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Mine J, Takadate Y, Kumagai A, Sakuma S, Tsunekuni R, Miyazawa K, Uchida Y. Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021-2022. Viruses 2024; 16:358. [PMID: 38543724 PMCID: PMC10975693 DOI: 10.3390/v16030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In winter 2021-2022, H5N1 and H5N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIVs) caused serious outbreaks in Japan: 25 outbreaks of HPAI at poultry farms and 107 cases in wild birds or in the environment. Phylogenetic analyses divided H5 HPAIVs isolated in Japan in the winter of 2021-2022 into three groups-G2a, G2b, and G2d-which were disseminated at different locations and times. Full-genome sequencing analyses of these HPAIVs revealed a strong relationship of multiple genes between Japan and Siberia, suggesting that they arose from reassortment events with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in Siberia. The results emphasize the complex of dissemination and reassortment events with the movement of migratory birds, and the importance of continual monitoring of AIVs in Japan and Siberia for early alerts to the intrusion of HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.T.); (K.M.); (Y.U.)
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2
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Soda K, Ozaki H, Ito H, Usui T, Okamatsu M, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in 2016-2017 winter in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1891-1898. [PMID: 34732610 PMCID: PMC8762421 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6
viruses occurred in Japan during the 2016–2017 winter. To date, several reports regarding
these outbreaks have been published, however a comprehensive study including geographical
and time course validations has not been performed. Herein, 58 Japanese HPAI virus (HPAIV)
isolates from the 2016–2017 season were added for phylogenetic analyses and the antigenic
relationships among the causal viruses were elucidated. The locations where HPAIVs were
found in the early phase of the outbreaks were clustered into three regions. Genotypes C1,
C5, and C6–8 HPAIVs were found in specific areas. Two strains had phylogenetically
distinct hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from other previously identified
strains, respectively. The estimated latest divergence date between the viral genotypes
suggests that genetic reassortment occurred in bird populations before their winter
migration to Japan. Antigenic differences in 2016–2017 HPAIVs were not observed,
suggesting that antibody pressure in the birds did not contribute to the selection of
HPAIV genotypes. In the late phase, the majority of HPAI cases in wild birds occurred
south of the lake freezing line. At the end of the outbreak, HPAI re-occurred in East
coast region, which may be due to the spring migration route of Anas bird
species. These trends were similar to those observed in the 2010–2011 outbreaks,
suggesting there is a typical pattern of seeding and dissemination of HPAIV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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3
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Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck ( Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon ( Columbia livia domestica). Viruses 2021; 13:v13061069. [PMID: 34199847 PMCID: PMC8227613 DOI: 10.3390/v13061069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of HPAIV. This study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV in mandarin ducks (Aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). None of the birds used in this study, 20 mandarin ducks or 8 pigeons, showed clinical signs or mortality due to H5N6 HPAI infection. Two genotypes of H5N6 HPAIV showed replication and transmission by direct and indirect contact between mandarin ducks. H5N6 HPAIV replicated and transmitted by direct contact between pigeons, although the viral shedding titer and duration were relatively lower and shorter than those in mandarin ducks. Influenza virus antigen was detected in various internal organs of infected mandarin ducks and pigeons, indicating systemic infection. Therefore, our results indicate mandarin ducks and pigeons can be subclinically infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV and transfer the virus to adjacent birds. The role of mandarin ducks and pigeons in the spread and prevalence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses should be carefully monitored.
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4
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Moriguchi S, Hosoda R, Ushine N, Kato T, Hayama SI. Surveillance system for avian influenza in wild birds and implications of its improvement with insights into the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105234. [PMID: 33360671 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the re-emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2004, outbreaks of the viral subtypes HPAI, H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in wild birds, poultry, and zoo birds have occurred in Japan. In 2008, a nation-wide avian influenza (AI) surveillance program was started for the early detection of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) and for the assessment of HPAIV infection among wild birds. In this study, we aimed to conduct an overview of the AI surveillance system of wild birds in Japan, including those in the regions and prefectures, to assess its overall performance and develop insights on its improvement. We analyzed past surveillance data in Japan and conducted questionnaire surveys for the officers in 11 regional branches of the Ministry of Environment and the nature conservation divisions of 47 prefectures to acquire details regarding those AI surveillance. We found that the early detection of HPAIV in wild birds was successfully achieved in only one of the five outbreak seasons during the 2008-2019 period in Japan, and the assessment of HPAIV infection had possibly not been adequate in the national surveillance system. In the winter season, AI surveillance in most prefectures were mainly conducted by means of passive surveillance through reported dead birds and active surveillance through collected waterbird feces. Conversely, less than half of the prefectures conducted bird monitoring, patrolling in migratory bird habitats, and AI antigen testing in rescued birds. In areas surrounding HPAI occurrence sites (<10 km), bird monitoring and patrolling efforts were enhanced. However, AI testing efforts in waterbird feces and rescued birds were decreased. The AI surveillance for endangered bird species and in national wildlife protection areas was conducted by the branches of the Ministry of Environment and by the prefectures. Based on our results, we concluded that for maximum efficiency, legislation which specialized in wildlife pathogens should be necessary to prepare adequate national budget and testing capacity for appropriate surveillance system with periodical assessment for surveillance results and the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rin Hosoda
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Li Y, Li M, Li Y, Tian J, Bai X, Yang C, Shi J, Ai R, Chen W, Zhang W, Li J, Kong Y, Guan Y, Chen H. Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N6) Virus Subclade 2.3.4.4h in Swans, Xinjiang, Western China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2956-2960. [PMID: 33030424 PMCID: PMC7706961 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.201201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in Xinjiang, western China. The virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. Antigenically, this subclade is similar to the H5N1 vaccine seed virus Re-11.
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Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FYK, McCauley JW, Peiris JSM, Webby RJ, Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W. Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2099. [PMID: 32135031 PMCID: PMC9285678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Yamaji
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdi D Saad
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Department of Agriculture, OIE Collaborating Centre for Research on Emerging Avian Diseases, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Gan L, Cao X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang H, Lan R, Xu J, Ye C. Carriage and potential long distance transmission of Listeria monocytogenes by migratory black-headed gulls in Dianchi Lake, Kunming. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1195-1204. [PMID: 31393224 PMCID: PMC6713206 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1647764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a high risk pathogen which can cause invasive diseases in humans. We previously reported that black-headed gulls from Dianchi Lake of Kunming carrying L. monocytogenes, while the characteristics of these isolates and the relationship with habitats of migratory gulls have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes from black-headed gulls in Dianchi Lake, and phylogenetic analysis based on core genome SNPs was used to determine the genetic relationship of the strains from Dianchi Lake and other regions. Occurrence of L. monocytogenes in black-headed gull feces in 2016, 2017 and 2018 was 1.0%, 1.0% and 0.6% respectively. The predominant serotype of 28 isolates was 4b, while the predominant sequence types were ST145 and ST201. Based on their prevalence and genomic relationships, ST5 and ST87 were likely to be sourced locally while ST145 and ST201 were likely to be non-local. L. monocytogenes may travel along the bird migration route leading to transmission over a large geographical span carried by black-headed gull. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was low, its carriage by the migratory black-headed gulls poses potential public health risks in regions where the migratory birds passage and reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- b Beijing Changping Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,c Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- d University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jianguo Xu
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Changyun Ye
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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8
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Sun J, Zhao L, Li X, Meng W, Chu D, Yang X, Peng P, Zhi M, Qin S, Fu T, Li J, Lu S, Wang W, He X, Yu M, Lv X, Ma W, Liao M, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li Y, Chai H, Lu J, Hua Y. Novel H5N6 avian influenza virus reassortants with European H5N8 isolated in migratory birds, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:648-660. [PMID: 31580519 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Five novel H5N6 influenza viruses, including four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and one low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were isolated from migratory birds in Ningxia, China, in November 2017. To understand the genetic origination of the novel H5N6 virus, and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals, phylogeographic analyses and infection studies in mice were performed. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the H5N6 isolates, which are closely related to the viruses from Korea, Japan and the Netherlands, originated from reassortant virus between H5N8 and HxN6 viruses from western Russia. The animal study revealed that the SBD-87 isolate presented moderate virulence in mice, suggesting a potential public risk to humans and a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyue Meng
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Peng
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhi
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Fu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin He
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenge Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengying Liao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Uchida Y, Mine J, Takemae N, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Comparative pathogenicity of H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chicken, Pekin duck and Muscovy duck. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1227-1251. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uchida
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal DiseasesNational Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Kannondai, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Adlhoch C, Brouwer A, Kuiken T, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Barrucci F, Verdonck F, Amato L, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview November 2017 - February 2018. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05240. [PMID: 32625858 PMCID: PMC7009675 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 16 November 2017 and 15 February 2018, one highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6) and five HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry holdings, two HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in captive birds and 22 HPAI A(H5N6) wild bird events were reported within Europe. There is a lower incursion of HPAI A(H5N6) in poultry compared to HPAI A(H5N8). There is no evidence to date that HPAI A(H5N6) viruses circulating in Europe are associated with clades infecting humans. Clinical signs in ducks infected with HPAI A(H5N8) seemed to be decreasing, based on reports from Bulgaria. However, HPAI A(H5N8) is still present in Europe and is widespread in neighbouring areas. The majority of mortality events of wild birds from HPAIV A(H5) in this three‐month period involved single birds. This indicates that the investigation of events involving single dead birds of target species is important for comprehensive passive surveillance for HPAI A(H5). Moreover, 20 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks were reported in three Member States. The risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low. The first human case due to avian influenza A(H7N4) was notified in China underlining the threat that newly emerging avian influenza viruses pose for transmission to humans. Close monitoring is required of the situation in Africa and the Middle East with regards to HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H5N8). Uncontrolled spread of virus and subsequent further genetic evolution in regions geographically connected to Europe may increase uncertainty and risk for further dissemination of virus. The risk of HPAI introduction from Third countries via migratory wild birds to Europe is still considered much lower for wild birds crossing the southern borders compared to birds crossing the north‐eastern borders, whereas the introduction via trade is still very to extremely unlikely.
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