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Wickham KA, Spriet LL. Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14307. [PMID: 36648389 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-class athletes have optimized their athletic performance largely through adequate training, nutrition, recovery, and sleep. A key component of sports nutrition is the utilization of nutritional ergogenic aids, which may provide a small but significant increase in athletic performance. Over the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids, where over 80% of young athletes report using at least one nutritional ergogenic aid for training and/or competition. Accordingly, due to their extensive use, there is a growing need for strong scientific investigations validating or invalidating the efficacy of novel nutritional ergogenic aids. Notably, an overview of the physiological considerations that play key roles in determining ergogenic efficacy is currently lacking. Therefore, in this brief review, we discuss important physiological considerations that contribute to ergogenic efficacy for nutritional ergogenic aids that are orally ingested including (1) the impact of first pass metabolism, (2) rises in systemic concentrations, and (3) interactions with the target tissue. In addition, we explore mouth rinsing as an alternate route of ergogenic efficacy that bypasses the physiological hurdles of first pass metabolism via direct stimulation of the central nervous system. Moreover, we provide real-world examples and discuss several practical factors that can alter the efficacy of nutritional ergogenic aids including human variability, dosing protocols, training status, sex differences, and the placebo effect. Taking these physiological considerations into account will strengthen the quality and impact of the literature regarding the efficacy of potential ergogenic aids for top-class athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Safety of beta-alanine supplementation in humans: a narrative review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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3
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The Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on Performance, Cognitive Function and Resiliency in Soldiers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041039. [PMID: 36839397 PMCID: PMC9961614 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
β-alanine is a nonessential amino acid that combines with the amino acid histidine to form the intracellular dipeptide carnosine, an important intracellular buffer. Evidence has been well established on the ability of β-alanine supplementation to enhance anaerobic skeletal muscle performance. As a result, β-alanine has become one of the more popular supplements used by competitive athletes. These same benefits have also been reported in soldiers. Evidence accumulated over the last few years has suggested that β-alanine can result in carnosine elevations in the brain, which appears to have broadened the potential effects that β-alanine supplementation may have on soldier performance and health. Evidence suggests that β-alanine supplementation can increase resilience to post-traumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury and heat stress. The evidence regarding cognitive function is inconclusive but may be more of a function of the stressor that is applied during the assessment period. The potential benefits of β-alanine supplementation on soldier resiliency are interesting but require additional research using a human model. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physiological role of β-alanine and why this nutrient may enhance soldier performance.
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De Brandt J, Derave W, Vandenabeele F, Pomiès P, Blancquaert L, Keytsman C, Barusso-Grüninger MS, de Lima FF, Hayot M, Spruit MA, Burtin C. Efficacy of 12 weeks oral beta-alanine supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2361-2372. [PMID: 35977911 PMCID: PMC9530565 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation increases muscle carnosine, an abundant endogenous antioxidant and pH buffer in skeletal muscle. Carnosine loading promotes exercise capacity in healthy older adults. As patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffer from elevated exercise-induced muscle oxidative/carbonyl stress and acidosis, and from reduced muscle carnosine stores, it was investigated whether BA supplementation augments muscle carnosine and induces beneficial changes in exercise capacity, quadriceps function, and muscle oxidative/carbonyl stress in patients with COPD. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized, placebo (PL)-controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02770417), 40 patients (75% male) with COPD (mean ± standard deviation: age 65 ± 6 years; FEV1 % predicted 55 ± 14%) were assigned to 12 weeks oral BA or PL supplementation (3.2 g/day). The primary outcome, i.e. muscle carnosine, was quantified from m. vastus lateralis biopsies obtained before and after intervention. Co-primary outcomes, i.e. incremental and constant work rate cycle capacity, were also assessed. Linear mixed model analyses were performed. Compliance with and side effects of supplement intake and secondary outcomes (quadriceps strength and endurance, and muscle oxidative/carbonyl stress) were also assessed. RESULTS Beta-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine in comparison with PL in patients with COPD (mean difference [95% confidence interval]; +2.82 [1.49-4.14] mmol/kg wet weight; P < 0.001). Maximal incremental cycling capacity (VO2 peak: +0.5 [-0.7 to 1.7] mL/kg/min; P = 0.384, Wpeak: +5 [-1 to 11] W; P = 0.103) and time to exhaustion on the constant work rate cycle test (+28 [-179 to 236] s; P = 0.782) did not change significantly. Compliance with supplement intake was similar in BA (median (quartile 1-quartile 3); 100 (98-100)%) and PL (98 (96-100)%) (P = 0.294) groups, and patients did not report side effects possibly related to supplement intake. No change was observed in secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Beta-alanine supplementation is efficacious in augmenting muscle carnosine (+54% from mean baseline value) without side effects in patients with COPD in comparison with PL. However, accompanied beneficial changes in exercise capacity, quadriceps function, and muscle oxidative/carbonyl stress were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Brandt
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pascal Pomiès
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier - INSERM - CNRS - CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charly Keytsman
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marina S Barusso-Grüninger
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,LEFiR - Spirometry and Respiratory Laboratory, São Carlos Federal University - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano F de Lima
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physical Therapy, Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurice Hayot
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier - INSERM - CNRS - CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Department of Research and Education, CIRO+, Horn, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Burtin
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Dietary Supplement Use of Turkish Footballers: Differences by Sex and Competition Level. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183863. [PMID: 36145239 PMCID: PMC9503904 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) and to determine related topics in Turkish football players of different sexes and competition levels. A total of 117 footballers (79 males and 38 females) completed a specific survey regarding DS consumption in athletes. The type of DS ingested was classified based on the level of scientific evidence by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS): group A (high level of scientific evidence), group B (DS that could have a positive effect, but require more evidence), group C (evidence is against their use), and group D (prohibited substances). After a Kolmogorov−Smirnov test, a t-test or Mann−Whitney U test was performed for quantitative variables, while Pearson’s chi-square and odds ratio (with the confidence interval) were performed for qualitative variables. Of the sample, 87.2% reported having consumed DS, with a higher consumption rate in males (males: 93.7%, females: 73.7%; p = 0.006; OR = 5.3 [1.7−16.8]) and professional players (professional: 98.2%, non-professional: 77.4%; p < 0.001; OR = 7.9 [1.2−52.3]). Males and professional players consume more sports foods (p < 0.001), performance supplements (p < 0.001), and total group A supplements (p < 0.001) compared to females and non-professionals. In addition, males consume more medical supplements (p = 0.012) and total group C supplements (p < 0.001) than female footballers. The most consumed DS were sports drinks (63.2%), magnesium (52.1%), vitamin C (51.3%), vitamin D (46.2%), caffeine (38.5%), sports bars (37.6%), whey protein (28.2%), meat protein (25.6%), vitamin E (24.8%), and omega-3 fatty acids (24.8%). The supplement consumption was higher in male and professional footballers. According to the AIS classification, there were significant differences in the consumption of sports foods, medical supplements, performance supplements, and the total number of group A and group C supplements according to sex, and there were significant differences in the consumption of sports foods, performance supplements, and the total number of group A supplements according to competition level.
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Bajes HR, Hakooz NM, Dardeer KT, Al-Dujaili EAS. The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:673-681. [PMID: 34687594 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow between biological systems and the surroundings and is measured quantitatively. Energy flow can be affected by many variables, including lifestyle and exercise, where exercise comes in different types; endurance and resistance training play significant roles in enhancing bioenergetics and promoting health. In addition, a supplementary diet supports recovery and energy production. This review aims to study the effect of endurance training, resistance training, and supplement intake on the muscle cell's bioenergetics. As a conclusion of the information presented in this mini-review, it was found that resistance, endurance training, and supplements can increase mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, myofibril synthesis, and increase VO2 max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana R Bajes
- Department of Science, Atlantic Cape Community College, Mays Landing, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nancy M Hakooz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Hadi S, Miryan M, Soleimani D, Amani R, Mazaheri Tehrani M, Hadi V, Esmaiil Zali M, Mosalmanzadeh N, Askari G. The effect of food ration bar enriched with β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa on performance and inflammation following intense military training: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3512-3520. [PMID: 34262711 PMCID: PMC8269545 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing interests in using dietary supplements to improve athletic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the food ration bar enriched with β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa on athletic performance and inflammation following intense military training. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 54 new cadets. Eligible participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive food ration bars enriched with arginine (2 g/day), β-alanine (2 g/day), and Nigella sativa (2 g/day) or nonenriched food ration bars during a 2-week military training. Aerobic and anaerobic performances were evaluated by the Cooper and RAST tests, respectively. RESULTS A significant increase in anaerobic powers (min, mean, and max) and a significant reduction in fatigue index were observed in the intervention group as compared to the control group, even after the adjustment for confounding factors. Also, increased levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α following military training were significantly lower in the intervention group as compared to the control group (hs-CRP: 0.55 ± 0.1 versus 2.43 ± 0.1 mg/L; p-value: 0.01; TNF-α: 0.12 ± 0.04 versus 0.62 ± 0.04 pg/ml; p-value: 0.03). No significant changes were observed in VO2 max in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the combination of β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa can improve anaerobic performance and reduce inflammation following intense physical activities. Further studies with long-term duration are needed to confirm the cumulative/synergic effects of these ingredients in trained and nontrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Hadi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of Health, Science and Research BranchAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa Miryan
- Nutrition Research CenterStudent Research CommitteeDepartment of Clinical NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Davood Soleimani
- Nutritional Sciences DepartmentSchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Reza Amani
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mostafa Mazaheri Tehrani
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health, Science and Research BranchAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Morad Esmaiil Zali
- Department of Management and Health EconomyFaculty of MedicineAJA University of medical sciencesTehranIran
| | - Negin Mosalmanzadeh
- Department of Nutrition SciencesVarastegan Institute for Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Mata F, Domínguez R, López-Samanes Á, Sánchez-Gómez Á, Jodra P, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Analysis of the consumption of sports supplements in elite fencers according to sex and competitive level. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:50. [PMID: 33975639 PMCID: PMC8114510 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of sports supplements (SS) in competitive level fencers and compare differences based on sex and competitive level (international and national). Methods A total of 49 fencers (18 men and 31 women) of national (n = 16) and international (n = 33) level completed a questionnaire with questions about SS consumption and the possible repercussions on health and / or sports performance. The results were analyzed based on the different categorizations established by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), as well as by sex and level of competence to which the participants belonged to. Results 46.9% of fencers have consumed SS with the main motivation being performance improvement (34.2%). Medical doctors were the individuals who were more likely to advise men to consume SS (50.0% vs 5.6%; OR = 3.29 [1.50–7.20]). Friends were most likely to advise women (38.9% vs 8.3%; OR = 1.75 [1.05–2.93]). The most consumed SS were sport drinks (44.9%), vitamin C (43.4%), sport bars (38.8%), and caffeine (28.6%). In regards to the SS categories, it was observed differences in the interaction level·sex in medical supplements (p = 0.017). In addition, there was a higher prevalence of whey protein consumption in women (25.8% vs 0%; p = 0.020) and iron consumption in men (33% vs 6.5%; p = 0.039). Conclusions The prevalence of SS use in fencers is within the values previously reported in athletes of the same competitive level. There were no differences by sex and competitive level in the total consumption of SS, nor in each of the groups of level of evidence, being sport drinks, bars and caffeine the most consumed SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Mata
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. .,Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Sánchez-Gómez
- Departamento de Enfermería Farmacología y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Jodra
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Alcalá, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Antonio J Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Krššák M, Lindeboom L, Schrauwen‐Hinderling V, Szczepaniak LS, Derave W, Lundbom J, Befroy D, Schick F, Machann J, Kreis R, Boesch C. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4266. [PMID: 32022964 PMCID: PMC8244035 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
1 H-MR spectroscopy of skeletal muscle provides insight into metabolism that is not available noninvasively by other methods. The recommendations given in this article are intended to guide those who have basic experience in general MRS to the special application of 1 H-MRS in skeletal muscle. The highly organized structure of skeletal muscle leads to effects that change spectral features far beyond simple peak heights, depending on the type and orientation of the muscle. Specific recommendations are given for the acquisition of three particular metabolites (intramyocellular lipids, carnosine and acetylcarnitine) and for preconditioning of experiments and instructions to study volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III & High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Department of Nutrition and Movement ScienceMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Vera Schrauwen‐Hinderling
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Department of Nutrition and Movement ScienceMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Lidia S. Szczepaniak
- Biomedical Research Consulting in Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Jesper Lundbom
- Department of Diagnostics and TherapeuticsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyUniversity Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyUniversity Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)TübingenGermany
| | - Roland Kreis
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical ResearchUniversity and InselspitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Chris Boesch
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical ResearchUniversity and InselspitalBernSwitzerland
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YAMAGUCHI GUILHERMECARVALHO, NEMEZIO KLEINER, SCHULZ MARIANELEICHSENRING, NATALI JOSÉ, CESAR JONATASEDUARDO, RIANI LUIZAUGUSTO, GONÇALVES LÍVIADESOUZA, MÖLLER GABRIELLABERWIG, SALE CRAIG, DE MEDEIROS MARISAHELENAGENNARI, GUALANO BRUNO, ARTIOLI GUILHERMEGIANNINI. Kinetics of Muscle Carnosine Decay after β-Alanine Supplementation: A 16-wk Washout Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1079-1088. [PMID: 33148972 PMCID: PMC8048732 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the kinetics of carnosine washout in human skeletal muscle over 16 wk. METHODS Carnosine washout kinetics were studied in 15 young, physically active omnivorous men randomly assigned to take 6.4 g·d-1 of β-alanine (n = 11) or placebo (n = 4) for 8 wk. Muscle carnosine content (M-Carn) was determined before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk after supplementation. High-intensity exercise tests were performed at these same time points. Linear and exponential models were fitted to the washout data, and the leave-one-out method was used to select the model with the best fit for M-Carn decay data. Repeated-measures correlation analysis was used to assess the association between changes in M-Carn and changes in performance. RESULTS M-Carn increased from PRE to POST in the β-alanine group only (+91.1% ± 29.1%; placebo, +0.04% ± 10.1%; P < 0.0001). M-Carn started to decrease after cessation of β-alanine supplementation and continued to decrease until week 16 (POST4, +59% ± 40%; POST8, +35% ± 39%; POST12, +18% ± 32%; POST16, -3% ± 24% of PRE M-Carn). From week 12 onward, M-Carn was no longer statistically different from PRE. Both linear and exponential models displayed very similar fit and could be used to describe carnosine washout, although the linear model presented a slightly better fit. The decay in M-Carn was mirrored by a similar decay in high-intensity exercise tolerance; M-Carn was moderately and significantly correlated with total mechanical work done (r = 0.505; P = 0.032) and time to exhaustion (r = 0.72; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Carnosine washout takes 12-16 wk to complete, and it can be described either by linear or exponential curves. Changes in M-Carn seem to be mirrored by changes in high-intensity exercise tolerance. This information can be used to optimize β-alanine supplementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUILHERME CARVALHO YAMAGUCHI
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - KLEINER NEMEZIO
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | | | - JOSÉ NATALI
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - JONATAS EDUARDO CESAR
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - LUIZ AUGUSTO RIANI
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - LÍVIA DE SOUZA GONÇALVES
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - GABRIELLA BERWIG MÖLLER
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - CRAIG SALE
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - BRUNO GUALANO
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - GUILHERME GIANNINI ARTIOLI
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
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Abstract
The potential ergogenic effect of nutritional supplements depends on their dosage and the type of exercise executed. Aiming at reviewing the research literature regarding sport supplements utilized in judo in order to improve performance, a literature search was performed at the following databases: Dialnet, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and SportDiscus. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Evidence revised indicates that supplementation with caffeine, β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, creatine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate has a positive effect on judo-related performance. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that combining some of these nutritional supplements may produce an additive effect.
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Shbib S, Rashidlamir A, Hakak Dokht E. The effects of plyometric training and β-alanine supplementation on anaerobic power and serum level of carnosine in handball players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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A Survey on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby Players. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010007. [PMID: 33375061 PMCID: PMC7822035 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: the aim of the present study was to analyse the pattern of dietary supplements (DS) consumption on federated rugby players, including the analysis of differences based on the sex and competitive level (professional vs. amateurs). Material and methods: 144 rugby players (83 male and 61 female), of whom 69 were professionals and 75 amateurs, were recruited for the study. All the participants filled out a specific questionnaire about DS consumption including questions related to the consumption of DS and their effects on sport performance and health status. Results: 65.3% of participants declared consuming at least one DS, with a higher prevalence in males than females (77.1% vs. 49.2%) and in professionals thanin amateur players (79.7% vs. 52.0%). The main reason for consumption was to enhance sport performance (62.3%) with differences only based on sex (74.3% males vs. 43.2% females). The most common purchase sites were the Internet (45.6%) and specialised stores (39.8%). As to the moment of ingestion, professionals did this most frequently during competition and training (56.4% vs. 28.2%), whereas amateur players did so only during competition (20.5% vs. 3.6%). Moreover, professional player intake most frequently in post-exercise (65.5% vs. 35.9%), whereas amateur during pre-exercise (30.8% vs. 5.5%). The DS most consumed included whey protein (44%), caffeine (42%), sports drinks (38%), energy bars (34%) and creatine monohydrate (31%), with a higher prevalence in male and professional players of whey protein and creatine monohydrate. Conclusions: The main reason for DS consumption is for enhancing sports performance). Professional players more frequently purchase them on the Internet and consume DS during training and competition period and in the post-exercise, whereas amateur players consume during competition and pre-exercise. Related to the main form of DS consumption, it is observed that a moderate consumption of DS could be considered ergogenic, such as whey protein, sport bar and creatine, while an absence of other DS could be considered ergogenic.
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14
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Limonta E, Invernizzi PL, Rampichini S, Bisconti AV, Cè E, Longo S, Coratella G, Iaia FM, Esposito F. Acute carnosine and β-alanine supplementation increase the compensated part of the ventilation versus work rate relationship during a ramp incremental cycle test in physically active men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:37-43. [PMID: 33092320 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic supplementation with carnosine and β-alanine (Carn-βA) has been proposed to improve muscle contractility and reduce muscle fatigue mainly through an increase in intracellular pH buffering capacity. However, the acute ergogenic effects of Carn-βA supplementation are poorly investigated. This study aimed at evaluating the acute effects of a single Carn-βA supplementation on the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response during a ramp cycle-ergometric test. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, involved 10 healthy males (age: 22.2±1.9 years, body mass: 72.5±7.9 kg, stature: 1.72±0.08 m, Body Mass Index: 24.47±1.91 kg/m2, mean±standard deviation). All the participants performed two maximal incremental ramp tests on a cycle ergometer, with a prior randomized assumption of 2.5 g L-carnosine plus 2.5 g β-alanine (Carn-βA) or placebo (PLA). During exercise, gas exchange parameters were measured breath-by-breath, heart rate was monitored by electrocardiography and rate perceived exertion was determined on Borg scales. From the ramp test, peak cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) were calculated offline. RESULTS No differences between the experimental conditions emerged at peak exercise. However, despite acute Carn-ßA supplementation did not affect the single ventilatory thresholds, the compensated portion of the ramp test (i.e. the difference between VT2 and VT1) was significantly larger (P=0.043) in Carn-ßA. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a positive effect of acute Carn-ßA supplementation on the compensated part of the exercise. This should be taken into account by nutritionists and athletes searching for nutritional supplements, when a quick effect based on an acute dose is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy -
| | - Pietro L Invernizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Plews DJ. Pre-Exercise Nutrition Habits and Beliefs of Endurance Athletes Vary by Sex, Competitive Level, and Diet. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:517-528. [PMID: 32926647 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1795950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported beliefs and practices relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake among endurance athletes of varying ages and competitive levels and examine differences based on sex, competitive level, and habitual dietary pattern. METHOD An anonymous online survey was circulated internationally in English and completed by 1950 athletes of varying competitive levels (51.0% female, mean age 40.9 years [range 18:78]). Survey questions included training background, determinants of pre-exercise nutrition intake and composition, and timing relative to exercise. RESULTS Prior to morning exercise, 36.4%, 36.0%, and 27.6% of athletes consumed carbohydrate-containing food/drinks before almost every workout, some of the time, and never/rarely, respectively, with significant effects of sex (p < 0.001, Cramer's V (ϕc) = 0.15) and competitive level (p < 0.001, ϕc = 0.09). Nutritional intake before exercise varied based on workout duration for 47.6% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕc = 0.15) and habitual diet (ϕc = 0.19), and based on workout intensity for 39.1% of athletes, with significant effects of sex (ϕc = 0.13) and habitual diet (ϕc = 0.17, all p < 0.001). Additionally, 89.0% of athletes reported using at least some type of dietary supplement (including caffeine from coffee/tea) within 1 hour before exercise. CONCLUSIONS Overall, nearly all factors measured relating to pre-exercise nutrition intake varied by sex, competitive level, habitual dietary pattern, and/or intensity/duration of the training session and suggest a large number of athletes may not be following current recommendations for optimizing endurance training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Zandona BA, Ramos RA, de Oliveira CDS, McAnulty SR, Ferreira LHB, Smolarek AC, Enes AAN, Urbinati KMDSS, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ, de Souza Junior TP. Reduced Dose of Beta-Alanine Is Sufficient to Maintain Performance in Repeated Sprints. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1636-1642. [PMID: 32833890 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zandona, BA, Ramos, RA, de Oliveira, CdS, McAnulty, SR, Ferreira, LHB, Smolarek, AC, Enes, AAN, Urbinati, KMdSS, Aragon, AA, Schoenfeld, BJ, and de Souza Junior, TP. Reduced Dose of Beta-Alanine Is Sufficient to Maintain Performance in Repeated Sprints. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation has been shown to be effective in improving physical performance by increasing carnosine concentration. However, it is still necessary to know the effect of a maintenance dose on performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a maintenance dose of BA supplementation on performance. Forty-four anaerobically trained men with 23.9 ± 3.8 years of age, 176.0 ± 0.05 cm height, 81.2 ± 7.5 kg body mass, and 15.5 ± 2.9% of body fat performed a cycle ergometer test consisting of 4 sprints of 30 s with 4 minutes of active recovery. The study comprised 3 phases: (a) presupplementation, (b) supplementation with 6.4 g·d BA or placebo, and (c) postsupplementation with a maintenance dose of 1.2 g·d of BA or interruption of supplementation. Data were analyzed using generalized estimated equations with a priori 0.05 level of significance. The placebo group and interruption group presented a lower power (7.28 ± 0.66 and 7.71 ± 0.42 W·kg vs. 8.04 ± 0.84 and 9.25 ± 1.18 W·kg, respectively; p < 0.05) during the third sprint in postsupplementation, whereas the maintenance group maintained the required power (7.47 ± 1.03 vs. 8.74 ± 1.07 W·kg; p > 0.05). The placebo group also presented higher percentage of fatigue (44.5% ± 12.3 and 44.8% ± 7.7 vs. 37.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.021) and higher subjective perception of exertion (8.92 ± 0.90 vs. 8.00 ± 1.60; p = 0.028). Therefore, the maintenance dose of 1.2 g·d BA was effective in maintaining performance, whereas a reduction in performance was observed after supplementation interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A Zandona
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renan A Ramos
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Steven R McAnulty
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Irati, Brazil
| | - Andre C Smolarek
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Irati, Brazil
| | - Alysson A N Enes
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronkx, New York
| | - Tácito P de Souza Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
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17
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Rothschild JA, Bishop DJ. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training. Sports Med 2020; 50:25-53. [PMID: 31531769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training leads to a variety of adaptations at the cellular and systemic levels that serve to minimise disruptions in whole-body homeostasis caused by exercise. These adaptations are differentially affected by training volume, training intensity, and training status, as well as by nutritional choices that can enhance or impair the response to training. A variety of supplements have been studied in the context of acute performance enhancement, but the effects of continued supplementation concurrent to endurance training programs are less well characterised. For example, supplements such as sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine can improve endurance performance and possibly training adaptations during endurance training by affecting buffering capacity and/or allowing an increased training intensity, while antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E may impair training adaptations by blunting cellular signalling but appear to have little effect on performance outcomes. Additionally, limited data suggest the potential for dietary nitrate (in the form of beetroot juice), creatine, and possibly caffeine, to further enhance endurance training adaptation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the impact of dietary supplements on metabolic and physiological adaptations to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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18
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Rezende NS, Swinton P, de Oliveira LF, da Silva RP, da Eira Silva V, Nemezio K, Yamaguchi G, Artioli GG, Gualano B, Saunders B, Dolan E. The Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:913. [PMID: 32922303 PMCID: PMC7456894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation increases muscle carnosine content (MCarn), and has many proven, and purported, ergogenic, and therapeutic benefits. Currently, many questions on the nature of the MCarn response to supplementation are open, and the response to these has considerable potential to enhance the efficacy and application of this supplementation strategy. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic review with Bayesian-based meta-analysis of all published aggregate data using a dose response (Emax) model. Meta-regression was used to consider the influence of potential moderators (including dose, sex, age, baseline MCarn, and analysis method used) on the primary outcome. The protocol was designed according to PRISMA guidelines and a three-step screening strategy was undertaken to identify studies that measured the MCarn response to BA supplementation. Additionally, we conducted an original analysis of all available individual data on the MCarn response to BA supplementation from studies conducted within our lab (n = 99). The Emax model indicated that human skeletal muscle has large capacity for non-linear MCarn accumulation, and that commonly used BA supplementation protocols may not come close to saturating muscle carnosine content. Neither baseline values, nor sex, appeared to influence subsequent response to supplementation. Analysis of individual data indicated that MCarn is relatively stable in the absence of intervention, and effectually all participants respond to BA supplementation (99.3% response [95%CrI: 96.2–100]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Saffioti Rezende
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pires da Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius da Eira Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleiner Nemezio
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Yamaguchi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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20
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Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dawson Hughes B, Scott D, Sanders KM, Rizzoli R. Nutritional strategies for maintaining muscle mass and strength from middle age to later life: A narrative review. Maturitas 2019; 132:57-64. [PMID: 31883664 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive age-related reductions in muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) can cause substantial morbidity. This narrative review summarizes evidence of nutritional interventions for maintaining muscle mass and strength from midlife through old age. PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched to identify studies of dietary intake and nutritional interventions for sustaining muscle mass and strength. The benefits of progressive resistance training with and without dietary interventions are well documented. Protein and amino acid (particularly leucine) intake should be considered, and supplementation may be warranted for those not meeting recommended intakes. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in muscle tissue; meta-analyses have shown that vitamin D benefits muscle strength. Data suggest that milk and other dairy products containing different bioactive compounds (i.e. protein, leucine) can enhance muscle protein synthesis, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. Omega-3 s can improve muscle mass and strength by mediating cell signaling and inflammation-related oxidative damage; no studies were specifically conducted in sarcopenia. Low-dose antioxidants (e.g. vitamins C and E) can protect muscle tissue from oxidative damage, but relevant studies are limited. Magnesium is involved with muscle contraction processes, and data have shown benefits to muscle strength. Acidogenic diets increase muscle protein breakdown, which is exacerbated by aging. Alkalizing compounds (e.g. bicarbonates) can promote muscle strength. Small studies of probiotics and plant extracts have generated interest, but few large studies have been conducted. Based on available data, dietary and supplemental interventions may add to the benefits of exercise on muscle mass and strength; effects independent of exercise have not been consistently shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Cruz-Jentoft
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, km. 9,11 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bess Dawson Hughes
- Bone Metabolism Laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
| | - David Scott
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Kerrie M Sanders
- Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia.
| | - Rene Rizzoli
- University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
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21
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Fragmented Dosing of β-alanine Induces A Body Weight-Independent Pharmacokinetic Response. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122869. [PMID: 31771148 PMCID: PMC6950400 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalised dosing of performance-enhancing food supplements is a hot topic. β-alanine is currently dosed using a fixed dose; however, evidence suggests that this might favour light compared to heavy subjects. A weight-relative dose seems to reverse this problem. In the present study, a novel dosing strategy was tested. A fragmented dose, composed of a fixed fragment of 800 mg and a weight-relative fragment of 10 mg/kg body weight, was compared to a fixed dose of 1600 mg and a weight-relative dose of 20 mg/kg body weight in a cohort of 20 subjects with a body weight ranging 48–139 kg (79.9 ± 24.4 kg). The results show that, following a fragmented dose, the influence of body weight on the pharmacokinetic response (iAUC) over a 210 min period was absent (r = −0.168; p = 0.478), in contrast to the fixed or weight-relative dose. The pharmacokinetic response also seemed more homogenous (CV% = 26%) following a fragmented dose compared to the fixed (33%) and the weight-relative dose (31%). The primary advantage of the easy-to-calculate fragmented dosing strategy is that it does not systematically favour or impair a certain weight group. Thorough dosage studies are lacking in the current field of sports and food supplements, therefore similar considerations can be made towards other (ergogenic) food supplements.
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22
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Perim P, Marticorena FM, Ribeiro F, Barreto G, Gobbi N, Kerksick C, Dolan E, Saunders B. Can the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized? Front Nutr 2019; 6:135. [PMID: 31508423 PMCID: PMC6718727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is an abundant histidine-containing dipeptide in human skeletal muscle and formed by beta-alanine and L-histidine. It performs various physiological roles during exercise and has attracted strong interest in recent years with numerous investigations focused on increasing its intramuscular content to optimize its potential ergogenic benefits. Oral beta-alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content although large variation in response to supplementation exists and the amount of ingested beta-alanine converted into muscle carnosine appears to be low. Understanding of carnosine and beta-alanine metabolism and the factors that influence muscle carnosine synthesis with supplementation may provide insight into how beta-alanine supplementation may be optimized. Herein we discuss modifiable factors that may further enhance the increase of muscle carnosine in response to beta-alanine supplementation including, (i) dose; (ii) duration; (iii) beta-alanine formulation; (iv) dietary influences; (v) exercise; and (vi) co-supplementation with other substances. The aim of this narrative review is to outline the processes involved in muscle carnosine metabolism, discuss theoretical and mechanistic modifiable factors which may optimize the muscle carnosine response to beta-alanine supplementation and to make recommendations to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perim
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ribeiro
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan Gobbi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chad Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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MATTHEWS JOSEPHJ, ARTIOLI GUILHERMEG, TURNER MARKD, SALE CRAIG. The Physiological Roles of Carnosine and β-Alanine in Exercising Human Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:2098-2108. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Dolan E, Swinton PA, Painelli VDS, Stephens Hemingway B, Mazzolani B, Infante Smaira F, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Gualano B. A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:452-463. [PMID: 30980076 PMCID: PMC6520041 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine supplementation is one of the world's most commonly used sports supplements, and its use as a nutritional strategy in other populations is ever-increasing, due to evidence of pleiotropic ergogenic and therapeutic benefits. Despite its widespread use, there is only limited understanding of potential adverse effects. To address this, a systematic risk assessment and meta-analysis was undertaken. Four databases were searched using keywords and Medical Subject Headings. All human and animal studies that investigated an isolated, oral, β-alanine supplementation strategy were included. Data were extracted according to 5 main outcomes, including 1) side effects reported during longitudinal trials, 2) side effects reported during acute trials, 3) effect of supplementation on circulating health-related biomarkers, 4) effect of supplementation on skeletal muscle taurine and histidine concentration, and 5) outcomes from animal trials. Quality of evidence for outcomes was ascertained using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, and all quantitative data were meta-analyzed using multilevel models grounded in Bayesian principles. In total, 101 human and 50 animal studies were included. Paraesthesia was the only reported side effect and had an estimated OR of 8.9 [95% credible interval (CrI): 2.2, 32.6] with supplementation relative to placebo. Participants in active treatment groups experienced similar dropout rates to those receiving the placebo treatment. β-Alanine supplementation caused a small increase in circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration (effect size, ES: 0.274, CrI: 0.04, 0.527), although mean data remained well within clinical reference ranges. Meta-analysis of human data showed no main effect of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle taurine (ES: 0.156; 95% CrI: -0.38, 0.72) or histidine (ES: -0.15; 95% CrI: -0.64, 0.33) concentration. A main effect of β-alanine supplementation on taurine concentration was reported for murine models, but only when the daily dose was ≥3% β-alanine in drinking water. The results of this review indicate that β-alanine supplementation within the doses used in the available research designs, does not adversely affect those consuming it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Address correspondence to ED (e-mail: )
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Mazzolani
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Infante Smaira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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van de Weijer T, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in metabolic research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:741-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Grimaldi-Puyana M, Domínguez R. Evaluation and Behavior of Spanish Bodybuilders: Doping and Sports Supplements. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040122. [PMID: 30925786 PMCID: PMC6523090 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of doping agents has these days become a public health problem, as it also affects young and non-competitive amateurs in different sports. To prepare for competition, bodybuilders perform aggressive dietary protocols, so, bodybuilders frequently consume nutritional supplements (NS) and banned substances in large dosages. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of banned substances consumption and NS intake in competitive level bodybuilders. A total of 48 bodybuilders (44 males and 4 females) completed a validated online questionnaire on NS consumption. The quantitative data was presented as a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD), as well as having minimum and maximum values. The categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and percentages. 83.3% of the participants declared that they had consumed or would consume banned substances, the most consumed being anabolic steroids (72.9%). One hundred percent of those sampled use NS. Whey protein (96%), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (94%), creatine (85%) and vitamin complexes (83%) were the most consumed, however, there is a low consumption of certain NS which could also increase athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Universidad Isabel I, Universidad Isabel I, 09004 Burgos, Spain.
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Contemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:106-116. [PMID: 30299184 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Middle-distance runners utilize the full continuum of energy systems throughout training, and given the infinite competition tactical scenarios, this event group is highly complex from a performance intervention point of view. However, this complexity results in numerous potential periodized nutrition interventions to optimize middle-distance training adaptation and competition performance. Middle-distance race intensity is extreme, with 800- to 5,000-m races being at ∼95% to 130% of VO2max. Accordingly, elite middle-distance runners have primarily Type IIa/IIx fiber morphology and rely almost exclusively on carbohydrate (primarily muscle glycogen) metabolic pathways for producing adenosine triphosphate. Consequently, the principle nutritional interventions that should be emphasized are those that optimize muscle glycogen contents to support high glycolytic flux (resulting in very high lactate values, of >20 mmol/L in some athletes) with appropriate buffering capabilities, while optimizing power to weight ratios, all in a macro- and microperiodized manner. From youth to elite level, middle-distance athletes have arduous racing schedules (10-25 races/year), coupled with excessive global travel, which can take a physical and emotional toll. Accordingly, proactive and integrated nutrition planning can have a profound recovery effect over a long race season, as well as optimizing recovery during rounds of championship racing. Finally, with evidence-based implementation and an appropriate risk/reward assessment, several ergogenic aids may have an adaptive and/or performance-enhancing effect in the middle-distance athlete. Given that elite middle-distance athletes undertake ∼400 to 800 training sessions with 10-25 races/year, there are countless opportunities to implement various periodized acute and chronic nutrition-based interventions to optimize performance.
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Hoffman JR, Gepner Y, Hoffman MW, Zelicha H, Shapira S, Ostfeld I. Effect of High-Dose, Short-Duration β-Alanine Supplementation on Circulating IL-10 Concentrations During Intense Military Training. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2978-2981. [PMID: 29746388 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hoffman, JR, Gepner, Y, Hoffman, M, Zelicha, H, Shapira, S, and Ostfeld, I. Effect of high dose, short-duration β-alanine supplementation on circulating IL-10 concentrations during intense military training. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2978-2981, 2018-This study examined the effect of β-alanine as a potential anti-inflammatory agent during intense military training. Twenty soldiers (20.1 ± 0.6 years) from an elite combat unit were randomly assigned to either a β-Alanine (BA) or placebo (PL) group. Soldiers were provided with 12 g·d of either BA or PL for 7 days between 2 intensive periods of navigational training and restricted sleep. During the initial training period, soldiers navigated on average 27.8 km·d with ∼50% of their body mass in their packs for 5 days. Soldiers returned to base and began a 7-day supplementation program before departing for an additional period of intense field training. During the second period of field training, soldiers navigated 10 km·d for an additional 5 days, carrying similar loading as the initial week, performed tactical missions, and slept approximately 5 hours per day. Blood samples were obtained after the initial training period and after the second training period and analyzed for IL-10. Magnitude-based inferences that were used to provide inferences on the true effect BA may have had on IL-10 concentrations compared with PL, calculated from 90% confidence intervals. Data analysis indicated that changes in circulating IL-10 concentrations (mean difference 0.86 pg·ml) were possibly greater (57%) for BA than PL. Results of this study suggest that 1 week of high-dose BA ingestion may enhance the anti-inflammatory response during intense military training, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of BA during intense training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hoffman
- Sport and Exercise Science Department, Burnet School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Sport and Exercise Science Department, Burnet School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | | | - Hila Zelicha
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Israel
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Beasley L, Smith L, Antonio J, Gordon D, Johnstone J, Roberts J. The effect of two β-alanine dosing strategies on 30-minute rowing performance: a randomized, controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:59. [PMID: 30563538 PMCID: PMC6299666 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-alanine (βA) supplementation has been shown to increase intramuscular carnosine content and subsequent high-intensity performance in events lasting < 4 minutes (min), which may be dependent on total, as opposed to daily, dose. The ergogenic effect of βA has also been demonstrated for 2000-m rowing performance prompting interest in whether βA may be beneficial for sustained aerobic exercise. This study therefore investigated the effect of two βA dosing strategies on 30-min rowing and subsequent sprint performance. Methods Following University Ethics approval, twenty-seven healthy, male rowers (age: 24 ± 2 years; body-height: 1.81 ± 0.02 m; body-mass: 82.3 ± 2.5 kg; body-fat: 14.2 ± 1.0%) were randomised in a double-blind manner to 4 weeks of: i) βA (2.4 g·d− 1, βA1); ii) matched total βA (4.8 g on alternate days, βA2); or iii) cornflour placebo (2.4 g·d− 1, PL). Participants completed a laboratory 30-min rowing time-trial, followed by 3x30-seconds (s) maximal sprint efforts at days 0, 14 and 28 (T1-T3). Total distance (m), average power (W), relative average power (W·kg− 1), cardio-respiratory measures and perceived exertion were assessed for each 10-min split. Blood lactate ([La-]b mmol·L− 1) was monitored pre-post time-trial and following maximal sprint efforts. A 3-way repeated measures ANOVA was employed for main analyses, with Bonferonni post-hoc assessment (P ≤ 0.05). Results Total 30-min time-trial distance significantly increased from T1-T3 within βA1 only (7397 ± 195 m to 7580 ± 171 m, P = 0.002, ƞp2 = 0.196), including absolute average power (194.8 ± 18.3 W to 204.2 ± 15.5 W, P = 0.04, ƞp2 = 0.115) and relative average power output (2.28 ± 0.15 W·kg− 1 to 2.41 ± 0.12 W·kg− 1, P = 0.031, ƞp2 = 0.122). These findings were potentially explained by within-group significance for the same variables for the first 10 min split (P ≤ 0.01), and for distance covered (P = 0.01) in the second 10-min split. However, no condition x time interactions were observed. No significant effects were found for sprint variables (P > 0.05) with comparable values at T3 for mean distance (βA1: 163.9 ± 3.8 m; βA2: 161.2 ± 3.5 m; PL: 162.7 ± 3.6 m), average power (βA1: 352.7 ± 14.5 W; βA2: 342.2 ± 13.5 W; PL: 348.2 ± 13.9 W) and lactate (βA1: 10.0 ± 0.9 mmol·L− 1; βA2: 9.2 ± 1.1 mmol·L− 1; PL: 8.7 ± 0.9 mmol·L− 1). Conclusions Whilst daily βA may confer individual benefits, these results demonstrate limited impact of βA (irrespective of dosing strategy) on 30-min rowing or subsequent sprint performance. Further investigation of βA dosage > 2.4 g·d− 1 and/or chronic intervention periods (> 4–8 weeks) may be warranted based on within-group observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Beasley
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
| | - Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Johnstone
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
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24-Week β-alanine ingestion does not affect muscle taurine or clinical blood parameters in healthy males. Eur J Nutr 2018; 59:57-65. [PMID: 30552505 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of chronic beta-alanine (BA) supplementation on muscle taurine content, blood clinical markers and sensory side-effects. METHODS Twenty-five healthy male participants (age 27 ± 4 years, height 1.75 ± 0.09 m, body mass 78.9 ± 11.7 kg) were supplemented with 6.4 g day-1 of sustained-release BA (N = 16; CarnoSyn™, NAI, USA) or placebo (PL; N = 9; maltodextrin) for 24 weeks. Resting muscle biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis were taken at 0, 12 and 24 weeks and analysed for taurine content (BA, N = 12; PL, N = 6) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Resting venous blood samples were taken every 4 weeks and analysed for markers of renal, hepatic and muscle function (BA, N = 15; PL, N = 8; aspartate transaminase; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; lactate dehydrogenase; albumin; globulin; creatinine; estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatine kinase). RESULTS There was a significant main effect of group (p = 0.04) on muscle taurine, with overall lower values in PL, although there was no main effect of time or interaction effect (both p > 0.05) and no differences between specific timepoints (week 0, BA: 33.67 ± 8.18 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 27.75 ± 4.86 mmol kg-1 dm; week 12, BA: 35.93 ± 8.79 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 27.67 ± 4.75 mmol kg-1 dm; week 24, BA: 35.42 ± 6.16 mmol kg-1 dm, PL: 31.99 ± 5.60 mmol kg-1 dm). There was no effect of treatment, time or any interaction effects on any blood marker (all p > 0.05) and no self-reported side-effects in these participants throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that 24 weeks of BA supplementation at 6.4 g day-1 did not significantly affect muscle taurine content, clinical markers of renal, hepatic and muscle function, nor did it result in chronic sensory side-effects, in healthy individuals. Since athletes are likely to engage in chronic supplementation, these data provide important evidence to suggest that supplementation with BA at these doses for up to 24 weeks is safe for healthy individuals.
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Schmitz SM, Lopez HL, Mackay D, Nguyen H, Miller PE. Serious Adverse Events Reported with Dietary Supplement Use in the United States: A 2.5 Year Experience. J Diet Suppl 2018; 17:227-248. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1513109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hector L. Lopez
- Supplement Safety Solutions, Bedford, MA, USA
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
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32
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Brisola GMP, Zagatto AM. Ergogenic Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Different Sports Modalities: Strong Evidence or Only Incipient Findings? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:253-282. [PMID: 30431532 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brisola, GMP and Zagatto, AM. Ergogenic effects of β-alanine supplementation on different sports modalities: strong evidence or only incipient findings? J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 253-282, 2019-β-Alanine supplementation is a popular nutritional ergogenic aid among the sports community. Due to its efficacy, already proven in the literature, to increase the intramuscular carnosine content (β-alanyl-L-histidine), whose main function is intramuscular buffering, β-alanine supplementation has become a nutritional strategy to improve performance, mainly in high-intensity efforts. However, although many studies present evidence of the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation in high-intensity efforts, discrepancies in outcomes are still present and the performance enhancing effects seem to be related to the specificities of each sport discipline, making it difficult for athletes/coaches to interpret the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation. Thus, this study carried out a review of the literature on this topic and summarized, analyzed, and critically discussed the findings with the objective of clarifying the current evidence found in the literature on different types of efforts and sport modalities. The present review revealed that inconsistencies are still found in aerobic parameters determined in incremental tests, except for physical working capacity at the neuromuscular fatigue threshold. Inconsistencies are also found for strength exercises and intermittent high-intensity efforts, whereas in supramaximal continuous mode intermittent exercise, the beneficial evidence is strong. In sports modalities, the evidence should be analyzed separately for each sporting modality. Thus, sports modalities that have strong evidence of the ergogenic effects of β-alanine supplementation are: cycling race of 4 km, rowing race of 2,000 m, swimming race of 100 and 200 m, combat modalities, and water polo. Finally, there is some evidence of slight additional effects on physical performance from cosupplementation with sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M P Brisola
- Department of Physical Education, Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
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A kinetic model of carnosine synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 2018; 51:115-121. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stautemas J, Everaert I, Lefevere FBD, Derave W. Pharmacokinetics of β-Alanine Using Different Dosing Strategies. Front Nutr 2018; 5:70. [PMID: 30175101 PMCID: PMC6107792 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The ergogenic response following long-term ingestion of β-alanine shows a high inter-individual variation. It is hypothesized that this variation is partially caused by a variable pharmacokinetic response induced by inferior dosing strategies. At this point most supplements are either taken in a fixed amount (× g), as is the case with β-alanine, or relative to body weight (× g per kg BW), but there is currently neither consensus nor a scientific rationale on why these or other dosing strategies should be used. The aim of this study is to objectify and understand the variation in plasma pharmacokinetics of a single oral β-alanine dose supplemented as either a fixed or a weight-relative dose (WRD) in an anthropometric diverse sample. Methods: An anthropometric diverse sample ingested a fixed dose (1,400 mg) (n = 28) and a WRD of β-alanine (10 mg/kg BW) (n = 34) on separate occasions. Blood samples were taken before and at nine time points (up to 4 h) after β-alanine ingestion in order to establish a pharmacokinetic profile. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated by the trapezoidal rule. Plasma β-alanine was quantified using HPLC-fluorescence. Results: The variation coefficient (CV%) of the iAUC was 35.0% following ingestion of 1,400 mg β-alanine. Body weight explained 30.1% of the variance and was negatively correlated to iAUC (r = −0.549; p = 0.003). Interestingly, the CV% did not decrease with WRD (33.2%) and body weight was positively correlated to iAUC in response to the WRD (r = 0.488; p = 0.003). Conclusion: Both dosing strategies evoked an equally high inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetic plasma profile. Strikingly, while body weight explained a relevant part of the variation observed following a fixed dose, correction for body weight did not improve the homogeneity in β-alanine plasma response. We suggest to put more effort into the optimization of easy applicable and scientifically justified personalized dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stautemas
- Department of Movement & Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement & Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip B D Lefevere
- Department of Movement & Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement & Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Goron A, Moinard C. Amino acids and sport: a true love story? Amino Acids 2018; 50:969-980. [PMID: 29855718 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among a plethora of dietary supplements, amino acids are very popular with athletes for several reasons (e.g., to prevent nutritional deficiency, improve muscle function, and decrease muscle damages) whose purpose is to improve performance. However, it is difficult to get a clear idea of which amino acids have real ergogenic impact. Here, we review and analyze the clinical studies evaluating specific amino acids (glutamine, arginine, leucine, etc.) in athletes. Only english-language clinical studies evaluating a specific effect of one amino acid were considered. Despite promising results, many studies have methodological limits or specific flaws that do not allow definitive conclusions. To date, only chronic β-alanine supplementation demonstrated an ergogenic effect in athletes. Much research is still needed to gain evidence-based data before any other specific amino acid can be recommended for use in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Goron
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Louise Jones
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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Black MI, Jones AM, Morgan PT, Bailey SJ, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A. The Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle pH and the Power-Duration Relationship during High-Intensity Exercise. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29515455 PMCID: PMC5826376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the influence of β-alanine (BA) supplementation on muscle carnosine content, muscle pH and the power-duration relationship (i.e., critical power and W′). Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 20 recreationally-active males (22 ± 3 y, V°O2peak 3.73 ± 0.44 L·min−1) ingested either BA (6.4 g/d for 28 d) or placebo (PL) (6.4 g/d) for 28 d. Subjects completed an incremental test and two 3-min all-out tests separated by 1-min on a cycle ergometer pre- and post-supplementation. Muscle pH was assessed using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) during incremental (INC KEE) and intermittent knee-extension exercise (INT KEE). Muscle carnosine content was determined using 1H-MRS. Results: There were no differences in the change in muscle carnosine content from pre- to post-intervention (PL: 1 ± 16% vs. BA: −4 ± 25%) or in muscle pH during INC KEE or INT KEE (P > 0.05) between PL and BA, but blood pH (PL: −0.06 ± 0.10 vs. BA: 0.09 ± 0.13) during the incremental test was elevated post-supplementation in the BA group only (P < 0.05). The changes from pre- to post-supplementation in critical power (PL: −8 ± 18 W vs. BA: −6 ± 17 W) and W′ (PL: 1.8 ± 3.3 kJ vs. BA: 1.5 ± 1.7 kJ) were not different between groups. No relationships were detected between muscle carnosine content and indices of exercise performance. Conclusions: BA supplementation had no significant effect on muscle carnosine content and no influence on intramuscular pH during incremental or high-intensity intermittent knee-extension exercise. The small increase in blood pH following BA supplementation was not sufficient to significantly alter the power-duration relationship or exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Black
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Morgan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Hoffman JR, Varanoske A, Stout JR. Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Carnosine Elevation and Physiological Performance. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 84:183-206. [PMID: 29555069 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Alanine is one of the more popular sport supplements used by strength/power athletes today. The popularity of β-alanine stems from its ability to enhance intracellular muscle-buffering capacity thereby delaying fatigue during high-intensity exercise by increasing muscle carnosine content. Recent evidence also suggests that elevated carnosine levels may enhance cognitive performance and increase resiliency to stress. These benefits are thought to result from carnosine's potential role as an antioxidant. This review will discuss these new findings including recent investigations examining β-alanine supplementation and increased resiliency to posttraumatic stress and mild traumatic brain injury. This review will focus on the physiology of carnosine, the effect of β-alanine ingestion on carnosine elevations, and the potential ergogenic benefits it has for competitive and tactical athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | - Alyssa Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, Coker NA, Baker KM, Dodd SJ, Oliveira LP, Dawson VL, Wang R, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. β -Alanine supplementation elevates intramuscular carnosine content and attenuates fatigue in men and women similarly but does not change muscle l -histidine content. Nutr Res 2017; 48:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bech SR, Nielsen TS, Hald M, Jakobsen JP, Nordsborg NB. No Effect of β-alanine on Muscle Function and Kayak Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 50:562-569. [PMID: 28991036 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE If β-alanine supplementation counteracts muscular fatigue development or improves athletic performance was investigated. METHODS Elite kayak rowers (10 men and 7 women) were supplemented with either 80 mg·kg body mass·d of β-alanine or placebo for 8 wk. Muscular fatigue development was investigated by applying a 2-min elbow flexor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). EMG was recorded continuously, and voluntary activation was determined 30, 60, 90, and 115 s into the 2-min MVC. In addition, performance was evaluated as 1000-m and 5 × 250-m kayak ergometer rowing. RESULTS Force reduction during the 2-min MVC was similar before and after supplementation with β-alanine (30.9% ± 10.3% vs 36.0% ± 14.1%) and placebo (35.5% ± 7.7% vs 35.1% ± 8.0%). No time effect was apparent in voluntary activation during the 2-min MVC. In addition, there was no detectable effect of β-alanine supplementation on 1000-m kayak ergometer performance (β-alanine: 0.26% ± 0.02% vs placebo: -0.18% ± 0.02%) or accumulated 5 × 250-m time (β-alanine: -1.0% ± 0.3% vs placebo: -1.0% ± 0.2%). In 5 × 250 m, mean power output was reduced to a similar extent from first to fifth interval before and after supplementation with β-alanine (23% ± 11% vs 22% ± 10%) and placebo (26% ± 13% vs 20% ± 5%). CONCLUSIONS Two-minute MVC characteristics are unaffected by β-alanine supplementation in elite kayakers, and likewise, both a 1000-m kayak ergometer time trial lasting 4-5 min and a 5 × 250-m repeated sprint ability were unaltered by supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Refsgaard Bech
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Church DD, Hoffman JR, Varanoske AN, Wang R, Baker KM, La Monica MB, Beyer KS, Dodd SJ, Oliveira LP, Harris RC, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Comparison of Two β-Alanine Dosing Protocols on Muscle Carnosine Elevations. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:608-616. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1335250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kayla M. Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Michael B. La Monica
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kyle S. Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sarah J. Dodd
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Leonardo P. Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Roger C. Harris
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Saunders B, DE Salles Painelli V, DE Oliveira LF, DA Eira Silva V, DA Silva RP, Riani L, Franchi M, Gonçalves LDES, Harris RC, Roschel H, Artioli GG, Sale C, Gualano B. Twenty-four Weeks of β-Alanine Supplementation on Carnosine Content, Related Genes, and Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:896-906. [PMID: 28157726 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle carnosine content can be increased through β-alanine (BA) supplementation, but the maximum increase achievable with supplementation is unknown. No study has investigated the effects of prolonged supplementation on carnosine-related genes or exercise capacity. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of 24 wk of BA supplementation on muscle carnosine content, gene expression, and high-intensity cycling capacity (CCT110%). METHODS Twenty-five active males were supplemented with 6.4 g·d of sustained release BA or placebo for a 24 wk period. Every 4 wk participants provided a muscle biopsy and performed the CCT110%. Biopsies were analyzed for muscle carnosine content and gene expression (CARNS, TauT, ABAT, CNDP2, PHT1, PEPT2, and PAT1). RESULTS Carnosine content was increased from baseline at every time point in BA (all P < 0.0001; week 4 = +11.37 ± 7.03 mmol·kg dm, week 8 = +13.88 ± 7.84 mmol·kg dm, week 12 = +16.95 ± 8.54 mmol·kg dm, week 16 = +17.63 ± 8.42 mmol·kg dm, week 20 = +21.20 ± 7.86 mmol·kg dm, and week 24 = +20.15 ± 7.63 mmol·kg dm) but not placebo (all P > 0.05). Maximal increases were +25.66 ± 7.63 mmol·kg dm (range = +17.13 to +41.32 mmol·kg dm), and absolute maximal content was 48.03 ± 8.97 mmol·kg dm (range = 31.79 to 63.92 mmol·kg dm). There was an effect of supplement (P = 0.002) on TauT; no further differences in gene expression were shown. Exercise capacity was improved in BA (P = 0.05) with possible to almost certain improvements across all weeks. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-four weeks of BA supplementation increased muscle carnosine content and improved high-intensity cycling capacity. The downregulation of TauT suggests it plays an important role in muscle carnosine accumulation with BA supplementation, whereas the variability in changes in muscle carnosine content between individuals suggests that other determinants other than the availability of BA may also bear a major influence on muscle carnosine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- 1Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 2Junipa Ltd., Newmarket, Suffolk, UNITED KINGDOM; and 3Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM
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Nassis GP, Sporer B, Stathis CG. β-alanine efficacy for sports performance improvement: from science to practice. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:626-627. [PMID: 27913374 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George P Nassis
- National Sports Medicine Programme, Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ben Sporer
- Department of Family Practice-Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Whitecaps Football Club, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christos G Stathis
- College of Health and Biomedicine and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Healthy Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Naderi A, de Oliveira EP, Ziegenfuss TN, Willems MT. Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-12. [PMID: 28150472 PMCID: PMC5545206 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present narrative review was to consider the evidence on the timing, optimal dose and intake duration of the main dietary supplements in sports nutrition, i.e. β-alanine, nitrate, caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein. [Methods] This review article focuses on timing, optimal dose and intake duration of main dietary supplements in sports nutrition. [Results] This paper reviewed the evidence to determine the optimal time, efficacy doses and intake duration for sports supplements verified by scientific evidence that report a performance enhancing effect in both situation of laboratory and training settings. [Conclusion] Consumption of the supplements are usually suggested into 5 specific times, such as pre-exercise (nitrate, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate and protein), during exercise (carbohydrate), post-exercise (creatine, carbohydrate, protein), meal time (β-alanine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, nitrate, carbohydrate and protein), and before sleep (protein). In addition, the recommended dosing protocol for the supplements nitrate and β-alanine are fixed amounts irrespective of body weight, while dosing protocol for sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and creatine supplements are related to corrected body weight (mg/kg bw). Also, intake duration is suggested for creatine and β-alanine, being effective in chronic daily time < 2 weeks while caffeine, sodium bicarbonate are effective in acute daily time (1-3 hours). Plus, ingestion of nitrate supplement is required in both chronic daily time < 28 days and acute daily time (2- 2.5 h) prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - MarkE T Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, United Kingdom
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Saunders B, Elliott-Sale K, Artioli GG, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Roschel H, Sale C, Gualano B. β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:658-669. [PMID: 27797728 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance. DESIGN This study was designed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A 3-level mixed effects model was employed to model effect sizes and account for dependencies within data. DATA SOURCES 3 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science) were searched using a number of terms ('β-alanine' and 'Beta-alanine' combined with 'supplementation', 'exercise', 'training', 'athlete', 'performance' and 'carnosine'). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Inclusion/exclusion criteria limited articles to double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of β-alanine supplementation on an exercise measure. All healthy participant populations were considered, while supplementation protocols were restricted to chronic ingestion. Cross-over designs were excluded due to the long washout period for skeletal muscle carnosine following supplementation. A single outcome measure was extracted for each exercise protocol and converted to effect sizes for meta-analyses. RESULTS 40 individual studies employing 65 different exercise protocols and totalling 70 exercise measures in 1461 participants were included in the analyses. A significant overall effect size of 0.18 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.28) was shown. Meta-regression demonstrated that exercise duration significantly (p=0.004) moderated effect sizes. Subgroup analyses also identified the type of exercise as a significant (p=0.013) moderator of effect sizes within an exercise time frame of 0.5-10 min with greater effect sizes for exercise capacity (0.4998 (95% CI 0.246 to 0.753)) versus performance (0.1078 (95% CI -0.201 to 0.416)). There was no moderating effect of training status (p=0.559), intermittent or continuous exercise (p=0.436) or total amount of β-alanine ingested (p=0.438). Co-supplementation with sodium bicarbonate resulted in the largest effect size when compared with placebo (0.43 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.64)). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS β-alanine had a significant overall effect while subgroup analyses revealed a number of modifying factors. These data allow individuals to make informed decisions as to the likelihood of an ergogenic effect with β-alanine supplementation based on their chosen exercise modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lancha Junior AH, Painelli VDS, Saunders B, Artioli GG. Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Intracellular and Extracellular Buffering Capacity During High-Intensity Exercise. Sports Med 2016; 45 Suppl 1:S71-81. [PMID: 26553493 PMCID: PMC4672007 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Many nutritional strategies aiming to increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity have been investigated. Among these, supplementation of beta-alanine (~3–6.4 g/day for 4 weeks or longer), the rate-limiting factor to the intramuscular synthesis of carnosine (i.e. an intracellular buffer), has been shown to result in positive effects on exercise performance in which acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and sodium/calcium lactate supplementation have been employed in an attempt to increase the extracellular buffering capacity. Although all attempts have increased blood bicarbonate concentrations, evidence indicates that sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg body mass) is the most effective in improving high-intensity exercise performance. The evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of sodium citrate and lactate remain weak. These nutritional strategies are not without side effects, as gastrointestinal distress is often associated with the effective doses of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and calcium lactate. Similarly, paresthesia (i.e. tingling sensation of the skin) is currently the only known side effect associated with beta-alanine supplementation, and it is caused by the acute elevation in plasma beta-alanine concentration after a single dose of beta-alanine. Finally, the co-supplementation of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate may result in additive ergogenic gains during high-intensity exercise, although studies are required to investigate this combination in a wide range of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha Junior
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Glenn JM, Gray M, Gualano B, Roschel H. The Ergogenic Effects of Supplemental Nutritional Aids on Anaerobic Performance in Female Athletes. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Harris RC, Moran DS. β-Alanine supplementation and military performance. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2463-74. [PMID: 26206727 PMCID: PMC4633445 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During sustained high-intensity military training or simulated combat exercises, significant decreases in physical performance measures are often seen. The use of dietary supplements is becoming increasingly popular among military personnel, with more than half of the US soldiers deployed or garrisoned reported to using dietary supplements. β-Alanine is a popular supplement used primarily by strength and power athletes to enhance performance, as well as training aimed at improving muscle growth, strength and power. However, there is limited research examining the efficacy of β-alanine in soldiers conducting operationally relevant tasks. The gains brought about by β-alanine use by selected competitive athletes appears to be relevant also for certain physiological demands common to military personnel during part of their training program. Medical and health personnel within the military are expected to extrapolate and implement relevant knowledge and doctrine from research performed on other population groups. The evidence supporting the use of β-alanine in competitive and recreational athletic populations suggests that similar benefits would also be observed among tactical athletes. However, recent studies in military personnel have provided direct evidence supporting the use of β-alanine supplementation for enhancing combat-specific performance. This appears to be most relevant for high-intensity activities lasting 60-300 s. Further, limited evidence has recently been presented suggesting that β-alanine supplementation may enhance cognitive function and promote resiliency during highly stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Moran
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Givat Washington College of Education, Givat Washington, Israel
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 26175657 PMCID: PMC4501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4-6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4-6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Nutrabolt International, Bryan, TX USA
| | | | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, QPS-MRA, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tim N Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Rd, STE 120 Stow, OH USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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López-Samanes A, Ortega Fonseca JF, Fernández Elías VE, Borreani S, Maté-Muñoz JL, Kovacs MS. Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Tennis. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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