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Bradic J, Milosavljevic I, Bolevich S, Litvitskiy PF, Jeremic N, Bolevich S, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Jeremic J, Jovicic N, Mitrovic S, Jakovljevic V. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors attenuate cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats with diabetes mellitus type 2. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:575-584. [PMID: 33352623 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess and compare the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, saxagliptin and sitagliptin, on metabolic control of disease and cardiac function in rats with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). This research would provide novel understanding into the potentially protective effects of DPP4 inhibitors in helping salvage of the heart exposed to ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. Forty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: CTRL, Control healthy group; T2DM, rats with T2DM; T2DM + Sit, rats with T2DM treated with 0.6 mg/kg of sitagliptin; T2DM + Sax, rats with T2DM treated with 0.45 mg/kg of saxagliptin for 3 weeks. At the end of the protocol, in vivo cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, while in the blood samples glucose and insulin were determined. Additionally, ex vivo heart function was estimated on a model of I-R injury using Langendorff apparatus. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the degree of myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, while DPP4 staining was performed to assess the cardiac DPP4 expression. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. Improved glycoregulation was noticed in rats that received DPP4 inhibitors compared to untreated diabetic rats (P < .05). Moreover, better in vivo systolic function was observed in rats treated with both DPP4 inhibitors as evidenced by an increase in fractional shortening when compared to T2DM (P < .05). Most parameters of cardiac function in treated rats remained unaltered during reperfusion, thus suggesting that both drugs protected myocardium during flow restoration. Better effects on coronary circulation were achieved after sitagliptin application. Additionally, both DPP4 inhibitors showed similar potential to attenuate cardiac necrosis and apoptosis. Saxagliptin and sitagliptin might be efficient in preserving myocardial function and morphology in ex vivo induced I-R cardiac injury in rats with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Bradic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Isidora Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stefani Bolevich
- Department of Pathophysiology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter F Litvitskiy
- Department of Pathophysiology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a two- to fourfold propensity to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) than nondiabetic population, making CVD a major cause of death and disability among people with T2DM. The present treatment options for management of diabetes propose the earlier and more frequent use of new antidiabetic drugs that could control hyperglycaemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Findings from basic and clinical studies pointed out DPP-4 inhibitors as potentially novel pharmacological tools for cardioprotection. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that these drugs have ability to protect the heart against acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury as well as reduce the size of infarction. Consequently, the prevention of degradation of the incretin hormones by the use of DPP-4 inhibitors represents a new strategy in the treatment of patients with T2DM and reduction of CV events in these patients. Here, we discuss the cardioprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors as well as proposed pathways that these hypoglycaemic agents target in the cardiovascular system.
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Nedogoda SV, Barykina IN, Salasyuk AS, Sanina TN, Smirnova VO, Popova EA. The effect of various classes of glucose-lowering medications on the blood vessel elasticity in patients with type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study the effect of various classes of glucose-lowering agents (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors) on the vascular stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and high cardiovascular risk.Material and methods. The open-label, prospective 24-week study included 120 patients with T2D and high cardiovascular risk. We evaluated the effect of modern glucose-lowering medications, empagliflozin at a dose of 25 mg/day (SGLT-2 inhibitor) and sitagliptin at a dose of 100 mg/day (DPP-4 inhibitor), on vascular elasticity, central hemodynamic and laboratory parameters.Results. After 24-week therapy, the target glycated hemoglobin level reached 71% and 80% of patients in the sitagliptin and empagliflozin groups, respectively. In both groups, vascular stiffness and central hemodynamic parameters were improved. However, significant changes were recorded only in the empagliflozin (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity decreased by 14,4%, augmentation index — by 6%, central pulse pressure — by 7,8%) (p<0,05). Use of sitagliptin was associated with significant improvements in the lipid profile (total cholesterol decreased by 9,5%, triglycerides — by 21%, low density lipoproteins — by 15,1%; high density lipoproteins increased by 15,7%) (p<0,05). In the empagliflozin group, anthropometric parameters were improved (body mass index decreased by 9,1%, waist circumference — by 4,1%) (p<0,05). Patients in both groups had a significant decrease in HOMA-IR index and highly sensitive C-reactive protein: by 34% and 51,6% in the empagliflozin group and by 31,8% and 22,1% in the sitagliptin group, respectively (p<0,05).Conclusion. The use of empagliflozin is more associated with arterial stiffness decrease in T2D patients with high cardiovascular risk compared with sitagliptin.
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Xin M, Jin X, Cui X, Jin C, Piao L, Wan Y, Xu S, Zhang S, Yue X, Wang H, Nan Y, Cheng X. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition prevents vascular aging in mice under chronic stress: Modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tomovic K, Lazarevic J, Kocic G, Deljanin-Ilic M, Anderluh M, Smelcerovic A. Mechanisms and pathways of anti-inflammatory activity of DPP-4 inhibitors in cardiovascular and renal protection. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:404-422. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Nis; Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81 18000 Nis Serbia
| | - Jelena Lazarevic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Nis; Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81 18000 Nis Serbia
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Nis; Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81 18000 Nis Serbia
| | - Marina Deljanin-Ilic
- Institute for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine; University of Nis; 18205 Niska Banja Serbia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Askerceva 7 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Nis; Bulevar Dr Zorana Djindjica 81 18000 Nis Serbia
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Ke X, Ke B, Wang X, Wu S, Yang R, Hu C. Additive effects of atorvastatin combined with sitagliptin on rats with myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:956-961. [PMID: 28721163 PMCID: PMC5510516 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.68143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atorvastatin and sitagliptin are able to exert cardio-protective effects. However, whether atorvastatin plus sitagliptin could confer additive benefits for rats with myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty rats with MI were produced and 37 surviving rats were randomly divided into atorvastatin (10 mg/kg daily, n = 9), sitagliptin (10 mg/kg daily, n = 9), combined (10 mg/kg daily atorvastatin plus 10 mg/kg daily sitagliptin, n = 9), and control groups (3 ml normal saline daily, n = 10). Fourteen days later, cardiac function was detected and fasting venous blood was sampled for lipid profiles and glucose evaluation. Cardiac tissues were used for hematoxylin-eosin staining, for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) evaluation, and for rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) assessment. RESULTS Fourteen days after MI, the inflammatory reaction regarding the degree of leukocyte infiltration and IL-6 and TNF-α expression in cardiac tissues was ameliorated in atorvastatin and sitagliptin groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, ROCK2 was attenuated by either atorvastatin or sitagliptin (p < 0.05). Echocardiography showed that cardiac function was significantly improved with atorvastatin and sitagliptin therapy (p < 0.05). Overall, all these benefits were further enhanced by combined therapy, suggesting that atorvastatin combined with sitagliptin therapy has additive effects on reducing cardiac inflammation and improving cardiac function. No significant changes in lipid profiles or glucose were observed, suggesting that the benefits derived from atorvastatin and sitagliptin therapy might not depend on cholesterol and glucose modulation. CONCLUSIONS In rats with MI, atorvastatin plus sitagliptin therapy provides additive effects for cardio-protection, and mechanisms operating in these processes may be due to ROCK2 diminishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Ke
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Alcántara
- Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Biotransformations Group, Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Park HE, Jeon J, Hwang IC, Sung J, Lee SP, Kim HK, Cho GY, Sohn DW, Kim YJ. Effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor on All-Cause Mortality and Coronary Revascularization in Diabetic Patients. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015; 23:233-43. [PMID: 26755932 PMCID: PMC4707309 DOI: 10.4250/jcu.2015.23.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-atherosclerotic effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors has been suggested from previous studies, and yet, its association with cardiovascular outcome has not been demonstrated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing mortality and coronary revascularization, in association with baseline coronary computed tomography (CT). METHODS The current study was performed as a multi-center, retrospective observational cohort study. All subjects with diabetes mellitus who had diagnostic CT during 2007-2011 were included, and 1866 DPP-4 inhibitor users and 5179 non-users were compared for outcome. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcome included any coronary revascularization therapy after 90 days of CT in addition to all-cause mortality. RESULTS DPP-4 inhibitors users had significantly less adverse events [0.8% vs. 4.4% in users vs. non-users, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) 0.220, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.102-0.474, p = 0.0001 for primary outcome, 4.1% vs. 7.6% in users vs. non-users, HR 0.517, 95% CI 0.363-0.735, p = 0.0002 for secondary outcome, adjusted variables were age, sex, presence of hypertension, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin, statin use, coronary artery calcium score and degree of stenosis]. Interestingly, DPP-4 inhibitor seemed to be beneficial only in subjects without significant stenosis (adjusted HR 0.148, p = 0.0013 and adjusted HR 0.525, p = 0.0081 for primary and secondary outcome). CONCLUSION DPP-4 inhibitor is associated with reduced all-cause mortality and coronary revascularization in diabetic patients. Such beneficial effect was significant only in those without significant coronary stenosis, which implies that DPP-4 inhibitor may have beneficial effect in earlier stage of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Eun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooyeong Jeon
- Master in Statistics, Department of Statistics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Chang Hwang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jidong Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo-Yeong Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dae-Won Sohn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Ishii M, Shibata R, Kondo K, Kambara T, Shimizu Y, Tanigawa T, Bando YK, Nishimura M, Ouchi N, Murohara T. Vildagliptin stimulates endothelial cell network formation and ischemia-induced revascularization via an endothelial nitric-oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27235-27245. [PMID: 25100725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are known to lower glucose levels and are also beneficial in the management of cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigated whether a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, modulates endothelial cell network formation and revascularization processes in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with vildagliptin enhanced blood flow recovery and capillary density in the ischemic limbs of wild-type mice, with accompanying increases in phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). In contrast to wild-type mice, treatment with vildagliptin did not improve blood flow in ischemic muscles of eNOS-deficient mice. Treatment with vildagliptin increased the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and adiponectin, which have protective effects on the vasculature. Both vildagliptin and GLP-1 increased the differentiation of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into vascular-like structures, although vildagliptin was less effective than GLP-1. GLP-1 and vildagliptin also stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in HUVECs. Pretreatment with a PI3 kinase or NOS inhibitor blocked the stimulatory effects of both vildagliptin and GLP-1 on HUVEC differentiation. Furthermore, treatment with vildagliptin only partially increased the limb flow of ischemic muscle in adiponectin-deficient mice in vivo. GLP-1, but not vildagliptin, significantly increased adiponectin expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. These data indicate that vildagliptin promotes endothelial cell function via eNOS signaling, an effect that may be mediated by both GLP-1-dependent and GLP-1-independent mechanisms. The beneficial activity of GLP-1 for revascularization may also be partially mediated by its ability to increase adiponectin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan,; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate school of Medical and Dental Science, 890-8544 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rei Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan,.
| | - Kazuhisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kambara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanigawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, 480-1195 Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yasuko K Bando
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate school of Medical and Dental Science, 890-8544 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan, and
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan,.
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Yoon AH, Ye Y, Birnbaum Y. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and ischemic myocardial injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:417-25. [PMID: 24607763 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414524482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events and patient death. Many animal and clinical studies are now being conducted exploring the potential of antidiabetic drugs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review summarizes the effect of DPP-IV inhibitors on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models. The DPP-IV inhibitors prevent the rapid degradation and inactivation of incretins and lead to the accumulation of GLP-1 and other chemokines and cytokines, which appear to have both GLP-1 receptor-dependent and -independent cardioprotective, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Conflicting results, however, have been reported regarding the effect of DPP-IV inhibitors on infarct size in nondiabetic and diabetic animal models. Some studies suggest that DPP-IV inhibitors given as part of preconditioning can decrease infarct size while others found no difference in infarct size compared to placebo. As postconditioning, one study suggested it does provide cardioprotection. No clinical trials have yet been conducted addressing the effect of DPP-IV inhibitors on infarct size. Thus far, clinical trials have not demonstrated improvement in cardiovascular events or mortality from any cause in high cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetic patients with the use of DPP-IV inhibitors. Although further experiments and clinical trials will be warranted to confirm the results of these studies, the myocardial protection afforded by DPP-IV inhibitors in preclinical animal studies poses a potential breakthrough role for antidiabetic medications in attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury that occurs with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa H Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yumei Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Iqbal N, Parker A, Frederich R, Donovan M, Hirshberg B. Assessment of the cardiovascular safety of saxagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: pooled analysis of 20 clinical trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:33. [PMID: 24490835 PMCID: PMC3918110 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to establish the cardiovascular (CV) safety profile of novel antidiabetic drugs. METHODS Pooled analyses were performed of 20 randomized controlled studies (N = 9156) of saxagliptin as monotherapy or add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as a subset of 11 saxagliptin + metformin studies. Adjudicated major adverse CV events (MACE; CV death, myocardial infarction [MI], and stroke) and investigator-reported heart failure were assessed, and incidence rates (IRs; events/100 patient-years) and IR ratios (IRRs; saxagliptin/control) were calculated (Mantel-Haenszel method). RESULTS In pooled datasets, the IR point estimates for MACE and individual components of CV death, MI, and stroke favored saxagliptin, but the 95% CI included 1. IRR (95% CI) for MACE in the 20-study pool was 0.74 (0.45, 1.25). The Cox proportional hazard ratio (95% CI) was 0.75 (0.46, 1.21), suggesting no increased risk of MACE in the 20-study pool. In the 11-study saxagliptin + metformin pool, the IRR for MACE was 0.93 (0.44, 1.99). In the 20-study pool, the IRR for heart failure was 0.55 (0.27, 1.12). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of pooled data from 20 clinical trials in patients with T2DM suggests that saxagliptin is not associated with an increased CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyar Iqbal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Providence Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Artist Parker
- AstraZeneca, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA
| | - Robert Frederich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Providence Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Mark Donovan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Providence Line Rd, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Boaz Hirshberg
- AstraZeneca, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA
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Dai Y, Wang X, Ding Z, Dai D, Mehta JL. DPP-4 inhibitors repress foam cell formation by inhibiting scavenger receptors through protein kinase C pathway. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:471-8. [PMID: 24363097 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Since foam cells are key components of atherosclerotic plaque, we studied the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. Foam cell formation was studied by treatment of THP-1 macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the absence or presence of DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin and NVPDPP728). The expression of scavenger receptors SRA, CD36 and LOX-1 was measured, and their role in foam cell formation in the presence of DPP-4 inhibitors was examined. In additional studies, role of protein kinase C and A in the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors was examined. Foam cell formation was markedly reduced by both DPP-4 inhibitors, as was the expression of CD36 and LOX-1 (CD36 ≫ LOX-1), but not SRA. Simultaneously, there was a reduction in phosphorylated PKC, but not PKA, content. Recovery of phosphorylated PKC following treatment of cells negated the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. Further, overexpression of CD36 or LOX-1 blocked the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. DPP-4 inhibitors repress foam cell formation through the inhibition of SRs CD36 and LOX-1, most likely via the inhibition of PKC activity. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism of inhibition of atherosclerosis by DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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