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Carnovali M, Zava S, Banfi G, Rizzo AM, Mariotti M. Vibration Rather than Microgravity Affects Bone Metabolism in Adult Zebrafish Scale Model. Cells 2024; 13:509. [PMID: 38534353 PMCID: PMC10969198 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gravity and mechanical forces cause important alterations in the human skeletal system, as demonstrated by space flights. Innovative animal models like zebrafish embryos and medaka have been introduced to study bone response in ground-based microgravity simulators. We used, for the first time, adult zebrafish in simulated microgravity, with a random positioning machine (RPM) to study bone remodeling in the scales. To evaluate the effects of microgravity on bone remodeling in adult bone tissue, we exposed adult zebrafish to microgravity for 14 days using RPM and we evaluated bone remodeling on explanted scales. Our data highlight bone resorption in scales in simulated microgravity fish but also in the fish exposed, in normal gravity, to the vibrations produced by the RPM. The osteoclast activation in both rotating and non-rotating samples suggest that prolonged vibrations exposure leads to bone resorption in the scales tissue. Stress levels in these fish were normal, as demonstrated by blood cortisol quantification. In conclusion, vibrational mechanical stress induced bone resorption in adult fish scales. Moreover, adult fish as an animal model for microgravity studies remains controversial since fish usually live in weightless conditions because of the buoyant force from water and do not constantly need to support their bodies against gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carnovali
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, Via C. Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefania Zava
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomedical Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, Via D. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, Via C. Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.B.)
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomedical Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, Via D. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Massimo Mariotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, Via C. Belgioioso 173, 20161 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.B.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy
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High-Intensity Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Treatment Stimulates Fin Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish—A Preliminary Report. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-Intensity electromagnetic fields (LI-PEMFs) are known to induce a trophic stimulus on bone tissue and therefore have been largely used for the treatment of several musculoskeletal disorders. High intensity (HI) PEMFs add interesting features to bio-stimulation such as electroporation, a phenomenon characterized by transient increased cell permeabilization to molecules, and diamagnetism, a water-repulsive effect based on the diamagnetic properties of water and transmembrane ions gradients. Despite the rapid evolution of technology, the biological mechanisms underlying it are still poorly understood. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this particular stimulation, HI LF-PEMFs were used to stimulate the caudal fin rays of adult zebrafish. Actually, the zebrafish fin regeneration is a simple, well understood, and widely adopted model for studying bone regeneration. A controlled amputation fin experiment was then conducted. Regenerated bone matrix of fin rays was dyed with calcein and then analysed under fluorescence microscopy. Both the length and the area of regenerated fin’s rays treated with HI LF-PEMFs resulted significantly increased when compared with non-treated.
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3
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Ofer L, Zaslansky P, Shahar R. A comparison of the structure, composition and mechanical properties of anosteocytic vertebrae of medaka (O. latipes) and osteocytic vertebrae of zebrafish (D. rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:995-1006. [PMID: 32239680 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Medaka (O. latipes) and zebrafish (D. rerio) are two teleost fish increasingly used as models to study human skeletal diseases. Although they are similar in size, swimming pattern and many other characteristics, these two species are very distant from an evolutionary point of view (by at least 100 million years). A prominent difference between the skeletons of medaka and zebrafish is the total absence of osteocytes in medaka (anosteocytic), while zebrafish bone contains numerous osteocytes (osteocytic). This fundamental difference suggests the possibility that the bony elements of their skeleton may be different in a variety of other aspects, structural, mechanical or both, particularly in heavily loaded bones like the vertebrae. Here we report on the results of a comparative study that aimed to determine the similarities and differences in medaka and zebrafish vertebrae in terms of their macro- to nanostructure, composition and mechanical properties. Our results reveal many similarities between medaka and zebrafish vertebrae, making the lack or presence of osteocytes the only major difference between the bones of these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Kobayashi-Sun J, Suzuki N, Hattori A, Yamaguchi M, Kobayashi I. Melatonin suppresses both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation through repression of epidermal Erk signaling in the zebrafish scale. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:644-650. [PMID: 32768192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its involvement in fracture healing are still obscure. We previously developed an in vivo fracture healing model using the scale of a double-transgenic zebrafish, trap:GFP; osterix:mCherry, which labels osteoclasts and osteoblasts with GFP and mCherry, respectively. Here we show using this model that melatonin inhibits both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation under fracture stress through the repression of Erk signaling in epidermal cells of the scale. Melatonin treatment resulted in reduced numbers of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the fractured scale. Immunochemistry analysis revealed that Erk signals in epidermal cells, which express melatonin receptors, were greatly enhanced in response to fracture stress, but this enhancement was blocked by melatonin treatment. Moreover, inhibition of Erk signaling phenocopied the effects of melatonin treatment in the fractured scale. Collectively, these data suggest that the activation of epidermal Erk signaling is required for both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in the early stage of fracture healing, and melatonin suppresses epidermal Erk signaling, leading to impaired fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Investigation of alpl expression and Tnap-activity in zebrafish implies conserved functions during skeletal and neuronal development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13321. [PMID: 32770041 PMCID: PMC7414108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease with diverse symptoms and a heterogeneous severity of onset with underlying mutations in the ALPL gene encoding the ectoenzyme Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Considering the establishment of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a new model organism for HPP, the aim of the study was the spatial and temporal analysis of alpl expression in embryos and adult brains. Additionally, we determined functional consequences of Tnap inhibition on neural and skeletal development in zebrafish. We show that expression of alpl is present during embryonic stages and in adult neuronal tissues. Analyses of enzyme function reveal zones of pronounced Tnap-activity within the telencephalon and the mesencephalon. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with chemical Tnap inhibitors followed by axonal and cartilage/mineralized tissue staining imply functional consequences of Tnap deficiency on neuronal and skeletal development. Based on the results from neuronal and skeletal tissue analyses, which demonstrate an evolutionary conserved role of this enzyme, we consider zebrafish as a promising species for modeling HPP in order to discover new potential therapy strategies in the long-term.
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Kobayashi-Sun J, Yamamori S, Kondo M, Kuroda J, Ikegame M, Suzuki N, Kitamura KI, Hattori A, Yamaguchi M, Kobayashi I. Uptake of osteoblast-derived extracellular vesicles promotes the differentiation of osteoclasts in the zebrafish scale. Commun Biol 2020; 3:190. [PMID: 32327701 PMCID: PMC7181839 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of osteoclasts (OCs) from hematopoietic cells requires cellular interaction with osteoblasts (OBs). Due to the difficulty of live-imaging in the bone, however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intercellular communication involved in OC differentiation are still elusive. Here, we develop a fracture healing model using the scale of trap:GFP; osterix:mCherry transgenic zebrafish to visualize the interaction between OCs and OBs. Transplantation assays followed by flow cytometric analysis reveal that most trap:GFPhigh OCs in the fractured scale are detected in the osterix:mCherry+ fraction because of uptake of OB-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). In vivo live-imaging shows that immature OCs actively interact with osterix:mCherry+ OBs and engulf EVs prior to convergence at the fracture site. In vitro cell culture assays show that OB-derived EVs promote OC differentiation via Rankl signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that EV-mediated intercellular communication with OBs plays an important role in the differentiation of OCs in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamori
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mao Kondo
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junpei Kuroda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Mosselhy DA, He W, Hynönen U, Meng Y, Mohammadi P, Palva A, Feng Q, Hannula SP, Nordström K, Linder MB. Silica-gentamicin nanohybrids: combating antibiotic resistance, bacterial biofilms, and in vivo toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7939-7957. [PMID: 30568441 PMCID: PMC6276608 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s182611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in health care. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), forming biofilms, is a common cause of resistant orthopedic implant infections. Gentamicin is a crucial antibiotic preventing orthopedic infections. Silica-gentamicin (SiO2-G) delivery systems have attracted significant interest in preventing the formation of biofilms. However, compelling scientific evidence addressing their efficacy against planktonic MRSA and MRSA biofilms is still lacking, and their safety has not extensively been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, we have investigated the effects of SiO2-G nanohybrids against planktonic MRSA as well as MRSA and Escherichia coli biofilms and then evaluated their toxicity in zebrafish embryos, which are an excellent model for assessing the toxicity of nanotherapeutics. RESULTS SiO2-G nanohybrids inhibited the growth and killed planktonic MRSA at a minimum concentration of 500 µg/mL. SiO2-G nanohybrids entirely eradicated E. coli cells in biofilms at a minimum concentration of 250 µg/mL and utterly deformed their ultrastructure through the deterioration of bacterial shapes and wrinkling of their cell walls. Zebrafish embryos exposed to SiO2-G nanohybrids (500 and 1,000 µg/mL) showed a nonsignificant increase in mortality rates, 13.4±9.4 and 15%±7.1%, respectively, mainly detected 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). Frequencies of malformations were significantly different from the control group only 24 hpf at the higher exposure concentration. CONCLUSION Collectively, this work provides the first comprehensive in vivo assessment of SiO2-G nanohybrids as a biocompatible drug delivery system and describes the efficacy of SiO2-G nanohybrids in combating planktonic MRSA cells and eradicating E. coli biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Mosselhy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
- Fish Diseases Department, Microbiological Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt,
| | - Wei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yaping Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qingling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Katrina Nordström
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
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Franz-Odendaal TA, Edsall SC. Long-Term Effects of Simulated Microgravity and Vibration Exposure on Skeletal Development in Zebrafish. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1278-1286. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara C. Edsall
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Alves RN, Sundell KS, Anjos L, Sundh H, Harboe T, Norberg B, Power DM. Structural and functional maturation of skin during metamorphosis in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:469-492. [PMID: 29464365 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To establish if the developmental changes in the primary barrier and osmoregulatory capacity of Atlantic halibut skin are modified during metamorphosis, histological, histochemical, gene expression and electrophysiological measurements were made. The morphology of the ocular and abocular skin started to diverge during the metamorphic climax and ocular skin appeared thicker and more stratified. Neutral mucins were the main glycoproteins produced by the goblet cells in skin during metamorphosis. Moreover, the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins increased during metamorphosis and asymmetry in their abundance was observed between ocular and abocular skin. The increase in goblet cell number and their asymmetric abundance in skin was concomitant with the period that thyroid hormones (THs) increase and suggests that they may be under the control of these hormones. Several mucin transcripts were identified in metamorphosing halibut transcriptomes and Muc18 and Muc5AC were characteristic of the body skin. Na+, K+-ATPase positive (NKA) cells were observed in skin of all metamorphic stages but their number significantly decreased with the onset of metamorphosis. No asymmetry was observed between ocular and abocular skin in NKA cells. The morphological changes observed were linked to modified skin barrier function as revealed by modifications in its electrophysiological properties. However, the maturation of the skin functional characteristics preceded structural maturation and occurred at stage 8 prior to the metamorphic climax. Treatment of Atlantic halibut with the THs disrupter methimazole (MMI) affected the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins and the NKA cells. The present study reveals that the asymmetric development of the skin in Atlantic halibut is TH sensitive and is associated with metamorphosis and that this barrier's functional properties mature earlier and are independent of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristina S Sundell
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liliana Anjos
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torstein Harboe
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Birgitta Norberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group (CEIB), CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Macaulay LJ, Chernick M, Chen A, Hinton DE, Bailey JM, Kullman SW, Levin ED, Stapleton HM. Exposure to a PBDE/OH-BDE mixture alters juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:36-48. [PMID: 27329031 PMCID: PMC5535307 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (e.g., hydroxylated BDEs [OH-BDEs]) are contaminants frequently detected together in human tissues and are structurally similar to thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones partially mediate metamorphic transitions between life stages in zebrafish, making this a critical developmental window that may be vulnerable to chemicals disrupting thyroid signaling. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 6-OH-BDE-47 (30 nM; 15 μg/L) alone, or to a low-dose (30 μg/L) or high-dose (600 μg/L) mixture of PentaBDEs, 6-OH-BDE-47 (0.5-6 μg/L), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (5-100 μg/L) during juvenile development (9-23 d postfertilization) and evaluated for developmental endpoints mediated by thyroid hormone signaling. Fish were sampled at 3 time points and examined for developmental and skeletal morphology, apical thyroid and skeletal gene markers, and modifications in swimming behavior (as adults). Exposure to the high-dose mixture resulted in >85% mortality within 1 wk of exposure, despite being below reported acute toxicity thresholds for individual congeners. The low-dose mixture and 6-OH-BDE-47 groups exhibited reductions in body length and delayed maturation, specifically relating to swim bladder, fin, and pigmentation development. Reduced skeletal ossification was also observed in 6-OH-BDE-47-treated fish. Assessment of thyroid and osteochondral gene regulatory networks demonstrated significantly increased expression of genes that regulate skeletal development and thyroid hormones. Overall, these results indicate that exposures to PBDE/OH-BDE mixtures adversely impact zebrafish maturation during metamorphosis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:36-48. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Macaulay
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Melissa Chernick
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - David E. Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jordan M. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Seth W. Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Edward D. Levin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Corresponding author: Heather Stapleton, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328 LSRC A220, Durham, NC 27708, Phone: 919-613-8717, Fax: (919) 684-8741.,
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11
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Kupsco A, Schlenk D. Molecular mechanisms of selenium-Induced spinal deformities in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:143-150. [PMID: 27611865 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium toxicity to oviparous vertebrates is often attributed to selenomethionine (SeMet), which can biomagnify through maternal transfer. Although oxidative stress is implicated in SeMet toxicity, knowledge gaps remain in how SeMet causes characteristic spinal deformities. In the present study, we use the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) model to investigate the role of oxidative stress, cell death, and the unfolded protein response (UPR) on skeletal gene expression and SeMet toxicity, linking localization of cellular effects to observed abnormalities. Medaka embryos were treated with 2.5μM or 5μM SeMet for 24h at stage 25 (48h post fertilization). Post treatment, embryos were separated into normal, deformed (mild, moderate or severe), or dead categories. Dichlorofluorescein staining demonstrated oxidative stress in tails of embryos with observable spinal malformations. Furthermore, acridine orange staining for apoptosis identified significantly more dead cells in tails of treated embryos. Gene expression studies for the UPR suggest a potential role for CHOP (c/ebp homologous protein) induced apoptosis deformed embryos after 5μM SeMet, accompanied by a significant decrease in PDIA4 (protein disulfide isomerase A4) and no change in Dnajb9 (ER DNA J Domain-Containing Protein 4). This expression was distinct from the UPR induced by well-studied ER stress inducer, tunicamycin, which robustly activated CHOP, PDIA4 and Dnajb9. Finally, SeMet treatment significantly decreased transcripts of cartilage development, Sox9 (SRY box 9), while increasing Runx2 in deformed embryos, without altering Twist or Collagen 2a1. Results suggest that oxidative stress, the UPR and cell death play key roles in SeMet induced deformities and altered skeletal development factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Environmental Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Environmental Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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12
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Loewen TN, Carriere B, Reist JD, Halden NM, Anderson WG. Linking physiology and biomineralization processes to ecological inferences on the life history of fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:123-140. [PMID: 27328377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomineral chemistry is frequently used to infer life history events and habitat use in fishes; however, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here we have taken a multidisciplinary approach to review the current understanding of element incorporation into biomineralized structures in fishes. Biominerals are primarily composed of calcium-based derivatives such as calcium carbonate found in otoliths and calcium phosphates found in scales, fins and bones. By focusing on non-essential life elements (strontium and barium) and essential life elements (calcium, zinc and magnesium), we attempt to connect several fields of study to synergise how physiology may influence biomineralization and subsequent inference of life history. Data provided in this review indicate that the presence of non-essential elements in biominerals of fish is driven primarily by hypo- and hyper-calcemic environmental conditions. The uptake kinetics between environmental calcium and its competing mimics define what is ultimately incorporated in the biomineral structure. Conversely, circannual hormonally driven variations likely influence essential life elements like zinc that are known to associate with enzyme function. Environmental temperature and pH as well as uptake kinetics for strontium and barium isotopes demonstrate the role of mass fractionation in isotope selection for uptake into fish bony structures. In consideration of calcium mobilisation, the action of osteoclast-like cells on calcium phosphates of scales, fins and bones likely plays a role in fractionation along with transport kinetics. Additional investigations into calcium mobilisation are warranted to understand differing views of strontium, and barium isotope fractionation between calcium phosphates and calcium carbonate structures in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Loewen
- Interdisciplinary Studies (Geological Sciences), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Freshwater Institute, Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - B Carriere
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J D Reist
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - N M Halden
- Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - W G Anderson
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Sarath Babu N, Murthy CLN, Kakara S, Sharma R, Brahmendra Swamy CV, Idris MM. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson's disease in zebrafish. Proteomics 2016; 16:1407-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nukala Sarath Babu
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | | | - Sameera Kakara
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | | | - Mohammed M. Idris
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
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14
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Osteogenic programs during zebrafish fin regeneration. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:745. [PMID: 26421148 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomic, screening and imaging technologies have provided new opportunities to examine the molecular and cellular landscape underlying human physiology and disease. In the context of skeletal research, technologies for systems genetics, high-throughput screening and high-content imaging can aid an unbiased approach when searching for new biological, pathological or therapeutic pathways. However, these approaches necessitate the use of specialized model systems that rapidly produce a phenotype, are easy to manipulate, and amenable to optical study, all while representing mammalian bone physiologies at the molecular and cellular levels. The emerging use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for modeling human disease highlights its potential to accelerate therapeutic and pathway discovery in the mammalian skeleton. In this review, we consider the potential value of zebrafish fin ray regeneration (a rapid, genetically tractable and optically transparent model of intramembranous ossification) as a translational model for such studies.
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15
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Torres-Núñez E, Suarez-Bregua P, Cal L, Cal R, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Rotllant J. Molecular cloning and characterization of the matricellular protein Sparc/osteonectin in flatfish, Scophthalmus maximus, and its developmental stage-dependent transcriptional regulation during metamorphosis. Gene 2015; 568:129-39. [PMID: 25981593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SPARC/osteonectin is a multifunctional matricellular glycoprotein, which is expressed in embryonic and adult tissues that undergo active proliferation and dynamic morphogenesis. Recent studies indicate that Sparc expression appears early in development, although its function and regulation during development are largely unknown. In this report, we describe the isolation, characterization, post-embryonic developmental expression and environmental thermal regulation of sparc in turbot. The full-length turbot sparc cDNA contains 930 bp and encodes a protein of 310 amino acids, which shares 77, 75 and 80% identity with human, frog and zebrafish, respectively. Results of whole-mount in situ hybridization reveal a dynamic expression profile during post-embryonic turbot development. Sparc is expressed differentially in the cranioencephalic region; mainly in jaws, branchial arches, fin folds and rays of caudal, dorsal and anal fins. Furthermore, ontogenetic studies demonstrated that Sparc gene expression is dynamically regulated during post-embryonic turbot development, with high expression during stage-specific post-embryonic remodeling. Additionally, the effect of thermal environmental conditions on turbot development and on ontogenetic sparc expression was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Torres-Núñez
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - P Suarez-Bregua
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - L Cal
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - R Cal
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | - J M Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - J Rotllant
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
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16
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de Vrieze E, Zethof J, Schulte-Merker S, Flik G, Metz JR. Identification of novel osteogenic compounds by an ex-vivo sp7:luciferase zebrafish scale assay. Bone 2015; 74:106-13. [PMID: 25600250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight interactions among different cell types contributing to bone formation are of key importance in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Based on the high similarity in responses to (anti)osteogenic signals between zebrafish scales and mammalian bone, we developed and validated a model to screen large numbers of compounds using ex-vivo cultured scales of a sp7:luciferase transgenic zebrafish. This model combines the high predictive value of explant cultures with quick, sensitive, and quantifiable readout converging the effects via various pathways including WNT-signaling, to SP7/osterix promoter activity. Sp7 is pivotal in osteoblast differentiation and activity and its promoter activity provides an excellent surrogate for sp7 expression. Bmp-2a was shown to dose-dependently increase sp7-driven luciferase activity ex vivo. Next, we identified novel effects on bone for 51.7% of the compounds from a small library of WNT-signaling modulators, including a strong osteogenic effect for niclosamide. From all previously characterized compounds, the effect on bone was correctly predicted for 70% of compounds, resulting in a 7% false positive- and 21% false negative rate. The proposed sp7:luciferase zebrafish scale model is unique, powerful and efficient new tool to assess compounds with osteogenic effects, prior to further testing in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Zethof
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juriaan R Metz
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Gladys FM, Matsuda M, Lim Y, Jackin BJ, Imai T, Otani Y, Yatagai T, Cense B. Developmental and morphological studies in Japanese medaka with ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:297-308. [PMID: 25780725 PMCID: PMC4354602 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography to study the morphological development of internal organs in medaka fish in the post-embryonic stages at micrometer resolution. Different stages of Japanese medaka were imaged after hatching in vivo with an axial resolution of 2.8 µm in tissue. Various morphological structures and organs identified in the OCT images were then compared with the histology. Due to the medaka's close resemblance to vertebrates, including humans, these morphological features play an important role in morphogenesis and can be used to study diseases that also occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Moses Gladys
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Masaru Matsuda
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Yiheng Lim
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Boaz Jessie Jackin
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Takuto Imai
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University,
Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Otani
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Toyohiko Yatagai
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
| | - Barry Cense
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University,
Japan
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18
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Recidoro AM, Roof AC, Schmitt M, Worton LE, Petrie T, Strand N, Ausk BJ, Srinivasan S, Moon RT, Gardiner EM, Kaminsky W, Bain SD, Allan CH, Gross TS, Kwon RY. Botulinum toxin induces muscle paralysis and inhibits bone regeneration in zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2346-56. [PMID: 24806738 PMCID: PMC5108653 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular administration of Botulinum toxin (BTx) has been associated with impaired osteogenesis in diverse conditions of bone formation (eg, development, growth, and healing), yet the mechanisms of neuromuscular-bone crosstalk underlying these deficits have yet to be identified. Motivated by the emerging utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a rapid, genetically tractable, and optically transparent model for human pathologies (as well as the potential to interrogate neuromuscular-mediated bone disorders in a simple model that bridges in vitro and more complex in vivo model systems), in this study, we developed a model of BTx-induced muscle paralysis in adult zebrafish, and we examined its effects on intramembranous ossification during tail fin regeneration. BTx administration induced rapid muscle paralysis in adult zebrafish in a manner that was dose-dependent, transient, and focal, mirroring the paralytic phenotype observed in animal and human studies. During fin regeneration, BTx impaired continued bone ray outgrowth, morphology, and patterning, indicating defects in early osteogenesis. Further, BTx significantly decreased mineralizing activity and crystalline mineral accumulation, suggesting delayed late-stage osteoblast differentiation and/or altered secondary bone apposition. Bone ray transection proximal to the amputation site focally inhibited bone outgrowth in the affected ray, implicating intra- and/or inter-ray nerves in this process. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the potential to interrogate pathological features of BTx-induced osteoanabolic dysfunction in the regenerating zebrafish fin, define the technological toolbox for detecting bone growth and mineralization deficits in this process, and suggest that pathways mediating neuromuscular regulation of osteogenesis may be conserved beyond established mammalian models of bone anabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Recidoro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Edsall SC, Franz-Odendaal TA. An assessment of the long-term effects of simulated microgravity on cranial neural crest cells in zebrafish embryos with a focus on the adult skeleton. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89296. [PMID: 24586670 PMCID: PMC3930699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important to address the long-term effects of exposure to simulated microgravity as the potential for space tourism and life in space become prominent topics amongst the World's governments. There are several studies examining the effects of exposure to simulated microgravity on various developmental systems and in various organisms; however, few examine the effects beyond the juvenile stages. In this study, we expose zebrafish embryos to simulated microgravity starting at key stages associated with cranial neural crest cell migration. We then analyzed the skeletons of adult fish. Gross observations and morphometric analyses show that exposure to simulated microgravity results in stunted growth, reduced ossification and severe distortion of some skeletal elements. Additionally, we investigated the effects on the juvenile skull and body pigmentation. This study determines for the first time the long-term effects of embryonic exposure to simulated microgravity on the developing skull and highlights the importance of studies investigating the effects of altered gravitational forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Edsall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Fish: a suitable system to model human bone disorders and discover drugs with osteogenic or osteotoxic activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of the recent advances of genomic technologies applied to studies of fish species belonging to the superclass of Osteichthyes (bony fish) with a major emphasis on the infraclass of Teleostei, also called teleosts. This superclass that represents more than 50% of all known vertebrate species has gained considerable attention from genome researchers in the last decade. We discuss many examples that demonstrate that this highly deserved attention is currently leading to new opportunities for answering important biological questions on gene function and evolutionary processes. In addition to giving an overview of the technologies that have been applied for studying various fish species we put the recent advances in genome research on the model species zebrafish and medaka in the context of its impact for studies of all fish of the superclass of Osteichthyes. We thereby want to illustrate how the combined value of research on model species together with a broad angle perspective on all bony fish species will have a huge impact on research in all fields of fundamental science and will speed up applications in many societally important areas such as the development of new medicines, toxicology test systems, environmental sensing systems and sustainable aquaculture strategies.
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22
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Stavri S, Zarnescu O. The expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and chondroitin sulfate during pectoral fin regeneration in Carassius auratus gibelio: a combined histochemical and immunohistochemical study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:233-242. [PMID: 23302437 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612013797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dermal bone is an important component of the teleost fins, and its ability to regenerate after fin amputation appears to be unlimited. The organic bone matrix contain type I collagen fibers, proteoglycans enriched in chondroitin sulfate, and noncollagenous matrix protein such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin. These molecules are synthesized by fin osteoblasts. Inorganic components chiefly consist of calcium and phosphate that form crystals of hydroxyapatite. Fin rays are described as models to study ossification. Due to this, the identification of the components involved in the synthesis of the organic and inorganic components of lepidotrichial bone are of great interest for the analysis of skeletal disorders in fish ossification. The present study investigates expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and chondroitin sulfate during pectoral fin regeneration in Carassius auratus gibelio. Alkaline phosphatase reaction has been found in the epidermis covering the wound, proximal blastema, near the cells that surround newly-formed lepidotrichia matrix and the tips of regenerating fin rays. Osteopontin has been observed throughout the regeneration blastema but excluded from the scleroblasts lining the inner side of the lepidotrichia. Osteocalcin and chondroitin sulfate expression coincides with the onset of mineralization of lepidotrichial matrix, suggesting its involvement in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stavri
- Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, R-050095, Bucharest, Romania
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23
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Matsumoto T, Deguchi T, Kawasaki T, Yuba S, Sato J. Molecular cloning and expression of the col2a1a and col2a1b genes in the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 12:46-52. [PMID: 22123453 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The Col2a1 gene is expressed in notochord, otic vesicle, cartilaginous tissue and the anlage of endochondral bone during development in higher vertebrates. Type II collagen, a homotrimeric product of the Col2a1 gene, functions as a key regulatory protein for cartilage development and endochondral ossification. In medaka and zebrafish, a single homolog of the col2a1 gene has been identified. However, it is necessary to note that many genes are duplicated in teleost fishes. To clarify function of col2a1 genes in teleost fishes and to further understand the process of cartilage development and endochondral ossification, we cloned and mapped the gene loci of two col2a1 orthologs in medaka. The proteins encoded by both medaka col2a1a and col2a1b genes were highly conserved (85.3% and 82.6%) relative to human COL2A1, but synteny was not observed. We also examined the expression patterns of col2a1a and col2a1b during embryonic development. Whole-mount insitu hybridization data suggests that expression patterns of both medaka co2a1a and col2a1b genes are similar to that of zebrafish co2a1 in the early embryonic stages. In medaka, the two col2a1 genes show a closely correlated pattern of spatial and temporal expression. In late embryonic stages, however, there were differences in both expression patterns in the pectoral fin. This study is the first report of two homologs of col2a1 in teleosts and also the first examination of col2a1a and col2a1b expression patterns in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-46 Nakouji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
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24
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Fan CY, Simmons SO, Law SHW, Jensen K, Cowden J, Hinton D, Padilla S, Ramabhadran R. Generation and characterization of neurogenin1-GFP transgenic medaka with potential for rapid developmental neurotoxicity screening. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:127-135. [PMID: 21718657 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fish models such as zebrafish and medaka are increasingly used as alternatives to rodents in developmental and toxicological studies. These developmental and toxicological studies can be facilitated by the use of transgenic reporters that permit the real-time, noninvasive observation of the fish. Here we report the construction and characterization of transgenic medaka lines expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the zebrafish neurogenin 1 (ngn1) gene promoter. Neurogenin (ngn1) is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in proliferating neuronal progenitor cells early in neuronal differentiation and plays a crucial role in directing neurogenesis. GFP expression was detected from 24 h post-fertilization until hatching, in a spatial pattern consistent with the previously reported zebrafish ngn1 expression. Temporal expression of the transgene parallels the expression profile of the endogenous medaka ngn1 transcript. Further, we demonstrate that embryos from the transgenic line permit the non-destructive, real-time screening of ngn1 promoter-directed GFP expression in a 96-well format, enabling higher throughput studies of developmental neurotoxicants. This strain has been deposited with and maintained by the National BioResource Project and is available on request (http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/medaka/strainDetailAction.do?quickSearch=true&strainId=5660).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Fan
- Integrated Systems Toxicology and Toxicity Assessment Divisions, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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25
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Dale RM, Topczewski J. Identification of an evolutionarily conserved regulatory element of the zebrafish col2a1a gene. Dev Biol 2011; 357:518-31. [PMID: 21723274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent model organism for the study of vertebrate development including skeletogenesis. Studies of mammalian cartilage formation were greatly advanced through the use of a cartilage specific regulatory element of the Collagen type II alpha 1 (Col2a1) gene. In an effort to isolate such an element in zebrafish, we compared the expression of two col2a1 homologues and found that expression of col2a1b, a previously uncharacterized zebrafish homologue, only partially overlaps with col2a1a. We focused our analysis on col2a1a, as it is expressed in both the stacked chondrocytes and the perichondrium. By comparing the genomic sequence surrounding the predicted transcriptional start site of col2a1a among several species of teleosts we identified a small highly conserved sequence (R2) located 1.7 kb upstream of the presumptive transcriptional initiation site. Interestingly, neither the sequence nor location of this element is conserved between teleost and mammalian Col2a1. We generated transient and stable transgenic lines with just the R2 element or the entire 1.7 kb fragment 5' of the transcriptional initiation site. The identified regulatory elements enable the tracking of cellular development in various tissues by driving robust reporter expression in craniofacial cartilage, ear, notochord, floor plate, hypochord and fins in a pattern similar to the expression of endogenous col2a1a. Using a reporter gene driven by the R2 regulatory element, we analyzed the morphogenesis of the notochord sheath cells as they withdraw from the stack of initially uniform cells and encase the inflating vacuolated notochord cells. Finally, we show that like endogenous col2a1a, craniofacial expression of these reporter constructs depends on Sox9a transcription factor activity. At the same time, notochord expression is maintained after Sox9a knockdown, suggesting that other factors can activate expression through the identified regulatory element in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Dale
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Research Center, 2300 Children's Plaza, Box 204, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.
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26
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Vanoevelen J, Janssens A, Huitema LFA, Hammond CL, Metz JR, Flik G, Voets T, Schulte-Merker S. Trpv5/6 is vital for epithelial calcium uptake and bone formation. FASEB J 2011; 25:3197-207. [PMID: 21670068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential ion serving a multitude of physiological roles. Aside from its role as a second messenger, it is an essential component of the vertebrate bone matrix. Efficient uptake and storage of calcium are therefore indispensable for all vertebrates. Transient receptor potential family, vanilloid type (TRPV)5 and TRPV6 channels are known players in transcellular calcium uptake, but the exact contribution of this pathway is unclear. We used forward genetic screening in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify genes essential in bone formation and identified a lethal zebrafish mutant (matt-und-schlapp) with severe defects in bone formation, including lack of ossification of the vertebral column and craniofacial structures. Mutant embryos show a 68% reduction in calcium content, and systemic calcium homeostasis is disturbed when compared with siblings. The phenotype can be partially rescued by increasing ambient calcium levels to 25 mM. We identified the mutation as a loss-of-function mutation in the single orthologue of TRPV5 and 6, trpv5/6. Expression in HEK293 cells showed that Trpv5/6 is a calcium-selective channel capable of inward calcium transport at physiological concentrations whereas the mutant channel is not. Taken together, this study provides both genetic and functional evidence that transcellular epithelial calcium uptake is vital to sustain life and enable bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Vanoevelen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Cellular morphology and markers of cartilage and bone in the marine teleost Sparus auratus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 343:619-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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28
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Singh SK, Meena Lakshmi MG, Saxena S, Swamy CVB, Idris MM. Proteome profile of zebrafish caudal fin based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis LCMS/MS and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis MALDI MS/MS analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 34:225-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Ytteborg E, Torgersen J, Baeverfjord G, Takle H. Morphological and molecular characterization of developing vertebral fusions using a teleost model. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 10:13. [PMID: 20604916 PMCID: PMC2909226 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal disorders are a major cause of disability for humans and an important health problem for intensively farmed animals. Experiments have shown that vertebral deformities present a complex but comparable etiology across species. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in bone deformities are still far from understood. To further explicate the mechanisms involved, we have examined the fundamental aspects of bone metabolism and pathogenesis of vertebral fusions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). RESULTS Experimentally, juvenile salmon were subjected to hyperthermic conditions where more than 28% developed fused vertebral bodies. To characterize the fusion process we analyzed an intermediate and a terminal stage of the pathology by using x-ray, histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. At early stage in the fusion process, disorganized and proliferating osteoblasts were prominent at the growth zones of the vertebral body endplates. PCNA positive cells further extended along the rims of fusing vertebral bodies. During the developing pathology, the marked border between the osteoblast growth zones and the chondrocytic areas connected to the arches became less distinct, as proliferating cells and chondrocytes blended through an intermediate zone. This cell proliferation appeared to be closely linked to fusion of opposing arch centra. During the fusion process a metaplastic shift appeared in the arch centra where cells in the intermediate zone between osteoblasts and chondrocytes co-expressed mixed signals of chondrogenic and osteogenic markers. A similar shift also occurred in the notochord where proliferating chordoblasts changed transcription profile from chondrogenic to also include osteogenic marker genes. In progressed fusions, arch centra and intervertebral space mineralized. CONCLUSION Loss of cell integrity through cell proliferation and metaplastic shifts seem to be key events in the fusion process. The fusion process involves molecular regulation and cellular changes similar to those found in mammalian deformities, indicating that salmon is suitable for studying general bone development and to be a comparative model for spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ytteborg
- Nofima Marin AS, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jacob Torgersen
- Nofima Marin AS, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Grete Baeverfjord
- Nofima Marin AS, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Harald Takle
- Nofima Marin AS, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- AVS Chile SA, Imperial 0655, Of. 3A, Puerto Varas, Chile
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30
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Eames BF, Singer A, Smith GA, Wood ZA, Yan YL, He X, Polizzi SJ, Catchen JM, Rodriguez-Mari A, Linbo T, Raible DW, Postlethwait JH. UDP xylose synthase 1 is required for morphogenesis and histogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 2010; 341:400-15. [PMID: 20226781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs1) is strongly conserved from bacteria to humans, but because no mutation has been studied in any animal, we do not understand its roles in development. Furthermore, no crystal structure has been published. Uxs1 synthesizes UDP-xylose, which initiates glycosaminoglycan attachment to a protein core during proteoglycan formation. Crystal structure and biochemical analyses revealed that an R233H substitution mutation in zebrafish uxs1 alters an arginine buried in the dimer interface, thereby destabilizing and, as enzyme assays show, inactivating the enzyme. Homozygous uxs1 mutants lack Alcian blue-positive, proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix in cartilages of the neurocranium, pharyngeal arches, and pectoral girdle. Transcripts for uxs1 localize to skeletal domains at hatching. GFP-labeled neural crest cells revealed defective organization and morphogenesis of chondrocytes, perichondrium, and bone in uxs1 mutants. Proteoglycans were dramatically reduced and defectively localized in uxs1 mutants. Although col2a1a transcripts over-accumulated in uxs1 mutants, diminished quantities of Col2a1 protein suggested a role for proteoglycans in collagen secretion or localization. Expression of col10a1, indian hedgehog, and patched was disrupted in mutants, reflecting improper chondrocyte/perichondrium signaling. Up-regulation of sox9a, sox9b, and runx2b in mutants suggested a molecular mechanism consistent with a role for proteoglycans in regulating skeletal cell fate. Together, our data reveal time-dependent changes to gene expression in uxs1 mutants that support a signaling role for proteoglycans during at least two distinct phases of skeletal development. These investigations are the first to examine the effect of mutation on the structure and function of Uxs1 protein in any vertebrate embryos, and reveal that Uxs1 activity is essential for the production and organization of skeletal extracellular matrix, with consequent effects on cartilage, perichondral, and bone morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frank Eames
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1254, USA.
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31
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Witten PE, Huysseune A. A comparative view on mechanisms and functions of skeletal remodelling in teleost fish, with special emphasis on osteoclasts and their function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:315-46. [PMID: 19382934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resorption and remodelling of skeletal tissues is required for development and growth, mechanical adaptation, repair, and mineral homeostasis of the vertebrate skeleton. Here we review for the first time the current knowledge about resorption and remodelling of the skeleton in teleost fish, the largest and most diverse group of extant vertebrates. Teleost species are increasingly used in aquaculture and as models in biomedical skeletal research. Thus, detailed knowledge is required to establish the differences and similarities between mammalian and teleost skeletal remodelling, and between distantly related species such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes). The cellular mechanisms of differentiation and activation of osteoclasts and the functions of teleost skeletal remodelling are described. Several characteristics, related to skeletal remodelling, distinguish teleosts from mammals. These characteristics include (a) the absence of osteocytes in most species; (b) the absence of haematopoietic bone marrow tissue; (c) the abundance of small mononucleated osteoclasts performing non-lacunar (smooth) bone resorption, in addition to or instead of multinucleated osteoclasts; and (d) a phosphorus- rather than calcium-driven mineral homeostasis (mainly affecting the postcranial dermal skeleton). Furthermore, (e) skeletal resorption is often absent from particular sites, due to sparse or lacking endochondral ossification. Based on the mode of skeletal remodelling in early ontogeny of all teleosts and in later stages of development of teleosts with acellular bone we suggest a link between acellular bone and the predominance of mononucleated osteoclasts, on the one hand, and cellular bone and multinucleated osteoclasts on the other. The evolutionary origin of skeletal remodelling is discussed and whether mononucleated osteoclasts represent an ancestral type of resorbing cells. Revealing the differentiation and activation of teleost skeletal resorbing cells, in the absence of several factors that trigger mammalian osteoclast differentiation, is a current challenge. Understanding which characters of teleost bone remodelling are derived and which characters are conserved should enhance our understanding of the process in fish and may provide insights into alternative pathways of bone remodelling in mammals.
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32
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Renn J, Winkler C. Osterix-mCherry transgenic medaka for in vivo imaging of bone formation. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:241-8. [PMID: 19097055 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramembranous and chondral bone formation by osteoblasts is found in all vertebrates. The genetic network controlling osteoblast differentiation is highly conserved and regulated by a small number of key factors, including the zinc-finger transcription factor Osterix. Expression analysis of osterix in the teleost model medaka revealed a highly restricted expression in skeletal regions. For in vivo imaging, we generated transgenic medaka expressing mCherry under control of the osterix promoter. We show that the transgene becomes expressed in early osteoblasts, which have not yet mineralized bone matrix, and remains high in matured and mineralizing osteoblasts. Life imaging of transgenic larvae provided insight into the appearance and behavior of early osteoblasts during development of the teleost cranium, vertebrae, and caudal fin. In summary, osterix-mCherry transgenic medaka enable us to analyze osteoblasts during different maturation phases in vivo and represent a unique tool to study osteoblast behavior in vertebrate embryos and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Renn
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Gorman KF, Breden F. Idiopathic-type scoliosis is not exclusive to bipedalism. Med Hypotheses 2008; 72:348-52. [PMID: 19070438 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human familial/idiopathic-type scoliosis (IS) is a complex genetic disorder for which the cause is unknown. The curve phenotype characteristically demonstrates pronounced morphological and developmental variability that is likely a consequence of biomechanical, environmental, and genetic differences between individuals. In addition, risk factors that affect the propensity for curves to progress to severity are unknown. Progress in understanding the fundamental biology of idiopathic-type scoliosis has been limited by the lack of a genetic/developmental animal model. Prior to consideration of teleosts, developmental idiopathic-type scoliosis has been considered to be exclusive to humans. Consequently, there is the notion that the syndrome is a result of bipedalism, and many studies try to explain the deformity from this anthrocentric viewpoint. This perspective has been reinforced by the choice of animals used for study, in that chickens and bipedal rats and mice demonstrate idiopathic-type curvature when made melatonin-deficient, but quadrupedal animals do not. Overlooked is the fact that teleosts also demonstrate similar curvature when made melatonin-deficient. Our characterization of the guppy curveback has demonstrated that non-induced idiopathic-type curvature is not exclusive to humans, nor bipedalism. We hypothesize that unique morphological, developmental and genetic parallels between the human and guppy syndromes are due to common molecular pathways involved in the etiopathogenesis of both phenotypes. We explore established gene conservation between human and teleost genomes that are in pathways hypothesized to be involved in the IS syndrome. We present non-induced vertebral wedging as a unique shared feature in IS and curveback that suggests a similar interaction between a molecular phenotype on the level of the vertebral anatomy, and biomechanics. We propose that rather than bipedalism per se, expression of idiopathic-type scoliosis is dependent on normal spinal loading applied along the cranio-caudal axis that interacts with an unknown factor causing the primary curve. In this regard, a comparative biological approach using a simplified teleost model will promote discovery of basic processes integral to idiopathic-type scoliosis in teleosts and humans, and highlight human-specific aspects of the deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F Gorman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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34
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Rotllant J, Liu D, Yan YL, Postlethwait JH, Westerfield M, Du SJ. Sparc (Osteonectin) functions in morphogenesis of the pharyngeal skeleton and inner ear. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:561-72. [PMID: 18430553 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sparc (Osteonectin), a matricellular glycoprotein expressed by many differentiated cells, is a major non-collagenous constituent of vertebrate bones. Recent studies indicate that Sparc expression appears early in development, although its function and regulation during embryogenesis are largely unknown. We cloned zebrafish sparc and investigated its role during development, using a mo rpholino antisense oligonucleotide-based knockdown approach. Consistent with its strong expression in the otic vesicle and developing pharyngeal cartilages, knockdown of Sparc function resulted in specific inner ear and cartilage defects that are highlighted by changes in gene expression, morphology and behavior. We rescued the knockdown phenotypes by co-injecting sparc mRNA, providing evidence that the knockdown phenotype is due specifically to impairment of Sparc function. A comparison of the phenotypes of Sparc knockdown and known zebrafish mutants with similar defects places Sparc downstream of sox9 in the genetic network that regulates development of the pharyngeal skeleton and inner ear of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rotllant
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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35
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Neues F, Goerlich R, Renn J, Beckmann F, Epple M. Skeletal deformations in medaka (Oryzias latipes) visualized by synchrotron radiation micro-computer tomography (SRmicroCT). J Struct Biol 2007; 160:236-40. [PMID: 17905598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation micro-computer tomography (SRmicroCT) offers the possibility to investigate biomineralized structures in high detail. Two animals of adult medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were analyzed by SRmicroCT with a resolution of 6.55 microm: the wild-type animal was normally developed whereas the second animal showed an idiopathic deformation of the cranial and axial skeleton. These deformations could be followed on the macro- and on the microscale (i.e., on the level of the individual ribs and fin bones). Our study clearly demonstrates that SRmicroCT is an excellent technique to study alterations in the skeletal structure of fish in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
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