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Salvagno M, Sterchele ED, Zaccarelli M, Mrakic-Sposta S, Welsby IJ, Balestra C, Taccone FS. Oxidative Stress and Cerebral Vascular Tone: The Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3007. [PMID: 38474253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain's unique characteristics make it exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. This review explores the factors contributing to the brain's vascular tone's vulnerability in the presence of oxidative damage, which can be of clinical interest in critically ill patients or those presenting acute brain injuries. The brain's high metabolic rate and inefficient electron transport chain in mitochondria lead to significant ROS generation. Moreover, non-replicating neuronal cells and low repair capacity increase susceptibility to oxidative insult. ROS can influence cerebral vascular tone and permeability, potentially impacting cerebral autoregulation. Different ROS species, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, exhibit vasodilatory or vasoconstrictive effects on cerebral blood vessels. RNS, particularly NO and peroxynitrite, also exert vasoactive effects. This review further investigates the neuroprotective effects of antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin C, vitamin E, and the glutathione redox system. Various studies suggest that these antioxidants could be used as adjunct therapies to protect the cerebral vascular tone under conditions of high oxidative stress. Nevertheless, more extensive research is required to comprehensively grasp the relationship between oxidative stress and cerebrovascular tone, and explore the potential benefits of antioxidants as adjunctive therapies in critical illnesses and acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salvagno
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elda Diletta Sterchele
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Zaccarelli
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ian James Welsby
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1050 Elsene, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Motor Sciences Department, Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Resitoglu G, Akgun MY, Ates O, Oztanir MN. Investigation of the effect of carnitine on cerebral vasospasm in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23033. [PMID: 38155210 PMCID: PMC10754841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The vasospasm, which develops after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is an unenlightened table in terms of etiology and results. It is usually associated with decreased perfusion, which is associated with decreased blood flow distal to the affected artery and can be demonstrated radiologically. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) can be found in brain tissue and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ALCAR, which is an effective antioxidant amine, on vasospasm development after experimental SAH. In our study, 35 adults male Wistar RATs weighing between 235-250 g were used. These RATs were divided into five groups with n = 7. Group 1 Control group, Group 2 SAH + SF (carrier solution), Group 3 SAH + ALCAR 50 mg\kg intraperitoneally, Group 4 SAH + ALCAR 100 mg\kg intraperitoneally and Group 5 SAH. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by giving autologous arterial blood to the cisterna magna of the animals in groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. At 0.-12.- 24.- 36.- 48.- 60. and 72. h, Group 2 was injected with SF, Group 3 with intraperitoneally ALCAR 50 mg\kg, and Group 4 with intraperitoneally ALCAR 100 mg\kg, respectively. Following perfusion and fixation, the animals were subjected to a wide craniectomy, and the brain, cerebellum, and brain stems were removed globally. Then, sections were taken from the basilar arteries of all animals and photographed at 40X magnification. Basilar artery lumen cross-sectional areas, basilar artery areas, and wall thicknesses were measured from these sections. The basilar artery lumen cross-sectional area was found to be significantly larger in the groups in which SAH was formed and ALCAR 50 mg\kg and ALCAR 100 mg\kg were given compared to the group with only SAH and SAH + SF (p = 0.0408). Basilar artery wall thickness increased in all groups except the control group (p < 0.05). In light of all these findings, it was concluded in our study that Carnitine was effective in the resolution of vasospasm in the experimental SAH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Resitoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karaman Research and Education Hospital, Karaman, Turkey
| | | | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Macit C, Ustundag UV, Dagdeviren OC, Mercanoglu G, Sener G. The Effects of Calorie Restriction and Exercise on Age-Related Alterations in Corpus Cavernosum. Front Physiol 2020; 11:45. [PMID: 32132927 PMCID: PMC7040232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is an important risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). Both calorie restriction (CR) and physical exercise (PE) have been established as a non-medical method for the improvement of detrimental changes in aging. It is well documented that both CR and PE influence on sympathetic and parasympathetic systems; however, there are few studies on non-adrenergic non-cholinergic pathways. This study aims to investigate the NO-mediated mechanisms of CR and PE on corpus cavernosum in aged rats. Materials and Methods 3 and 15 month-old rats were divided into five experimental groups: young rats fed ad libitum (Y-C), aged rats fed ad libitum (O-S), aged rats with CR (O-CR), aged rats with PE (O-PE), and aged rats with CR and PE (O-CR-PE). CR was applied to animals as a 40% reduction of daily food intake for 6 weeks. PE was moderate swimming at 30 min at 3 days/week. The effects of CR and PE were evaluated by histologic, biologic, and in-vitro tissue bath studies. Results The outcomes in CR and PE groups (characterized by decreased nitrosative damage together with increased antioxidant capacity) were improved in comparison to the O-S. Apoptotic biomarkers were also lower and both endothelial and smooth muscle cell' functions were preserved too. There was no statistical difference between apoptosis, antioxidant capacity, and nitrosative damage parameters. Contractile responses to phenylephrine and relaxation responses to carbachol were: O-CR > O-PE > O-CR-PE. In these groups, NOS protein levels determined by western-blot were: eNOS: O-CR = O-CR + PE > O-PE; iNOS: O-CR = O-PE > O-CR-PE; nNOS: O-PE > O-CR-PE > O-CR. Conclusion In our study, both CR and PE prevented age-related changes in the corpus cavernosum of rats. Reducing nitrosative damage in the neurovascular structure was the main mechanism. CR and exercise restored the endothelial and smooth muscle cells in corpus cavernosum by decreasing apoptosis. The mechanism of enhancing functional response in corpus cavernosum with CR was the improvement of endothelial function via eNOS activation however it involves increases in the NO-cGMP signaling pathway by an endothelium-independent mechanism with PE. This might be a direct stimulation of smooth muscle cells by NO, which released from the cavernous nerve endings via nNOS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Macit
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Unsal V Ustundag
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge C Dagdeviren
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Guldem Mercanoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Oka F, Chung DY, Suzuki M, Ayata C. Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experimental-Clinical Disconnect and the Unmet Need. Neurocrit Care 2020; 32:238-251. [PMID: 30671784 PMCID: PMC7387950 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-018-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is among the most dreaded complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite advances in neurocritical care, DCI remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay, and high healthcare costs. Large artery vasospasm has classically been thought to lead to DCI. However, recent failure of clinical trials targeting vasospasm to improve outcomes has underscored the disconnect between large artery vasospasm and DCI. Therefore, interest has shifted onto other potential mechanisms such as microvascular dysfunction and spreading depolarizations. Animal models can be instrumental in dissecting pathophysiology, but clinical relevance can be difficult to establish. METHODS Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature on animal models of SAH, focusing specifically on DCI and neurological deficits. RESULTS We find that dog, rabbit and rodent models do not consistently lead to DCI, although some degree of delayed vascular dysfunction is common. Primate models reliably recapitulate delayed neurological deficits and ischemic brain injury; however, ethical issues and cost limit their translational utility. CONCLUSIONS To facilitate translation, clinically relevant animal models that reproduce the pathophysiology and cardinal features of DCI after SAH are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Oka
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Hou G, Chen H, Yin Y, Pan Y, Zhang X, Jia F. MEL Ameliorates Post-SAH Cerebral Vasospasm by Affecting the Expression of eNOS and HIF1α via H19/miR-138/eNOS/NO and H19/miR-675/HIF1α. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:523-532. [PMID: 31927306 PMCID: PMC6953775 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) has been demonstrated to exert a protective effect against subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. This study aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of MEL in the control of vasospasm following SAH. MEL administration attenuates SAH-induced vasospasm and neurobehavioral deficits. Expressions of H19, eNOS, and miR-675 are low in the SAH group, while expressions of miR-138 and HIF1α are high in the SAH group. Also, MEL treatment upon SAH rats completely restores the dysregulation of H19, eNOS, miR-675, miR-138, and HIF1α to their normal levels. Moreover, MEL dose dependently increases the luciferase activity of H19 promoter and hence the expression of H19. Additionally, H19 directly targets miR-675 and miR-138 to increase miR-675 expression and inhibit miR-138 expression. As virtual target genes of miR-675 and miR-138, respectively, HIF1α and eNOS are also regulated by the treatment with MEL. In particular, MEL treatment increases the expression of miR-675 and eNOS level while decreasing the expression of miR-138 and HIF1α in a dose dependent manner. Our study found that MEL ameliorates post-SAH vasospasm by regulating the expression of eNOS and HIF1α via the H19/miR-138/eNOS/NO and H19/miR-675/HIF1α signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohua Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Y, Liu X, Liu D, Li K, Wang C, Liu Y, He B, Shi P. Inhibition of BECN1 Suppresses Lipid Peroxidation by Increasing System Xc− Activity in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:622-631. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Akar E, Batçık KE, Acar C, Ton Ö, Canaz H, Baydın S, Akdemir O, Alataş İ. A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Melatonin and Nimodipine on Vasospasm. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.458757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Aladag MA, Turkoz Y, Parlakpinar H, Gul M. Nebivolol attenuates cerebral vasospasm both by increasing endothelial nitric oxide and by decreasing oxidative stress in an experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 2017; 31:439-445. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2017.1297367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arif Aladag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Turkoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Histology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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9
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Qin Y, Gu JW, Li GL, Xu XH, Yu K, Gao FB. Cerebral vasospasm and corticospinal tract injury induced by a modified rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:193-200. [PMID: 26363925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Double-hemorrhage rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) are most effective at simulating delayed cerebral vasospasms (CVS). The present study modified the models to minimize additional trauma and investigated injury of the corticospinal tract (CST) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS On the first day, 0.3ml of autologous arterial blood was collected by puncturing the caudal artery and injected into the cisterna magna via percutaneous puncture; and the operation was repeated on the third day. The diameters of the basilar artery (BA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were measured by magnetic resonance angiography on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 post-SAH. Meanwhile, on days 3, 7, 11, 15 and 19, DTI was performed to evaluate the injury of the CST at cerebral peduncle (CP) and pyramidal tract (Py) by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA) value. RESULTS Blood was deposited mainly in the basal cistern. Diameters of BA, MCA, and ACA were significantly reduced. FA value of the CP was lower in the SAH group than in the control group; but FA value of Py wasn't different between the two groups. CONCLUSION This is a minimally-invasive and high performance rat model of SAH. Additionally, the occurrence of CVS is firm and the axons in CP are injured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Department of Postgraduate, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-wen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Gai-li Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Hua Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fa-bao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Tovmasyan A, Carballal S, Ghazaryan R, Melikyan L, Weitner T, Maia CC, Reboucas JS, Radi R, Spasojevic I, Benov L, Batinic-Haberle I. Rational design of superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics: the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of new cationic Mn porphyrins with linear and cyclic substituents. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11467-83. [PMID: 25333724 PMCID: PMC4220860 DOI: 10.1021/ic501329p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our goal herein has been to gain further insight into the parameters which control porphyrin therapeutic potential. Mn porphyrins (MnTnOct-2-PyP(5+), MnTnHexOE-2-PyP(5+), MnTE-2-PyPhP(5+), and MnTPhE-2-PyP(5+)) that bear the same positive charge and same number of carbon atoms at meso positions of porphyrin core were explored. The carbon atoms of their meso substituents are organized to form either linear or cyclic structures of vastly different redox properties, bulkiness, and lipophilicities. These Mn porphyrins were compared to frequently studied compounds, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), MnTE-3-PyP(5+), and MnTBAP(3-). All Mn(III) porphyrins (MnPs) have metal-centered reduction potential, E1/2 for Mn(III)P/Mn(II)P redox couple, ranging from -194 to +340 mV versus NHE, log kcat(O2(•-)) from 3.16 to 7.92, and log kred(ONOO(-)) from 5.02 to 7.53. The lipophilicity, expressed as partition between n-octanol and water, log POW, was in the range -1.67 to -7.67. The therapeutic potential of MnPs was assessed via: (i) in vitro ability to prevent spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate as assessed by malondialdehyde levels; (ii) in vivo O2(•-) specific assay to measure the efficacy in protecting the aerobic growth of SOD-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and (iii) aqueous solution chemistry to measure the reactivity toward major in vivo endogenous antioxidant, ascorbate. Under the conditions of lipid peroxidation assay, the transport across the cellular membranes, and in turn shape and size of molecule, played no significant role. Those MnPs of E1/2 ∼ +300 mV were the most efficacious, significantly inhibiting lipid peroxidation in 0.5-10 μM range. At up to 200 μM, MnTBAP(3-) (E1/2 = -194 mV vs NHE) failed to inhibit lipid peroxidation, while MnTE-2-PyPhP(5+) with 129 mV more positive E1/2 (-65 mV vs NHE) was fully efficacious at 50 μM. The E1/2 of Mn(III)P/Mn(II)P redox couple is proportional to the log kcat(O2(•-)), i.e., the SOD-like activity of MnPs. It is further proportional to kred(ONOO(-)) and the ability of MnPs to prevent lipid peroxidation. In turn, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by MnPs is also proportional to their SOD-like activity. In an in vivo S. cerevisiae assay, however, while E1/2 predominates, lipophilicity significantly affects the efficacy of MnPs. MnPs of similar log POW and E1/2, that have linear alkyl or alkoxyalkyl pyridyl substituents, distribute more easily within a cell and in turn provide higher protection to S. cerevisiae in comparison to MnP with bulky cyclic substituents. The bell-shape curve, with MnTE-2-PyP(5+) exhibiting the highest ability to catalyze ascorbate oxidation, has been established and discussed. Our data support the notion that the SOD-like activity of MnPs parallels their therapeutic potential, though species other than O2(•-), such as peroxynitrite, H2O2, lipid reactive species, and cellular reductants, may be involved in their mode(s) of action(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak Tovmasyan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b MSRB I, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Sebastian Carballal
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical
Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad
de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Robert Ghazaryan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lida Melikyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tin Weitner
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b MSRB I, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Clarissa
G. C. Maia
- Departamento de Quimica, CCEN, Universidade
Federal de Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Julio S. Reboucas
- Departamento de Quimica, CCEN, Universidade
Federal de Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical
Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad
de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b MSRB I, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ludmil Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b MSRB I, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Celic T, Španjol J, Bobinac M, Tovmasyan A, Vukelic I, Reboucas JS, Batinic-Haberle I, Bobinac D. Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimic, MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+), and non-SOD mimic, MnTBAP(3-), suppressed rat spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury via NF-κB pathways. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1426-42. [PMID: 25185063 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.960865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we have demonstrated that both superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic, cationic Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+)), and non-SOD mimic, anionic Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(4-carboxylatophenyl)porphyrin (MnTBAP(3-)), protect against oxidative stress caused by spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion via suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pro-inflammatory pathways. Earlier reports showed that Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins were able to prevent the DNA binding of NF-κB in an aqueous system, whereas MnTBAP(3-) was not. Here, for the first time, in a complex in vivo system-animal model of spinal cord injury-a similar impact of MnTBAP(3-), at a dose identical to that of MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+), was demonstrated in NF-κB downregulation. Rats were treated subcutaneously at 1.5 mg/kg starting at 30 min before ischemia/reperfusion, and then every 12 h afterward for either 48 h or 7 days. The anti-inflammatory effects of both Mn porphyrins (MnPs) were demonstrated in the spinal cord tissue at both 48 h and 7 days. The downregulation of NF-κB, a major pro-inflammatory signaling protein regulating astrocyte activation, was detected and found to correlate well with the suppression of astrogliosis (as glial fibrillary acidic protein) by both MnPs. The markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation, were significantly reduced by MnPs. The favorable impact of both MnPs on motor neurons (Tarlov score and inclined plane test) was assessed. No major changes in glutathione peroxidase- and SOD-like activities were demonstrated, which implies that none of the MnPs acted as SOD mimic. Increasing amount of data on the reactivity of MnTBAP(3-) with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (.NO/HNO/ONOO(-)) suggests that RNS/MnTBAP(3-)-driven modification of NF-κB protein cysteines may be involved in its therapeutic effects. This differs from the therapeutic efficacy of MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+) which presumably occurs via reactive oxygen species and relates to NF-κB thiol oxidation; the role of RNS cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Celic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
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Sheng H, Chaparro RE, Sasaki T, Izutsu M, Pearlstein RD, Tovmasyan A, Warner DS. Metalloporphyrins as therapeutic catalytic oxidoreductants in central nervous system disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2437-64. [PMID: 23706004 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metalloporphyrins, characterized by a redox-active transitional metal (Mn or Fe) coordinated to a cyclic porphyrin core ligand, mitigate oxidative/nitrosative stress in biological systems. Side-chain substitutions tune redox properties of metalloporphyrins to act as potent superoxide dismutase mimics, peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts, and redox regulators of transcription factor function. With oxidative/nitrosative stress central to pathogenesis of CNS injury, metalloporphyrins offer unique pharmacologic activity to improve the course of disease. RECENT ADVANCES Metalloporphyrins are efficacious in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, opioid tolerance, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke and have proved to be useful tools in defining roles of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in disease progression. The most substantive recent advance has been the synthesis of lipophilic metalloporphyrins offering improved blood-brain barrier penetration to allow intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral treatment. CRITICAL ISSUES Insufficient preclinical data have accumulated to enable clinical development of metalloporphyrins for any single indication. An improved definition of mechanisms of action will facilitate preclinical modeling to define and validate optimal dosing strategies to enable appropriate clinical trial design. Due to previous failures of "antioxidants" in clinical trials, with most having markedly less biologic activity and bioavailability than current-generation metalloporphyrins, a stigma against antioxidants has discouraged the development of metalloporphyrins as CNS therapeutics, despite the consistent definition of efficacy in a wide array of CNS disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further definition of the metalloporphyrin mechanism of action, side-by-side comparison with "failed" antioxidants, and intense effort to optimize therapeutic dosing strategies are required to inform and encourage clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) , Durham, North Carolina
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Kaynar MY, Tanriverdi T, Kemerdere R, Atukeren P, Gumustas K. Cerebrospinal fluid superoxide dismutase and serum malondialdehyde levels in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results. Neurol Res 2013; 27:562-7. [PMID: 15978186 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x17288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental studies provide evidence that oxidative damage plays a role in the development of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) but data from human studies is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) changes in patients with aneurysmal SAH. METHODS SOD in CSF and MDA in the serum were detected on days 1-3, 5 and 7 after aneurysmal SAH in 21 patients, and the results were compared with 15 patients with hydrocephalus. The results were also compared with those of clinical parameters including the patient's outcome at 6 months. RESULTS The mean CSF SOD levels were lower and serum MDA levels were higher than the controls. Patients with a high amount of blood within the cisterns had a trend to decreased SOD while increasing MDA levels. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that the levels of antioxidants are decreased after the onset of SAH in the early period, possibly because of increased oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen-mediated oxidative damage may play an important role in inflammation after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yasar Kaynar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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The impact of experimental preconditioning using vascular endothelial growth factor in stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:948783. [PMID: 23634319 PMCID: PMC3619542 DOI: 10.1155/2013/948783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulating angiogenesis was shown to be a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ischemic vascular diseases. The goal of the present study was to examine whether transfection of VEGF before occurrence of major stroke (part I) and cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH; part II) develops neuroprotective qualities. A total of 25 (part I) and 26 (part II) brains were analyzed, respectively. In part one, a significant reduction of infarct volume in the VEGF-treated stroke animals (43% reduction, P < 0.05) could be detected. In part two, significant vasospasm was induced in all hemorrhage groups (P < 0.02). Analyzing microperfusion, a significant higher amount of perfused vessels could be detected (P < 0.01), whereas no significant effect could be detected towards macroperfusion. Histologically, no infarctions were observed in the VEGF-treated SAH group and the sham-operated group. Minor infarction in terms of vasospasm-induced small lesions could be detected in the control vector transduced group (P = 0.05) and saline-treated group (P = 0.09). The present study demonstrates the preconditioning impact of systemic intramuscular VEGF injection in animals after major stroke and induced severe vasospasm after SAH.
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Kim HJ, Xu L, Chang KC, Shin SC, Chung JI, Kang D, Kim SH, Hur JA, Choi TH, Kim S, Choi J. Anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on the keratinocytes and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps. Microsurgery 2012; 32:563-70. [PMID: 22821773 DOI: 10.1002/micr.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischemia for a variable period of time, and then reperfused. Inflammatory reaction has been implicated as one of the most important mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on keratinocytes in vitro and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. We investigated the inhibition, by anthocyanins, of the expression of various inflammatory genes associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated (TNF-α) immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We also investigated the effects of anthocyanins on the survival of skin flaps after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats. According to Western blot analysis and a luciferase activity assay, anthocyanins inhibited TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels through the NF-κB-dependent pathway. Administration of anthocyanins (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly improved the flap area survival in the 10-hour ischemic model from 62% to 74.5% and 83%, respectively (P = 0.001). The related cytokines in skin flap also changed as the same pattern as in vitro. Our results indicate that anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat had anti-inflammatory effects on the HaCaT cell line and increase the survival of skin flaps through anti-inflammatory properties against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Local delivery of nimodipine by prolonged-release microparticles-feasibility, effectiveness and dose-finding in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42597. [PMID: 23049732 PMCID: PMC3458040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To investigate the effect of locally applied nimodipine prolonged-release microparticles on angiographic vasospasm and secondary brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods 70 male Wistar rats were categorized into three groups: 1) sham operated animals (control), 2) animals with SAH only (control) and the 3) treatment group. SAH was induced using the double hemorrhage model. The treatment group received different concentrations (20%, 30% or 40%) of nimodipine microparticles. Angiographic vasospasm was assessed 5 days later using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Histological analysis of frozen sections was performed using H&E-staining as well as Iba1 and MAP2 immunohistochemistry. Results DSA images were sufficient for assessment in 42 animals. Severe angiographic vasospasm was present in group 2 (SAH only), as compared to the sham operated group (p<0.001). Only animals within group 3 and the highest nimodipine microparticles concentration (40%) as well as group 1 (sham) demonstrated the largest intracranial artery diameters. Variation in vessel calibers, however, did not result in differences in Iba-1 or MAP2 expression, i.e. in histological findings for secondary brain injury. Conclusions Local delivery of high-dose nimodipine prolonged-release microparticles at high concentration resulted in significant reduction in angiographic vasospasm after experimental SAH and with no histological signs for matrix toxicity.
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How Large Is the Typical Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? A Review of Current Neurosurgical Knowledge. World Neurosurg 2012; 77:686-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A novel intravital method to evaluate cerebral vasospasm in rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study with synchrotron radiation angiography. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33366. [PMID: 22428033 PMCID: PMC3299776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise in vivo evaluation of cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage has remained a critical but unsolved issue in experimental small animal models. In this study, we used synchrotron radiation angiography to study the vasospasm of anterior circulation arteries in two subarachnoid hemorrhage models in rats. Synchrotron radiation angiography, laser Doppler flowmetry-cerebral blood flow measurement, [125I]N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine cerebral blood flow measurement and terminal examinations were applied to evaluate the changes of anterior circulation arteries in two subarachnoid hemorrhage models made by blood injection into cisterna magna and prechiasmatic cistern. Using synchrotron radiation angiography technique, we detected cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats compared to the controls (p<0.05). We also identified two interesting findings: 1) both middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery shrunk the most at day 3 after subarachnoid hemorrhage; 2) the diameter of anterior cerebral artery in the prechiasmatic cistern injection group was smaller than that in the cisterna magna injection group (p<0.05), but not for middle cerebral artery. We concluded that synchrotron radiation angiography provided a novel technique, which could directly evaluate cerebral vasospasm in small animal experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage models. The courses of vasospasm in these two injection models are similar; however, the model produced by prechiasmatic cistern injection is more suitable for study of anterior circulation vasospasm.
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Sheng H, Spasojevic I, Tse HM, Jung JY, Hong J, Zhang Z, Piganelli JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Warner DS. Neuroprotective efficacy from a lipophilic redox-modulating Mn(III) N-Hexylpyridylporphyrin, MnTnHex-2-PyP: rodent models of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:906-16. [PMID: 21652782 PMCID: PMC3164343 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular treatment with redox-regulating Mn(III) N-hexylpyridylporphyrin (MnPorphyrin) is remarkably efficacious in experimental central nervous system (CNS) injury. Clinical development has been arrested because of poor blood-brain barrier penetration. Mn(III) meso-tetrakis (N-hexylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTnHex-2-PyP) was synthesized to include four six-carbon (hexyl) side chains on the core MnPorphyrin structure. This has been shown to increase in vitro lipophilicity 13,500-fold relative to the hydrophilic ethyl analog Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP). In normal mice, we found brain MnTnHex-2-PyP accumulation to be ∼9-fold greater than MnTE-2-PyP 24 h after a single intraperitoneal dose. We then evaluated MnTnHex-2-PyP efficacy in outcome-oriented models of focal cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. For focal ischemia, rats underwent 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Parenteral MnTnHex-2-PyP treatment began 5 min or 6 h after reperfusion onset and continued for 7 days. Neurologic function was improved with both early (P = 0.002) and delayed (P = 0.002) treatment onset. Total infarct size was decreased with both early (P = 0.03) and delayed (P = 0.01) treatment. MnTnHex-2-PyP attenuated nuclear factor κB nuclear DNA binding activity and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression. For subarachnoid hemorrhage, mice underwent perforation of the anterior cerebral artery and were treated with intraperitoneal MnTnHex-2-PyP or vehicle for 3 days. Neurologic function was improved (P = 0.02), and vasoconstriction of the anterior cerebral (P = 0.0005), middle cerebral (P = 0.003), and internal carotid (P = 0.015) arteries was decreased by MnTnHex-2-PyP. Side-chain elongation preserved MnPorphyrin redox activity, but improved CNS bioavailability sufficient to cause improved outcome from acute CNS injury, despite delay in parenteral treatment onset of up to 6 h. This advance now allows consideration of MnPorphyrins for treatment of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Batinić-Haberle I, Rebouças JS, Spasojević I. Superoxide dismutase mimics: chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:877-918. [PMID: 20095865 PMCID: PMC2935339 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has become widely viewed as an underlying condition in a number of diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion disorders, central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and diabetes. Thus, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been actively sought. Superoxide dismutase is a first line of defense against oxidative stress under physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, the development of therapeutics aimed at mimicking superoxide dismutase was a natural maneuver. Metalloporphyrins, as well as Mn cyclic polyamines, Mn salen derivatives and nitroxides were all originally developed as SOD mimics. The same thermodynamic and electrostatic properties that make them potent SOD mimics may allow them to reduce other reactive species such as peroxynitrite, peroxynitrite-derived CO(3)(*-), peroxyl radical, and less efficiently H(2)O(2). By doing so SOD mimics can decrease both primary and secondary oxidative events, the latter arising from the inhibition of cellular transcriptional activity. To better judge the therapeutic potential and the advantage of one over the other type of compound, comparative studies of different classes of drugs in the same cellular and/or animal models are needed. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical properties and some in vivo effects observed with various classes of compounds with a special emphasis on porphyrin-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinić-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Hänggi D, Eicker S, Beseoglu K, Rapp M, Perrin J, Nawatny J, Turowski B, Sommer C, Steiger HJ. DOSE‐RELATED EFFICACY OF A CONTINUOUS INTRACISTERNAL NIMODIPINE TREATMENT ON CEREBRAL VASOSPASM IN THE RAT DOUBLE SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE MODEL. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:1155-9; discussion 1159-61. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000340685.06407.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Eicker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerim Beseoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jason Perrin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Nawatny
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Turowski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Clemens Sommer
- Department of Neuropathology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Aladag MA, Turkoz Y, Parlakpinar H, Ozen H, Egri M, Unal SC. Melatonin Ameliorates Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoidal Haemorrhage Correcting Imbalance of Nitric Oxide Levels in Rats. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1935-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Day BJ. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase mimics. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:285-96. [PMID: 18948086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are increasingly implicated in human disease and aging. ROS are also being explored as important modulating agents in a number of cell signaling pathways. Earlier work has focused on development of small catalytic scavengers of O(2)(-), commonly referred to as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics. Many of these compounds also have substantial abilities to catalytically scavenge H(2)O(2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Peroxides have been increasingly shown to disrupt cell signaling cascades associated with excessive inflammation associated with a wide variety of human diseases. Early studies with enzymatic scavengers like SOD frequently reported little or no beneficial effect in biologic models unless SOD was combined with catalase or a peroxidase. Increasing attention has been devoted to developing catalase or peroxidase mimetics as a way to treat overt inflammation associated with the pathophysiology of many human disorders. This review will focus on recent development of catalytic scavengers of peroxides and their potential use as therapeutic agents for pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Departments of Medicine, Immunology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Lee JY, Huang DL, Keep R, Sagher O. Characterization of an improved double hemorrhage rat model for the study of delayed cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 168:358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aydogan H, Gurlek A, Parlakpinar H, Askar I, Bay-Karabulut A, Aydogan N, Fariz A, Acet A. Beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 60:563-8. [PMID: 17399667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischaemia for a variable period of time, after which they are reperfused. Many factors have been implicated in the cause of reperfusion injury including free radicals and neutrophils. Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis from honeybee; it has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and protective effects against ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated the effects of CAPE on the survival of skin flaps in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen Wistar rats were used, and randomly divided into three groups (n=6 rats each group): the control group (Group 1), ethanol group (Group 2), and CAPE group (Group 3). A caudally based rectangular flap, 3x10 cm in size, was elevated on the back of the rat, according to the method described by Khouri and colleagues. The flap was sutured back into its original place. In the control group, saline 0.2 ml/day was given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Five percent ethanol 0.2 ml/day was administered i.p. in the ethanol group, and CAPE 50 micromol/kg/day i.p. in the CAPE group. To observe the effects of CAPE, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured from extracted skin tissue. Flap viability was evaluated seven days after the initial operation, measuring necrotic areas of flaps and total flap areas. RESULTS MDA and NO levels were significantly decreased in CAPE group; and however, GSH, GSH-Px, and SOD enzyme activities were significantly increased in CAPE group. We believed that the CAPE had beneficial effects to improve the survival of skin flaps since it has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and protective effects against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aydogan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, T. Ozal Medical Center, TR 44069 Malatya, Turkey.
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Nakayama T, Illoh K, Ruetzler C, Auh S, Sokoloff L, Hallenbeck J. Intranasal administration of E-selectin to induce immunological tolerization can suppress subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm implicating immune and inflammatory mechanisms in its genesis. Brain Res 2006; 1132:177-84. [PMID: 17188657 PMCID: PMC1852471 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that inflammatory and immune mechanisms may have a critical role in the development of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage is accumulating. We examined, therefore, whether induction of immunological tolerance to the adhesion molecule that is uniquely expressed on activated endothelium, E-selectin, could inhibit the vasospasm provoked by subarachnoid blood in a rat subarachnoid hemorrhage model. We found that intranasal instillation of E-selectin every other day for 10 days on a mucosal tolerization schedule suppressed delayed type hypersensitivity to E-selectin confirming tolerance to that molecule and markedly suppressed basilar artery spasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The results of this proof-of-concept study suggest that agents that can mimic the local effects of the mediators of mucosal tolerance could have therapeutic potential for the management of post-subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakayama
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 49/Room 2A10, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4476, Bethesda, MD 20892-4476, USA
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kachikwu Illoh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christl Ruetzler
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 49/Room 2A10, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4476, Bethesda, MD 20892-4476, USA
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis Sokoloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 49/Room 2A10, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4476, Bethesda, MD 20892-4476, USA
- *Corresponding author. Fax: +1 301 402 2769. E-mail address: (J. Hallenbeck)
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Polat A, Parlakpinar H, Tasdemir S, Colak C, Vardi N, Ucar M, Emre MH, Acet A. Protective role of aminoguanidine on gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Acta Histochem 2006; 108:365-71. [PMID: 16999986 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of aminoglycosides including gentamicin (GEN), the most widely used drug in this category, is believed to be related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney. Aminoguanidine (AG) is known as an effective antioxidant and its free radical scavenger effects may protect GEN-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Therefore, this study was focused on investigating the possible protective effect of AG against GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in an in vivo rat model. We investigated the effects of AG on GEN-induced changes in renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; nitric oxide (NO) generation; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities; glutathione (GSH) content; serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Morphological changes in the kidney were also examined using light microscopy. GEN administration to control group rats increased renal MDA and NO levels but decreased GSH-Px, SOD, CAT activities and GSH content. AG administration with GEN injection resulted in significantly decreased MDA, NO generation and increased GSH-Px, SOD, CAT activities and GSH content when compared with GEN alone. Serum levels of Cr and BUN significantly increased as a result of nephrotoxicity. Also, AG significantly decreased Cr and BUN levels. Morphological changes in the kidney, including tubular necrosis, intracellular edema, glomerular and basement membrane alterations were evaluated qualitatively. Both biochemical findings and histopathological evidence showed that administration of AG reduced the GEN-induced kidney damage. We propose that AG acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GEN both at the biochemical and histological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaadin Polat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Cahill J, Calvert JW, Solaroglu I, Zhang JH. Vasospasm and p53-induced apoptosis in an experimental model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2006; 37:1868-74. [PMID: 16741174 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000226995.27230.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite intensive research efforts, the etiology of vasospasm (sustained constriction of the cerebral vessels) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of p53-induced apoptosis in the vasculature at 24 and 72 hours. To completely examine the apoptotic cascades, key proteins of the caspase-dependent, -independent and mitochondrial pathways were examined. METHODS In this study, adult rats were divided into 3 groups: sham (n=21), nontreatment (subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH]+dimethyl sulfoxide; n=42), and treatment (SAH+pifithrin-alpha) (n=42) groups. Each animal in the SAH group underwent a surgical procedure to induce SAH, and the basilar artery was harvested at 24 and 72 hours for analysis. RESULTS We found severe vasospasm at the 24-hour time point, which persisted to 72 hours. Furthermore, we found that the markers of the apoptotic cascades rose significantly at the 24-hour time point but had dissipated by 72 hours. However, the neurological outcome and mortality scores improved at the 72-hour time point. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis, and in particular p53, may play an important role in the etiology of vasospasm with relation to SAH, and in this model, vasospasm persisted to 72 hours, despite the fact that apoptosis does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University Medical School, Loma Linda, Calif, USA
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Vatter H, Weidauer S, Konczalla J, Dettmann E, Zimmermann M, Raabe A, Preibisch C, Zanella FE, Seifert V. Time Course in the Development of Cerebral Vasospasm after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Clinical and Neuroradiological Assessment of the Rat Double Hemorrhage Model. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:1190-7; discussion 1190-7. [PMID: 16723899 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000199346.74649.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The "double hemorrhage" model in the rat is frequently used to simulate delayed cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in humans. However, an exact neurological and angiographic characterization of the CVS is not available for this model so far and is provided in the present investigation. Additionally, perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) at 3 tesla magnetic resonance (MR) tomography was implemented to assess the reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). METHODS In a prospective, randomized setting CVS was induced by injection of 0.2 ml autologous blood twice in the cisterna magna of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The surviving animals were examined on Days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 and compared to a sham operated control group (n = 9). Rats were neurologically graded between 0 and 3, followed by MRI and selective digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The relative CBF was set in relation to the perfusion of the masseter muscle. RESULTS The neurological state was significantly worsened on Day 2 (Grade 3), 3 (Grade 3), and 5 (Grade 2) (medians). The relative CBF/muscle BF ratio (2.5 +/- 0.8 (SAH) versus 9.2 +/- 1.3 (sham) (mean +/- SEM) and the basilar artery (BA) diameter (0.15 +/- 0.02 mm (SAH) versus 0.32 +/- 0.01 mm (sham) were significantly decreased on Day 5. Correlation between relative CBF/muscle BF ratio and BA diameter was 0.70. CONCLUSION A valid and reproducible CVS simulation was proven by neurological score, DSA, and PWI on Day 5. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the practicability and validity of MR PWI for the monitoring of CVS in a rat SAH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Vatter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Weidauer S, Vatter H, Dettmann E, Seifert V, Zanella FE. Assessment of vasospasm in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats by selective biplane digital subtraction angiography. Neuroradiology 2006; 48:176-81. [PMID: 16453117 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-005-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the rat subarachnoid hemorrhage model is well established in vasospasm research, the angiographic evaluation is difficult due to the animal's small size. For this reason, the aim of the study was to develop a standardized angiographic examination technique without additional complex equipment. Under general anesthesia, 11 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent selective cerebral digital subtraction angiography using a 0.3 mm focal spot and a 2.0-fold linear magnification. Five animals had experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage according to the "double-hemorrhage" model. Comparison with the intraarterial tip of the microcatheter enabled calibration of the vessel lumen. The diameter of the normal basilar artery (n=6) was 0.34+/-0.03 mm (mean+/-SD), whereas delayed vasospastic constriction (mean 6.2 days) caused a reduction in diameter of 32.4% (0.23+/-0.09 mm) as well as impaired collateral blood flow via the posterior communicating artery and anterior spinal artery. Histological examination of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin under a light microscope confirmed vasospasm. In conclusion, biplane digital subtraction angiography allows precise and reliable evaluation of arterial diameter reduction and hemodynamic parameters in a rat vasospasm model. However, further investigation is required for assessment of vasoactive drugs, e.g., endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weidauer
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University of Frankfurt, Germany.
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Aladag MA, Turkoz Y, Ozcan C, Sahna E, Parlakpinar H, Akpolat N, Cigremis Y. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) attenuates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoidal haemorrhage by increasing brain nitric oxide levels. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006; 24:9-14. [PMID: 16427758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral vasospasm, a medical complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, even after the aneurysm has been secured surgically or endovascularly. Evidence accumulated during the last decade suggest that scavenging a vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), by superoxide anions (O(2)(-)), and activating a strong vasoconstructor, protein kinase C (PKC), are the two most important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. Our aim in this study was to determine whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a non-toxic oxygen free radical scavenger, prevents vasospasm in an experimental rat model of SAH. METHODS Twenty eight rats (225-250 g) were divided into four groups equally: group 1, control group; group 2, SAH group; group 3, SAH plus placebo group; and group 4, SAH plus CAPE group. We used double haemorrhage method for SAH groups. Starting 6h after SAH, 10 micromol/kg CAPE or an equal volume of 0.9% saline were administered by intraperitoneal injection twice daily for 5 days to SAH plus CAPE and SAH plus placebo groups, respectively. CAPE or 0.9% saline injections were continued up to 5th day after SAH. Rats were sacrificed on the 5th day. Brain sections at the level of the pons were examined by light microscopy. Measurements were made for the cross-sectional areas of the lumen and the vessel wall (intimae plus media) of basilar artery by a micrometer. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in rat brain tissue. RESULTS Administration of CAPE significantly attenuated the vasoconstriction of the basilar artery. There were marked narrowing in the lumens of and thickening in the walls of basilar arteries in the SAH, and the SAH plus placebo compared with CAPE group (p < 0.001). We also observed that CAPE administration significantly decreased the tissue level of MDA, while significantly increased the tissue levels of GSH, NO in the SAH plus CAPE group compared to only SAH group, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CAPE is effective in attenuating delayed cerebral vasoconstriction following experimental SAH. Our findings also suggest that the elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction of NO bioavailability, resulting from the generation and the interaction of free radicals, have a significant role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arif Aladag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inonu University School of Medicine, Medical Faculty, Malatya 44135, Turkey.
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Ozdemir R, Parlakpinar H, Polat A, Colak C, Ermis N, Acet A. Selective endothelin a (ETA) receptor antagonist (BQ-123) reduces both myocardial infarct size and oxidant injury. Toxicology 2006; 219:142-9. [PMID: 16406210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelins (ET) can be considered stress-responsive regulators working in paracrine and autocrine fashion. It has been suggested that elevated levels of ET may be responsible for the low coronary re-flow phenomena. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was shown to stimulate ET release in rat heart; however, the mechanism(s) of this effect has not been clarified. Therefore, this study was focused to investigate the effect of BQ-123, selective ETA receptor antagonist, on three aspects of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury: hemodynamic parameters, infarct size and oxidant-antioxidant status in the absence and presence of ET-1 in an vivo rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS To produce MI/R, a branch of the descending left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by 2h reperfusion. ECG changes, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were measured before occlusion and continued both occlusion and reperfusion. Forty rats were randomly assigned to five groups equally: (1) sham-operated rats without coronary ligation, (2) I/R group, (3) I/R+BQ-123-treated group (10 microg/kg/min i.v.), (4) I/R+ET-treated group (25 ng/kg/min i.v.), (5) I/R+ET+BQ-123-treated group. The results are expressed as mean+/-S.E.M. In the ET-1 plus I/R group, the ratio between the infarcted area and area at risk 56+/-1% was significantly higher than I/R group (49+/-1%). In the BQ-123 group with or without exogenous ET-1 treatment in I/R group, this ratio was significantly lower at 40+/-2 and 37+/-1%, respectively. As compared to sham group, I/R increased lipid peroxidation whereas decreased nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents. This decreased antioxidant enzymatic defense could result in aggravated oxidative damage in I/R group rat hearts. ET-1 administration group showed severe oxidative damage. BQ-123 administrations to I/R group with or without ET-1 caused significantly decrease in lipid peroxidation and increased in SOD, CAT activities and NO generation and GSH content when compared with I/R group alone. CONCLUSIONS The most important finding of the present study is that the ET blockade reduced I/R-induced myocardial injury. The mechanism of this reduction was speculated to be a resistance to ischemic injury in the subcellular levels of the myocardium conferred by a reduction of vascular constriction and improvement of imbalance in the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Ozdemir
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
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Parlakpinar H, Tasdemir S, Polat A, Bay-Karabulut A, Vardi N, Ucar M, Yanilmaz M, Kavakli A, Acet A. Protective effect of chelerythrine on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Cell Biochem Funct 2005; 24:41-8. [PMID: 15584091 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite their beneficial effects, aminoglycosides including gentamicin (GEN) have considerable nephrotoxic side-effects. The toxicity of GEN at the level of the kidney seems to relate to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS have been reported to be involved in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). The unique structural aspects of PKC cause it to function as a sensor for oxidative stress. It seems likely that the increased NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide (O2) production is at least in part mediated by PKC. We investigated the effects of chelerythrine, a commonly used PKC inhibitor, on GEN-induced changes of renal malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) generation, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, glutathione (GSH) content, and serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Morphological changes in the kidney were also examined. GEN administration to control rats increased MDA and NO generation but decreased CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities, and GSH content. Chelerythrine administration with GEN caused significantly decreased MDA, NO generation and increased CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities, and GSH content when compared with GEN alone. Chelerythrine also significantly decreased serum Cr and BUN levels. Morphological changes in the kidney including tubular necrosis were evaluated qualitatively. Both biochemical findings and histopathological evidence showed that administration of chelerythrine reduced the GEN-induced kidney damage. We propose that chelerythrine acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GEN via the inhibition of a PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Parlakpinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Abstract
In humans, several pathologies involve the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Metal-containing catalytic antioxidants have emerged as a novel class of potential therapeutic agents that scavenge a wide range of reactive oxygen species. There are three structural classes of manganese-containing catalytic antioxidants that have efficacy in several oxidative stress models of human disease. The classes are divided based on their in vitro selectivity towards the scavenging of superoxide. The selective catalytic antioxidants include the macrocyclics, whereas the non-selective catalytic antioxidants include the salens and porphyrins. Cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory lung disorders are all potentially important targets for catalytic antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- National Jewish Medical & Research Center, K715, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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