1
|
Clotrimazole Fluidizes Phospholipid Membranes and Localizes at the Hydrophobic Part near the Polar Part of the Membrane. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091304. [PMID: 34572517 PMCID: PMC8464689 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotrimazole (1-[(2-chlorophenyl)-diphenylmethyl]-imidazole) is an azole antifungal drug belonging to the imidazole subclass that is widely used in pharmacology and that can be incorporated in membranes. We studied its interaction with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) phospholipid vesicles by using differential scanning calorimetry and found that the transition temperature decreases progressively as the concentration of clotrimazole increases. However, the temperature of completion of the transition remained constant despite the increase of clotrimazole concentration, suggesting the formation of fluid immiscibility. 1H-NMR and 1H NOESY MAS-NMR were employed to investigate the location of clotrimazole in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) phospholipid membranes. In the presence of clotrimazole, all the resonances originating from POPC were shifted upfield, but mainly those corresponding to C2 and C3 of the fatty acyl, chains suggesting that clotrimazole aromatic rings preferentially locate near these carbons. In the same way, 2D-NOESY measurements showed that the highest cross-relaxation rates between protons of clotrimazole and POPC were with those bound to the C2 and C3 carbons of the fatty acyl chains. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that clotrimazole is located near the top of the hydrocarbon-chain phase, with the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring of clotrimazole being closest to the polar group of the carbonyl moiety. These results are in close agreement with the NMR and the conclusion is that clotrimazole is located near the water–lipid interface and in the upper part of the hydrophobic bilayer.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kanno Y, Kure Y, Kobayashi S, Mizuno M, Tsuchiya Y, Yamashita N, Nemoto K, Inouye Y. Tripartite Motif Containing 24 Acts as a Novel Coactivator of the Constitutive Active/Androstane Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:46-52. [PMID: 29101097 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a transcription factor for a variety of genes, including genes encoding xenobiotic, steroid, and drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Transactivation of a target gene by a transcription factor is generally mediated through the concerted and stepwise recruitment of various proteins termed coregulators, including coactivators and corepressors. In this study, TRIM24 (also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1 alpha) was found to interact with the CAR. TRIM24 enhanced the CAR-dependent transactivation in reporter assays using the direct repeat-4 motif, a binding site of the CAR. This enhancement was synergistically augmented in the presence of steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) 1 or SRC2, both of which are coactivators of the CAR. In addition, TRIM24 was recruited to the CAR-binding element of the CYP2B6 promoter together with the CAR. We also noted that knockdown of TRIM24 suppressed CAR-induced CYP2B6 mRNA expression in HepTR/CAR and HepaRG cells and suppressed CAR-induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression in HepaRG cells but not HepTR/CAR cells. From these results, we suggest that TRIM24 is a novel coactivator of the CAR that is involved in cell- and/or promoter- selective transactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Kure
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inouye
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Using TR-FRET to Investigate Protein-Protein Interactions: A Case Study of PXR-Coregulator Interaction. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:31-63. [PMID: 29412999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) protein-protein interaction assays, especially in the format of receptor coregulator (coactivator and corepressor) recruitment/repression assays, have been widely used in nuclear receptor research to characterize the modes of action, efficacies, and binding affinities of ligands (including their properties as agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists). However, there has been only limited progress in using this assay format for pregnane X receptor (PXR). In this chapter, we discuss TR-FRET protein-protein interaction assays and focus on a novel PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay that we have developed based on a PXR coactivator cocrystal study. This new PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay can characterize the binding affinities of PXR ligands and also differentiate antagonists from agonists. This assay is very robust, with the signal remaining stable over a long incubation time (up to 300min has been tested). It can tolerate high concentrations of DMSO (up to 5%) and has a high signal-to-noise ratio (six under typical assay conditions). This newly developed PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay has potential application in high-throughput screening to identify and characterize novel PXR agonists and antagonists.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mackowiak B, Li L, Welch MA, Li D, Jones JW, Heyward S, Kane MA, Swaan PW, Wang H. Molecular Basis of Metabolism-Mediated Conversion of PK11195 from an Antagonist to an Agonist of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:75-87. [PMID: 28442602 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Antagonism of the CAR represents a key strategy for studying its function and may have potential clinical applications. However, specific human CAR (hCAR) antagonists are limited and conflicting data on the activity of these compounds have been reported. 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), a typical peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, has been established as a potent hCAR deactivator in immortalized cells; whether it inhibits hCAR activity under physiologically relevant conditions remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of PK11195 on hCAR in metabolically competent human primary hepatocytes (HPH) and HepaRG cells. We show that although PK11195 antagonizes hCAR in HepG2 cells, it induces the expression of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, targets of hCAR and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), in HPH, HepaRG, and PXR-knockout HepaRG cells. Utilizing a HPH-HepG2 coculture model, we demonstrate that inclusion of HPH converts PK11195 from an antagonist to an agonist of hCAR, and such conversion was attenuated by potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole. Metabolically, we show that the N-desmethyl metabolite is responsible for PK11195-mediated hCAR activation by facilitating hCAR interaction with coactivators and enhancing hCAR nuclear translocation in HPHs. Structure-activity analysis revealed that N-demethylation alters the interaction of PK11195 with the binding pocket of hCAR to favor activation. Together, these results indicate that removal of a methyl group switches PK11195 from a potent antagonist of hCAR to an agonist in HPH and highlights the importance of physiologically relevant metabolism when attempting to define the biologic action of small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Matthew A Welch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Scott Heyward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (B.M., L.L., M.A.W., D.L., J.W.J., M.A.K., P.W.S., H.W.); and Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mathäs M, Burk O, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Herlyn H, Wojnowski L, Windshügel B. Structural and functional similarity of amphibian constitutive androstane receptor with mammalian pregnane X receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96263. [PMID: 24797902 PMCID: PMC4010427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors and xenosensors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) and pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) induce the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which also affects various endobiotics. While human and mouse CAR feature a high basal activity and low induction upon ligand exposure, we recently identified two constitutive androstane receptors in Xenopus laevis (xlCARα and β) that possess PXR-like characteristics such as low basal activity and activation in response to structurally diverse compounds. Using a set of complementary computational and biochemical approaches we provide evidence for xlCARα being the structural and functional counterpart of mammalian PXR. A three-dimensional model of the xlCARα ligand-binding domain (LBD) reveals a human PXR-like L-shaped ligand binding pocket with a larger volume than the binding pockets in human and murine CAR. The shape and amino acid composition of the ligand-binding pocket of xlCAR suggests PXR-like binding of chemically diverse ligands which was confirmed by biochemical methods. Similarly to PXR, xlCARα possesses a flexible helix 11’. Modest increase in the recruitment of coactivator PGC-1α may contribute to the enhanced basal activity of three gain-of-function xlCARα mutants humanizing key LBD amino acid residues. xlCARα and PXR appear to constitute an example of convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mathäs
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Nußhag
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Holger Herlyn
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leszek Wojnowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- European ScreeningPort GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wallace BD, Redinbo MR. Xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors involved in drug metabolism: a structural perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 45:79-100. [PMID: 23210723 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.740049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds undergo a critical range of biotransformations performed by the phase I, II, and III drug-metabolizing enzymes. The oxidation, conjugation, and transportation of potentially harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds achieved by these catalytic systems are significantly regulated, at the gene expression level, by members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors. Activation of NRs by a variety of endo- and exogenous chemicals are elemental to induction and repression of drug-metabolism pathways. The master xenobiotic sensing NRs, the promiscuous pregnane X receptor and less-promiscuous constitutive androstane receptor are crucial to initial ligand recognition, jump-starting the metabolic process. Other receptors, including farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, liver X receptor, and RAR-related orphan receptor, are not directly linked to promiscuous xenobiotic binding, but clearly play important roles in the modulation of metabolic gene expression. Crystallographic studies of the ligand-binding domains of nine NRs involved in drug metabolism provide key insights into ligand-based and constitutive activity, coregulator recruitment, and gene regulation. Structures of other, noncanonical transcription factors also shed light on secondary, but important, pathways of control. Pharmacological targeting of some of these nuclear and atypical receptors has been instituted as a means to treat metabolic and developmental disorders and provides a future avenue to be explored for other members of the xenobiotic-sensing NRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spyrakis* F, Barril* X, Luque* FJ. Molecular Dynamics: a Tool to Understand Nuclear Receptors. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO NUCLEAR RECEPTORS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735353-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
8
|
Windshügel B, Poso A. Constitutive activity and ligand-dependent activation of the nuclear receptor CAR-insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:875-82. [PMID: 21812062 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) possesses, unlike most other nuclear receptors, a pronounced basal activity in vitro whose structural basis is still not fully understood. Using comparative molecular dynamics simulations of CAR X-ray crystal structures, we evaluated the molecular basis for constitutive activity and ligand-dependent receptor activation. Our results suggest that a combination of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds is required to maintain the activation helix in the active conformation also in absence of a ligand. Furthermore, we identified conformational rearrangements within the ligand-binding pocket upon agonist binding and an influence of CAR inducers pregnanedione and CITCO on the helical conformation of the activation helix. Based on the results a model for ligand-dependent CAR activation is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Windshügel
- Faculty of Health Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jyrkkärinne J, Küblbeck J, Pulkkinen J, Honkakoski P, Laatikainen R, Poso A, Laitinen T. Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Human CAR Inverse Agonists. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:457-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jyrkkärinne
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Küblbeck
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Pulkkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reino Laatikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Küblbeck J, Laitinen T, Jyrkkärinne J, Rousu T, Tolonen A, Abel T, Kortelainen T, Uusitalo J, Korjamo T, Honkakoski P, Molnár F. Use of comprehensive screening methods to detect selective human CAR activators. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1994-2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
11
|
Mathäs M, Burk O, Qiu H, Nusshag C, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Baranyai D, Deng S, Römer K, Nem D, Windshügel B, Wojnowski L. Evolutionary history and functional characterization of the amphibian xenosensor CAR. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 26:14-26. [PMID: 22074953 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The xenosensing constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is widely considered to have arisen in early mammals via duplication of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). We report that CAR emerged together with PXR and the vitamin D receptor from an ancestral NR1I gene already in early vertebrates, as a result of whole-genome duplications. CAR genes were subsequently lost from the fish lineage, but they are conserved in all taxa of land vertebrates. This contrasts with PXR, which is found in most fish species, whereas it is lost from Sauropsida (reptiles and birds) and plays a role unrelated to xenosensing in Xenopus. This role is fulfilled in Xenopus by CAR, which exhibits low basal activity and pronounced responsiveness to activators such as drugs and steroids, altogether resembling mammalian PXR. The constitutive activity typical for mammalian CAR emerged first in Sauropsida, and it is thus common to all fully terrestrial land vertebrates (Amniota). The constitutive activity can be achieved by humanizing just two amino acids of the Xenopus CAR. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the NR1I subfamily of nuclear receptors. They identify CAR as the more conserved and remarkably plastic NR1I xenosensor in land vertebrates. Nonmammalian CAR should help to dissect the specific functions of PXR and CAR in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics in humans. Xenopus CAR is a first reported amphibian xenosensor, which opens the way to toxicogenomic and bioaugmentation studies in this critically endangered taxon of land vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mathäs
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moroy G, Martiny VY, Vayer P, Villoutreix BO, Miteva MA. Toward in silico structure-based ADMET prediction in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:44-55. [PMID: 22056716 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods and related approaches have been used to investigate the molecular features that influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of drugs. As the three-dimensional structures of several major ADMET proteins become available, structure-based (docking-scoring) computations can be carried out to complement or to go beyond QSAR studies. Applying docking-scoring methods to ADMET proteins is a challenging process because they usually have a large and flexible binding cavity; however, promising results relating to metabolizing enzymes have been reported. After reviewing current trends in the field we applied structure-based methods in the context of receptor flexibility in a case study involving the phase II metabolizing sulfotransferases. Overall, the explored concepts and results suggested that structure-based ADMET profiling will probably join the mainstream during the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Moroy
- Inserm UMR-S 973, Molécules Thérapeutiques In Silico, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35 Rue Helene Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Voutchkova AM, Osimitz TG, Anastas PT. Toward a Comprehensive Molecular Design Framework for Reduced Hazard. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5845-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina M. Voutchkova
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Thomas G. Osimitz
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Paul T. Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jyrkkärinne J, Windshügel B, Rönkkö T, Tervo AJ, Küblbeck J, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Sippl W, Poso A, Honkakoski P. Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7181-92. [PMID: 18983136 DOI: 10.1021/jm800731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is an important regulator of xenobiotic metabolism and other physiological processes. So far, only few CAR agonists are known and no explicit mechanism has been proposed for their action. Thus, we aimed to generate a 3D QSAR model that could explain the molecular determinants of CAR agonist action. To obtain a sufficient number of agonists that cover a wide range of activity, we applied a virtual screening approach using both structure- and ligand-based methods. We identified 27 novel human CAR agonists on which a 3D QSAR model was generated. The model, complemented by coregulator recruitment and mutagenesis results, suggests a potential activation mechanism for human CAR and may serve to predict potential activation of CAR for compounds emerging from drug development projects or for chemicals undergoing toxicological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jyrkkärinne
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Repo S, Jyrkkärinne J, Pulkkinen JT, Laatikainen R, Honkakoski P, Johnson MS. Ligand specificity of constitutive androstane receptor as probed by induced-fit docking and mutagenesis. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7119-31. [PMID: 18973326 DOI: 10.1021/jm800337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) belongs to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and acts as a chemical sensor of drugs and endogenous compounds. The ligand-binding preferences of CAR are diverse, and more importantly, there are significant species differences in ligand specificity. Here, we show that while certain residues are critical for the basal activity of mouse CAR (mCAR) and/or affect the binding of all tested ligands, mutation of some ligand-binding pocket (LBP) residues (e.g., F171 and Y336) paradoxically decreased the activity of a specific ligand while increasing that of others. Comparisons to previously reported human CAR (hCAR) residues indicated that the function of key CAR residues (e.g., N175, L253) is dramatically different between species. The docking results provide some mechanistic rationale for the ability of 17alpha-ethinyl-3,17beta-estradiol (EE2) to both activate mCAR and repress hCAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Repo
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Küblbeck J, Jyrkkärinne J, Poso A, Turpeinen M, Sippl W, Honkakoski P, Windshügel B. Discovery of substituted sulfonamides and thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as agonists of human constitutive androstane receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1288-97. [PMID: 18786510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) is a nuclear receptor responsible for the recognition of potentially toxic endo- and exogenous compounds whose elimination from the body is accelerated by the CAR-mediated inducible expression of metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Despite the importance of CAR, few human agonists are known so far. Following a sequential virtual screening procedure using a 3D pharmacophore and molecular docking approach, we identified 17 novel agonists that could activate human CAR in vitro and enhance its association with the nuclear receptor co-activator SRC1. Selected agonists also increased the expression of the human CAR target CYP2B6 mRNA in primary hepatocytes. Composed of substituted sulfonamides and thiazolidin-4-one derivatives, these agonists represent two novel chemotypes capable of human CAR activation, thus broadening the agonist spectrum of CAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, Yliopistonranta 1C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stanley LA, Horsburgh BC, Ross J, Scheer N, Wolf CR. PXR and CAR: nuclear receptors which play a pivotal role in drug disposition and chemical toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2006; 38:515-97. [PMID: 16877263 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600786232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification is regulated by receptors (e.g., PXR, CAR) whose characterization has contributed significantly to our understanding of drug responses in humans. Technologies facilitating the screening of compounds for receptor interactions provide valuable tools applicable in drug development. Most use in vitro systems or mice humanized for receptors in vivo. In vitro assays are limited by the reporter systems and cell lines chosen and are uninformative about effects in vivo. Humanized mouse models provide novel, exciting ways of understanding the functions of these genes. This article evaluates these technologies and current knowledge on PXR/CAR-mediated regulation of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Windshügel B, Jyrkkärinne J, Vanamo J, Poso A, Honkakoski P, Sippl W. Comparison of homology models and X-ray structures of the nuclear receptor CAR: assessing the structural basis of constitutive activity. J Mol Graph Model 2006; 25:644-57. [PMID: 16831563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) possesses an intrinsic basal activity whose structural basis has been analysed during the last decade. Recently, we published a homology model of the CAR ligand binding domain (LBD) based on the X-ray structures of the closely related pregnane X (PXR) and vitamin D (VDR) receptor. A detailed analysis of the homology model and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations afforded us to propose a potential mechanism underlying the constitutive activity of CAR. Almost simultaneously, X-ray structures of human and mouse CAR LBD were released. In the present study, a detailed analysis and comparison of homology model and X-ray structures is carried out in order to evaluate the quality and reliability of our homology modelling procedure. The hypothesis of the constitutive activity which we proposed on the basis of our modelling results was tested for consistency with the crystal structures. In addition, the features stated to be essential for the basal activity based on the X-ray data were investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the homology modelling procedure was able to predict the CAR LBD structure with high accuracy. Structural features that have been revealed as critical for constitutive activity in the model are also observed in the X-ray structures. Furthermore, the MD simulations of the CAR X-ray structures and a detailed analysis of other NRs clarify the role of distinct structural features that have been assigned an important role for the constitutive activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Windshügel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|