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Hung YF, Liu PC, Lin CH, Lin CN, Wu HY, Chiou MT, Liu HJ, Yang CY. Molecular detection of emerging porcine circovirus in Taiwan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35579. [PMID: 39170437 PMCID: PMC11336776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type (PCV) 2 is an important pathogen that has been circulating worldwide and has cuased serious economic loss in pig industry. However, both PCV3 and PCV4 are newly emerging viruses. In Taiwan, PCV2 has been one of the critical pathogens in pig frams and PCV3 has been detected since 2016; however, the epidemiolog of PCV3 in Taiwan remains unclear and PCV4 has yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to detect the positive rate of PCV2, to investigate the epidemiolog of PCV3 in the pig farms, and to examine whether pigs were infected with PCV4 in Taiwan, a total of 128 samples from 46 clinical cases of pigs were collected from September 2020 to December 2021. The case detection rates were 54.3 % for PCV2, 43.5 % for PCV3, and 2.2 % for PCV4. The results suggested that the positivity rates for both PCV2 and PCV3 were still high in Taiwan. In addition, PCV3 was detected among cases from all 7 sampled counties and in 11 of the 16 sampling months, suggesting that PCV3 may lead to endemic pig disease in Taiwan. Surprisingly, the PCV4 was also detected, suggesting the first PCV4 case in Taiwan. The complete genomes derived from the identified PCV3 and PCV4 strains were subsequently sequenced followed by phylogenetic analysis. The results suggested that the 17 identified PCV3 strains could be divided into Taiwanese-like and Japanese-like strains. In addition, the amino acid residues at positions 27, 80, and 212 in the identified PCV4 cap protein were asparagine, isoleucine, and methionine, respectively, and thus the identified PCV4 was catalorized into clade PCV4b. Consequently, it is concluded that (i) the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 is still high in Taiwanese pigs, (ii) PCV3 has may be an endemic infection in Taiwan and can be classified into Japanese-like and Taiwanese-like strains, (iii) PCV4 was detected for the first time in Taiwanese pigs and can be classified into PCV4b. It remains unclear how PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were introduced to Taiwan, and thus continuous investigation of emerging pathogens in pigs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
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Chang CC, Wu CY, Wu CM, Wu CW, Wang YC, Lin GJ, Chien MS, Huang C. Cytotoxicity effect and transcriptome analysis of PCV3-infected cells revealed potential viral pathogenic mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106715. [PMID: 38810767 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has become an important pathogen in the global swine industry and poses a threat to pig health, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we constructed an innovative, linear infectious clone of PCV3 for rescuing the virus, and explored the transcriptome of infected cells to gain insights into its pathogenic mechanisms. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of the rescued virus in pig. PCV3 nucleic acid was distributed across various organs, indicating systemic circulation via the bloodstream and viremia. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed a significant presence of PCV3 antigens in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes, indicating that PCV3 had tropism for these organs. Transcriptome analysis of infected ST cells revealed differential expression of genes associated with apoptosis, immune responses, and cellular metabolism. Notably, upregulation of genes related to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway, glycolysis, and the AGE/RAGE pathway suggests activation of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to onset of disease. These findings have expanded our understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis, and the interplay between PCV3 and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Jan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Parthiban S, Ramesh A, Dhinakar Raj G, Karuppannan AK, Hemalatha S, Parthiban M, Ravishankar C, Senthilkumar K, Balasubramaniyam D. Molecular evidence of porcine circovirus 3 infection in swine: first report in southern India. Virusdisease 2022; 33:284-290. [PMID: 36277416 PMCID: PMC9481802 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined 434 field samples including serum (n = 273), swabs from natural orifices (n = 52) and postmortem tissue samples (n = 109) from both suspected and asymptomatic swine from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana states in southern India. All the samples were processed for molecular screening of PCV3 by specific PCR assay. Overall molecular positivity rate of PCV3 was found to be 0.7% in southern India with one sample positive from each state of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Telangana. All the three PCR positive PCV3 samples are detected from reproductive failures and were processed and propagated in PK15 cell line for virus isolation. Out of 3 samples processed, one (INDKL9PK76) PCV3 isolate could be obtained in this study and it was confirmed by specific PCR at third and fifth passage levels. Sequencing of PCV3 positive PCR amplicon (INDKL9PK76) revealed 1004 nucleotides and BLAST analysis confirmed partial sequence of the PCV3 genome. The aligned contig sequence was submitted to GenBank under the accession number of MW627201. PCV3 sequence in this study revealed 99% homology with PCV3 isolates from Europe and China. Phylogentic analysis of the PCV3 isolate-INDKL9PK76 sequence along with established PCV3 genotypes revealed clustering within PCV3 genotypes. Characterization of PCV3 (INDKL9PK76) isolate based on deduced amino acid composition of PCV3-capsid protein revealed "A" (alanine) and "R" (arginine) at 24th and 27th residues respectively confirming the incidence of PCV3a genotype. This study evidences PCV3 associated reproductive failure in domestic pigs for the first time in southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - A. Ramesh
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, 600 051 India
| | - G. Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | | | - S. Hemalatha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MVC, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - M. Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, COVAS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - K. Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, 603 203 India
| | - D. Balasubramaniyam
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, 603 203 India
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Pan Y, Qiu S, Chen R, Zhang T, Liang L, Wang M, Baloch AR, Wang L, Zhang Q, Yu S. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in Tibetan pigs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Virol J 2022; 19:64. [PMID: 35392945 PMCID: PMC8991800 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been confirmed to infect pigs, posing a health risk and making pigs more susceptible to other pathogens. After the first report of PCV3 infection in the United States, its prevalence was determined in pigs suffering from clinical digestive or respiratory diseases in several other regions, including the Sichuan and Gansu provinces of China. In this study, we describe the frequency of PCV3 detection in Tibetan pigs inhabiting three different provinces surrounding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Methods A total of 316 samples from diarrheic animals and 182 samples from healthy animals were collected in a randomized manner. Conventional PCR was applied for PCV3 DNA detection. The conserved regions of the PCV3 gene were analyzed with MEGA 7.1 software to design specific primers to sequence entire Cap genes in PCV3 strains, and the sequences were then used to confirm the subtypes of PCV3 in the positive samples. Prediction of the amino acid sequences by nucleotide sequence translation was also performed to compare the point mutations in the entire Cap protein. Twenty PCV3 whole-genomic sequences were used for genome phylogenetic analyses of PCV3 and sequence alignments with 22 other reference strains. Results We found that the prevalence of the virus was significantly higher in samples from pigs with diarrhoea than that in samples from healthy pigs. Phylogenetic analysis of Cap proteins demonstrated that the 20 PCV3 strains formed three clades, including PCV3a (8/20, 40.00%), PCV3b (5/20, 25%) and PCV3c (7/20, 35.00%). The complete genome sequence revealed that these strains formed one branch in the phylogenetic tree. Sequence analysis showed that the Cap proteins of the 20 different viral strains shared between 95.84 and 99.18% nucleotide identity. Cap protein sequence analyses showed that the positivity rate of PCV3a was highest in the samples from pigs with diarrhoea. In comparison, PCV3c was the most elevated subtype in the healthy samples. There was no mutation at a specific site in the amino acid sequences of the entire Cap protein from different PCV3 subtype strains from heathy samples. There was a mutation at site 113 in PCV3a, site 129 in PCV3b, and site 116 in PCV3c. Conclusion Our present data provide evidence that PCV3 is prevalent in Tibetan pigs at high altitudes in China, and the higher prevalence rates of the PCV3a and PCV3b subtypes in samples from pigs with diarrhoea further indicate that the genotypes should not be neglected during surveys of the pathogenicity of PCV3. Phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses suggested that the continuous evolution, adaptation and mechanisms of pathogenicity of PCV3 in Tibetan pigs living in this special environment should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shantong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Linfeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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Five years of porcine circovirus 3: what have we learned about the clinical disease, immune pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2022; 314:198764. [PMID: 35367483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Novel Porcine Circoviruses in View of Lessons Learned from Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Epidemiology and Threat to Pigs and Other Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020261. [PMID: 35215854 PMCID: PMC8877176 DOI: 10.3390/v14020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a key role in PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD) etiology and has yielded significant losses in the pig husbandry in the last 20 years. However, the impact of two recently described species of porcine circoviruses, PCV3 and PCV4, on the pork industry remains unknown. The presence of PCV3 has been associated with several clinical presentations in pigs. Reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation have been reported most consistently. The clinical symptoms, anatomopathological changes and interaction with other pathogens during PCV3 infection in pigs indicate that PCV3 might be pathogenic for these animals and can cause economic losses in the swine industry similar to PCV2, which makes PCV3 worth including in the differential list as a cause of clinical disorders in reproductive swine herds. Moreover, subsequent studies indicate interspecies transmission and worldwide spreading of PCV3. To date, research related to PCV3 and PCV4 vaccine design is at early stage, and numerous aspects regarding immune response and virus characteristics remain unknown.
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Ge M, Ren J, Xie YL, Zhao D, Fan FC, Song XQ, Li MX, Xiao CT. Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 3 in China From 2019 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:773912. [PMID: 34926645 PMCID: PMC8671461 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), a virus belonging to the Circoviridae family, is considered to be associated with respiratory and neurological signs, cardiac and multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome-like disease in pigs (Sus scrofa). In this study, epidemiological and serological investigations of PCV3 in clinically healthy pigs from different regions of China were performed. Overall, 42.87% (1,101/2,568) of pigs were positive for PCV3 Cap antibody via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with a higher prevalence of PCV3 in multiparous sows (62.22%, 881/1,416) and fattening pigs (28.96%, 159/549) than in suckling piglets (8.96%, 32/357) and nursery pigs (11.79%, 29/246). Of the 2,568 samples, 255 were further tested for PCV3 DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 63.14% of these were positive, with nearly half having <10 virus copies. The PCV3 DNA and antibody positivity rates were high in the pig serum samples; however, the virus titers and antibody levels were both low, indicating that the humoral immune response of PCV3-infected pigs was weak or lagging, and persistent or repeated infections could occur. Additionally, the complete genomes of 23 PCV3 strains were sequenced and analyzed, which showed nucleotide identities of 98.5~100.0%, 98.6~100.0%, and 99.2~100.0% in the complete genome, open reading frame (ORF)2, and ORF1 sequences, respectively, and amino acid identities of 96.7~100.0% and 99.3~100.0% in the capsid and replicase proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 nucleotide sequences indicated that the PCV3 strains obtained in the present study could be classified into three sub-clades, with most strains clustered into clade 3c, indicating that PCV3c is the dominant subtype in the regions of China investigated. In general, the present study revealed a high prevalence and high genetic divergence of PCV3 among Chinese pig herds, and indicated that the potential effect of PCV3 on the pig industry may be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Lin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang-Cheng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Man-Xiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2915-2935. [PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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