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Song S, Peng H, Li Y, Zhao T, Cao R, Zheng L, Huang M, Jiang Y. Oleanolic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy via regulating pregnane X receptor signaling pathway in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110970. [PMID: 38513930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after liver tumor resection or liver transplantation is crucial, the remaining liver frequently fails to regenerate in some patients. Oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound which has been shown to protect against various liver diseases. However, the effect of OA on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) is still unclear. In this study, the results showed that OA (50 mg/kg, twice daily) treatment induced liver mass restoration and increased the liver-to-body weight ratio of mice following PHx. Meanwhile, OA promoted hepatocyte proliferation and increased the number of BrdU-, Ki67-and PCNA-positive cells. Furthermore, OA increased the nuclear accumulation of PXR and induced the expression of PXR downstream proteins such as CYP3A11, UGT1A1 and GSTM2 in mice, as well as in AML12 and HepRG cells. Luciferase reporter assay and nuclear localization of PXR further demonstrated the effect of OA on PXR activation in vitro. Molecular docking simulation showed that OA could interact with the PXR active sites. Moreover, OA inhibited the expression of FOXO1, RBL2 and CDKN1B, and increased the expression of PCNA, CCND1 and CCNE1 in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of Pxr further confirmed that OA-mediated upregulation of proliferation-related proteins depended on PXR. The current study illustrated that OA exhibited a significant promoting effect on liver regeneration following PHx, potentially through regulation of the PXR signaling pathway to accelerate liver recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Center of Hepato-Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Innovation Program of Drug Research on Neurological and Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Su H, Liang H, Tian J, Zheng L, Li H, Yang X, Yin S, Bi H. Discovery of PXR agonists from Hypericum japonicum: A class of novel nonaromatic acylphloroglucinol-terpenoid adducts. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107354. [PMID: 38599054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been considered as a promising therapeutic target for cholestasis due to its crucial regulation in bile acid biosynthesis and metabolism. To search promising natural PXR agonists, the PXR agonistic activities of five traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with hepatoprotective efficacy were assayed, and Hypericum japonicum as the most active one was selected for subsequent phytochemical investigation, which led to the isolation of eight nonaromatic acylphloroglucinol-terpenoid adducts including seven new compounds (1 - 4, 5a, 5b and 6). Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic, computational and X-ray diffraction analysis. Meanwhile, the PXR agonistic activities of aplenty compounds were evaluated via dual-luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Among them, compounds 1 - 4 showed more potent activity than the positive drug rifampicin. Furthermore, the molecular docking revealed that 1 - 4 were docked well on the PXR ligand binding domain and formed hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues Gln285, Ser247 and His409. This investigation revealed that H. japonicum may serve as a rich source of natural PXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguo Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hangfei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Nilles J, Weiss J, Masin M, Tuffs C, Strowitzki MJ, Haefeli WE, Ruez S, Theile D. The differences in drug disposition gene induction by rifampicin and rifabutin are unlikely due to different effects on important pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) splice variants. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:2485-2496. [PMID: 37851058 PMCID: PMC10933196 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Rifampicin and rifabutin can activate the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), thereby inducing pharmacokinetically important genes/proteins and reducing exposure to co-administered drugs. Because induction effects vary considerably between these antibiotics, differences could be due to unequal rifamycin-induced activation or tissue expression of the three major NR1I2 splice variants, PXR.1 (NM_003889), PXR.2 (NM_022002), and PXR.3 (NM_033013). Consequently, PXR activation (PXR reporter gene assays) and mRNA expression levels of total NR1I2, PXR.1, PXR.2, and PXR.3 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction in colon and liver samples from eleven surgical patients, in LS180 cells, and primary human hepatocytes. Compared to the colon, total NR1I2 mRNA expression was higher in the liver. Both tissues showed similar expression levels of PXR.1 and PXR.3, respectively. PXR.2 was not quantifiable in the colon samples. Rifampicin and rifabutin similarly enhanced PXR.1 and PXR.2 activity when transfected into LS180 cells, while PXR.3 could not be activated. In LS180 cells, rifampicin (10 μM) reduced total NR1I2 and PXR.3 expression 2-fold after 24 h, while rifabutin (10 μM) increased total NR1I2, PXR.1, PXR.2, and PXR.3 mRNA by approx. 50% after 96-h exposure. In primary human hepatocytes, rifampicin (10 μM) suppressed total NR1I2, PXR.1, and PXR.3 after 48-h exposure, and rifabutin (10 μM) had no significant impact on total NR1I2 or any of the splice variants studied. In conclusion, both antibiotics activated the studied PXR splice variants similarly but modified their expression differently. While rifampicin can suppress mRNA of PXR forms, rifabutin rather increases their expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nilles
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Masin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Tuffs
- Departments of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz J Strowitzki
- Departments of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruez
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co, KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Peng R, Song C, Gou S, Liu H, Kang H, Dong Y, Xu Y, Hu P, Cai K, Feng Q, Guan H, Li F. Gut Clostridium sporogenes-derived indole propionic acid suppresses osteoclast formation by activating pregnane X receptor. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107121. [PMID: 38431091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. A dramatic decrease in estrogen levels in postmenopausal women leads to osteoclast overactivation, impaired bone homeostasis, and subsequent bone loss. Changes in the gut microbiome affect bone mineral density. However, the role of the gut microbiome in estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. In this study, we found that the abundance of Clostridium sporogenes (C. spor.) and its derived metabolite, indole propionic acid (IPA), were decreased in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In vitro assays suggested that IPA suppressed osteoclast differentiation and function. At the molecular level, IPA suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced pregnane X receptor (PXR) ubiquitination and degradation, leading to increased binding of remaining PXR with P65. In vivo daily IPA administration or repeated C. spor. colonization protected against OVX-induced bone loss. To protect live bacteria from the harsh gastric environment and delay the emptying of orally administered C. spor. from the intestine, a C. spor.-encapsulated silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel system was developed, which achieved bone protection in OVX mice comparable to that achieved with repeated germ transplantation or daily IPA administration. Overall, we found that gut C. spor.-derived IPA was involved in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoclast overactivation by regulating the PXR/P65 complex. The C. spor.-encapsulated SF hydrogel system is a promising tool for combating postmenopausal osteoporosis without the disadvantages of repeated germ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangquan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglei Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixuan Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hanfeng Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Dvořák Z, Vyhlídalová B, Pečinková P, Li H, Anzenbacher P, Špičáková A, Anzenbacherová E, Chow V, Liu J, Krause H, Wilson D, Berés T, Tarkowski P, Chen D, Mani S. In vitro safety signals for potential clinical development of the anti-inflammatory pregnane X receptor agonist FKK6. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107137. [PMID: 38245951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Based on the mimicry of microbial metabolites, functionalized indoles were demonstrated as the ligands and agonists of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The lead indole, FKK6, displayed PXR-dependent protective effects in DSS-induced colitis in mice and in vitro cytokine-treated intestinal organoid cultures. Here, we report on the initial in vitro pharmacological profiling of FKK6. FKK6-PXR interactions were characterized by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Screening FKK6 against potential cellular off-targets (G protein-coupled receptors, steroid and nuclear receptors, ion channels, and xenobiotic membrane transporters) revealed high PXR selectivity. FKK6 has poor aqueous solubility but was highly soluble in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. A large fraction of FKK6 was bound to plasma proteins and chemically stable in plasma. The partition coefficient of FKK6 was 2.70, and FKK6 moderately partitioned into red blood cells. In Caco2 cells, FKK6 displayed high permeability (A-B: 22.8 × 10-6 cm.s-1) and no active efflux. These data are indicative of essentially complete in vivo absorption of FKK6. The data from human liver microsomes indicated that FKK6 is rapidly metabolized by cytochromes P450 (t1/2 5 min), notably by CYP3A4. Two oxidized FKK6 derivatives, including DC73 (N6-oxide) and DC97 (C19-phenol), were detected, and these metabolites had 5-7 × lower potency as PXR agonists than FKK6. This implies that despite high intestinal absorption, FKK6 is rapidly eliminated by the liver, and its PXR effects are predicted to be predominantly in the intestines. In conclusion, the PXR ligand and agonist FKK6 has a suitable pharmacological profile supporting its potential preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vyhlídalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Špičáková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vimanda Chow
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tibor Berés
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dajun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Zhang S, Wang T, Feng Y, Li F, Qu A, Guan X, Wang H, Xu D. Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile negatively regulates hippocampal cytochrome P450 enzymes and ameliorates phenytoin-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1510-1525. [PMID: 38223454 PMCID: PMC10785155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is susceptible to the modulation of various neurophysiological processes by the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP), which plays a crucial role in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The antiepileptic drug phenytoin (PHT) has been observed to induce neuronal side effects in patients, which could be attributed to its induction of CYP expression and testosterone (TES) metabolism in the hippocampus. While pregnane X receptor (PXR) is widely known for its regulatory function of CYPs in the liver, we have discovered that the treatment of mice with pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), a PXR agonist, has differential effects on CYP expression in the liver and hippocampus. Specifically, the PCN treatment resulted in the induction of cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 11 (CYP3A11), and CYP2B10 expression in the liver, while suppressing their expression in the hippocampus. Functionally, the PCN treatment protected mice from PHT-induced hippocampal nerve injury, which was accompanied by the inhibition of TES metabolism in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, we found that the inhibition of hippocampal CYP expression and attenuation of PHT-induced neurotoxicity by PCN were glucocorticoid receptor dependent, rather than PXR independent, as demonstrated by genetic and pharmacological models. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that PCN can negatively regulate hippocampal CYP expression and attenuate PHT-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity independently of PXR. Our findings suggest that glucocorticoids may be a potential therapeutic strategy for managing the neuronal side effects of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiuchen Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Lei S, Guo A, Lu J, Qi Q, Devanathan AS, Zhu J, Ma X. Activation of PXR causes drug interactions with Paxlovid in transgenic mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4502-4510. [PMID: 37969744 PMCID: PMC10638548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxlovid is a nirmatrelvir (NMV) and ritonavir (RTV) co-packaged medication used for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The active component of Paxlovid is NMV and RTV is a pharmacokinetic booster. Our work aimed to investigate the drug/herb-drug interactions associated with Paxlovid and provide mechanism-based guidance for the clinical use of Paxlovid. By using recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), we confirmed that CYP3A4 and 3A5 are the major enzymes responsible for NMV metabolism. The role of CYP3A in Paxlovid metabolism were further verified in Cyp3a-null mice, which showed that the deficiency of CYP3A significantly suppressed the metabolism of NMV and RTV. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that upregulates CYP3A4/5 expression. We next explored the impact of drug- and herb-mediated PXR activation on Paxlovid metabolism in a transgenic mouse model expressing human PXR and CYP3A4/5. We found that PXR activation increased CYP3A4/5 expression, accelerated NMV metabolism, and reduced the systemic exposure of NMV. In summary, our work demonstrated that PXR activation can cause drug interactions with Paxlovid, suggesting that PXR-activating drugs and herbs should be used cautiously in COVID-19 patients receiving Paxlovid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alice Guo
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Aaron S. Devanathan
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Miao X, Ye H, Cui X, Guo X, Su F. Resveratrol attenuates efavirenz-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice by inhibiting pregnane X receptor activation and decreasing inflammation. Nutr Res 2023; 119:119-131. [PMID: 37826994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV), a widely prescribed antiviral medication, has been implicated in dyslipidemia and can activate the pregnane X receptor (PXR), leading to hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice. Resveratrol (RES) can ameliorate hepatic steatosis and functions as a partial PXR agonist, capable of mitigating PXR expression induced by other PXR agonists. Therefore, we hypothesized that RES could attenuate EFV-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia by downregulating PXR expression and suppressing inflammatory cytokine production. Here, we conducted an in vivo study involving 6-week-old male mice, which were divided into 4 groups for a 7-day intervention: control (carrier solution), EFV (80 mg/kg), RES (50 mg/kg), and RES + EFV groups. Serum and hepatic tissue samples were collected to assess cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Hepatic lipid accumulation was evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining. Polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to quantify hepatic inflammatory factors, lipogenic gene, and PXR expression. Our results indicated that hepatic lipid droplet accumulation was reduced in the RES + EFV group compared with the EFV group. Similarly, the expressions of hepatic inflammatory factors were attenuated in the RES + EFV group relative to the EFV group. Furthermore, RES counteracted the upregulation of hepatic lipid-metabolizing enzymes induced by EFV at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Importantly, PXR expression was downregulated in the RES + EFV group compared with the EFV group. Conclusively, our findings suggest that RES effectively mitigates EFV-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting PXR activation and decreasing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Miao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoya Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiuxiu Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Feifei Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sixth People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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9
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Lan H, Zhang Y, Fan M, Wu B, Wang C. Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:371-387. [PMID: 37593784 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Fan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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10
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Vázquez-Gómez G, Petráš J, Dvořák Z, Vondráček J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) play both distinct and common roles in the regulation of colon homeostasis and intestinal carcinogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115797. [PMID: 37696457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) belong among key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism in the intestinal tissue. AhR in particular is activated by a wide range of environmental and dietary carcinogens. The data accumulated over the last two decades suggest that both of these transcriptional regulators play a much wider role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, and that both transcription factors may affect processes linked with intestinal tumorigenesis. Intestinal epithelium is continuously exposed to a wide range of AhR, PXR and dual AhR/PXR ligands formed by intestinal microbiota or originating from diet. Current evidence suggests that specific ligands of both AhR and PXR can protect intestinal epithelium against inflammation and assist in the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. AhR, and to a lesser extent also PXR, have been shown to play a protective role against inflammation-induced colon cancer, or, in mouse models employing overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In contrast, other evidence suggests that both receptors may contribute to modulation of transformed colon cell behavior, with a potential to promote cancer progression and/or chemoresistance. The review focuses on both overlapping and separate roles of the two receptors in these processes, and on possible implications of their activity within the context of intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Yokota H, Sato K, Sakamoto S, Okuda Y, Asano M, Takeda M, Nakayama K, Miura M. Effects of polymorphisms in pregnane X receptor and ABC transporters on afatinib in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: pharmacogenomic-pharmacokinetic and exposure-response analysis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:315-324. [PMID: 37500985 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of the large interindividual variability of afatinib pharmacokinetics and adverse events, we evaluated the effects of polymorphisms in pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) and ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2) on the pharmacokinetics of afatinib. METHODS The steady-state area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)0-24 of afatinib was analyzed using blood sampling just prior to and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h on day 15 after administration. RESULTS The median oral clearance (CL/F) of afatinib in patients with the NR1I2 7635A allele was significantly lower than those in patients with the 7635G/G genotype (42.0 and 60.0 L/h, respectively, P = 0.025). There were no significant differences in afatinib CL/F between genotypes for NR1I2 8055C > T, -25385C > T, ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 polymorphisms. Based on the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, the threshold afatinib AUC0-24 value for prediction of dose reduction or withdrawal was 689 ng·h/mL at the best sensitivity (81.0%) and specificity (72.7%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, an afatinib AUC0-24 above 689 ng·h/mL was independently associated with increased risk of dose reduction or withdrawal (OR: 11.66, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The NR1I2 7635A allele was related to a lower afatinib CL/F. Based on the AUC of 689 ng h/mL and CL/F, the optimal doses for patients with the NR1I2 7635G/G genotype and 7635A allele were recommended to be set at 40 and 30 mg/day, respectively, and subsequent adjustment of the maintenance dose based on the plasma concentrations of afatinib may be necessary to avoid afatinib-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Yokota
- Department of Pharmacy, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Sho Sakamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuji Okuda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mariko Asano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nakayama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masatomo Miura
- Department of Pharmacy, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
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12
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Rao ZZ, Tang ZW, Wen J. Advances in drug resistance of triple negative breast cancer caused by pregnane X receptor. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:335-342. [PMID: 37771631 PMCID: PMC10523191 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i9.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), refers breast cancer negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, characterized by high drug resistance, high metastasis and high recurrence, treatment of which is a difficult problem in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. In order to better treat TNBC clinically, it is a very urgent task to explore the mechanism of TNBC resistance in basic breast cancer research. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor whose main biological function is to participate in the metabolism, transport and clearance of allobiological agents in PXR. PXR plays an important role in drug metabolism and clearance, and PXR is highly expressed in tumor tissues of TNBC patients, which is related to the prognosis of breast cancer patients. This reviews synthesized the important role of PXR in the process of high drug resistance to TNBC chemotherapeutic drugs and related research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Zhou Rao
- Department of Physiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410003, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Tang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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13
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Sládeková L, Zgarbová E, Vrzal R, Vanda D, Soural M, Jakubcová K, Vázquez-Gómez G, Vondráček J, Dvořák Z. Switching on/off aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor activities by chemically modified tryptamines. Toxicol Lett 2023; 387:63-75. [PMID: 37778463 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial indoles have been demonstrated as selective or dual agonists and ligands of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, structural determinants of microbial indoles selectivity towards both receptors remain elusive. Here, we studied the effects of existing and newly synthesized derivatives of indole microbial metabolite tryptamine on the activity of AhR and PXR receptors. We show that the elongation of indolyl-3-alkaneamine chain, indole N-methylation and conversion of indolyl-3-alkaneamines to oleamides resulted in a major increase of PXR activity and in parallel loss of AhR activity. Using reporter gene assays, RT-PCR and TR-FRET techniques, we have characterized in detail the activation of PXR by novel indolyl-3-alkanyl-oleamides, 1-methyltryptamine and 1-methyltryptamine-acetamide. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated anti-inflammatory and epithelial barrier-protective activity of lead derivatives in intestinal Caco-2 cells, employing the measurement of expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, tight junction genes, trans-epithelial electric resistance TEER, and dextran-FITC permeability assay. In conclusion, we show that a subtle chemical modifications of simple microbial indole metabolite tryptamine, leads to substantial changes in AhR and PXR agonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sládeková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Zgarbová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Vanda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Jakubcová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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14
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Kurosawa K, Nakano M, Yokoseki I, Nagaoka M, Takemoto S, Sakai Y, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y, Fukami T, Nakajima M. ncBAF enhances PXR-mediated transcriptional activation in the human and mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115733. [PMID: 37543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is one of the key regulators of drug metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and lipid synthesis in the human liver. Activation of PXR by drugs such as rifampicin, simvastatin, and efavirenz causes adverse reactions such as drug-drug interaction, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The inhibition of PXR activation has merit in preventing such adverse events. Here, we demonstrated that bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9), a component of non-canonical brahma-related gene 1-associated factor (ncBAF), one of the chromatin remodelers, interacts with PXR. Rifampicin-mediated induction of CYP3A4 expression was attenuated by iBRD9, an inhibitor of BRD9, in human primary hepatocytes and CYP3A/PXR-humanized mice, indicating that BRD9 enhances the transcriptional activation of PXR in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveled that iBRD9 treatment resulted in attenuation of the rifampicin-mediated binding of PXR to the CYP3A4 promoter region, suggesting that ncBAF functions to facilitate the binding of PXR to its response elements. Efavirenz-induced hepatic lipid accumulation was attenuated by iBRD9 in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that the inhibition of BRD9 would be useful to reduce the risk of efavirenz-induced hepatic steatosis. Collectively, we found that inhibitors of BRD9, a component of ncBAF that plays a role in assisting transactivation by PXR, would be useful to reduce the risk of PXR-mediated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiamu Kurosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Yokoseki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Seiya Takemoto
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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15
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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16
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Wang S, Xiong L, Ruan Z, Gong X, Luo Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Shang H, Chen J. Indole-3-propionic acid alleviates sepsis-associated acute liver injury by activating pregnane X receptor. Mol Med 2023; 29:65. [PMID: 37208586 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality of sepsis are extremely high, which is a major problem plaguing human health. However, current drugs and measures for the prevention and treatment of sepsis have little effect. Sepsis-associated acute liver injury (SALI) is an independent risk factor for sepsis, which seriously affects the prognosis of sepsis. Studies have found that gut microbiota is closely related to SALI, and indole-3-propionic Acid (IPA) can activate Pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, the role of IPA and PXR in SALI has not been reported. METHODS This study aimed to explore the association between IPA and SALI. The clinical data of SALI patients were collected and IPA level in feces was detected. The sepsis model was established in wild-type mice and PXR knockout mice to investigate the role of IPA and PXR signaling in SALI. RESULTS We showed that the level of IPA in patients' feces is closely related to SALI, and the level of IPA in feces has a good ability to identify and diagnose SALI. IPA pretreatment significantly attenuated septic injury and SALI in wild-type mice, but not found in knockout PXR gene mice. CONCLUSIONS IPA alleviates SALI by activating PXR, which reveals a new mechanism of SALI, and provides potentially effective drugs and targets for the prevention of SALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Liangzhi Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanrong Luo
- Physical examination center, Shiyan Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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17
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Zhang S, Guo M, Jiang X, Tang L, Wu T, Bi G, Yang X, Fan S, Bi H. PXR triggers YAP-TEAD binding and Sirt2-driven YAP deacetylation and polyubiquitination to promote liver enlargement and regeneration in mice. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106666. [PMID: 36657504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a critical regulator of liver size and liver regeneration. Recently, we reported that PXR-induced liver enlargement and regeneration depend on YAP signalling, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal how PXR regulates or interacts with YAP signalling during PXR-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. Immunoprecipitation (IP), Co-IP and GST pull-down assays were performed in vitro to reveal the regulatory mechanisms involved in the PXR-YAP interaction. The roles of YAP-TEAD binding and Sirt2-driven deacetylation and polyubiquitination of YAP were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PXR and the WW domain of YAP were critical for the PXR-YAP interaction. Furthermore, disruption of the YAP-TEAD interaction using the binding inhibitor verteporfin significantly decreased PXR-induced liver enlargement and regeneration after 70 % partial hepatectomy (PHx). Mechanistically, PXR activation significantly decreased YAP acetylation, which was interrupted by the sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM). In addition, p300-induced YAP acetylation contributed to K48-linked YAP ubiquitination. Interestingly, PXR activation remarkably inhibited K48-linked YAP ubiquitination while inducing K63-linked YAP polyubiquitination. Sirt2 interference abolished the deacetylation and K63-linked polyubiquitination of YAP, suggesting that the PXR-induced deacetylation and polyubiquitination of YAP are Sirt2 dependent. Taken together, this study demonstrates that PXR induce liver enlargement and regeneration via the regulation of YAP acetylation and ubiquitination and YAP-TEAD binding, providing evidences for using PXR as potential target to promote hepatic development and liver repair.
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Husain I, Dale OR, Martin K, Gurley BJ, Adams SJ, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Screening of medicinal plants for possible herb-drug interactions through modulating nuclear receptors, drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 301:115822. [PMID: 36223846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The last three decades have witnessed a surge in popularity and consumption of herbal products. An unintended consequence of such popularity is that chronic consumption of these products can often modulate the functions of various proteins involved in drug disposition and may, in turn, impose risks for herb-drug interactions (HDIs), leading to serious adverse health outcomes. Identifying plants that may give rise to clinically relevant HDIs is essential, and proactive dissemination of such research outcomes is necessary for researchers, clinicians, and average consumers. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this study was to evaluate the HDI potential of plants commonly used as ingredients in many herbal products, including BDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dried material of 123 plants selected from the NCNPR repository was extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for agonistic effects on nuclear receptors (PXR and AhR) by reporter gene assays in PXR-transfected HepG2 and AhR-reporter cells. For cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) inhibition studies, CYP450 baculosomes were incubated with enzyme-specific probe substrates by varying concentrations of extracts. The inhibitory effect on the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was investigated via rhodamine (Rh-123) uptake assay in P-gp overexpressing MDR1-MDCK cells. RESULTS Out of 123 plants, 16 increased transcriptional activity of human PXR up to 4 to 7-fold at 60 μg/mL, while 18 plants were able to increase AhR activity up to 10 to 40-fold at 30 μg/mL. Thirteen plants inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, while 10 plants inhibited CYP1A2 activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.3-10 μg/mL. Eighteen plants (at 50 μg/mL) increased intracellular accumulation of Rh-123 (>150%) in MDR1-MDCK cells. Additionally, other plants tested in this study were able to activate PXR, AhR, or both to lesser extents, and several inhibited the catalytic activity of CYPs at higher concentrations (IC50 >10 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that prolonged or excessive consumption of herbal preparations rich in such plants (presented in Figs. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a) may pose a risk for CYP- and P-gp-mediated HDIs, leading to unwanted side effects due to the altered pharmacokinetics of concomitantly ingested medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Katherine Martin
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Sebastian J Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States; Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, United States.
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Serrao JM, Goodchild CS. Alfaxalone anaesthesia increases brain derived neurotrophic factor levels and preserves postoperative cognition by activating pregnane-X receptors: an in vitro study and a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:401. [PMID: 36564723 PMCID: PMC9789577 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfaxalone is a fast acting intravenous anaesthetic with high therapeutic index. It is an analogue of the naturally-occurring neurosteroid allopregnanolone responsible for maintenance of cognition and neuroprotection by activation of brain pregnane X receptors and consequent increased production of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (m-BDNF). Two studies are reported here: an in vitro study investigated whether alfaxalone activates human pregnane X receptors (h-PXR) as effectively as allopregnanolone; and a clinical study that measured postoperative changes in serum m-BDNF and cognition in patients after alfaxalone anaesthesia compared with propofol and sevoflurane. METHODS In vitro Activation of h-PXR by allopregnanolone and alfaxalone solutions (206 - 50,000 nM) was measured using human embryonic kidney cells expressing h-PXR hybridised and linked to the firefly luciferase gene. Light emission by luciferase stimulated by each ligand binding with h-PXR was measured. Clinical A double blind prospective randomised study of patients undergoing hip arthroplasty anaesthetised with alfaxalone TIVA (n = 8) or propofol TIVA (n = 3) or propofol plus sevoflurane inhalational anaesthesia (n = 4). The doses of anaesthetics were titrated to the same depth of anaesthesia (BIS 40-60). Subjects' cognitive performance was assessed using the Grooved Pegboard Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Mini Mental State examination (MMSE) for 7 days postoperatively. Serum m-BDNF concentrations were measured for 7 postoperative days. RESULTS In vitro Allopregnanolone and alfaxalone both activated h-PXR, alfaxalone being more efficacious than allopregnanolone: 50,000 nM, p = 0.0019; 16,700 nM, p = 0.0472; 5600 nM, p = 0.0031. Clinical Alfaxalone treated subjects scored better than propofol and sevoflurane anaesthetised patients in the cognition tests: (MMSE p = 0.0251; Grooved Pegboard test dominant hand pre v post anaesthesia scores p = 0.8438 for alfaxalone and p = 0.0156 for propofol and propofol/sevoflurane combined). The higher cognition scores were accompanied by higher serum m-BDNF levels in the alfaxalone anaesthetised patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sedation and anaesthesia induced by the synthetic neuroactive steroid alfaxalone may be accompanied by effects normally caused by physiological actions of allopregnanolone at PXR, namely, increased secretion of m-BDNF and consequent neuroprotection and preservation of cognition. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial was registered on 17/01/2018 with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: registration number ACTRN12618000064202 [Universal Trial Number U1111-1198-0412].
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M. Serrao
- Drawbridge Pharmaceuticals P/L, 23 Milton Parade, Malvern, Victoria 3144 Australia
| | - Colin S. Goodchild
- Drawbridge Pharmaceuticals P/L, 23 Milton Parade, Malvern, Victoria 3144 Australia
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Tian J, Wang R, Yang X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Li X, Liang H, Fan S, Gao Y, Zhang S, Qu X, Huang M, Bi H. Pregnane X receptor promotes liver enlargement in mice through the spatial induction of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2022;:110133. [PMID: 36030841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) can induce significant liver enlargement through hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. A previous report showed that during the process of PXR-induced liver enlargement, hepatocyte hypertrophy occurs around the central vein (CV) area while hepatocyte proliferation occurs around the portal vein (PV) area. However, the features of this spatial change remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the features of the spatial changes in hepatocytes in PXR-induced liver enlargement. PXR-induced spatial changes in hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation were confirmed in C57BL/6 mice. The liver was perfused with digitonin to destroy the hepatocytes around the CV or PV areas, and then the regional expression of proteins related to hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation was further measured. The results showed that the expression of PXR downstream proteins, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A11, CYP2B10, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organ anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) was upregulated around the CV area, while the expression of proliferation-related proteins such as cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and serine/threonine NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) was upregulated around the PV area. At the same time, the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) and CDKN1A was downregulated around the PV area. This study demonstrated that the spatial change in PXR-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation is associated with the regional expression of PXR downstream targets and proliferation-related proteins and the regional distribution of triglycerides (TGs). These findings provide new insight into the understanding of PXR-induced hepatomegaly.
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21
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Wang J, Fu J, Sun W, Yin X, Lv K, Zhang J. Functionalized PEG-PLA nanoparticles for brain targeted delivery of ketoconazole contribute to pregnane X receptor overexpressing in drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107000. [PMID: 36037622 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a functionalized PEG-PLA nanoparticle system containing ketoconazole (KCZ) to overcome the overactivity of pregnane X receptor (PXR) for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). SIGNIFICANCE KCZ was developed as a therapy strategy for DRE limited by its lethal hepatotoxicity and minute brain concentration. KCZ-incorporated nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 (NPs/KCZ) could reduce adverse effects of KCZ and achieve epileptic foci-targeted drug delivery. METHODS NPs/KCZ was prepared by thin-film hydration method and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy evaluation of NPs/KCZ was evaluated in a kainic acid (KA)-induced mice model of epilepsy with carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment. RESULTS The mean particle size and Zeta potential of NPs/KCZ were 17.84 ± 0.33 nm and - 2.28 ± 0.12 mV, respectively. The drug-loading (DL%) of KCZ in nanoparticles was 8.96 ± 0.12 % and the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 98.56 ± 0.02 %. The critical value of critical micelle concentration was 10-3.3 mg/ml. No obvious cytotoxicity was found in vitro. The behavioral and electrographic seizure activities were obviously attenuated in NPs/KCZ+CBZ group. The CBZ concentration of brain tissues in mice treated with NPs/KCZ+CBZ was significantly increased than those treated with CBZ alone (P = 0.0028). A significantly decreased expression level of PXR and its downstream proteins was observed in NPs/KCZ+CBZ group compared with that in the control and CBZ group (All P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results showed that NPs/KCZ achieved the epileptic foci-targeted delivery of KCZ and ameliorated the efficacy of CBZ on DRE by attenuating the overactivity of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Junyan Fu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wanbing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xuyang Yin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, No.12 Wulumuqi Road (Middle), Shanghai 200040, China.
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22
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Liang H, Yang X, Li H, Wang X, Su H, Li X, Tian J, Cai C, Huang M, Bi H. Schisandrol B protects against cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting pyroptosis through pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115222. [PMID: 35988735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Schisandrol B (SolB) protected against lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced cholestatic liver injury (CLI) through pregnane X receptor (PXR). Additionally, growing evidence has revealed that pyroptosis is involved in CLI. Whether the hepatoprotective effect of SolB driven by PXR activation is related to pyroptosis in CLI remains unclear. First, the hepatoprotective effect of SolB was confirmed, as evidenced by the decreased mortality, morphological and histopathological changes, and biochemical parameters. The upregulated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level, increased number of TUNEL-positive cells, and formation of hepatocyte membrane pores induced by LCA were significantly alleviated after SolB pretreatment, indicating that SolB attenuated LCA-induced hepatocyte damage. Further analysis revealed that both NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-induced canonical pyroptosis and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) pyroptosome-induced noncanonical pyroptosis were significantly inhibited after SolB pretreatment, as illustrated by the decreased expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and GSDMD and the levels of Apaf-1, caspase-11 p20, caspase-3 p20, and GSDME. Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB and FoxO1 signaling pathways was inhibited after SolB pretreatment. In addition, the activation of PXR via SolB was proven by luciferase reporter gene assays and the upregulation of PXR targets. The results illustrated that SolB could significantly inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-induced canonical pyroptosis through the PXR/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis and inhibit Apaf-1 pyroptosome-induced noncanonical pyroptosis through the PXR/FoxO1/Apaf-1 axis. Collectively, this study revealed that SolB protected against CLI by inhibiting pyroptosis through PXR, providing new insights for understanding the molecular mechanism of SolB as a promising anti-cholestatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Liang
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiguo Su
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu P, Jiang L, Kong W, Xie Q, Li P, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhu L, Yang H, Zhou Y, Zou J, Liu X, Liu L. PXR activation impairs hepatic glucose metabolism partly via inhibiting the HNF4 α-GLUT2 pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2391-2405. [PMID: 35646519 PMCID: PMC9136535 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hyperglycemia/diabetes is a global issue. Some drugs induce hyperglycemia by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR), but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that PXR activation induces hyperglycemia by impairing hepatic glucose metabolism due to inhibition of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α)‒glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) pathway. The PXR agonists atorvastatin and rifampicin significantly downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, and impaired glucose uptake and utilization in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of PXR downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, while silencing PXR upregulated HNF4α and GLUT2 expression. Silencing HNF4α decreased GLUT2 expression, while overexpressing HNF4α increased GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. Silencing PXR or overexpressing HNF4α reversed the atorvastatin-induced decrease in GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. In human primary hepatocytes, atorvastatin downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α mRNA expression, which could be attenuated by silencing PXR. Silencing HNF4α downregulated GLUT2 mRNA expression. These findings were reproduced with mouse primary hepatocytes. Hnf4α plasmid increased Slc2a2 promoter activity. Hnf4α silencing or pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) suppressed the Slc2a2 promoter activity by decreasing HNF4α recruitment to the Slc2a2 promoter. Liver-specific Hnf4α deletion and PCN impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic glucose uptake, and decreased the expression of hepatic HNF4α and GLUT2. In conclusion, PXR activation impaired hepatic glucose metabolism partly by inhibiting the HNF4α‒GLUT2 pathway. These results highlight the molecular mechanisms by which PXR activators induce hyperglycemia/diabetes.
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Saeki N, Itoh Y, Kanai R, Itoh S, Inububishi T, Akiyama S, Inui-Yamamoto C, Abe M. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) represses osteoblast differentiation through repression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2022;:113156. [PMID: 35421365 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) belongs to the nuclear receptor family and functions as a xenobiotic and endobiotic sensor by binding to various molecules through its relatively flexible ligand-binding domain. In addition to these well-known canonical roles, we previously reported that PXR represses osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying the PXR-mediated repression of osteoblast differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the changes in global gene expression profiles induced by PXR in calvarial osteoblasts cultured in standard fetal bovine serum (in which PXR induces repression of differentiation), and in those cultured in charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (in which PXR does not induce repression of differentiation). The comparison revealed that PXR attenuated the Hedgehog-mediated signaling in culture conditions that induced PXR-mediated repression of differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis showed that PXR repressed the Hedgehog signaling-induced genes such as Gli1 and Hhip, and conversely induced the Hedgehog signaling-repressed genes such as Cdon, Boc, and Gas1. Activation of Smo-mediated signaling in osteoblasts following treatment with a Smo agonist (SAG) significantly restored Gli-mediated transcriptional activity and osteoblast differentiation. Our results demonstrate the osteoblast-autonomous effects of PXR and identify a novel regulation of Hedgehog signaling by nuclear receptors.
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Xiang D, Wang Q. PXR-mediated organophorous flame retardant tricresyl phosphate effects on lipid homeostasis. Chemosphere 2021; 284:131250. [PMID: 34225124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An emerging experimental framework suggests that endocrine-disrupting compounds are candidate obesogens. However, this potential effect has not yet been determined for Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), a mass-produced organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that has been exposed to human beings in many ways. Many OPFRs, including TCP, have been shown to activate pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism. Accordingly, we found that TCP exposure caused lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells in this study. Therefore, to elucidate the role of PXR played in TCP metabolism and promotion of lipid accumulation, HepG2 cells were exposed to different concentrations (5 × 10-8 to 5 × 10-5 M) of TCP for 24 h. The enlarged hepatic lipid droplets and increased hepatic triglyceride contents were observed in HepG2 cells after TCP exposure for 24 h. This is the result of a confluence of lipogenesis increase and β-oxidation suppression imposed by PXR activation which was verified by the up regulation of genes in fatty acid (FA) synthesis and the down regulation of genes in β-oxidation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and molecular docking revealed favorable binding mode of TCP to PXR and the knockout of PXR gene with CRISPR/cpf1 system in HepG2 cells abolished TCP-induced triglyceride accumulation, thus underlying the crucial role of PXR in hepatic lipid metabolism resulting from OPFRs exposure. This study enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms and associations of PXR in lipid metabolism disturbance induced by TCP and provides novel evidence regarding the lipotoxicity effect and potential metabolism pathway of OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Negi CK, Bajard L, Kohoutek J, Blaha L. An adverse outcome pathway based in vitro characterization of novel flame retardants-induced hepatic steatosis. Environ Pollut 2021; 289:117855. [PMID: 34340181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of novel replacement flame retardants (nFRs) is consistently detected in increasing concentrations in the environment and human matrices. Evidence suggests that nFRs exposure may be associated with disruption of the endocrine system, which has been linked with the etiology of various metabolic disorders, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a multifactorial disease characterized by the uncontrolled accumulation of fats (lipids) in the hepatocytes and involves multiple-hit pathogenesis, including exposure to occupational and environmental chemicals such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). In the present study we aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of the nFRs-induced hepatic steatosis in the human liver cells. In this study, we employed an in vitro bioassay toolbox to assess the key events (KEs) in the proposed adverse outcome pathways (AOP) (s) for hepatic steatosis. We examined nine nFRs using AOP- based in vitro assays measuring KEs such as lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, gene expression, and in silico approach to identify the putative molecular initiating events (MIEs). Our findings suggest that several tested OPFRs induced lipid accumulation in human liver cell culture. Tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) induced the highest lipid accumulation by altering the expression of genes encoding hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction depicted by decreased cellular ATP production. Available in vitro data from ToxCast and in silico molecular docking suggests that pregnane X receptor (PXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) could be the molecular targets for the tested nFRs. The study identifies several nFRs, such as TMPP and EHDPP, TPHP, and TDCIPP, as potential risk factor for NAFLD and advances our understanding of the mechanisms involved, demonstrating the utility of an AOP-based strategy for screening and prioritizing chemicals and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander K Negi
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lola Bajard
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Smutny T, Bernhauerova V, Smutna L, Tebbens JD, Pavek P. Expression dynamics of pregnane X receptor-controlled genes in 3D primary human hepatocyte spheroids. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:195-210. [PMID: 34689256 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor controlling hepatocyte expression of numerous genes. Although expression changes in xenobiotic-metabolizing, lipogenic, gluconeogenic and bile acid synthetic genes have been described after PXR activation, the temporal dynamics of their expression is largely unknown. Recently, 3D spheroids of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) have been characterized as the most phenotypically relevant hepatocyte model. We used 3D PHHs to assess time-dependent expression profiles of 12 prototypic PXR-controlled genes in the time course of 168 h of rifampicin treatment (1 or 10 µM). We observed a similar bell-shaped time-induction pattern for xenobiotic-handling genes (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, and MDR1). However, we observed either biphasic profiles for genes involved in endogenous metabolism (FASN, GLUT2, G6PC, PCK1, and CYP7A1), a decrease for SHP or oscillation for PDK4 and PXR. The rifampicin concentration determined the expression profiles for some genes. Moreover, we calculated half-lives of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 mRNA under induced or basal conditions and we used a mathematical model to describe PXR-mediated regulation of CYP3A4 expression employing 3D PHHs. The study shows the importance of long-term time-expression profiling of PXR target genes in phenotypically stable 3D PHHs and provides insight into PXR function in liver beyond our knowledge from conventional 2D in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Bernhauerova
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
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Zhao GP, Wang XY, Li JW, Wang R, Ren FZ, Pang GF, Li YX. Imidacloprid increases intestinal permeability by disrupting tight junctions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 222:112476. [PMID: 34214772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid (IMI), is frequently detected in the environment and in foods. It is absorbed and metabolized by the intestine; however, its effects on intestinal barrier integrity are not well studied. We investigated whether IMI disrupts the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier via in vivo tests on male Wistar rats, in vitro assays using the human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, and in silico analyses. A repeated oral dose 90-day toxicity study was performed (0.06 mg/kg body weight/day). IMI exposure significantly increased intestinal permeability, which led to significantly elevated serum levels of endotoxin and inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) without any variation in body weight. Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance with increased permeability was also observed in 100 nM and 100 μM IMI-treated Caco-2 cell monolayers. Amounts of tight junction proteins in IMI-treated colon tissues and between IMI-treated Caco-2 cells were significantly lower than those of controls. Increased levels of myosin light chain phosphorylation, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB p65) phosphorylation were found in IMI-exposed cells compared with control cells. Furthermore, the barrier loss caused by IMI was rescued by the MLCK inhibitor, ML-7, and cycloheximide. Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) was inhibited by low-dose IMI treatment. In silico analysis indicated potent binding sites between PXR and IMI. Together, these data illustrate that IMI induces intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and produces an inflammatory response, involving the down-regulation of tight junctions and disturbance of the PXR-NF-κB p65-MLCK signaling pathway. The intestinal barrier disruption caused by IMI deserves attention in assessing the safety of this neonicotinoid pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Wang Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fa-Zheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Fang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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De Anna JS, Darraz LA, Painefilú JC, Cárcamo JG, Moura-Alves P, Venturino A, Luquet CM. The insecticide chlorpyrifos modifies the expression of genes involved in the PXR and AhR pathways in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 178:104920. [PMID: 34446196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide, commonly detected in water and food. Despite CPF toxicity on aquatic species has been extensively studied, few studies analyze the effects of CPF on fish transcriptional pathways. The Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that is activated by binding to a wide variety of ligands and regulates the transcription of enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. We evaluated the mRNA expression of PXR-regulated-genes (PXR, CYP3A27, CYP2K1, ABCB1, UGT, and ABCC2) in intestine and liver of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed in vivo to an environmentally relevant CPF concentration. Our results demonstrate that the expression of PXR and PXR-regulated genes is increased in O. mykiss liver and intestine upon exposure to CPF. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of CPF on other cellular pathway involved in xenobiotic metabolism, the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) pathway, and on the expression and activity of different biotransformation enzymes (CYP2M1, GST, FMO1, or cholinesterases (ChEs)). In contrast to PXR, the expression of AhR, and its target gene CYP1A, are reduced upon CPF exposure. Furthermore, ChE and CYP1A activities are significantly inhibited by CPF, in both the intestine and the liver. CPF activates the PXR pathway in O. mykiss in the intestine and liver, with a more profound effect in the intestine. Likewise, our results support regulatory crosstalk between PXR and AhR pathways, where the induction of PXR coincides with the downregulation of AhR-mediated CYP1A mRNA expression and activity in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta S De Anna
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Luis Arias Darraz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julio C Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
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Şehirli AÖ, Kökeş A, Velioğlu-Öğünç A, Tetik Ş, Özkan N, Çetinel Ş, Sayıner S, Dülger G. The Effects of Spironolactone in Preventing Bile Duct Ligation-induced Hepatitis in A Rat Model. Iran J Pharm Res 2021; 20:35-44. [PMID: 34567144 PMCID: PMC8457727 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112488.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is associated with the accumulation of bile acids and bilirubin in the hepatocytes and leads to liver injury. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) coordinates protective hepatic responses to toxic stimuli, and this receptor was reported to stimulate bile secretion by increasing MRP2 expression. Since PXR activators were reported to be anti-inflammatory in the liver, PXR was proposed as a drug target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory liver diseases. We investigated the potential protective effect of spironolactone (SPL), an enzyme inducer, in hepatotoxicity induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Wistar Albino (250-300 g) rats were divided into the control group and the bile duct ligated (BDL) group. BDL group was divided into three subgroups; following BDL, for 3 days, the first group received propylene glycol (vehicle of SPL) (blinded), the second subgroup received spironolactone (SPL) (200 mg/kg oral), and the third subgroup received SPL for 3 days, starting 3 days after the bile duct ligation, in order to investigate if it has a healing effect after hepatitis had developed. The control group was sham-operated and received saline. At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were collected. Serum TNF-α, NF-ĸB, bilirubin, IL-6 levels, ALT, AST, ALP activities and tissue MPO activity and oxidant damage increased after the bile duct ligation was significantly decreased following SPL administration. PXR and MRP2 activity showed an increase in the hepatocytes as a result of the treatment. In conclusion, it was observed that SPL administration significantly decreases liver inflammation and damage related to BDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Azime Kökeş
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayliz Velioğlu-Öğünç
- Vocational School of Health-Related Professions, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şermin Tetik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naziye Özkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şule Çetinel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sayıner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Gül Dülger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
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Niu Y, Fan S, Luo Q, Chen L, Huang D, Chang W, Qin W, Shi G. Interaction of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein with the Pregnane X Receptor Enhances the Synergistic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Hepatitis B Virus on Promoting Hepatocarcinogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:466-476. [PMID: 34447675 PMCID: PMC8369009 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been found to increase hepatocellular sensitivity to carcinogenic xenobiotics, by unknown mechanisms, in the generation of hepatocellular carcinoma. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of the body's defense against xenobiotics, including xenobiotic carcinogens and clinical drugs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of HBV X protein (HBx)-PXR signaling in the synergistic effects of chemical carcinogens in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS The expression profile of PXR-cytochrome p450 3A4 (CYP3A4) signaling was determined by PCR, western blotting, and tissue microarray. Cell viability and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) cytotoxicity were measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Target gene expression was evaluated using transient transfection and real time-PCR. The genotoxicity of AFB1 was assessed in newborn mice with a single dose of AFB1. RESULTS HBx enhanced the hepatotoxicity of AFB1 by activating CYP3A4 and reducing glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) in cell lines. Activation of PXR by pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile increased AFB1-induced liver tumor incidence by up-regulating oncogenic KRAS to enhance interleukin (IL)-11:IL-11 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL11RA-1)-mediated inflammation in an HBx transgenic model. CONCLUSIONS Our finding regarding AFB1 toxicity enhancement by an HBx-PXR-CYP3A4/ GSTM1-KRAS-IL11:IL11RA signaling axis provides a rational explanation for the synergistic effects of chemical carcinogens in HBV infection-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danmei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
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Jiang Q, Ma Y, Han J, Chu J, Ma X, Shen L, Liu B, Li BA, Hou J, Bi Q. MDM2 Binding Protein Induces the Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Molecular Targeting Agents via Enhancing the Transcription Factor Activity of the Pregnane X Receptor. Front Oncol 2021; 11:715193. [PMID: 34249768 PMCID: PMC8264664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.715193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM2 binding protein (MTBP) has been considered an important regulator of human malignancies. In this study, we demonstrate that the high level of MTBP’s endogenous expression is correlated with poor prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who received sorafenib. MTBP interacted with the Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and enhanced the transcription factor activity of PXR. Moreover, MTBP enhanced the accumulation of PXR in HCC cells’ nuclear and the recruitment of PXR to its downstream gene’s (cyp3a4’s) promoter region. Mechanically, the knockdown of MTBP in MHCC97-H cells with high levels of MTBP decelerated the clearance or metabolism of sorafenib in HCC cells and led to the resistance of HCC cells to sorafenib. Whereas overexpression of MTBP in in MHCC97-L cells with low levels of MTBP showed the opposite trend. By establishing the interaction between MTBP and PXR, our results indicate that MTBP could function as a co-activator of PXR and could be a promising therapeutic target to enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to molecular targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Jiang
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sangzhi County National Hospital, Zhangjiajie City, China
| | - Jingdong Chu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-An Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Bi
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Du Y, Shi X, Ma W, Wen P, Yu P, Wang X, Fang P, Chen A, Gao Z, Cui K. Phthalates promote the invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by enhancing the interaction between Pregnane X receptor and E26 transformation specific sequence 1. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105648. [PMID: 33965509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are considered endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a series of compounds able to disrupt the normal regulation of the human endocrine-system. In the present study, we investigated the roles of four PAEs, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP), in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We define novel roles for the PAEs on the migration of HCC cells via their enhancing of the interaction between the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and E26 transformation specific sequence 1 (ETS-1). Our results indicate that PAEs induced the transcriptional activation of ETS-1 and PXR. PXR activated by PAEs could bind to ETS-1 directly and enhanced the activity of ETS-1, which resulted in the induction of invasion-related ETS-1 target genes. The "LXXLL" motif in the ETS-1C-terminal was essential for the interaction between PXR and ETS-1 induced by PAEs. Treatment of PAEs promoted the nuclear accumulation of ETS-1 or the recruitment of ETS-1, but not in cells expressing ETS-1 with a mutated LXXLL motif in its downstream gene promoter region, or following transfection of PXR siRNA. Treatment with the PXR antagonist ketoconazole almost completely inhibited the effects of PAEs. Moreover, PAEs enhanced the in vitro or in vivo invasion of HCC cells via PXR/ETS-1. Therefore, our results not only contribute to a better understanding of HCC, but also extended the roles of EDCs regulating human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities/ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Peihao Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Pu Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Pengli Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Aixia Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Kang Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
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Liu RJ, He YJ, Liu H, Zheng DD, Huang SW, Liu CH. Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity in rat liver. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:23501-23509. [PMID: 33449321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizer and it has been a ubiquitous environmental contaminant which affects health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) at dosages of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg bw on DEHP-induced (3000 mg/kg) toxicity in rat liver through a 28-day animal experiment. The results showed that LBP attenuated oxidative stress slightly by lowering the production of ROS and improving the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in liver and serum of DEHP treatment rats. At the same time, the levels of PXR, CYP450, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, UGT1, and GST were reduced after LBP treatment. Moreover, LBP decreased the mRNA expression of PXR, UGT1, and GST significantly. These findings suggested that LBP might ameliorate DEHP-induced liver injury by down-regulating the expression of PXR in liver, further down-regulating the downstream phase I and II detoxification enzymes, thus reducing the damage caused by DEHP. Therefore, LBP may have the potential to become an auxiliary therapeutic agent as a natural ingredient of health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong-Jian He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shao-Wen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment to Post-harvested Product Storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Yan L, Yang K, Wang S, Xie Y, Zhang L, Tian X. PXR-mediated expression of FABP4 promotes valproate-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 346:47-56. [PMID: 33901630 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Valproate (valproic acid, VPA) is widely used in the therapy of epilepsy. However, adverse effect like hepatic steatosis has been reported in patients receiving VPA treatment. But whether nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) are involved in the regulation of VPA-induced steatosis or not is still unknown. In this study, the roles of PXR and FABP4 in VPA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells were investigated. We found that the expression of PXR and FABP4 were increased by VPA in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of PXR not only reduced lipid accumulation but also impaired the induction of FABP4 by VPA. While overexpression of PXR enhanced both lipid accumulation and FABP4 expression. Moreover, exogenous expression of FABP4 increased triglyceride levels and enhanced lipid accumulation caused by VPA. Taken together, these results suggest that PXR-mediated expression of FABP4 is responsible for lipid accumulation caused by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yinfei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Barretto SA, Lasserre F, Huillet M, Régnier M, Polizzi A, Lippi Y, Fougerat A, Person E, Bruel S, Bétoulières C, Naylies C, Lukowicz C, Smati S, Guzylack L, Olier M, Théodorou V, Mselli-Lakhal L, Zalko D, Wahli W, Loiseau N, Gamet-Payrastre L, Guillou H, Ellero-Simatos S. The pregnane X receptor drives sexually dimorphic hepatic changes in lipid and xenobiotic metabolism in response to gut microbiota in mice. Microbiome 2021; 9:93. [PMID: 33879258 PMCID: PMC8059225 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota-intestine-liver relationship is emerging as an important factor in multiple hepatic pathologies, but the hepatic sensors and effectors of microbial signals are not well defined. RESULTS By comparing publicly available liver transcriptomics data from conventional vs. germ-free mice, we identified pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) transcriptional activity as strongly affected by the absence of gut microbes. Microbiota depletion using antibiotics in Pxr+/+ vs Pxr-/- C57BL/6J littermate mice followed by hepatic transcriptomics revealed that most microbiota-sensitive genes were PXR-dependent in the liver in males, but not in females. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that microbiota-PXR interaction controlled fatty acid and xenobiotic metabolism. We confirmed that antibiotic treatment reduced liver triglyceride content and hampered xenobiotic metabolism in the liver from Pxr+/+ but not Pxr-/- male mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify PXR as a hepatic effector of microbiota-derived signals that regulate the host's sexually dimorphic lipid and xenobiotic metabolisms in the liver. Thus, our results reveal a potential new mechanism for unexpected drug-drug or food-drug interactions. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ann Barretto
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Lasserre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Huillet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Régnier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bruel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Colette Bétoulières
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maïwenn Olier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Li H, Illés P, Karunaratne CV, Nordstrøm LU, Luo X, Yang A, Qiu Y, Kurland IJ, Lukin DJ, Chen W, Jiskrová E, Krasulová K, Pečinková P, DesMarais VM, Liu Q, Albanese JM, Akki A, Longo M, Coffin B, Dou W, Mani S, Dvořák Z. Deciphering structural bases of intestinal and hepatic selectivity in targeting pregnane X receptor with indole-based microbial mimics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104661. [PMID: 33636438 PMCID: PMC8646148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolite mimicry is a new concept that promises to deliver compounds that have minimal liabilities and enhanced therapeutic effects in a host. In a previous publication, we have shown that microbial metabolites of L-tryptophan, indoles, when chemically altered, yielded potent anti-inflammatory pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-targeting lead compounds, FKK5 and FKK6, targeting intestinal inflammation. Our aim in this study was to further define structure-activity relationships between indole analogs and PXR, we removed the phenyl-sulfonyl group or replaced the pyridyl residue with imidazolopyridyl of FKK6. Our results showed that while removal of the phenyl-sulfonyl group from FKK6 (now called CVK003) shifts agonist activity away from PXR towards the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the imidazolopyridyl addition preserves PXR activity in vitro. However, when these compounds are administered to mice, that unlike the parent molecule, FKK6, they exhibit poor induction of PXR target genes in the intestines and the liver. These data suggest that modifications of FKK6 specifically in the pyridyl moiety can result in compounds with weak PXR activity in vivo. These observations are a significant step forward for understanding the structure-activity relationships (SAR) between indole mimics and receptors, PXR and AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Illés
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dana J Lukin
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Jiskrová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Krasulová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vera M DesMarais
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Albanese
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ashwin Akki
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Longo
- Department of Medical Education, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Breyen Coffin
- Department of Medical Education, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Yu ZW, Lou GD, Ge LL. Rapid identification of cytochrome P450 inductive constituents of Shenmai injection by combined pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay and LC-TOF-MS analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113588. [PMID: 33212179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Identifying the inductive constituents of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is important in characterizing the safety of ethnopharmacological herbal preparations. AIM OF THE STUDY This study provides a rapid and accurate method for screening CYP inducers in Shenmai injection (SMI), a traditional Chinese medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS We combined a pregnane X receptor (PXR) reporter gene assay and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis to screen ethanol and aqueous extracts of SMI for CYP-inducing constituents. RESULTS The ethanol extract exhibited stronger PXR activity than the aqueous extract. Of the 29 chemical compounds identified, 7 compounds with high relative concentrations in the ethanol extract were further evaluated for PXR activity. The highest activity was exhibited by methyl ophiopogonanone B and ginsenoside F2, indicating that they are CYP inducers. CONCLUSIONS The identification method applied in this study was rapid and accurate and is suitable for screening CYP inducers in herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wei Yu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Guo-Dong Lou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Le-Le Ge
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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Zhao X, Zhou J, Liang W, Sheng Q, Lu L, Chen T, Chen J, Tan K, Lv Z. Probiotics mixture reinforces barrier function to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating PXR-JNK pathway. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:20. [PMID: 33482929 PMCID: PMC7824920 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal dysbiosis is believed to be one of the factors inducing neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Probiotics have been employed to treat NEC in a number of animal experiments and clinical trials, and some significant benefits of utilizing probiotics for the prevention or alleviation of NEC have been confirmed. However, the mechanism underlying the efficacy of probiotics in treating NEC has not been elucidated. Results Impairment of the intestinal barrier, which was characterized by the decreased expression of tight junction components, was observed in the pathogenesis of NEC. The probiotic mixture alleviated this intestinal damage by enhancing the function of the barrier. Meanwhile, the probiotics remodeled the composition of the intestinal microbiota in NEC mice. Furthermore, increased expression of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) was observed after treatment with the probiotic mixture, and PXR overexpression in Caco-2 cells protected the barrier from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) damage. Further research showed that PXR could inhibit the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and could increase the expression of tight junction components. Conclusions Our study confirmed that probiotics could ameliorate intestinal lesions by enhancing the function of the mucosal barrier. Specifically, probiotics may target PXR, which may subsequently enhance the expression of tight junction components by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK and enhance the function of the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianglong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Kezhe Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Putuo, Shanghai, China.
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Husain I, Manda V, Alhusban M, Dale OR, Bae JY, Avula B, Gurley BJ, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Modulation of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activity by Bulbine natalensis and its constituents: An assessment of HDI risk of B. natalensis containing supplements. Phytomedicine 2021; 81:153416. [PMID: 33321412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulbine natalensis is an African-folk medicinal plant used as a dietary supplement for enhancing sexual function and muscle strength in males by presumably boosting testosterone levels, but no scientific information is available about the possible herb-drug interaction (HDI) risk when bulbine-containing supplements are concomitantly taken with prescription drugs. PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigate the HDI potential of B. natalensis in terms of the pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated induction of major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms (i.e., CYP3A4 and CYP2C9) as well as inhibition of their catalytic activity. RESULTS We found that a methanolic extract of B. natalensis activated PXR (EC50 6.2 ± 0.6 µg/ml) in HepG2 cells resulting in increased mRNA expression of CYP3A4 (2.40 ± 0.01 fold) and CYP2C9 (3.37 ± 0.3 fold) at 30 µg/ml which was reflected in increased activites of the two enzymes. Among the constituents of B. natalensis, knipholone was the most potent PXR activator (EC50 0.3 ± 0.1 µM) followed by bulbine-knipholone (EC50 2.0 ± 0.5 µM), and 6'-methylknipholone (EC50 4.0 ± 0.5 µM). Knipholone was also the most effective in increasing the expression of CYP3A4 (8.47 ± 2.5 fold) and CYP2C9 (2.64 ± 0.3 fold) at 10 µM. Docking studies further confirmed the unique structural features associated with knipholones for their superior inductive potentials in the activation of PXR compared to other anthraquinones. In a CYP inhibition assay, the methanolic extract as well as the anthraquinones strongly inhibited the catalytic activity of CYP2C9 while, inhibition of CYP3A4 was weak. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that consumption of B. natalensis may pose a potential risk for HDI if taken with conventional medications that are substrates of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 and may contribute to unanticipated adverse reactions or therapeutic failures. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and establish their clinical relevancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Vamshi Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Manal Alhusban
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ji-Yeong Bae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States; College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.
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Jiang Y, Yao X, Fan S, Gao Y, Zhang H, Huang M, Bi H. Lipidomic profiling reveals triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver during pregnane X receptor activation-induced hepatomegaly. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113851. [PMID: 33387840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is highly expressed in the liver and plays an integral role in the control of xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism to maintain homeostasis. We previously reported that activation of PXR significantly induced liver enlargement. But the lipid profiling during PXR-induced hepatomegaly remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the effect of PXR activation on hepatic lipid homeostasis by lipidomics analysis. Mice were intraperitoneally administered with the typical mPXR agonist, pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN, 100 mg/kg/d), for 5 days. Liver and serum were collected for further analysis. The results confirmed that PXR activation can significantly induce liver enlargement. An obvious hepatic lipid accumulation was observed in PCN-treated mice, as determined by H&E and Oil Red O staining. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap HRMS)-based lipidomics was performed to characterize the change in lipid species. A total of 20 potential lipid biomarkers were significantly perturbed. The most significant change was found in the triacylglycerol (TG), which constituted with the lower number of carbon atoms and double bonds. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels showed that PCN-induced PXR activation significantly regulated the expression of genes involved in the uptake, synthesis and metabolism of TG, which was consistent with increased TG levels. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that lipids such as TG were significantly accumulated during PXR-induced hepatomegaly.
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Lynch C, Sakamuru S, Huang R, Niebler J, Ferguson SS, Xia M. Characterization of human pregnane X receptor activators identified from a screening of the Tox21 compound library. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 184:114368. [PMID: 33333074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is an important nuclear receptor whose main function is to regulate enzymes within drug metabolism. The main drug metabolizing enzyme regulated by PXR, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, accounts for the metabolism of nearly 50% of all marketed drugs. Recently, PXR has also been identified as playing a role in energy homeostasis, immune response, and cancer. Due to its interaction with these important roles, alongside its drug-drug interaction function, it is imperative to identify compounds which can modulate PXR. In this study, we screened the Tox21 10,000 compound collection to identify hPXR agonists using a stable hPXR-Luc HepG2 cell line. A pharmacological study in the presence of a PXR antagonist was performed to confirm the activity of the chosen potential hPXR agonists in the same cells. Finally, metabolically competent cell lines - HepaRG and HepaRG-PXR-Knockout (KO) - were used to further confirm the potential PXR activators. We identified a group of structural clusters and singleton compounds which included potentially novel hPXR agonists. Of the 21 selected compounds, 11 potential PXR activators significantly induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression in HepaRG cells. All of these compounds lost their induction when treating HepaRG-PXR-KO cells, confirming their PXR activation. Etomidoline presented as a potentially selective agonist of PXR. In conclusion, the current study has identified 11 compounds as potentially novel or not well-characterized PXR activators. These compounds should further be studied for their potential effects on drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions due to the immense implications of being a PXR agonist.
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Smutny T, Hyrsova L, Braeuning A, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Pavek P. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the pregnane X receptor: a rationale for interindividual variability in drug metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:11-25. [PMID: 33164107 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, encoded by the NR1I2 gene) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor originally described as a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification. Later, however, PXR was also shown to interact with endogenous metabolism and to be further associated with various pathological states. This review focuses predominantly on such aspects, currently less covered in literature, as the control of PXR expression per se in the context of inter-individual differences in drug metabolism. There is growing evidence that non-coding RNAs post-transcriptionally regulate PXR. Effects on PXR have especially been reported for microRNAs (miRNAs), which include miR-148a, miR-18a-5p, miR-140-3p, miR-30c-1-3p and miR-877-5p. Likewise, miRNAs control the expression of both transcription factors involved in PXR expression and regulators of PXR function. The impact of NR1I2 genetic polymorphisms on miRNA-mediated PXR regulation is also discussed. As revealed recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to interfere with PXR expression. Reciprocally, PXR activation regulates non-coding RNA expression, thus comprising another level of PXR action in addition to the direct transactivation of protein-coding genes. PXR expression is further controlled by several transcription factors (cross-regulation) giving rise to different PXR transcript variants. Controversies remain regarding the suggested role of feedback regulation (auto-regulation) of PXR expression. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the miRNA-mediated, lncRNA-mediated and transcriptional regulation of PXR expression, and we propose that deciphering the precise mechanisms of PXR expression may bridge our knowledge gap in inter-individual differences in drug metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Hyrsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna vägen 9, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Luan Z, Wei Y, Huo X, Sun X, Zhang C, Ming W, Luo Z, Du C, Li Y, Xu H, Lu H, Zheng F, Guan Y, Zhang X. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165996. [PMID: 33127475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (CAKI) has been recognized as one of the most serious side effects of cisplatin. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor and serves as a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification. Increasing evidence also suggests PXR has many other functions including the regulation of cell proliferation, inflammatory response, and glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of PXR in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. CAKI model was performed in wild-type or PXR knockout mice. Pregnenolone 16α‑carbonitrile (PCN), a mouse PXR specific agonist, was used for PXR activation. The renal function, biochemical, histopathological and molecular alterations were examined in mouse blood, urine or renal tissues. Whole transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA sequencing. We found that PXR activation significantly attenuated CAKI as reflected by improved renal function, reduced renal tubular apoptosis, ameliorated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and suppressed inflammatory gene expression. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the renoprotective effect of PXR was associated with multiple crucial signaling pathways, especially the PI3K/AKT pathway. In vitro study further revealed that PXR protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis of cultured proximal tubule cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that PXR activation can preserve renal function in cisplatin-induced AKI and suggest a possibility of PXR as a novel protective target for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuanyi Wei
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaowan Sun
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenhua Ming
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhaokang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chunxiu Du
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Heyuan Lu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Xiang E, Guo Q, Dai YG, Sun XX, Liu J, Fan CP, Wang YQ, Qiu SK, Wang H, Guo Y. Female-specific activation of pregnane X receptor mediates sex difference in fetal hepatotoxicity by prenatal monocrotaline exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 406:115137. [PMID: 32682830 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of hepatic toxicant widely present in plants. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A plays a key role in metabolic activation of PAs to generate electrophilic metabolites, which is the main cause of hepatotoxicity. We have previously demonstrated the sex difference in developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity in fetal rats exposed to monocrotaline (MCT), a representative toxic PA. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism. 20 mg·kg-1·d-1 MCT was intragastrically given to pregnant Wistar rats from gestation day 9 to 20. CYP3As expression and pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation were specifically enhanced in female fetal liver. After MCT treatment, we also observed a significant increase of CYP3As expression in LO2 cells (high PXR level) or hPXR-transfected HepG2 cells (low PXR level). Employing hPXR and CYP3A4 dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, we confirmed the agonism effect of MCT on PXR-dependent transcriptional activity of CYP3A4. Agonism and antagonism of the androgen receptor (AR) either induced or blocked MCT-induced PXR activation, respectively. This study was the first report identifying that MCT served as PXR agonist to induce CYP3A expression. CYP3A induction may increase self-metabolic activation of MCT and subsequently lead to more severe hepatotoxicity in female fetus. While in male, during the intrauterine period, activated AR by testosterone secretion from developing testes represses MCT-induced PXR activation and CYP3A induction, which may partially protect male fetus from MCT-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Shen Y, Shi Z, Fan JT, Yan B. Dechlorination and demethylation of ochratoxin A enhance blocking activity of PXR activation, suppress PXR expression and reduce cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:171-180. [PMID: 32659470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been established to induce chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin, decreases the expression of PXR protein in human primary hepatocytes. OTA is chlorinated and has a methylated lactone ring. Both structures are associated with OTA toxicity. The study was to test the hypothesis that structural modifications differentially impact PXR blocking activity over cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, OTA-M and OTA-Cl/M were synthesized. OTA-M lacked the methyl group of the lactone-ring, whereas OTA-Cl/M had neither the methyl group nor the chlorine atom. The blocking activity of PXR activation was determined in a stable cell line, harboring both PXR (coding sequence) and its luciferase element reporter. OTA-Cl/M showed the highest blocking activity, followed by OTA-M and OTA. OTA-Cl/M was 60 times as potent as the common PXR blocker ketoconazole based on calculated IC50 values. OTA-Cl/M decreased by 90 % the expression of PXR protein and was the least cytotoxic among the tested compounds. Molecular docking identified that OTA and its derivatives interacted with different sets of residues in PXR, providing a molecular basis for selectivity. Excessive activation of PXR has been implicated in chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Downregulation of PXR protein expression likely delivers an effective mechanism against structurally diverse PXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jun Ting Fan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Smutny T, Dusek J, Hyrsova L, Nekvindova J, Horvatova A, Micuda S, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Pavek P. The 3'-untranslated region contributes to the pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression down-regulation by PXR ligands and up-regulation by glucocorticoids. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:136-152. [PMID: 31998607 PMCID: PMC6976988 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the major regulator of xenobiotic metabolism. PXR itself is controlled by various signaling molecules including glucocorticoids. Moreover, negative feed-back regulation has been proposed at the transcriptional level. We examined the involvement of the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of NR1I2 mRNA and microRNAs in PXR- and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated regulation of NR1I2 gene expression. PXR ligands were found to significantly downregulate NR1I2 mRNA expression in a set of 14 human hepatocyte cultures. Similarly, PXR was downregulated by PCN in the C57/BL6 mice liver. In mechanistic studies with the full-length 3'-UTR cloned into luciferase reporter or expression vectors, we showed that the 3'-UTR reduces PXR expression. From the miRNAs tested, miR-18a-5p inhibited both NR1I2 expression and CYP3A4 gene induction. Importantly, we observed significant upregulation of miR-18a-5p expression 6 h after treatment with the PXR ligand rifampicin, which indicates a putative mechanism underlying NR1I2 negative feed-back regulation in hepatic cells. Additionally, glucocorticoids upregulated NR1I2 expression not only through the promoter region but also via 3'-UTR regulation, which likely involves downregulation of miR-18a-5p. We conclude that miR-18a-5p is involved in the down-regulation of NR1I2 expression by its ligands and in the upregulation of NR1I2 mRNA expression by glucocorticoids in hepatic cells.
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Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CYP3A4, cytochrome P450 3A4
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- DEX, dexamethasone
- DMEs, drug metabolizing enzymes
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ER, estrogen receptor
- GRα, glucocorticoid receptor α
- Gene expression
- Gluc, Gaussia luciferase
- Glucocorticoid
- LBD, ligand binding domain
- MRE, miRNA-response element
- MicroRNA
- NR, nuclear receptor
- PB, phenobarbital
- PCN, pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
- PHHs, primary human hepatocytes
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Pregnane X receptor
- RXRα, retinoid X receptor α
- Regulation
- Rif, rifampicin
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- miRNA, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dusek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hyrsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Nekvindova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Horvatova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 03, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
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Kato H. Computational prediction of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:30-44. [PMID: 31902468 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in the phase I metabolism of many xenobiotics. Most drug-drug interactions (DDIs) associated with CYP are caused by either CYP inhibition or induction. The early detection of potential DDIs is highly desirable in the pharmaceutical industry because DDIs can cause serious adverse events, which can lead to poor patient health and drug development failures. Recently, many computational studies predicting CYP inhibition and induction have been reported. The current computational modeling approaches for CYP metabolism are classified as ligand- and structure-based; various techniques, such as quantitative structure-activity relationships, machine learning, docking, and molecular dynamic simulation, are involved in both the approaches. Recently, combining these two approaches have resulted in improvements in the prediction accuracy of DDIs. In this review, we present important, recent developments in the computational prediction of the inhibition of four clinically crucial CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4) and three nuclear receptors (aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane X receptor) involved in the induction of CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutoshi Kato
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, 227-0033, Japan.
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Fan S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Fu K, Yao X, Huang M, Bi H. Lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera protect against lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis by pregnane X receptor activation in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 245:112103. [PMID: 31336134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome caused by toxic bile acid retention that will lead to serious liver diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are the only two FDA-approved drugs for its treatment. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new therapeutic approaches for cholestasis. Here, anti-cholestasis effects of the lignans from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Schisandra sphenanthera, were investigated as well as the involved mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 9 groups including the control group, LCA group, LCA with specific lignan treatment of Schisandrin A (SinA), Schisandrin B (SinB), Schisandrin C (SinC), Schisandrol A (SolA), Schisandrol B (SolB), Schisantherin A (StnA) and Schisantherin B (StnB), respectively. Mice were treated with each drug (qd) for 7 days, while the administration of lithocholic acid (LCA) (bid) was launched from the 4th day. Twelve hours after the last LCA injection, mice were sacrificed and samples were collected. Serum biochemical measurement and histological analysis were conducted. Metabolomics analysis of serum, liver, intestine and feces were performed to study the metabolic profile of bile acids. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the hepatic expression of genes and proteins related to bile acid homeostasis. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to investigate the transactivation effect of lignans on human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). RT-qPCR analysis was used to detect induction effects of lignans on hPXR-targeted genes in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Lignans including SinA, SinB, SinC, SolA, SolB, StnA, StnB were found to significantly protect against LCA-induced intrahepatic cholestasis, as evidenced by significant decrease in liver necrosis, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. More importantly, serum total bile acids (TBA) and total bilirubin (Tbili) were also significantly reduced. Metabolomics analysis revealed these lignans accelerated the metabolism of bile acids and increased the bile acid efflux from liver into the intestine or feces. Gene analysis revealed these lignans induced the hepatic expressions of PXR-target genes such as Cyp3a11 and Ugt1a1. Luciferase reporter gene assays illustrated that these bioactive lignans can activate hPXR. Additionally, they can all upregulate hPXR-regulate genes such as CYP3A4, UGT1A1 and OATP2. CONCLUSION These results clearly demonstrated the lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera exert hepatoprotective effects against LCA-induced cholestasis by activation of PXR. These lignans may provide an effective approach for the prevention and treatment of cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaili Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Hu J, Tian J, Zhang F, Wang H, Yin J. Pxr- and Nrf2- mediated induction of ABC transporters by heavy metal ions in zebrafish embryos. Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113329. [PMID: 31600704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors including pregnane X receptor (Pxr) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) are important modulators of Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in mammalian cells. However, whether such modulation is conserved in zebrafish embryos remains largely unknown. In this manuscript, pxr- and nrf2-deficient models were constructed with CRISPR/Cas9 system, to evaluate the individual function of Pxr and Nrf2 in the regulation of ABC transporters and detoxification of heavy metal ions like Cd2+ and Ag+. As a result, both Cd2+ and Ag+ conferred extensive interactions with ABC transporters in wild type (WT) embryos: their accumulation and toxicity were affected by the activity of ABC transporters, and they significantly induced the mRNA expressions of ABC transporters. These induction effects were reduced by the mutation of pxr and nrf2, but elevations in the basal expression of ABC transporters compensated for the loss of their inducibility. This could be an explanation for remaining transporter function in both mutant models as well as the unaltered toxicity of metal ions in pxr-deficient embryos. However, mutation of nrf2 disrupted the production of glutathione (GSH), resulting in the enhanced toxicity of Cd2+/Ag+ in zebrafish embryos. In addition, elevated expressions of other transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) 1b, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (ppar)-β, and nrf2 were found in pxr-deficient models without any treatment, while enhanced induction of ahr1b, ppar-β and pxr could only be seen in nrf2-deficient embryos after the treatment of metal ions, indicating different compensation phenomena for the absence of transcription factors. After all, pxr-deficient and nrf2-deficient zebrafish embryos are useful tools in the functional investigation of Pxr and Nrf2 in the early life stages of aquatic organisms. However, the compensatory mechanisms should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results and need in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China; Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Suzhou GCL Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jian Yin
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China; Shandong Guo Ke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, PR China.
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