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Yan C, Jin G, Li L. Spinal scoliosis: insights into developmental mechanisms and animal models. Spine Deform 2024:10.1007/s43390-024-00941-9. [PMID: 39164474 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-024-00941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Spinal scoliosis, a prevalent spinal deformity impacting both physical and mental well-being, has a significant genetic component, though the exact pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of current research on embryonic spinal development, focusing on the genetic and biological intricacies governing axial elongation and straightening. Zebrafish, a vital model in developmental biology, takes a prominent role in understanding spinal scoliosis. Insights from zebrafish studies illustrate genetic and physiological aspects, including notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, revealing the anomalies contributing to scoliosis. In this review, we acknowledge existing challenges, such as deciphering the unique dynamics of human spinal development, variations in physiological curvature, and disparities in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Further, we emphasize the need for caution when extrapolating findings to humans and for future research to bridge current knowledge gaps. We hope that this review will be a beneficial frame of reference for the guidance of future studies on animal models and genetic research for spinal scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongnan Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Guoxin Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Ramli, Aramaki T, Watanabe M, Kondo S. Piezo1 mutant zebrafish as a model of idiopathic scoliosis. Front Genet 2024; 14:1321379. [PMID: 38259612 PMCID: PMC10801085 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1321379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways, unique to humans due to their upright posture. However, the cause of this disease is not well understood because it is challenging to find a model for experimentation. This study aimed to create a model for human idiopathic scoliosis by manipulating the function of mechanosensitive channels called Piezo channels in zebrafish. Zebrafish were chosen because they experience similar biomechanical forces to humans, particularly in relation to the role of mechanical force in scoliosis progression. Here we describe piezo1 and piezo2a are involved in bone formation, with a double knockout resulting in congenital systemic malformations. However, an in-frame mutation of piezo1 led to fully penetrant juvenile-onset scoliosis, bone asymmetry, reduced tissue mineral density, and abnormal intervertebral discs-resembling non-congenital scoliosis symptoms in humans. These findings suggest that functional Piezo channels responding to mechanical forces are crucial for bone formation and maintaining spine integrity, providing insights into skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramli
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Dai P, Shen J, Shen D, Li X, Win-Shwe TT, Li C. Melatonin Ameliorates Apoptosis of A549 Cells Exposed to Chicken House PM 2.5: A Novel Insight in Poultry Production. TOXICS 2023; 11:562. [PMID: 37505528 PMCID: PMC10383700 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) from the chicken production system can cause lung injury and reduce productivity through prolonged breath as it attaches large amounts of harmful substances and microbes. Melatonin has acted to regulate physiological and metabolic disorders and improve growth performance during poultry production. This research would investigate the apoptosis caused by chicken house PM2.5 on lung pulmonary epithelial cells and the protective action of melatonin. Here, the basal epithelial cells of human lung adenocarcinoma (A549 cells) were subjected to PM2.5 from the broiler breeding house to investigate the apoptosis induced by PM2.5 as well as the alleviation of melatonin. The apoptosis was aggravated by PM2.5 (12.5 and 25 μg/mL) substantially, and the expression of Bcl-2, Bad, Bax, PERK, and CHOP increased dramatically after PM2.5 treatment. Additionally, the up-regulation of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins, including ATF6 and CHOP, was observed due to PM2.5 exposure. It is worth noting that melatonin could support A549 cells' survival, in which reduced expression of Bax, Bad, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 appeared. Concurrently, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was down-regulated and enhanced the intracellular content of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) after treatment by PM2.5 together with melatonin. Collectively, our study underlined that melatonin exerted an anti-apoptotic action on A549 cells by strengthening their antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Dai
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Chunmei Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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A surgical modification in the technique of rat pinealectomy. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:164-175. [PMID: 36029435 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several experimental intents require pineal gland removal. The main challenge of the pinealectomy surgical procedure is the hemorrhage due to the transverse sinus torn. The study aimed to modify the rat pinealectomy surgical procedure to reduce the risk of bleeding and the mortality rate. METHODS Adult male rats experienced pinealectomy surgery. A mini-drill was used to remove a small skull area in the junction of the lambda and sagittal sutures. The pineal gland was removed using a curved-head hook. Animals experienced intensive post-surgical care. Locomotion, cerebellar motor function, working memory, and anxiety were evaluated 2 weeks after pinealectomy by the open field, rotarod, Y maze, and the elevated plus maze, respectively. RESULTS Surgical modification reduced the bleeding risk and animal mortality rate. No significant alteration was found in locomotion and working memory. However, the pinealectomy was anxiogenic and decreased entry to the open arm. The cerebellar motor performance did not change in the rotarod test. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining of removed tissue confirmed the histology of the pineal gland. CONCLUSION Advantages of this technique were removing a small skull area, modifying the hook insertion point to prevent damaging the brain veins, reducing the bleeding risk and the mortality rate. Surgery modification was associated with a decreased final number of animals used. Regardless of the melatonin shortage, pinealectomy affects different organs, which should be considered in the research study design.
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The role of pineal gland volume in the development of scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:181-189. [PMID: 36374335 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is believed to be caused by genetic, neurological, osseous growth anomalies, histological variables including muscle fiber percentage and core structure changes, metabolic and hormonal dysfunction, vestibular dysfunction, and platelet microarchitecture. The objective of this study was to contribute to the determination of the cause of AIS by analyzing the changes in pineal gland volume in AIS cases. METHODS Study (AIS) and control group were each comprised of 26 patients who met the inclusion requirements. Scoliosis radiograph and MRI of the pineal glands were used for radiological examinations. The distribution of age, gender, Risser grading for skeletal radiological development, and sexual maturation according to Tanner categorization were uniform and statistically insignificant between groups. RESULTS When the pineal gland volumes of the cases were evaluated according to age, the AIS group was found to have significantly reduced pineal gland volumes in all age groups. The pineal gland volume was found to be 38.1% lower in the AIS group compared to the control group (p˂0.001). In the AIS group, patients aged 13 years had the lowest pineal gland volume (77.2 ± 13.86 mm3), while patients aged 15 years had the highest volume (97.9 ± 16.47 mm3). CONCLUSION Changes in pineal gland volume support the role of the pineal gland in the etiopathogenesis of AIS.
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Current models to understand the onset and progression of scoliotic deformities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Spine Deform 2022; 11:545-558. [PMID: 36454530 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create an updated and comprehensive overview of the modeling studies that have been done to understand the mechanics underlying deformities of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), to predict the risk of curve progression and thereby substantiate etiopathogenetic theories. METHODS In this systematic review, an online search in Scopus and PubMed together with an analysis in secondary references was done, which yielded 86 studies. The modeling types were extracted and the studies were categorized accordingly. RESULTS Animal modeling, together with machine learning modeling, forms the category of black box models. This category is perceived as the most clinically relevant. While animal models provide a tangible idea of the biomechanical effects in scoliotic deformities, machine learning modeling was found to be the best curve-progression predictor. The second category, that of artificial models, has, just as animal modeling, a tangible model as a result, but focusses more on the biomechanical process of the scoliotic deformity. The third category is formed by computational models, which are very popular in etiopathogenetic parameter-based studies. They are also the best in calculating stresses and strains on vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and other surrounding tissues. CONCLUSION This study presents a comprehensive overview of the current modeling techniques to understand the mechanics of the scoliotic deformities, predict the risk of curve progression in AIS and thereby substantiate etiopathogenetic theories. Although AIS remains to be seen as a complex and multifactorial problem, the progression of its deformity can be predicted with good accuracy. Modeling of AIS develops rapidly and may lead to the identification of risk factors and mitigation strategies in the near future. The overview presented provides a basis to follow this development.
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Rothschild BM, Depalma RA, Burnham DA, Martin L. Anatomy of a dinosaur-Clarification of vertebrae in vertebrate anatomy. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:571-574. [PMID: 32468658 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flat-end surfaces of dinosaur vertebral centra led to the presumption that intervertebral discs occupied the space between their vertebrae. A set of fused hadrosaur vertebrae allowed that hypothesis to be tested. The Tyrannosaurus rex responsible for this pathology did not escape unscathed. It left behind a tooth crown that had fractured. Fragments of that tooth were scattered through the intervertebral space, evidencing that there was no solid structure to impede its movement. That eliminates the possibility of an intervertebral disc and instead proves the presence of an articular space, similar to that in modern reptiles, but at variance to what is noted in birds. While avian cervical vertebral centra appear to be separated by diarthrodial joints, the preponderance of their thoracic vertebral centra is not separated by synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Rothschild
- Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, IU Health, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Robert A Depalma
- Department of Paleontology, Palm Beach Museum of Natural History, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - David A Burnham
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA, USA
| | - Larry Martin
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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The effect of exogenous melatonin on reducing scoliotic curvature and improving bone quality in melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6202. [PMID: 30996275 PMCID: PMC6470154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that melatonin deficiency has been linked to the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In this study, we intended to apply melatonin in melatonin-deficient mice to ascertain whether melatonin could reduce the incidence/severity of scoliosis, and investigate the role of melatonin on bone mineral density in scoliosis. A total of 80 mice were divided into 4 groups: 20 quadrupedal mice and 20 bipedal mice served as controls; 20 quadrupedal and 20 bipedal mice received oral melatonin (8 mg/kg BW) daily. After 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th weeks of treatment, radiographs and in vivo micro-CT were used to determine the incidence of scoliosis and bone qualities, respectively. Upon sacrifice, the levels of melatonin were measured in each group. At 20th week, the occurrence of scoliosis was 80%, 30%, 22% and 5% in bipedal, quadrupedal, bipedal + melatonin and quadrupedal + melatonin group, respectively. The trabecular bone quality of the vertebral body was significantly ameliorated in the melatonin-treated bipedal models. Likewise, the number of osteoclasts was significantly less in those treated with melatonin. Our results indicated that melatonin deficiency may be crucial for scoliotic development, and restoration of melatonin levels can prevent scoliotic development with the improvement in bone density.
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Li QY, Zhong GB, Liu ZD, Lao LF. Effect of Asymmetric Tension on Biomechanics and Metabolism of Vertebral Epiphyseal Plate in a Rodent Model of Scoliosis. Orthop Surg 2018; 9:311-318. [PMID: 28960815 DOI: 10.1111/os.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of asymmetric tension on idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and to understand its pathogenic mechanism. METHODS The rodent model of scoliosis was established using Sprague-Dawley rats with left rib-tethering from T6 to T12 , tail and shoulder amputation, and high-cage feeding. Vertebrae epiphyseal cartilage plates were harvested from the convex and concave sides. To analyze differences on the convex and concave sides, finite element analysis was carried out to determine the mechanical stress. Protein expression on epiphyseal cartilage was evaluated by western blot. Micro-CT was taken to evaluate the bone quality of vertebral on both sides. RESULTS Scoliosis curves presented in X-ray radiographs of the rats. Finite element analysis was carried out on the axial and transverse tension of the spine. Stresses of the convex side were -170.14, -373.18, and -3832.32 MPa (X, Y, and Z axis, respectively), while the concave side showed stresses of 361.99, 605.55, and 3661.95 MPa. Collagen type II, collagen type X, Sox 9, RunX2, VEGF, and aggrecan were expressed significantly more on the convex side (P < 0.05). There was asymmetric expression of protein on the epiphyseal cartilage plate at molecular level. Compared with the convex side, the concave side had significantly lower value in the BV/TV and Tb.N, but higher value in the Tb.Sp (P < 0.05). There was asymmetry of bone quality in micro-architecture. CONCLUSIONS In this study, asymmetric tension contributed to asymmetry in protein expression and bone quality on vertebral epiphyseal plates, ultimately resulting in asymmetry of anatomy. In addition, asymmetry of anatomy aggravated asymmetric tension. It is the first study to show that there is an asymmetrical vicious circle in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Bin Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-de Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Feng Lao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bobyn JD, Little DG, Gray R, Schindeler A. Animal models of scoliosis. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:458-67. [PMID: 25492698 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple techniques designed to induce scoliotic deformity have been applied across many animal species. We have undertaken a review of the literature regarding experimental models of scoliosis in animals to discuss their utility in comprehending disease aetiology and treatment. Models of scoliosis in animals can be broadly divided into quadrupedal and bipedal experiments. Quadrupedal models, in the absence of axial gravitation force, depend upon development of a mechanical asymmetry along the spine to initiate a scoliotic deformity. Bipedal models more accurately mimic human posture and consequently are subject to similar forces due to gravity, which have been long appreciated to be a contributing factor to the development of scoliosis. Many effective models of scoliosis in smaller animals have not been successfully translated to primates and humans. Though these models may not clarify the aetiology of human scoliosis, by providing a reliable and reproducible deformity in the spine they are a useful means with which to test interventions designed to correct and prevent deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Bobyn
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Man GCW, Wai MGC, Wang WWJ, Jun WWW, Yim APY, Yee YAP, Wong JH, Ho WJ, Ng TB, Bun NT, Lam TP, Ping LT, Lee SKM, Man LSK, Ng BKW, Wah NBK, Wang CC, Chiu WC, Qiu Y, Yong Q, Cheng CY, Yiu CJC. A review of pinealectomy-induced melatonin-deficient animal models for the study of etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16484-99. [PMID: 25238413 PMCID: PMC4200812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Melatonin and melatonin pathway dysfunction has been widely suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Many different types of animal models have been developed to induce experimental scoliosis mimicking the pathoanatomical features of idiopathic scoliosis in human. The scoliosis deformity was believed to be induced by pinealectomy and mediated through the resulting melatonin-deficiency. However, the lack of upright mechanical spinal loading and inherent rotational instability of the curvature render the similarity of these models to the human counterparts questionable. Different concerns have been raised challenging the scientific validity and limitations of each model. The objectives of this review follow the logical need to re-examine and compare the relevance and appropriateness of each of the animal models that have been used for studying the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in human in the past 15 to 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Gene Chi Wai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang William Wei Jun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Yim Annie Po Yee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wong Jack Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Tzi Bun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lam Tsz Ping
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lee Simon Kwong Man
- Lee Hysan Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Bobby Kin Wah
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang Chi Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Qiu Yong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Cheng Jack Chun Yiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
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ptk7 mutant zebrafish models of congenital and idiopathic scoliosis implicate dysregulated Wnt signalling in disease. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4777. [PMID: 25182715 PMCID: PMC4155517 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder of the musculoskeletal system, characterized by three-dimensional rotation of the spine. Curvatures caused by malformed vertebrae (congenital scoliosis (CS)) are apparent at birth. Spinal curvatures with no underlying vertebral abnormality (idiopathic scoliosis (IS)) most commonly manifest during adolescence. The genetic and biological mechanisms responsible for IS remain poorly understood due largely to limited experimental models. Here we describe zygotic ptk7 (Zptk7) mutant zebrafish, deficient in a critical regulator of Wnt signalling, as the first genetically defined developmental model of IS. We identify a novel sequence variant within a single IS patient that disrupts PTK7 function, consistent with a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that embryonic loss-of-gene function in maternal-zygotic ptk7 mutants (MZptk7) leads to vertebral anomalies associated with CS. Our data suggest novel molecular origins of, and genetic links between, congenital and idiopathic forms of disease. Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder characterized by spinal curvature. Here, the authors present experimental zebrafish models of idiopathic and congenital scoliosis and suggest a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in scoliosis aetiology.
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Identification of the relationships between sagittal plane and coronal plane curvature in guppy models. Int J Surg 2013; 12:41-4. [PMID: 24215817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between sagittal plane and coronal plane curvatures in guppies by investigating the curvature angles of sagittal and sagittal-coronal guppies. METHODS After mating between 1000 spinal curvature guppies, 124 guppies (3-month old) were screened from progenies for the present study. Photos of all fishes were taken and the sagittal and coronal angles were calculated via angle measure tool of Photoshop 12.0 software. All data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0. RESULTS In sagittal and sagittal-coronal curvature guppies, there was a significant linear correlation between sagittal angles and coronal angles. In 48 sagittal-coronal curvatures, their sagittal angles were above 40°, meanwhile, in 76 sagittal guppies, their sagittal angles were mostly below 40°. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that the occurrence of coronal curvature might be later than sagittal curvature and could be influenced by other factors. Sagittal angles 40° might be involved in the onset of coronal curvature.
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Aota Y, Terayama H, Saito T, Itoh M. Pinealectomy in a broiler chicken model impairs endochondral ossification and induces rapid cancellous bone loss. Spine J 2013; 13:1607-16. [PMID: 23791240 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in humans is a lateral curvature of the spine often associated with osteopenia. It has recently been accepted that the development of AIS is closely associated with spinal overgrowth. Pinealectomy (PNX) in a chicken model consistently induces scoliosis with anatomic features similar to human AIS; however, the mechanism of PNX inducing scoliosis is poorly understood. PURPOSE This experimental study attempts to improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the onset of scoliosis in a PNX broiler chicken model. METHODS A histomorphometric study was performed to analyze longitudinal bone growth and cancellous bone remodeling before the development of scoliosis. Static and dynamic parameters in cancellous bone and chondro-osseous junction of the 7th thoracic vertebral body at 9 days after hatching were compared between PNX chickens (n=9) and control chickens with no surgery (n=5). RESULTS PNX resulted in a rapid and marked loss of cancellous bone volume (7.9±0.9% vs. 14.2±1.8%, mean±SD, p<.0005) and profoundly disrupted trabecular structure with increases in dynamic formative parameters, such as mineralizing surface, mineralization apposition rate, and adjusted appositional rate. In the chondro-osseous junction, activated osteoclasts phagocytized degenerating chondrocytes, leaving a minimal amount of cartilage matrix and activated osteoblasts, losing their scaffolding for bone formation, and directly covering the hypertrophic zone cells. The osteoid surface and thickness in the chondro-osseous junction were significantly increased in PNX chickens (43.1±14.2% vs. 11.6±5.7% and 4.1±0.2 μm vs. 2.9±0.4 μm). In the subjacent cartilage regions being protected from further resorption, abundant labeled cartilage remained with higher cellularity. CONCLUSIONS It is known that fast-growing birds have a unique paradigm of rapid bone elongation with minimal metaphyseal bone production. A bone-forming surface exists at the front of cartilage ossification in the growth plate; therefore, papillae of hypertrophic chondrocytes become included between the trabeculae of metaphyseal bone and the overall thickness of the growth plate increases considerably in addition to distal expansion. Our results indicate that the unique mechanism for rapid bone elongation in chicken is more pronounced after PNX. PNX also induces high turnover osteoporosis, which may also contribute to the development of scoliosis in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Aota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Restricted neural plasticity in vestibulospinal pathways after unilateral labyrinthectomy as the origin for scoliotic deformations. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6845-56. [PMID: 23595743 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4842-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in humans is often associated with vestibulomotor deficits. Compatible with a vestibular origin, scoliotic deformations were provoked in adult Xenopus frogs by unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) at larval stages. The aquatic ecophysiology and absence of body-weight-supporting limb proprioceptive signals in amphibian tadpoles as a potential sensory substitute after UL might be the cause for a persistent asymmetric descending vestibulospinal activity. Therefore, peripheral vestibular lesions in larval Xenopus were used to reveal the morphophysiological alterations at the cellular and network levels. As a result, spinal motor nerves that were modulated by the previously intact side before UL remained permanently silent during natural vestibular stimulation after the lesion. In addition, retrograde tracing of descending pathways revealed a loss of vestibular neurons on the ipsilesional side with crossed vestibulospinal projections. This loss facilitated a general mass imbalance in descending premotor activity and a permanent asymmetric motor drive to the axial musculature. Therefore, we propose that the persistent asymmetric contraction of trunk muscles exerts a constant, uncompensated differential mechanical pull on bilateral skeletal elements that enforces a distortion of the soft cartilaginous skeletal elements and bone shapes. This ultimately provokes severe scoliotic deformations during ontogenetic development similar to the human syndrome.
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Taylor AC, Horvat-Gordon M, Moore A, Bartell PA. The effects of melatonin on the physical properties of bones and egg shells in the laying hen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55663. [PMID: 23468846 PMCID: PMC3585294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laying hens often experience unbalanced calcium utilization which can cause deficiencies in bone and egg mineralization. Because melatonin has been shown to affect bone mineralization in other animals, we examined whether treating hens with melatonin would affect eggshell thickness and improve skeletal performance, thereby reducing skeletal and egg shell defects. Birds were given a diet containing either low (30 µg/kg), medium (300 µg/kg), or high (3 mg/kg) concentrations of melatonin, or control feed through approximately one laying cycle. We examined the weight, length, and strength of egg, femur, tibia, and keel. Hens treated with a high concentration of melatonin showed significant strengthening in their femur and tibia, as measured by maximum force sustained and breaking force, compared to controls. Egg weights from hens treated with melatonin were significantly greater than those from hens that were not treated with melatonin. Conversely, egg shell mass of hens treated with melatonin was significantly lower than those of hens not treated with melatonin. Our data suggest that melatonin may affect the allocation of calcium to bone at the expense of egg shell mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Horvat-Gordon
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ashli Moore
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Bartell
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Janssen MMA, de Wilde RF, Kouwenhoven JWM, Castelein RM. Experimental animal models in scoliosis research: a review of the literature. Spine J 2011; 11:347-58. [PMID: 21474088 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Many animal species and an overwhelming variety of procedures that produce an experimental scoliosis have been reported in the literature. However, varying results have been reported on identical procedures in different animal species. Furthermore, the relevance of experimental animal models for the understanding of human idiopathic scoliosis remains questionable. PURPOSE To give an overview of the procedures that have been performed in animals in an attempt to induce experimental scoliosis and discuss the characteristics and significance of various animal models. STUDY DESIGN Extensive review of the literature on experimental animal models in scoliosis research. METHODS MEDLINE electronic database was searched, focusing on parameters concerning experimental scoliosis in animal models. The search was limited to the English, French, and German languages. RESULTS The chicken appeared to be the most frequently used experimental animal followed by the rabbit and rat. Additionally, scoliosis has been induced in primates, goats, sheep, pigs, cows, dogs, and frogs. Procedures widely varied from systemic to local procedures. CONCLUSIONS Although it has been possible to induce scoliosis-like deformities in many animals through various ways, this always required drastic surgical or systemic interventions, thus making the relation to human idiopathic scoliosis unclear. The basic drawback of all used models remains that no animal resembles the upright biomechanical spinal loading condition of man, with its inherent rotational instability of certain spinal segments. The fundamental question remains what the significance of these animal models is to the understanding of human idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel M A Janssen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gorman KF, Handrigan GR, Jin G, Wallis R, Breden F. Structural and micro-anatomical changes in vertebrae associated with idiopathic-type spinal curvature in the curveback guppy model. SCOLIOSIS 2010; 5:10. [PMID: 20529276 PMCID: PMC2890417 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The curveback lineage of guppy is characterized by heritable idiopathic-type spinal curvature that develops during growth. Prior work has revealed several important developmental similarities to the human idiopathic scoliosis (IS) syndrome. In this study we investigate structural and histological aspects of the vertebrae that are associated with spinal curvature in the curveback guppy and test for sexual dimorphism that might explain a female bias for severe curve magnitudes in the population. METHODS Vertebrae were studied from whole-mount skeletal specimens of curved and non-curved adult males and females. A series of ratios were used to characterize structural aspects of each vertebra. A three-way analysis of variance tested for effects of sex, curvature, vertebral position along the spine, and all 2-way interactions (i.e., sex and curvature, sex and vertebra position, and vertebra position and curvature). Histological analyses were used to characterize micro-architectural changes in affected vertebrae and the intervertebral region. RESULTS In curveback, vertebrae that are associated with curvature demonstrate asymmetric shape distortion, migration of the intervertebral ligament, and vertebral thickening on the concave side of curvature. There is sexual dimorphism among curved individuals such that for several vertebrae, females have more slender vertebrae than do males. Also, in the region of the spine where lordosis typically occurs, curved and non-curved females have a reduced width at the middle of their vertebrae, relative to males. CONCLUSIONS Based on similarities to human spinal curvatures and to animals with induced curves, the concave-convex biases described in the guppy suggest that there is a mechanical component to curve pathogenesis in curveback. Because idiopathic-type curvature in curveback is primarily a sagittal deformity, it is structurally more similar to Scheuermann kyphosis than IS. Anatomical differences between teleosts and humans make direct biomechanical comparisons difficult. However, study of basic biological systems involved in idiopathic-type spinal curvature in curveback may provide insight into the relationship between a predisposing aetiology, growth, and biomechanics. Further work is needed to clarify whether observed sex differences in vertebral characteristics are related to the female bias for severe curves that is observed in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F Gorman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rob Wallis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Sánchez-Barceló EJ, Mediavilla MD, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Scientific basis for the potential use of melatonin in bone diseases: osteoporosis and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Osteoporos 2010; 2010:830231. [PMID: 20981336 PMCID: PMC2957228 DOI: 10.4061/2010/830231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to analyze the data supporting the possible role of melatonin on bone metabolism and its repercussion in the etiology and treatment of bone pathologies such as the osteoporosis and the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Melatonin may prevent bone degradation and promote bone formation through mechanisms involving both melatonin receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions. The three principal mechanisms of melatonin effects on bone function could be: (a) the promotion of the osteoblast differentiation and activity; (b) an increase in the osteoprotegerin expression by osteoblasts, thereby preventing the differentiation of osteoclasts; (c) scavenging of free radicals generated by osteoclast activity and responsible for bone resorption. A variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, although with some controversial results, point toward a possible role of melatonin deficits in the etiology of osteoporosis and AIS and open a new field related to the possible therapeutic use of melatonin in these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Sánchez-Barceló
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain,*E. J. Sánchez-Barceló:
| | - M. D. Mediavilla
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - D. X. Tan
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - R. J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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