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Fernández M, Kaur J, Sharma J. Co-occurring epiphytic orchids have specialized mycorrhizal fungal niches that are also linked to ontogeny. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:87-105. [PMID: 36651985 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis has been related to the coexistence and community assembly of coexisting orchids in few studies despite their obligate dependence on mycorrhizal partners to establish and survive. In hyper-diverse environments like tropical rain forests, coexistence of epiphytic orchids may be facilitated through mycorrhizal fungal specialization (i.e., sets of unique and dominant mycorrhizal fungi associated with a particular host species). However, information on the role of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) in niche differentiation and coexistence of epiphytic orchids is still scarce. In this study, we sought to identify the variation in fungal preferences of four co-occurring epiphytic orchids in a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica by addressing the identity and composition of their endophytic fungal and OMF communities across species and life stages. We show that the endophytic fungal communities are formed mainly of previously recognized OMF taxa, and that the four coexisting orchid species have both a set of shared mycorrhizal fungi and a group of fungi unique to an orchid species. We also found that adult plants keep the OMF of the juvenile stage while adding new mycobionts over time. This study provides evidence for the utilization of specific OMF that may be involved in niche segregation, and for an aggregation mechanism where adult orchids keep initial fungal mycobionts of the juvenile stage while adding others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Fernández
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, 30109, Costa Rica.
- Herbarium UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Chiriquí, Panama.
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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Qin J, Zhang W, Feng JQ, Zhang SB. Leafless epiphytic orchids share Ceratobasidiaceae mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:625-635. [PMID: 34319462 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some epiphytic orchids in the tribe Vandeae are characterized by extremely vestigial leaves (even leafless). Thus, their leaves provide only a small proportion of carbon required for their growth and development, while a large portion of carbon may need to be supplied by their roots and mycorrhizal fungi (MF). The MF richness and composition of leafless epiphytic orchids, which belong to numerous genera with diverse ecophysiologies and wide geographical ranges, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified the MF communities of seven leafless epiphytic species from three orchid genera from up to 17 sites in China using high-throughput sequencing. Our analyses revealed that the leafless epiphytic orchids have a highly specialized association with Ceratobasidiaceae. Several fungal OTUs were found in three different orchid genera and have promoted germinations of Chiloschista and Phalaenopsis, which may have been caused by convergent evolution of leafless epiphytic orchids. Furthermore, the MF composition of Taeniophyllum glandulosum was significantly affected by collection site and host tree. Our study provides new insights into mycorrhizal associations of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Suetsugu K, Haraguchi TF, Tanabe AS, Tayasu I. Specialized mycorrhizal association between a partially mycoheterotrophic orchid Oreorchis indica and a Tomentella taxon. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:243-250. [PMID: 33150532 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of full mycoheterotrophy in orchids likely occurs through intermediate stages (i.e., partial mycoheterotrophy or mixotrophy), in which adult plants obtain nutrition through both autotrophy and mycoheterotrophy. However, because of its cryptic manifestation, partial mycoheterotrophy has only been confirmed in slightly more than 20 orchid species. Here, we hypothesized that Oreorchis indica is partially mycoheterotrophic, since (i) Oreorchis is closely related to leafless Corallorhiza, and (ii) it possesses clustered, multi-branched rhizomes that are often found in fully mycoheterotrophic orchids. Accordingly, we investigated the nutritional modes of O. indica in a Japanese subboreal forest by measuring the 13C and 15N abundances and by community profiling of its mycorrhizal fungi. We found that O. indica mycorrhizal samples (all 12 samples from four individuals) were predominantly colonized by a single OTU of the obligate ectomycorrhizal Tomentella (Thelephoraceae). In addition, the leaves of O. indica were highly enriched in both 13C and 15N compared with those of co-occurring autotrophic plants. It was estimated that O. indica obtained 44.4 ± 6.2% of its carbon from fungal sources. These results strongly suggest that in the Oreorchis-Corallorhiza clade, full mycoheterotrophy evolved after the establishment of partial mycoheterotrophy, rather than through direct shifts from autotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Takashi F Haraguchi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Osaka, 572-0088, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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Suetsugu K, Matsuoka S, Shutoh K, Okada H, Taketomi S, Onimaru K, Tanabe AS, Yamanaka H. Mycorrhizal communities of two closely related species, Pyrola subaphylla and P. japonica, with contrasting degrees of mycoheterotrophy in a sympatric habitat. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:219-229. [PMID: 33215330 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic plants typically form associations with a narrow range of mycorrhizal fungi. Consequently, mycorrhizal specialization is often considered to be an important step in mycoheterotrophic evolution. However, it remains unclear whether such specialization is likely to occur in plants of the genus Pyrola, which are generally associated with fungi in multiple ectomycorrhizal families. Here, we investigated the mycorrhizal communities of a nearly fully mycoheterotrophic Pyrola species (Pyrola subaphylla), a closely related partially mycoheterotrophic Pyrola species (Pyrola japonica), and a co-occurring autotrophic ectomycorrhizal tree, Quercus crispula, which is their potential carbon source, in a cool-temperate Japanese forest. High-throughput DNA sequencing revealed that numerous common ectomycorrhizal OTUs interact with the two Pyrola species and Q. crispula, thereby providing an opportunity to exploit a certain amount of carbon from common mycorrhizal networks. In addition, not only P. japonica but also P. subaphylla exhibited exceptionally high alpha mycobiont diversity, with 52 ectomycorrhizal OTUs belonging to 12 families being identified as P. subaphylla mycobionts and 69 ectomycorrhizal OTUs in 18 families being detected as P. japonica mycobionts. Nonetheless, the beta mycobiont diversity of P. subaphylla and P. japonica individuals was significantly lower than that of Q. crispula. Moreover, the beta mycobiont diversity of P. subaphylla was found to be significantly lower than that of P. japonica. Therefore, despite their seemingly broad mycorrhizal interactions, the two Pyrola species (particularly P. subaphylla) showed consistent fungal associations, suggesting that mycorrhizal specialization may have developed during the course of mycoheterotrophic evolution within the genus Pyrola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohtaroh Shutoh
- The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hidehito Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Taketomi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kaede Onimaru
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
- Center for Biodiversity Science, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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Sulistyo BP, Larsson KH, Haelewaters D, Ryberg M. Multigene phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Atheliales s.l.: Reinstatement of three families and one new family, Lobuliciaceae fam. nov. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:239-255. [PMID: 33622540 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Atheliales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) is an order mostly composed of corticioid fungi, containing roughly 100 described species in 20 genera. Members exhibit remarkable ecological diversity, including saprotrophs, ectomycorrhizal symbionts, facultative parasites of plants or lichens, and symbionts of termites. Ectomycorrhizal members are well known because they often form a major part of boreal and temperate fungal communities. However, Atheliales is generally understudied, and molecular data are scarce. Furthermore, the order is riddled with many taxonomic problems; some genera are non-monophyletic and several species have been shown to be more closely related to other orders. We investigated the phylogenetic position of genera that are currently listed in Atheliales sensu lato by employing an Agaricomycetes-wide dataset with emphasis on Atheliales including the type species of genera therein. A phylogenetic analysis based on 5.8S, LSU, rpb2, and tef1 (excluding third codon) retrieved Atheliales in subclass Agaricomycetidae, as sister to Lepidostromatales. In addition, a number of Atheliales genera were retrieved in other orders with strong support: Byssoporia in Russulales, Digitatispora in Agaricales, Hypochnella in Polyporales, Lyoathelia in Hymenochaetales, and Pteridomyces in Trechisporales. Based on this result, we assembled another dataset focusing on the clade with Atheliales sensu stricto and representatives from Lepidostromatales and Boletales as outgroups, based on ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), LSU, rpb2, and tef1. The reconstructed phylogeny of Atheliales returned five distinct lineages, which we propose here as families. Lobulicium, a monotypic genus with a distinct morphology of seven-lobed basidiospores, was placed as sister to the rest of Atheliales. A new family is proposed to accommodate this genus, Lobuliciaceae fam. nov. The remaining four lineages can be named following the family-level classification by Jülich (1982), and thus we opted to use the names Atheliaceae, Byssocorticiaceae, Pilodermataceae, and Tylosporaceae, albeit with amended circumscriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby P Sulistyo
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karl-Henrik Larsson
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway; Gothenburg Global Diversity Centre, P.O. Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
| | - Martin Ryberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J, Tayasu I. Some mycoheterotrophic orchids depend on carbon from dead wood: novel evidence from a radiocarbon approach. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1519-1529. [PMID: 31985062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic plants depend entirely on fungal associations for organic nutrients. While most mycoheterotrophic plants are associated with the mycorrhizal partners of surrounding green plants, some mycoheterotrophs are believed to obtain carbon from decaying litter or dead wood by parasitising saprotrophic fungi, based on culture experiments and 13 C and 15 N isotopic signatures. The carbon age (the time since carbon was fixed from atmospheric CO2 by photosynthesis) can be estimated by measuring the concentration of 14 C arising from the bomb tests of the 1950s and 1960s. Given that mycorrhizal fungi obtain photosynthate from their plant partners, and saprotrophic wood-decaying fungi obtain carbon from older sources, radiocarbon could represent a new and powerful tool to investigate carbon sources of mycoheterotrophic plants. We showed that the Δ14 C values of mycoheterotrophs exploiting ectomycorrhizal fungi were close to 0‰, similar to those of autotrophic plants. By contrast, the Δ14 C values of mycoheterotrophs exploiting saprotrophic fungi ranged from 110.7‰ to 324.8‰, due to the 14 C-enriched bomb carbon from dead wood via saprotrophic fungi. Our study provides evidence supporting that some mycoheterotrophic orchids depend on forest woody debris. Our study also indicates that radiocarbon could be used to predict the trophic strategies of mycoheterotroph-associated fungal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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Kong A, Cifuentes J, Estrada-Torres A, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Garibay-Orijel R, Buyck B. Russulaceae Associated with MycoheterotrophMonotropa uniflora(Ericaceae) in Tlaxcala, Mexico: A Phylogenetic Approach. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2015. [DOI: 10.7872/crym/v36.iss4.2015.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee YI, Yang CK, Gebauer G. The importance of associations with saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi among fully mycoheterotrophic orchids is currently under-estimated: novel evidence from sub-tropical Asia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:423-35. [PMID: 26113634 PMCID: PMC4549957 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most fully mycoheterotrophic (MH) orchids investigated to date are mycorrhizal with fungi that simultaneously form ectomycorrhizas with forest trees. Only a few MH orchids are currently known to be mycorrhizal with saprotrophic, mostly wood-decomposing, fungi instead of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This study provides evidence that the importance of associations between MH orchids and saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi is currently under-estimated. METHODS Using microscopic techniques and molecular approaches, mycorrhizal fungi were localized and identified for seven MH orchid species from four genera and two subfamilies, Vanilloideae and Epidendroideae, growing in four humid and warm sub-tropical forests in Taiwan. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope natural abundances of MH orchids and autotrophic reference plants were used in order to elucidate the nutritional resources utilized by the orchids. KEY RESULTS Six out of the seven MH orchid species were mycorrhizal with either wood- or litter-decaying saprotrophic fungi. Only one orchid species was associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Stable isotope abundance patterns showed significant distinctions between orchids mycorrhizal with the three groups of fungal hosts. CONCLUSIONS Mycoheterotrophic orchids utilizing saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi as a carbon and nutrient source are clearly more frequent than hitherto assumed. On the basis of this kind of nutrition, orchids can thrive in deeply shaded, light-limiting forest understoreys even without support from ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sub-tropical East Asia appears to be a hotspot for orchids mycorrhizal with saprotrophic non-Rhizoctonia fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-I Lee
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, No 1, Kuan-Chien Rd, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Yang
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, 12 Chienshan Rd., Sec. 1, Chushan Township, Nantou 55750, Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan and
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Morphological and molecular characterization of Tulasnella spp. fungi isolated from the roots of Epidendrum secundum, a widespread Brazilian orchid. Symbiosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-014-0276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Umata H, Ota Y, Yamada M, Watanabe Y, Gale SW. Germination of the fully myco-heterotrophic orchid Cyrtosia septentrionalis is characterized by low fungal specificity and does not require direct seed-mycobiont contact. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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