this study, we used Y-tube bioassays and chemical analysis of VOCs to assess how VOCs emitted by bacteria affect the olfactory response of insects of the same and different trophic levels. Experiments were performed using two aphid species (Amphorophora idaei Börner and Myzus persicae var. nicotianae Blackman), three primary parasitoid species (Aphidius colemani Viereck, A. ervi Haliday, and A. matricariae Viereck), and two hyperparasitoid species (Asaphes suspensus Nees and Dendrocerus aphidum Rondani). Olfactory responses were evaluated for three bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus ST18.16/133, Curtobacterium sp. ST18.16/085, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus ST18.16/160) that were isolated from the habitat of the insects. Results revealed that insects from all trophic levels responded to bacterial volatiles, but olfactory responses varied between and within trophic levels. All bacteria produced the same set of volatile compounds, but often in different relative concentrations. For 11 of these volatiles we found contrasting correlations between their concentration and the behavior of the primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Furthermore, olfactometer experiments on three of these compounds confirmed the contrasting olfactory responses of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. The potential of these findings for the development of novel semiochemical-based strategies to improve biological aphid control has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Antoinette Cornelus van Neerbos
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Dewitte
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wilberts L, Rojas-Preciado N, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Fungal strain and crop cultivar affect growth of sweet pepper plants after root inoculation with entomopathogenic fungi. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1196765. [PMID: 37342144 PMCID: PMC10277683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1196765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
As endophytes, entomopathogenic fungi can protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and at the same time promote plant growth and plant health. To date, most studies have investigated whether Beauveria bassiana can enhance plant growth and plant health, while only little is known about other entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, we evaluated whether root inoculation of the entomopathogenic fungi Akanthomyces muscarius ARSEF 5128, B. bassiana ARSEF 3097 and Cordyceps fumosorosea ARSEF 3682 can promote plant growth of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and whether effects are cultivar-dependent. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, canopy area, and plant weight were assessed four weeks following inoculation in two independent experiments using two cultivars of sweet pepper (cv. 'IDS RZ F1' and cv. 'Maduro'). Results showed that the three entomopathogenic fungi were able to enhance plant growth, particularly canopy area and plant weight. Further, results showed that effects significantly depended on cultivar and fungal strain, with the strongest fungal effects obtained for cv. 'IDS RZ F1', especially when inoculated with C. fumosorosea. We conclude that inoculation of sweet pepper roots with entomopathogenic fungi can stimulate plant growth, but effects depend on fungal strain and crop cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Wilberts
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Rojas-Preciado
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S) KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Evans A, de Kort H, Brys R, Duffy KJ, Jersáková J, Kull T, Selosse MA, Tsiftsis S, Minasiewicz J, Jacquemyn H. Historical biogeography and local adaptation explain population genetic structure in a widespread terrestrial orchid. Ann Bot 2023; 131:623-634. [PMID: 36680796 PMCID: PMC10147325 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Historical changes in environmental conditions and colonization-extinction dynamics have a direct impact on the genetic structure of plant populations. However, understanding how past environmental conditions influenced the evolution of species with high gene flow is challenging when signals for genetic isolation and adaptation are swamped by gene flow. We investigated the spatial distribution and genetic structure of the widespread terrestrial orchid Epipactis helleborine to identify glacial refugia, characterize postglacial population dynamics and assess its adaptive potential. METHODS Ecological niche modelling was used to locate possible glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization opportunities of E. helleborine. A large single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset obtained through genotyping by sequencing was used to define population genetic diversity and structure and to identify sources of postglacial gene flow. Outlier analyses were used to elucidate how adaptation to the local environment contributed to population divergence. KEY RESULTS The distribution of climatically suitable areas was restricted during the Last Glacial Maximum to the Mediterranean, south-western Europe and small areas in the Alps and Carpathians. Within-population genetic diversity was high in E. helleborine (mean expected heterozygosity, 0.373 ± 0.006; observed heterozygosity, 0.571 ± 0.012; allelic richness, 1.387 ± 0.007). Italy and central Europe are likely to have acted as important genetic sources during postglacial recolonization. Adaptive SNPs were associated with temperature, elevation and precipitation. CONCLUSIONS Forests in the Mediterranean and Carpathians are likely to have acted as glacial refugia for Epipactis helleborine. Postglacial migration northwards and to higher elevations resulted in the dispersal and diversification of E. helleborine in central Europe and Italy, and to geographical isolation and divergent adaptation in Greek and Italian populations. Distinguishing adaptive from neutral genetic diversity allowed us to conclude that E. helleborine has a high adaptive potential to climate change and demonstrates that signals of adaptation and historical isolation can be identified even in species with high gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Evans
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne de Kort
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Karl J Duffy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Spyros Tsiftsis
- Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-66132, Drama, Greece
| | - Julita Minasiewicz
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Bourne ME, Gloder G, Weldegergis BT, Slingerland M, Ceribelli A, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Jacquemyn H, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011262. [PMID: 36947551 PMCID: PMC10069771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Slingerland
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ceribelli
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Liu H, Jacquemyn H, Yu S, Chen W, He X, Huang Y. Mycorrhizal diversity and community composition in co-occurring Cypripedium species. Mycorrhiza 2023; 33:107-118. [PMID: 36396734 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Orchids commonly rely on mycorrhizal fungi to obtain the necessary resources for seed germination and growth. Whereas most photosynthetic orchids typically associate with so-called rhizoctonia fungi to complete their life cycle, there is increasing evidence that other fungi may be involved as well and that the mycorrhizal communities associated with orchids may be more diverse. Coexisting orchid species also tend to associate with different fungi to reduce competition for similar resources and to increase long-term population viability. However, few studies have related the mycorrhizal communities in the rhizosphere to communities found in the roots of closely related coexisting orchid species. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate the diversity and community composition of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in the roots and the rhizosphere of four Cypripedium species growing in forests in Northeast China. The results showed that the investigated Cypripedium species associated with a wide variety of fungi including members of Tulasnellaceae, Psathyrellaceae, and Herpotrichiellaceae, whereas members of Russulaceae, Cortinariaceae, Thelephoraceae, and Herpotrichiellaceae showed high abundance in rhizosphere soils. The diversity of fungi detected in the rhizosphere soil was much higher than that in the roots. The observed variation in fungal communities in Cypripedium roots was not related to forest site or orchid species. On the other hand, variation in mycorrhizal communities of rhizosphere soil was significantly related to sampling site. These results indicate that orchid mycorrhizal communities in the rhizosphere display considerable variation among sites and that orchids use only a subset of the locally available fungi. Future studies focusing on the fine-scale spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi and more detailed assessments of local environmental conditions will provide novel insights into the mechanisms explaining variation of fungal communities in both orchid roots and the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanchu Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangxi, 332900, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xingyuan He
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Shenyang Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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12
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Álvarez-Pérez S, de Vega C, Vanoirbeek K, Tsuji K, Jacquemyn H, Fukami T, Michiels C, Lievens B. Phylogenomic analysis of the genus Rosenbergiella and description of Rosenbergiella gaditana sp. nov., Rosenbergiella metrosideri sp. nov., Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. epipactidis subsp. nov., Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. californiensis subsp. nov., Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. japonicus subsp. nov., Rosenbergiella nectarea subsp. nectarea subsp. nov. and Rosenbergiella nectarea subsp. apis subsp. nov., isolated from floral nectar and insects. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 36884370 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Rosenbergiella is one of the most frequent bacterial inhabitants of flowers and a usual member of the insect microbiota worldwide. To date, there is only one publicly available Rosenbergiella genome, corresponding to the type strain of Rosenbergiella nectarea (8N4T), which precludes a detailed analysis of intra-genus phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we obtained draft genomes of the type strains of the other Rosenbergiella species validly published to date (R. australiborealis, R. collisarenosi and R. epipactidis) and 23 additional isolates of flower and insect origin. Isolate S61T, retrieved from the nectar of an Antirrhinum sp. flower collected in southern Spain, displayed low average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values when compared with other Rosenbergiella members (≤86.5 and ≤29.8 %, respectively). Similarly, isolate JB07T, which was obtained from the floral nectar of Metrosideros polymorpha plants in Hawaii (USA) had ≤95.7 % ANI and ≤64.1 % isDDH with other Rosenbergiella isolates. Therefore, our results support the description of two new Rosenbergiella species for which we propose the names Rosenbergiella gaditana sp. nov. (type strain: S61T=NCCB 100789T=DSM 111181T) and Rosenbergiella metrosideri sp. nov. (JB07T=NCCB 100888T=LMG 32616T). Additionally, some R. epipactidis and R. nectarea isolates showed isDDH values<79 % with other conspecific isolates, which suggests that these species include subspecies for which we propose the names Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. epipactidis subsp. nov. (S256T=CECT 8502T=LMG 27956T), Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. californiensis subsp. nov. (FR72T=NCCB 100898T=LMG 32786T), Rosenbergiella epipactidis subsp. japonicus subsp. nov. (K24T=NCCB 100924T=LMG 32785T), Rosenbergiella nectarea subsp. nectarea subsp. nov. (8N4T = DSM 24150T = LMG 26121T) and Rosenbergiella nectarea subsp. apis subsp. nov. (B1AT=NCCB 100810T= DSM 111763T), respectively. Finally, we present the first phylogenomic analysis of the genus Rosenbergiella and update the formal description of the species R. australiborealis, R. collisarenosi, R. epipactidis and R. nectarea based on new genomic and phenotypic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara de Vega
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kristof Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kaoru Tsuji
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 657-8501 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Population and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chris Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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13
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Verbeke S, Boeraeve M, Carpentier S, Jacquemyn H, Pozo MI. The impact of plant diversity and vegetation composition on bumblebee colony fitness. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Verbeke
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Dept of Biosystems, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- SYBIOMA: Facility for Systems Biology Mass Spectrometry Leuven Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - María I. Pozo
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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14
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Geerinck MWJ, Van Hee S, Gloder G, Crauwels S, Colazza S, Jacquemyn H, Cusumano A, Lievens B. Diversity and composition of the microbiome associated with eggs of the Southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1337. [PMID: 36479626 PMCID: PMC9728049 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microbial communities of insects from larval to adult stage have been increasingly investigated in recent years, little is still known about the diversity and composition of egg-associated microbiomes. In this study, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to get a better understanding of the microbiome of insect eggs and how they are established using the Southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as a study object. First, to determine the bacterial community composition, egg masses from two natural populations in Belgium and Italy were examined. Subsequently, microbial community establishment was assessed by studying stinkbug eggs of different ages obtained from laboratory strains (unlaid eggs collected from the ovaries, eggs less than 24 h old, and eggs collected 4 days after oviposition). Both the external and internal egg-associated microbiomes were analyzed by investigating egg washes and surface-sterilized washed eggs, respectively. Eggs from the ovaries were completely devoid of bacteria, indicating that egg-associated bacteria were deposited on the eggs during or after oviposition. The bacterial diversity of deposited eggs was very low, with on average 6.1 zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) in the external microbiome and 1.2 zOTUs in internal samples of egg masses collected from the field. Bacterial community composition and density did not change significantly over time, suggesting limited bacterial growth. A Pantoea-like symbiont previously found in the midgut of N. viridula was found in every sample and generally occurred at high relative and absolute densities, especially in the internal egg samples. Additionally, some eggs harbored a Sodalis symbiont, which has previously been found in the abdomen of several insects, but so far not in N. viridula populations. We conclude that the egg-associated bacterial microbiome of N. viridula is species-poor and dominated by a few symbionts, particularly the species-specific obligate Pantoea-like symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot W. J. Geerinck
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sara Van Hee
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of Palermo Viale delle ScienzePalermoItaly,Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro‐Environmental Technology (BATCenter)University of Napoli Federico IIPorticiItaly
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of Palermo Viale delle ScienzePalermoItaly,Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro‐Environmental Technology (BATCenter)University of Napoli Federico IIPorticiItaly
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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15
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Wilberts L, Vuts J, Caulfield JC, Thomas G, Birkett MA, Herrera-Malaver B, Verstrepen KJ, Sobhy IS, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Impact of endophytic colonization by entomopathogenic fungi on the behavior and life history of the tobacco peach aphid Myzus persicae var. nicotianae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273791. [PMID: 36067150 PMCID: PMC9447930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can adopt an endophytic lifestyle and provide protection against insect herbivores and plant pathogens. So far, most studies have focused on Beauveria bassiana to increase plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, while only little is known for other entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated whether root inoculation of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by the entomopathogenic fungi Akanthomyces muscarius ARSEF 5128 and B. bassiana ARSEF 3097 can improve resistance against the tobacco peach aphid Myzus persicae var. nicotianae. First, dual-choice experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that the fungi deter aphids via modifying plant volatile profiles. Next, we tested the hypothesis that endophytic colonization negatively affects aphid life history traits, such as fecundity, development and mortality rate. Aphids were significantly attracted to the odor of plants inoculated with A. muscarius over non-inoculated plants. Plants inoculated with A. muscarius emitted significantly higher amounts of β-pinene than non-inoculated plants, and significantly higher amounts of indole than B. bassiana-inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Inoculation with the fungal strains also caused significantly higher emission of terpinolene. Further, both aphid longevity and fecundity were significantly reduced by 18% and 10%, respectively, when feeding on plants inoculated with A. muscarius, although intrinsic rate of population increase did not differ between inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Sweet pepper plants inoculated with B. bassiana ARSEF 3097 did not elicit a significant behavioral response nor affected the investigated life history traits. We conclude that endophytic colonization by entomopathogenic fungi has the potential to alter olfactory behavior and performance of M. persicae var. nicotianae, but effects are small and depend on the fungal strain used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Wilberts
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - József Vuts
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Herrera-Malaver
- Department M2S, CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Department M2S, CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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16
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Morales-Poole JR, de Vega C, Tsuji K, Jacquemyn H, Junker RR, Herrera CM, Michiels C, Lievens B, Álvarez-Pérez S. Sugar Concentration, Nitrogen Availability, and Phylogenetic Factors Determine the Ability of Acinetobacter spp. and Rosenbergiella spp. to Grow in Floral Nectar. Microb Ecol 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02088-4. [PMID: 35930073 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The floral nectar of angiosperms harbors a variety of microorganisms that depend predominantly on animal visitors for their dispersal. Although some members of the genus Acinetobacter and all currently known species of Rosenbergiella are thought to be adapted to thrive in nectar, there is limited information about the response of these bacteria to variation in the chemical characteristics of floral nectar. We investigated the growth performance of a diverse collection of Acinetobacter (n = 43) and Rosenbergiella (n = 45) isolates obtained from floral nectar and the digestive tract of flower-visiting bees in a set of 12 artificial nectars differing in sugar content (15% w/v or 50% w/v), nitrogen content (3.48/1.67 ppm or 348/167 ppm of total nitrogen/amino nitrogen), and sugar composition (only sucrose, 1/3 sucrose + 1/3 glucose + 1/3 fructose, or 1/2 glucose + 1/2 fructose). Growth was only observed in four of the 12 artificial nectars. Those containing elevated sugar concentration (50% w/v) and low nitrogen content (3.48/1.67 ppm) were limiting for bacterial growth. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the ability of the bacteria to grow in different types of nectar is highly conserved between closely related isolates and genotypes, but this conservatism rapidly vanishes deeper in phylogeny. Overall, these results demonstrate that the ability of Acinetobacter spp. and Rosenbergiella spp. to grow in floral nectar largely depends on nectar chemistry and bacterial phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Morales-Poole
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara de Vega
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Kaoru Tsuji
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Chris Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
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17
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Liu N, Jacquemyn H, Liu Q, Shao SC, Ding G, Xing X. Effects of a Dark Septate Fungal Endophyte on the Growth and Physiological Response of Seedlings to Drought in an Epiphytic Orchid. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961172. [PMID: 35875551 PMCID: PMC9304953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a group of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi that live within a plant for a part of their life cycle without causing any apparent, overt negative effects. These fungi have been found in >600 different plant species, including orchids. Although the precise ecological functions of dark septate fungal endophytes are not yet well understood, there is increasing evidence that they enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition, and improve the plant’s ability to tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we tested the effects of a DSE isolated from the roots of the epiphytic orchid Coelogyne viscosa on the growth and drought tolerance of orchid seedlings. Our results showed that addition of DSE inoculum significantly enhanced biomass of seedlings and increased the activities of drought resistance related enzymes and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances. These results suggest that DSE can fulfill important ecological functions in stressful environments and potentially play an important role in the life cycle of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Shao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoke Xing,
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18
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Abstract
While there is mounting evidence that ongoing changes in the climate system are shifting species ranges poleward and to higher altitudes, responses to climate change vary considerably between species. In general, it can be expected that species responses to climate change largely depend on how broad their ecological niches are, but evidence is still scant. In this study, we investigated the effects of predicted future climate change on the availability of suitable habitat for 14 Epipactis (Orchidaceae) species, and tested whether habitat specialists would experience greater changes in the extent of their habitats than habitat generalists. We used Maxent to model the ecological niche of each species in terms of climate, soil, elevation and land-use and projected it onto climate scenarios predicted for 2061–2080. To test the hypothesis that temperate terrestrial orchid species with small ranges or small niche breadths may be at greater risk under climate change than species with wide ranges or large niche breadths, we related niche breadth in both geographic and environmental space to changes in size and location of suitable habitat. The habitat distributions of half of the species shifted northwards in future projections. The area of suitable habitat increased for eight species but decreased for the remaining six species. If expansion at the leading edge of the distribution was not possible, the area of suitable habitat decreased for 12 species. Species with wide niche breadth in geographic space experienced greater northwards expansions and higher habitat suitability scores than species with small niche breadth. Niche breadth in environmental space was not significantly related to change in habitat distribution. Overall, these results indicate that terrestrial orchid species with a wide distribution will be more capable of shifting their distributions under climate change than species with a limited distribution, but only if they are fully able to expand into habitats at the leading edge of their distributions.
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Sloan ET, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Lu A, Snyder‐Mackler N, Jacquemyn H. Effects of climate variability on the demography of wild geladas. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8759. [PMID: 35356580 PMCID: PMC8956858 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are an essential part of tropical biodiversity and play key roles in many ecosystem functions, processes, and services. However, the impact of climate variability on nonhuman primates, whether anthropogenic or otherwise, remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized age‐structured matrix population models to assess the population viability and demographic variability of a population of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in the Simien Mountains, Ethiopia with the aim of revealing any underlying climatic influences. Using data from 2008 to 2019 we calculated annual, time‐averaged, and stochastic population growth rates (λ) and investigated relationships between vital rate variability and monthly cumulative rainfall and mean temperature. Our results showed that under the prevailing environmental conditions, the population will increase (λs = 1.021). Significant effects from rainfall and/or temperature variability were widely detected across vital rates; only the first year of infant survival and the individual years of juvenile survival were definitively unaffected. Generally, the higher temperature in the hot‐dry season led to lower survival and higher fecundity, while higher rainfall in the hot‐dry season led to increased survival and fecundity. Overall, these results provide evidence of greater effects of climate variability across a wider range of vital rates than those found in previous primate demography studies. This highlights that although primates have often shown substantial resilience to the direct effects of climate change, their vulnerability may vary with habitat type and across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T. Sloan
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Group Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jacinta C. Beehner
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Thore J. Bergman
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Noah Snyder‐Mackler
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Group Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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20
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Shao SC, Luo Y, Jacquemyn H. Successful reintroduction releases pressure on China's orchid species. Trends Plant Sci 2022; 27:211-213. [PMID: 34876338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchids have suffered dramatic declines in China and elsewhere in the world and several species are at the brink of extinction. Recent developments in orchid reintroduction programs could help establish new populations in natural habitats and release the current pressure on China's most threatened orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China, 666303
| | - Yan Luo
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China, 666303
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Selosse MA, Petrolli R, Mujica MI, Laurent L, Perez-Lamarque B, Figura T, Bourceret A, Jacquemyn H, Li T, Gao J, Minasiewicz J, Martos F. The Waiting Room Hypothesis revisited by orchids: were orchid mycorrhizal fungi recruited among root endophytes? Ann Bot 2022; 129:259-270. [PMID: 34718377 PMCID: PMC8835631 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in most land plants, the roots of orchids (Orchidaceae) associate with soil fungi. Recent studies have highlighted the diversity of the fungal partners involved, mostly within Basidiomycotas. The association with a polyphyletic group of fungi collectively called rhizoctonias (Ceratobasidiaceae, Tulasnellaceae and Serendipitaceae) is the most frequent. Yet, several orchid species target other fungal taxa that differ from rhizoctonias by their phylogenetic position and/or ecological traits related to their nutrition out of the orchid roots (e.g. soil saprobic or ectomycorrhizal fungi). We offer an evolutionary framework for these symbiotic associations. SCOPE Our view is based on the 'Waiting Room Hypothesis', an evolutionary scenario stating that mycorrhizal fungi of land flora were recruited from ancestors that initially colonized roots as endophytes. Endophytes biotrophically colonize tissues in a diffuse way, contrasting with mycorrhizae by the absence of morphological differentiation and of contribution to the plant's nutrition. The association with rhizoctonias is probably the ancestral symbiosis that persists in most extant orchids, while during orchid evolution numerous secondary transitions occurred to other fungal taxa. We suggest that both the rhizoctonia partners and the secondarily acquired ones are from fungal taxa that have broad endophytic ability, as exemplified in non-orchid roots. We review evidence that endophytism in non-orchid plants is the current ecology of many rhizoctonias, which suggests that their ancestors may have been endophytic in orchid ancestors. This also applies to the non-rhizoctonia fungi that were secondarily recruited by several orchid lineages as mycorrhizal partners. Indeed, from our review of the published literature, they are often detected, probably as endophytes, in extant rhizoctonia-associated orchids. CONCLUSION The orchid family offers one of the best documented examples of the 'Waiting Room Hypothesis': their mycorrhizal symbioses support the idea that extant mycorrhizal fungi have been recruited among endophytic fungi that colonized orchid ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rémi Petrolli
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - María Isabel Mujica
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile, & Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad (IEB), Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liam Laurent
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amelia Bourceret
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Julita Minasiewicz
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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22
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Li YY, Boeraeve M, Cho YH, Jacquemyn H, Lee YI. Mycorrhizal Switching and the Role of Fungal Abundance in Seed Germination in a Fully Mycoheterotrophic Orchid, Gastrodia confusoides. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:775290. [PMID: 35095954 PMCID: PMC8792533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are essential for orchid germination and seedling establishment, and thus may constrain the distribution and abundance of orchids under natural conditions. Previous studies have shown that germination and seedling establishment in several orchids often decline with increasing distance from adult plants, resulting in non-random spatial patterns of seedling establishment. In contrast, individuals of the fully mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia confusoides often tend to have random aboveground spatial patterns of distribution within bamboo forests. Since G. confusoides is parasitic on litter-decaying fungi, its random spatial patterns of distribution may be due to highly scattered patterns of litter-decaying fungi within bamboo forests. To test this hypothesis, we first identified the main mycorrhizal fungi associating with developing seeds and adult plants at a bamboo forest site in Taiwan using Miseq high-throughput DNA sequencing. Next, we combined seed germination experiments with quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses to investigate to what extent the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi affected spatial patterns of seed germination. Our results show that seed germination and subsequent growth to an adult stage in G. confusoides required a distinct switch in mycorrhizal partners, in which protocorms associated with a single Mycena OTU, while adults mainly associated with an OTU from the genus Gymnopus. A strong, positive relationship was observed between germination and Mycena abundance in the litter, but not between germination and Gymnopus abundance. Fungal abundance was not significantly related to the distance from the adult plants, and consequently germination was also not significantly related to the distance from adult plants. Our results provide the first evidence that the abundance of litter-decaying fungi varies randomly within the bamboo forest and independently from G. confusoides adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu-Hsiu Cho
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Zhao Z, Shao S, Liu N, Liu Q, Jacquemyn H, Xing X. Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Carbon/Nitrogen Utilization in Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated From Epiphytic and Terrestrial Orchids. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:787820. [PMID: 34992588 PMCID: PMC8724439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.787820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi employ extracellular enzymes to initiate the degradation of organic macromolecules into smaller units and to acquire the nutrients for their growth. As such, these enzymes represent important functional components in terrestrial ecosystems. While it is well-known that the regulation and efficiency of extracellular enzymes to degrade organic macromolecules and nutrient-acquisition patterns strongly differ between major fungal groups, less is known about variation in enzymatic activity and carbon/nitrogen preference in mycorrhizal fungi. In this research, we investigated variation in extracellular enzyme activities and carbon/nitrogen preferences in orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Previous research has shown that the mycorrhizal fungi associating with terrestrial orchids often differ from those associating with epiphytic orchids, but whether extracellular enzyme activities and carbon/nitrogen preference differ between growth forms remains largely unknown. To fill this gap, we compared the activities of five extracellular enzymes [cellulase, xylanase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] between fungi isolated from epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. In total, 24 fungal strains belonging to Tulasnellaceae were investigated. Cellulase and xylanase activities were significantly higher in fungi isolated from terrestrial orchids (0.050 ± 0.006 U/ml and 0.531 ± 0.071 U/ml, respectively) than those from epiphytic orchids (0.043 ± 0.003 U/ml and 0.295 ± 0.067 U/ml, respectively), while SOD activity was significantly higher in OMF from epiphytic orchids (5.663 ± 0.164 U/ml) than those from terrestrial orchids (3.780 ± 0.180 U/ml). Carboxymethyl cellulose was more efficiently used by fungi from terrestrial orchids, while starch and arginine were more suitable for fungi from epiphytic orchids. Overall, the results of this study show that extracellular enzyme activities and to a lesser extent carbon/nitrogen preferences differ between fungi isolated from terrestrial and epiphytic orchids and may indicate functional differentiation and ecological adaptation of OMF to local growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng Shao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Tsuji K, Donald M, Van Assche A, Vannette RL, Herrera CM, Jacquemyn H, Fukami T, Lievens B. Correction to: Nitrogen Assimilation Varies Among Clades of Nectar- and Insect-Associated Acinetobacters. Microb Ecol 2022; 83:256. [PMID: 33864130 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME & BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kaoru Tsuji
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2, Otsu, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Marion Donald
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ado Van Assche
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME & BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachel L Vannette
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME & BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Boeraeve M, Leroux O, De Lange R, Verbeken A, Jacquemyn H. The Effect of Surrounding Vegetation on the Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities of the Temperate Tree Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Front Fungal Biol 2021; 2:741813. [PMID: 37744148 PMCID: PMC10512229 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.741813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
About 90% of all land plants form mycorrhiza to facilitate the acquisition of essential nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and sometimes carbon. Based on the morphology of the interaction and the identity of the interacting plants and fungi, four major mycorrhizal types have been distinguished: arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), ectomycorrhizal (EcM), ericoid mycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. Although most plants are assumed to form only one type of mycorrhiza, some species simultaneously form associations with two mycorrhizal types within a single root system. However, the dual-mycorrhizal status of many species is under discussion and in some plant species the simultaneous association with two mycorrhizal types varies in space or time or depends on the ecological context. Here, we assessed the mycorrhizal communities associating with common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), a small tree that commonly associates with AM fungi, and investigated the potential factors that underlie variation in mycorrhizal community composition. Histological staining of C. monogyna roots showed the presence of a Hartig net and hyphal sheaths in and around the roots, demonstrating the capacity of C. monogyna to form EcM. Meta-barcoding of soil and root samples of C. monogyna collected in AM-dominated grassland vegetation and in mixed AM + EcM forest vegetation showed a much higher number of EcM sequences and OTUs in root and soil samples from mixed AM + EcM vegetation than in samples from pure AM vegetation. We conclude that C. monogyna is able to form both AM and EcM, but that the extent to which it does depends on the environmental context, i.e., the mycorrhizal type of the surrounding vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Boeraeve
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ruben De Lange
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verbeken
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Gloder G, Bourne ME, Verreth C, Wilberts L, Bossaert S, Crauwels S, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Parasitism by endoparasitoid wasps alters the internal but not the external microbiome in host caterpillars. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:73. [PMID: 34654483 PMCID: PMC8520287 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome of many insects consists of a diverse community of microorganisms that can play critical roles in the functioning and overall health of their hosts. Although the microbial communities of insects have been studied thoroughly over the past decade, little is still known about how biotic interactions affect the microbial community structure in and on the bodies of insects. In insects that are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, it can be expected that the microbiome of the host insect is affected by the presence of these parasitic organisms that develop in close association with their host. In this study, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting both bacteria and fungi to test the hypothesis that parasitism by the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata affected the microbiome of its host Pieris brassicae. Healthy and parasitized caterpillars were collected from both natural populations and a laboratory culture. RESULTS Significant differences in bacterial community structure were found between field-collected caterpillars and laboratory-reared caterpillars, and between the external and the internal microbiome of the caterpillars. Parasitism significantly altered the internal microbiome of caterpillars, but not the external microbiome. The internal microbiome of all parasitized caterpillars and of the parasitoid larvae in the caterpillar hosts was dominated by a Wolbachia strain, which was completely absent in healthy caterpillars, suggesting that the strain was transferred to the caterpillars during oviposition by the parasitoids. CONCLUSION We conclude that biotic interactions such as parasitism have pronounced effects on the microbiome of an insect host and possibly affect interactions with higher-order insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christel Verreth
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Wilberts
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bossaert
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Đurović G, Van Neerbos FAC, Bossaert S, Herrera-Malaver B, Steensels J, Arnó J, Wäckers F, Sobhy IS, Verstrepen KJ, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. The Pupal Parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae Is Attracted to the Same Yeast Volatiles as Its Adult Host. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:788-798. [PMID: 34269959 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that microorganisms, particularly fungi and bacteria, emit volatile compounds that mediate the foraging behaviour of insects and therefore have the potential to affect key ecological relationships. However, to what extent microbial volatiles affect the olfactory response of insects across different trophic levels remains unclear. Adult parasitoids use a variety of chemical stimuli to locate potential hosts, including those emitted by the host's habitat, the host itself, and microorganisms associated with the host. Given the great capacity of parasitoids to utilize and learn odours to increase foraging success, parasitoids of eggs, larvae, or pupae may respond to the same volatiles the adult stage of their hosts use when locating their resources, but compelling evidence is still scarce. In this study, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae we show that Trichopria drosophilae, a pupal parasitoid of Drosophila species, is attracted to the same yeast volatiles as their hosts in the adult stage, i.e. acetate esters. Parasitoids significantly preferred the odour of S. cerevisiae over the blank medium in a Y-tube olfactometer. Deletion of the yeast ATF1 gene, encoding a key acetate ester synthase, decreased attraction of T. drosophilae, while the addition of synthetic acetate esters to the fermentation medium restored parasitoid attraction. Bioassays with individual compounds revealed that the esters alone were not as attractive as the volatile blend of S. cerevisiae, suggesting that other volatile compounds also contribute to the attraction of T. drosophilae. Altogether, our results indicate that pupal parasitoids respond to the same volatiles as the adult stage of their hosts, which may aid them in locating oviposition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Đurović
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biobest, B-2260, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Francine A C Van Neerbos
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bossaert
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Herrera-Malaver
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Steensels
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, B-2260, Westerlo, Belgium.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Islam S Sobhy
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- CMPG Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Wang D, Jacquemyn H, Gomes SIF, Vos RA, Merckx VSFT. Symbiont switching and trophic mode shifts in Orchidaceae. New Phytol 2021; 231:791-800. [PMID: 33932029 PMCID: PMC8252101 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are central to the biology of land plants. However, to what extent mycorrhizal shifts - broad evolutionary transitions in root-associated fungal symbionts - are related to changes in plant trophic modes remains poorly understood. We built a comprehensive DNA dataset of Orchidaceae fungal symbionts and a dated plant molecular phylogeny to test the hypothesis that shifts in orchid trophic modes follow a stepwise pattern, from autotrophy over partial mycoheterotrophy (mixotrophy) to full mycoheterotrophy, and that these shifts are accompanied by switches in fungal symbionts. We estimate that at least 17 independent shifts from autotrophy towards full mycoheterotrophy occurred in orchids, mostly through an intermediate state of partial mycoheterotrophy. A wide range of fungal partners was inferred to occur in the roots of the common ancestor of this family, including 'rhizoctonias', ectomycorrhizal, and wood- or litter-decaying saprotrophic fungi. Phylogenetic hypothesis tests further show that associations with ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungi were most likely a prerequisite for evolutionary shifts towards full mycoheterotrophy. We show that shifts in trophic mode often coincided with switches in fungal symbionts, suggesting that the loss of photosynthesis selects for different fungal communities in orchids. We conclude that changes in symbiotic associations and ecophysiological traits are tightly correlated throughout the diversification of orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2332 AAthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversityLeiden2333 BEthe Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population BiologyKU LeuvenKasteelpark Arenberg 31, HeverleeLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Sofia I. F. Gomes
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2332 AAthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversityLeiden2333 BEthe Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2332 AAthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversityLeiden2333 BEthe Netherlands
| | - Vincent S. F. T. Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2332 AAthe Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
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29
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Ventre Lespiaucq A, Jacquemyn H, Rasmussen HN, Méndez M. Temporal turnover in mycorrhizal interactions: a proof of concept with orchids. New Phytol 2021; 230:1690-1699. [PMID: 33621346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temporal turnover events in biotic interactions involving plants are rarely assessed, although such changes might afford a considerable acclimation potential to the plant. This could enable fairly rapid responses to short-term fluctuations in growth conditions as well as lasting responses to long-term climatic trends. Here, we present a classification of temporal turnover encompassing 11 possible scenarios. Using orchid mycorrhiza as a study model, we show that temporal changes are common, and discuss under which conditions temporal turnover of fungal symbiont is expected. We provide six research questions and identify technical challenges that we deem most important for future studies. Finally, we discuss how the same framework can be applied to other types of biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hanne N Rasmussen
- Department of Geosciences and Nature Management, Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1958, Denmark
| | - Marcos Méndez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, 28933, Spain
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30
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Tsuji K, Donald M, Van Assche A, Vannette RL, Herrera CM, Jacquemyn H, Fukami T, Lievens B. Nitrogen Assimilation Varies Among Clades of Nectar- and Insect-Associated Acinetobacters. Microb Ecol 2021; 81:990-1003. [PMID: 33404822 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is commonly colonized by yeasts and bacteria, whose growth largely depends on their capacity to assimilate nutrient resources, withstand high osmotic pressures, and cope with unbalanced carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. Although the basis of the ecological success of these microbes in the harsh environment of nectar is still poorly understood, it is reasonable to assume that they are efficient nitrogen scavengers that can consume a wide range of nitrogen sources in nectar. Furthermore, it can be hypothesized that phylogenetically closely related strains have more similar phenotypic characteristics than distant relatives. We tested these hypotheses by investigating the growth performance on different nitrogen-rich substrates of a collection of 82 acinetobacters isolated from nectar and honeybees, representing members of five species (Acinetobacter nectaris, A. boissieri, A. apis, and the recently described taxa A. bareti and A. pollinis). We also analyzed possible links between growth performance and phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates, while taking into account their geographical origin. Results demonstrated that the studied isolates could utilize a wide variety of nitrogen sources, including common metabolic by-products of yeasts (e.g., ammonium and urea), and that phylogenetic relatedness was associated with the variation in nitrogen assimilation among the studied acinetobacters. Finally, nutrient source and the origin (sample type and country) of isolates also predicted the ability of the acinetobacters to assimilate nitrogen-rich compounds. Overall, these results demonstrate inter-clade variation in the potential of the acinetobacters as nitrogen scavengers and suggest that nutritional dependences might influence interactions between bacteria and yeasts in floral nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kaoru Tsuji
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Marion Donald
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ado Van Assche
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachel L Vannette
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Biology Department, Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bart Lievens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Jacquemyn H, Pozo MI, Álvarez-Pérez S, Lievens B, Fukami T. Yeast-nectar interactions: metacommunities and effects on pollinators. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2021; 44:35-40. [PMID: 33065340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
About 90% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by animals. Animals are attracted to flowers because they often provide food in the form of nectar and pollen. While floral nectar is assumed to be initially sterile, it commonly becomes colonized by yeasts after animals have visited the flowers. Although yeast communities in floral nectar appear simple, community assembly depends on a complex interaction between multiple factors. Yeast colonization has a significant effect on the scent of floral nectar, foraging behavior of insects and nectar consumption. Consumption of nectar colonized by yeasts has been shown to improve bee fitness, but effects largely depended on yeast species. Altogether, these results indicate that dispersal, colonization history and nectar chemistry strongly interact and have pronounced effects on yeast metacommunities and, as a result, on bee foraging behavior and fitness. Future research directions to better understand the dynamics of plant-microbe-pollinator interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - María I Pozo
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 94305 Stanford, CA, USA
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32
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Pozo MI, Mariën T, van Kemenade G, Wäckers F, Jacquemyn H. Effects of pollen and nectar inoculation by yeasts, bacteria or both on bumblebee colony development. Oecologia 2021; 195:689-703. [PMID: 33582870 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that gut microbiota have a major effect on the physiology, biology, ecology and evolution of their animal hosts. Because in social insects, the gut microbiota is acquired through the diet and by contact with nest provisions, it can be hypothesized that regular supplementation of microorganisms to the diet will have an impact on the fitness of the consumer and on the development of the whole colony. To test this hypothesis, we investigated how supplementation of bacteria, yeasts, and combinations of the two to either pollen or nectar affected colony development in the social bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Three yeasts and three bacterial species that live at the flower-insect interface were used in the experiments and the development of bumblebee colonies was monitored over a period of 10 weeks. The results showed that administration of microbes via pollen had a stronger positive impact on colony development than when provided via sugar water. Supplementation of bacteria led, in general, to a faster egg laying, higher brood size and increased production of workers during the first weeks, whereas yeasts or a combination of yeasts and bacteria had less impact on colony development. However, the results differed between microbial species, with Wickerhamiella bombiphila and Rosenbergiella nectarea showing the strongest increase in colony development. Torulaspora delbrueckii induced early male production, which is likely a fitness cost. We conclude that the tested bacteria-yeast consortia did not result in better colony development than the interacting species alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Pozo
- Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Toon Mariën
- Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gaby van Kemenade
- Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.,Biobest Group, Research and Development, 2260, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Group, Research and Development, 2260, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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33
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Jacquemyn H, Brys R, Waud M, Evans A, Figura T, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal Communities and Isotope Signatures in Two Partially Mycoheterotrophic Orchids. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:618140. [PMID: 33633765 PMCID: PMC7901878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.618140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Partial mycoheterotrophy, the ability of plants to obtain carbon from fungi throughout their life cycle in combination with photosynthesis, appears to be more common within the Plant Kingdom than previously anticipated. Recent studies using stable isotope analyses have indicated that isotope signatures in partially mycoheterotrophic plants vary widely among species, but the relative contributions of family- or species-specific characteristics and the identity of the fungal symbionts to the observed differences remain unclear. Here, we investigated in detail mycorrhizal communities and isotopic signatures in four co-occurring terrestrial orchids (Platanthera chlorantha, Epipactis helleborine, E. neglecta and the mycoheterotrophic Neottia nidus-avis). All investigated species were mycorrhizal generalists (i.e., associated with a large number of fungi simultaneously), but mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between species. Mycorrhizal communities associating with the two Epipactis species consisted of a wide range of fungi belonging to different families, whereas P. chlorantha and N. nidus-avis associated mainly with Ceratobasidiaceae and Sebacinaceae species, respectively. Isotopic signatures differed significantly between both Epipactis species, with E. helleborine showing near autotrophic behavior and E. neglecta showing significant enrichment in both carbon and nitrogen. No significant differences in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were observed between the two partially mycoheterotrophic orchids, despite significant differences in isotopic signatures. Our results demonstrate that partially mycoheterotrophic orchids of the genus Epipactis formed mycorrhizas with a wide diversity of fungi from different fungal families, but variation in mycorrhizal community composition was not related to isotope signatures and thus transfer of C and N to the plant. We conclude that the observed differences in isotope signatures between E. helleborine and E. neglecta cannot solely be explained by differences in mycorrhizal communities, but most likely reflect a combination of inherent physiological differences and differences in mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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34
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Dhami MK, Pozo MI, Crauwels S, Verstrepen KJ, Herrera CM, Lievens B, Jacquemyn H. Genetic admixture increases phenotypic diversity in the nectar yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Goelen T, Vuts J, Sobhy IS, Wäckers F, Caulfield JC, Birkett MA, Rediers H, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Identification and application of bacterial volatiles to attract a generalist aphid parasitoid: from laboratory to greenhouse assays. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:930-938. [PMID: 32975888 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that microorganisms emit volatile compounds that affect insect behaviour. However, it remains largely unclear whether microbes can be exploited as a source of attractants to improve biological control of insect pests. In this study, we used a combination of coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to identify attractive compounds in the volatile extracts of three bacterial strains that are associated with the habitat of the generalist aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani, and to create mixtures of synthetic compounds to find attractive blends for A. colemani. Subsequently, the most attractive blend was evaluated in two-choice cage experiments under greenhouse conditions. RESULTS GC-EAG analysis revealed 20 compounds that were linked to behaviourally attractive bacterial strains. A mixture of two EAG-active compounds, styrene and benzaldehyde applied at a respective dose of 1 μg and 10 ng, was more attractive than the single compounds or the culture medium of the bacteria in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Application of this synthetic mixture under greenhouse conditions resulted in significant attraction of the parasitoids, and outperformed application of the bacterial culture medium. CONCLUSION Compounds isolated from bacterial blends were capable of attracting parasitoids both in laboratory and greenhouse assays, indicating that microbial cultures are an effective source of insect attractants. This opens new opportunities to attract and retain natural enemies of pest species and to enhance biological pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
| | - József Vuts
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Islam S Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Pozo MI, Hunt BJ, Van Kemenade G, Guerra-Sanz JM, Wäckers F, Mallon EB, Jacquemyn H. The effect of DNA methylation on bumblebee colony development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:73. [PMID: 33482723 PMCID: PMC7821684 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although around 1% of cytosines in bees' genomes are known to be methylated, less is known about methylation's effect on bee behavior and fitness. Chemically altered DNA methylation levels have shown clear changes in the dominance and reproductive behavior of workers in queen-less colonies, but the global effect of DNA methylation on caste determination and colony development remains unclear, mainly because of difficulties in controlling for genetic differences among experimental subjects in the parental line. Here, we investigated the effect of the methylation altering agent decitabine on the developmental rate of full bumblebee colonies. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was used to assess differences in methylation status. RESULTS Our results showed fewer methylated loci in the control group. A total of 22 CpG loci were identified as significantly differentially methylated between treated and control workers with a change in methylation levels of 10% or more. Loci that were methylated differentially between groups participated in pathways including neuron function, oocyte regulation and metabolic processes. Treated colonies tended to develop faster, and therefore more workers were found at a given developmental stage. However, male production followed the opposite trend and it tended to be higher in control colonies. CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicate that altered methylation patterns resulted in an improved cooperation between workers, while there were no signs of abnormal worker dominance or caste determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Pozo
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin J Hunt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Group, Research and Development, B-2260, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Eamonn B Mallon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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37
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Boeraeve M, Everts T, Vandekerkhove K, De Keersmaeker L, Van de Kerckhove P, Jacquemyn H. Partner turnover and changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities during the early life stages of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:43-53. [PMID: 33140217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first life stages of a tree are subject to strong environmental stresses and competition, limiting their chances of survival. Establishing a mutualistic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi during early life stages may increase growth and survival rates of trees, but how mycorrhizal communities assemble during these stages remains unclear. Here, we studied variation in the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal communities in the soil and roots of Fagus sylvatica seedlings and saplings. Fungal DNA was extracted from the soil and seedling and sapling roots collected in 156 plots across the beech-dominated Sonian forest (Belgium) and community composition was determined through metabarcoding. EcM fungal community composition significantly differed between soil, seedlings and saplings. Russula, Amanita and Inocybe were most abundant in soil, while Lactarius and Scleroderma were more abundant in seedling and sapling roots and Xerocomellus and Laccaria were most abundant in sapling roots. Our results provide evidence of partner turnover in EcM fungal community composition with increasing age in the early life stages of F. sylvatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Boeraeve
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, Leuven, KU, Belgium.
| | - Teun Everts
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, Leuven, KU, Belgium
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Van Geel M, Jacquemyn H, Peeters G, van Acker K, Honnay O, Ceulemans T. Diversity and community structure of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in European bogs and heathlands across a gradient of nitrogen deposition. New Phytol 2020; 228:1640-1651. [PMID: 32643808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ecological significance of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, little is known about the abiotic and biotic factors driving their diversity and community composition. To determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic filtering in structuring ericoid mycorrhizal fungal communities, we established 156 sampling plots in two highly contrasting environments but dominated by the same Ericaceae plant species: waterlogged bogs and dry heathlands. Plots were located across 25 bogs and 27 dry heathlands in seven European countries covering a gradient in nitrogen deposition and phosphorus availability. Putatively ericoid mycorrhizal fungal communities in the roots of 10 different Ericaceae species were characterized using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Variation in ericoid mycorrhizal fungal communities was attributed to both habitat and soil variables on the one hand and host plant identity on the other. Communities differed significantly between bogs and heathlands and, in a given habitat, communities differed significantly among host plant species. Fungal richness was negatively related to nitrogen deposition in bogs and phosphorus availability in bogs and heathlands. Our results demonstrate that both abiotic and biotic filtering shapes ericoid mycorrhizal fungal communities and advocate an environmental policy minimizing excess nutrient input in these nutrient-poor ecosystems to avoid loss of ericoid mycorrhizal fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kasper van Acker
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Tobias Ceulemans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
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Evans A, Jacquemyn H. Impact of mating system on range size and niche breadth in Epipactis (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot 2020; 126:1203-1214. [PMID: 32722751 PMCID: PMC7684703 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The geographical distribution of plant species is linked fundamentally not only to environmental variables, but also to key traits that affect the dispersal, establishment and evolutionary potential of a species. One of the key plant traits that can be expected to affect standing genetic variation, speed of adaptation and the capacity to colonize and establish in new habitats, and therefore niche breadth and range size, is the plant mating system. However, the precise role of the mating system in shaping range size and niche breadth of plant species remains unclear, and different studies have provided contrasting results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that range size and niche breadth differed with mating system in the orchid genus Epipactis. METHODS We modelled the ecological niches of 14 Epipactis species in Europe using occurrence records and environmental satellite data in Maxent. Niche breadth and niche overlap in both geographic and environmental space were calculated from the resulting habitat suitability maps using ENMTools, and geographic range was estimated using α-hull range definition. Habitat suitability, environmental variable contributions and niche metrics were compared among species with different mating systems. KEY RESULTS We did not detect significant differences in niche breadth, occurrence probability or geographical range between autogamous and allogamous Epipactis species, although autogamous species demonstrated notably low variation in niche parameters. We also found no significant differences in niche overlap between species with the same mating system or different mating systems. For all Epipactis species, occurrence was strongly associated with land cover, particularly broad-leafed and coniferous forests, and with limestone bedrock. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mating system does not necessarily contribute to niche breadth and differentiation, and that other factors (e.g. mycorrhizal specificity) may be more important drivers of range size and niche breadth in Epipactis and orchids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Evans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Shao SC, Luo Y, Jacquemyn H. Co-Cultures of Mycorrhizal Fungi Do Not Increase Germination and Seedling Development in the Epiphytic Orchid Dendrobium nobile. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:571426. [PMID: 33193505 PMCID: PMC7644947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are highly dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and subsequent growth to a seedling as they provide essential carbon, water, and mineral nutrients to developing seeds. Although there is mounting evidence that orchid seeds are often colonized by multiple fungi simultaneously, most in vitro germination experiments focus on mycorrhizal monocultures and little is known about how mycorrhizal assemblages affect seed germination and growth of seedlings. In this study, we compared the effects of mycorrhizal monocultures and co-cultures on seed germination and seedling growth of the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium nobile. In situ baiting was used to isolate mycorrhizal fungi from protocorms for germination experiments. Germination experiments were conducted under two light regimes for 90 days. In total, five fungal strains were isolated from protocorms of D. nobile, indicating that the species was not highly specific to its fungal partners. Four strains (JC-01, JC-02, JC-04, and JC-05) belonged to the Serendipitaceae and one (JC-03) to the Tulasnellaceae. In vitro germination experiments showed that germination percentages were higher under light-dark conditions than under complete dark conditions, supporting previous findings that light facilitates germination in epiphytic orchids. While all strains were able to induce protocorm formation and growth into the seedling stage, large differences between fungal strains were observed. Co-cultures did not result in significantly higher seed germination percentages and seedling development than monocultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that effects of fungal assemblages are not predictable from those of component species, and that more work is needed to better understand the role of fungal assemblages determining seed germination and subsequent growth under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Jacquemyn H, Brys R. Lack of strong selection pressures maintains wide variation in floral traits in a food-deceptive orchid. Ann Bot 2020; 126:445-453. [PMID: 32333761 PMCID: PMC7424767 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Angiosperms vary remarkably in traits such as colour, size and shape of flowers, yet such variation generally tends to be low within species. In deceptive orchids, however, large variation in floral traits has been described, not only between but also within populations. Nonetheless, the factors driving variation in floral traits in deceptive orchids remain largely unclear. METHODS To identify determinants of variation in floral traits, we investigated patterns of fruit set and selection gradients in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis purpurea, which typically presents large within-population variation in the colour and size of the flowers. Using long-term data, fruit set was quantified in two populations over 16 consecutive years (2004-2019). Artificial hand pollination was performed to test the hypothesis that fruit set was pollinator-limited and that selfing led to decreased seed set and viability. Annual variation (2016-2019) in selection gradients was calculated for three colour traits (brightness, contrast and the number of spots on the labellum), flower size (spur length, labellum length and width) and plant size (number of flowers, plant height). KEY RESULTS Fruit set was, on average, low (~12 %) and severely pollinator-limited. Opportunities for selection varied strongly across years, but we found only weak evidence for selection on floral traits. In contrast, there was strong and consistent positive selection on floral display. Selfing led to reduced production of viable seeds and hence severe inbreeding depression (δ = 0.38). CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrate that the large variation in flower colour and size that is regularly observed in natural O. purpurea populations is maintained by the consistent lack of strong selection pressures on these traits through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
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Shao SC, Wang QX, Beng KC, Zhao DK, Jacquemyn H. Fungi isolated from host protocorms accelerate symbiotic seed germination in an endangered orchid species (Dendrobium chrysotoxum) from southern China. Mycorrhiza 2020; 30:529-539. [PMID: 32562087 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To ensure long-term survival of epiphytic orchids through active reintroduction, more research on critical life cycle stages such as seed germination and seedling establishment are needed. In this study, we used in vitro germination experiments to investigate the role of mycorrhizal fungi in determining seed germination and growth in the endangered epiphytic orchid species, Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Symbiotic seed germination experiments were conducted for 90 days under different light conditions with fungal strains isolated from protocorms of D. chrysotoxum and three sister species. Molecular analyses showed that five strains belonged to the typical orchid mycorrhizal family Tulasnellaceae, whereas the other two strains belonged to the Sebacinaceae and the genus Coprinellus. Fungal inoculation, light conditions, and their interaction had a significant effect on protocorm formation and seedling development. Three fungal isolates, including two from D. chrysotoxum and one from D. catenatum, significantly stimulated protocorm formation and seedling development under light conditions. However, fungi isolated from host protocorms (GC-14 and GC-15) produced the highest number of seedlings after 50 days (49.5 ± 8.5%, 51.3 ± 9.0%, respectively), while the fungus isolated from D. catenatum protocorms produced the maximum number of seedlings only after 90 days (48.7 ± 16.1%). To conclude, this study has shown that light conditions and the identity of fungi had a strong effect on in vitro seed germination and seedling formation in an epiphytic orchid, with fungi isolated from host protocorms leading to accelerated germination and seedling formation. Therefore, fungal source should be taken into account when using seeds and compatible fungi for seedling propagation and in situ reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Dep artment, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla county, Yunnan, 666 303, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Xia Wang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
| | - Kingly C Beng
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, People's Republic of China
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Goelen T, Sobhy IS, Vanderaa C, Wäckers F, Rediers H, Wenseleers T, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Bacterial phylogeny predicts volatile organic compound composition and olfactory response of an aphid parasitoid. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Dept of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven BE‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Dept of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven BE‐3001 Leuven Belgium
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal Univ. Ismailia Egypt
| | - Christophe Vanderaa
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution, Biology Dept, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium, and: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ. Lancaster UK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Dept of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven BE‐3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution, Biology Dept, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Dept, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Dept of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven BE‐3001 Leuven Belgium
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Xing X, Liu Q, Gao Y, Shao S, Guo L, Jacquemyn H, Zhao Z, Guo S. The Architecture of the Network of Orchid–Fungus Interactions in Nine Co-occurring Dendrobium Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Gao Y, Zhao Z, Li J, Liu N, Jacquemyn H, Guo S, Xing X. Do fungal associates of co-occurring orchids promote seed germination of the widespread orchid species Gymnadenia conopsea? Mycorrhiza 2020; 30:221-228. [PMID: 32146514 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi have been increasingly recognized as one of the most important ecological factors determining the distribution and local abundance of orchids. While some orchid species may interact with a variety of fungal associates, others are more specific in their choice of mycorrhizal partners. Moreover, orchids that co-occur at a given site, often associate with different partners, possibly to avoid competition and to allow stable coexistence. However, whether differences in mycorrhizal partners directly affect seed germination and subsequent protocorm formation remains largely unknown. In this research, we used in vitro germination experiments to investigate to what extent seed germination and protocorm formation of Gymnadenia conopsea was affected by the origin and identity of fungal associates. Fungi were isolated from G. conopsea and three other co-occurring orchid species (Dactylorhiza viridis (Coeloglossum viride), Herminium monorchis, and Platanthera chlorantha). In total, eight fungal associates, belonging to Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Serendipitaceae, were successfully isolated and cultured. While all eight fungal strains were able to promote early germination of G. conopsea seeds, only fungal strain GS2, a member of the Ceratobasidiaceae isolated from G. conopsea itself, was able to promote protocorm formation and subsequent growth to a seedling. Two other fungal strains isolated from G. conopsea only supported seed germination until the protocorm formation stage. The other five fungal strains isolated from the co-occurring orchid species did not support seed germination beyond the protocorm stage. We conclude that, although G. conopsea is considered a mycorrhizal generalist that associates with a wide range of fungi during its adult life, it requires specific fungi to promote protocorm formation and growth to a seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Goelen T, Sobhy IS, Vanderaa C, Boer JG, Delvigne F, Francis F, Wäckers F, Rediers H, Verstrepen KJ, Wenseleers T, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Volatiles of bacteria associated with parasitoid habitats elicit distinct olfactory responses in an aphid parasitoid and its hyperparasitoid. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Islam S. Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Christophe Vanderaa
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jetske G. Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Frank Delvigne
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI) TERRA Université de Liège‐Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional & Evolutionary Entomology TERRA Université de Liège‐Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Westerlo Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Lab for Systems Biology VIB Center for Microbiology & Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) Lab for Genetics and Genomics Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socio‐Ecology & Social Evolution Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM) Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Pozo MI, Kemenade G, Oystaeyen A, Aledón‐Catalá T, Benavente A, Van den Ende W, Wäckers F, Jacquemyn H. The impact of yeast presence in nectar on bumble bee behavior and fitness. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María I. Pozo
- KU Leuven Biology Department Plant Population and Conservation Biology B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
- Biobest Group, Research and Development B‐2260 Westerlo Belgium
| | - Gaby Kemenade
- KU Leuven Biology Department Plant Population and Conservation Biology B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
- Biobest Group, Research and Development B‐2260 Westerlo Belgium
| | | | - Tomás Aledón‐Catalá
- KU Leuven Biology Department Plant Population and Conservation Biology B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
- Biobest Group, Research and Development B‐2260 Westerlo Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven Biology Department Molecular Plant Biology B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Group, Research and Development B‐2260 Westerlo Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven Biology Department Plant Population and Conservation Biology B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
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48
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Pozo MI, Bartlewicz J, van Oystaeyen A, Benavente A, van Kemenade G, Wäckers F, Jacquemyn H. Surviving in the absence of flowers: do nectar yeasts rely on overwintering bumblebee queens to complete their annual life cycle? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5114563. [PMID: 30285114 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral nectar represents an ephemeral habitat that is restricted in time and space to zoophilous flowering vegetation. To survive in these habitats, nectar-inhabiting microorganisms rely on animal vectors to disperse from one flower to the next. However, it remains unclear how nectar yeasts persist when flowers and nectar cease to be present. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hibernating bumblebee queens function as a reservoir for nectar yeasts in the absence of plants or pollinators during winter. Our results show that the nectar yeast, Metschnikowia reukaufii, was present in the gastrointestinal tract of wild bumblebee queens that emerged from hibernation and that it could persist inside the gut of hibernating queens under experimental conditions. However, no evidence for such persistence was found in the case of the second most frequent nectar yeast, M. gruessii. Furthermore, a phylloplane yeast that occasionally inhabits nectar, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, was able to colonize the gut under experimental conditions. Two bumblebee-associated yeasts, Candida bombi and C. bombiphila, were successfully passed down generations after administration in commercial lab-reared bumblebees. Overall, these results demonstrate that bumblebees could act as a reservoir for nectar yeasts during winter when floral nectar is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Pozo
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Biobest Group NV, B-2260 Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Jacek Bartlewicz
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Boeraeve M, Honnay O, Jacquemyn H. Forest edge effects on the mycorrhizal communities of the dual-mycorrhizal tree species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Sci Total Environ 2019; 666:703-712. [PMID: 30812005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest conversion into agricultural land has resulted in a continuous decline in forest cover and in a reduced size and increased edge-to-core ratio of the remaining fragments. Forest edges are more directly exposed to sunlight, wind and pollutants and the resulting changes in habitat quality might have a large impact on plant and animal communities. Few studies, however, have focused on forest edge effects on mycorrhizal fungus communities. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to study how communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF), present in both the roots of the dual mycorrhizal tree Alnus glutinosa and in the soil, changed with increasing distance from the forest edge within fragmented forests embedded in an intensively managed agricultural matrix. Overall, we found 158 AMF OTUs and 275 EcMF OTUs. Soil moisture content increased with increasing distance from the forest edge, whereas soil nitrate concentration increased with increasing distance in south-facing and decreased in north-facing edges. Distance to the forest edge had a significant effect on EcMF community composition that largely overlapped with the observed changes in soil variables, especially soil moisture content. Apart from this distance effect, there were also clear effects of edge orientation on mycorrhizal diversity and community composition. While AMF OTU richness was higher at south- than at north-facing edges, the opposite pattern was found for EcMF. Community composition of both mycorrhiza types also differed significantly between south- and north-facing edges. We conclude that altered environmental conditions at forest edges cause significant changes in mycorrhizal communities, which could subsequently affect ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Xing X, Jacquemyn H, Gai X, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhao Z, Guo S. The impact of life form on the architecture of orchid mycorrhizal networks in tropical forest. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Dept of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology Leuven Belgium
| | - Xuege Gai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming Yunnan PR China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
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