1
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Berns HM, Watkins-Chow DE, Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Zhang T, Brown KM, Moura-Alves P, Goding CR, Pavan WJ. Single-cell profiling of MC1R-inhibited melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:291-308. [PMID: 37972124 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The human red hair color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) function. In addition, individuals harboring the RHC trait are predisposed to melanoma development. While MC1R variants have been established as causative of RHC and are a well-defined risk factor for melanoma, it remains unclear mechanistically why decreased MC1R signaling alters pigmentation and increases melanoma susceptibility. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of melanocytes isolated from RHC mouse models to define a MC1R-inhibited Gene Signature (MiGS) comprising a large set of previously unidentified genes which may be implicated in melanogenesis and oncogenic transformation. We show that one of the candidate MiGS genes, TBX3, a well-known anti-senescence transcription factor implicated in melanoma progression, binds both E-box and T-box elements to regulate genes associated with melanogenesis and senescence bypass. Our results provide key insights into further mechanisms by which melanocytes with reduced MC1R signaling may regulate pigmentation and offer new candidates of study toward understanding how individuals with the RHC phenotype are predisposed to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matthew Berns
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PT, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PT, Portugal
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Pinto CJG, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Lian Y, Moura-Alves P, Nunes Dos Santos C. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by gut phenolic metabolites: A strategy towards gut inflammation. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102622. [PMID: 36812782 PMCID: PMC9958510 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor able to control complex transcriptional processes in several cell types, which has been correlated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Numerous studies have described different compounds as ligands of this receptor, like xenobiotics, natural compounds, and several host-derived metabolites. Dietary (poly)phenols have been studied regarding their pleiotropic activities (e.g., neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory), but their AHR modulatory capabilities have also been considered. However, dietary (poly)phenols are submitted to extensive metabolism in the gut (e.g., gut microbiota). Thus, the resulting gut phenolic metabolites could be key players modulating AHR since they are the ones that reach the cells and may exert effects on the AHR throughout the gut and other organs. This review aims at a comprehensive search for the most abundant gut phenolic metabolites detected and quantified in humans to understand how many have been described as AHR modulators and what could be their impact on inflammatory gut processes. Even though several phenolic compounds have been studied regarding their anti-inflammatory capacities, only 1 gut phenolic metabolite, described as AHR modulator, has been evaluated on intestinal inflammatory models. Searching for AHR ligands could be a novel strategy against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina J G Pinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Yilong Lian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.
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3
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Berns HM, Watkins-Chow DE, Lu S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Zhang T, Brown KM, Moura-Alves P, Goding CR, Pavan WJ. Loss of MC1R signaling implicates TBX3 in pheomelanogenesis and melanoma predisposition. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.10.532018. [PMID: 37090624 PMCID: PMC10120706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The human Red Hair Color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) function. In addition, individuals harboring the RHC trait are predisposed to melanoma development. While MC1R variants have been established as causative of RHC and are a well-defined risk factor for melanoma, it remains unclear mechanistically why decreased MC1R signaling alters pigmentation and increases melanoma susceptibility. Here, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of melanocytes isolated from RHC mouse models to reveal a Pheomelanin Gene Signature (PGS) comprising genes implicated in melanogenesis and oncogenic transformation. We show that TBX3, a well-known anti-senescence transcription factor implicated in melanoma progression, is part of the PGS and binds both E-box and T-box elements to regulate genes associated with melanogenesis and senescence bypass. Our results provide key insights into mechanisms by which MC1R signaling regulates pigmentation and how individuals with the RHC phenotype are predisposed to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Matthew Berns
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Dawn E. Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sizhu Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, 13 USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, 13 USA
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, PT
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, PT
| | - Colin R. Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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4
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Flegel J, Shaaban S, Jia ZJ, Schulte B, Lian Y, Krzyzanowski A, Metz M, Schneidewind T, Wesseler F, Flegel A, Reich A, Brause A, Xue G, Zhang M, Dötsch L, Stender ID, Hoffmann JE, Scheel R, Janning P, Rastinejad F, Schade D, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP, Sievers S, Moura-Alves P, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. The Highly Potent AhR Agonist Picoberin Modulates Hh-Dependent Osteoblast Differentiation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16268-16289. [PMID: 36459434 PMCID: PMC9791665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Identification and analysis of small molecule bioactivity in target-agnostic cellular assays and monitoring changes in phenotype followed by identification of the biological target are a powerful approach for the identification of novel bioactive chemical matter in particular when the monitored phenotype is disease-related and physiologically relevant. Profiling methods that enable the unbiased analysis of compound-perturbed states can suggest mechanisms of action or even targets for bioactive small molecules and may yield novel insights into biology. Here we report the enantioselective synthesis of natural-product-inspired 8-oxotetrahydroprotoberberines and the identification of Picoberin, a low picomolar inhibitor of Hedgehog (Hh)-induced osteoblast differentiation. Global transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as the molecular target of this compound and identified a cross talk between Hh and AhR signaling during osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Zhi Jun Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Britta Schulte
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Yilong Lian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Krzyzanowski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Malte Metz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Tabea Schneidewind
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Anke Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alisa Reich
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Gang Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Lara Dötsch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Hoffmann
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Dennis Schade
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Compound Management and Screening Center, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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5
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Kgatle MM, Lawal IO, Mashabela G, Boshomane TMG, Koatale PC, Mahasha PW, Ndlovu H, Vorster M, Rodrigues HG, Zeevaart JR, Gordon S, Moura-Alves P, Sathekge MM. COVID-19 Is a Multi-Organ Aggressor: Epigenetic and Clinical Marks. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752380. [PMID: 34691068 PMCID: PMC8531724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting from a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several viruses hijack the host genome machinery for their own advantage and survival, and similar phenomena might occur upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 may be driven by metabolic and epigenetic driven mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin alterations. These epigenetic phenomena may respond to enhanced viral replication and mediate persistent long-term infection and clinical phenotypes associated with severe COVID-19 cases and fatalities. Understanding the epigenetic events involved, and their clinical significance, may provide novel insights valuable for the therapeutic control and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights different epigenetic marks potentially associated with COVID-19 development, clinical manifestation, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo Magdeline Kgatle
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ismaheel Opeyemi Lawal
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tebatso Moshoeu Gillian Boshomane
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear and Oncology Division, AXIM Medical (Pty), Midrand
| | - Palesa Caroline Koatale
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phetole Walter Mahasha
- Precision Medicine and SAMRC Genomic Centre, Grants, Innovation, and Product Development (GIPD) Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hosana Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nutrients and Tissue Repair, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Radiochemistry and NuMeRI PreClinical Imaging Facility, Mahikeng, South Africa
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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De Anna JS, Darraz LA, Painefilú JC, Cárcamo JG, Moura-Alves P, Venturino A, Luquet CM. The insecticide chlorpyrifos modifies the expression of genes involved in the PXR and AhR pathways in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 178:104920. [PMID: 34446196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide, commonly detected in water and food. Despite CPF toxicity on aquatic species has been extensively studied, few studies analyze the effects of CPF on fish transcriptional pathways. The Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that is activated by binding to a wide variety of ligands and regulates the transcription of enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. We evaluated the mRNA expression of PXR-regulated-genes (PXR, CYP3A27, CYP2K1, ABCB1, UGT, and ABCC2) in intestine and liver of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed in vivo to an environmentally relevant CPF concentration. Our results demonstrate that the expression of PXR and PXR-regulated genes is increased in O. mykiss liver and intestine upon exposure to CPF. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of CPF on other cellular pathway involved in xenobiotic metabolism, the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) pathway, and on the expression and activity of different biotransformation enzymes (CYP2M1, GST, FMO1, or cholinesterases (ChEs)). In contrast to PXR, the expression of AhR, and its target gene CYP1A, are reduced upon CPF exposure. Furthermore, ChE and CYP1A activities are significantly inhibited by CPF, in both the intestine and the liver. CPF activates the PXR pathway in O. mykiss in the intestine and liver, with a more profound effect in the intestine. Likewise, our results support regulatory crosstalk between PXR and AhR pathways, where the induction of PXR coincides with the downregulation of AhR-mediated CYP1A mRNA expression and activity in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta S De Anna
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Luis Arias Darraz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julio C Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta Provincial 61, Km 3, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
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7
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Pei G, Zyla J, He L, Moura-Alves P, Steinle H, Saikali P, Lozza L, Nieuwenhuizen N, Weiner J, Mollenkopf HJ, Ellwanger K, Arnold C, Duan M, Dagil Y, Pashenkov M, Boneca IG, Kufer TA, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Cellular stress promotes NOD1/2-dependent inflammation via the endogenous metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106272. [PMID: 33942347 PMCID: PMC8246065 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress has been associated with inflammation, yet precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, various unrelated stress inducers were employed to screen for sensors linking altered cellular homeostasis and inflammation. We identified the intracellular pattern recognition receptors NOD1/2, which sense bacterial peptidoglycans, as general stress sensors detecting perturbations of cellular homeostasis. NOD1/2 activation upon such perturbations required generation of the endogenous metabolite sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Unlike peptidoglycan sensing via the leucine‐rich repeats domain, cytosolic S1P directly bound to the nucleotide binding domains of NOD1/2, triggering NF‐κB activation and inflammatory responses. In sum, we unveiled a hitherto unknown role of NOD1/2 in surveillance of cellular homeostasis through sensing of the cytosolic metabolite S1P. We propose S1P, an endogenous metabolite, as a novel NOD1/2 activator and NOD1/2 as molecular hubs integrating bacterial and metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Zyla
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Lichun He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heidrun Steinle
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Saikali
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Arnold
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mojie Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulia Dagil
- Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Pashenkov
- Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR2001, Integrative and Molecular Microbiology, Paris, France.,INSERM, Équipe AVENIR, Paris, France
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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8
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Moura-Alves P, Puyskens A, Stinn A, Klemm M, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Dorhoi A, Furkert J, Kreuchwig A, Protze J, Lozza L, Pei G, Saikali P, Perdomo C, Mollenkopf HJ, Hurwitz R, Kirschhoefer F, Brenner-Weiss G, Weiner J, Oschkinat H, Kolbe M, Krause G, Kaufmann SHE. Host monitoring of quorum sensing during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Science 2020; 366:366/6472/eaaw1629. [PMID: 31857448 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa rapidly adapts to altered conditions by quorum sensing (QS), a communication system that it uses to collectively modify its behavior through the production, release, and detection of signaling molecules. QS molecules can also be sensed by hosts, although the respective receptors and signaling pathways are poorly understood. We describe a pattern of regulation in the host by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that is critically dependent on qualitative and quantitative sensing of P. aeruginosa quorum. QS molecules bind to AhR and distinctly modulate its activity. This is mirrored upon infection with P. aeruginosa collected from diverse growth stages and with QS mutants. We propose that by spying on bacterial quorum, AhR acts as a major sensor of infection dynamics, capable of orchestrating host defense according to the status quo of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Stinn
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Structural Systems Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Structural Infection Biology, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Klemm
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Epiontis GmbH-Precision for Medicine, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Saikali
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolina Perdomo
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans J Mollenkopf
- Microarray Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhoefer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiss
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kolbe
- Structural Systems Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Structural Infection Biology, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany. .,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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9
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Krishnamoorthy G, Kaiser P, Abu Abed U, Weiner J, Moura-Alves P, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SHE. FX11 limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and potentiates bactericidal activity of isoniazid through host-directed activity. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm041954. [PMID: 32034005 PMCID: PMC7132771 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mediates interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and increased lactate turnover is exhibited by malignant and infected immune cells. Hypoxic lung granuloma in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected animals present elevated levels of Ldha and lactate. Such alterations in the metabolic milieu could influence the outcome of host-M. tuberculosis interactions. Given the central role of LDHA for tumorigenicity, targeting lactate metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here, we sought to determine the importance of LDHA for tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and its potential as a target for host-directed therapy. To this end, we orally administered FX11, a known small-molecule NADH-competitive LDHA inhibitor, to M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6J mice and Nos2-/- mice with hypoxic necrotizing lung TB lesions. FX11 did not inhibit M. tuberculosis growth in aerobic/hypoxic liquid culture, but modestly reduced the pulmonary bacterial burden in C57BL/6J mice. Intriguingly, FX11 administration limited M. tuberculosis replication and onset of necrotic lung lesions in Nos2-/- mice. In this model, isoniazid (INH) monotherapy has been known to exhibit biphasic killing kinetics owing to the probable selection of an INH-tolerant bacterial subpopulation. However, adjunct FX11 treatment corrected this adverse effect and resulted in sustained bactericidal activity of INH against M. tuberculosis As a limitation, LDHA inhibition as an underlying cause of FX11-mediated effect could not be established as the on-target effect of FX11 in vivo was unconfirmed. Nevertheless, this proof-of-concept study encourages further investigation on the underlying mechanisms of LDHA inhibition and its significance in TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu Abed
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3572, USA
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10
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Puyskens A, Stinn A, van der Vaart M, Kreuchwig A, Protze J, Pei G, Klemm M, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Hurwitz R, Krishnamoorthy G, Schaaf M, Krause G, Meijer AH, Kaufmann SHE, Moura-Alves P. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulation by Tuberculosis Drugs Impairs Host Defense and Treatment Outcomes. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 27:238-248.e7. [PMID: 31901518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in tuberculosis (TB) is a public health threat of global dimension, worsened by increasing drug resistance. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging concept currently explored as an adjunct therapeutic strategy for TB. One potential host target is the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which binds TB virulence factors and controls antibacterial responses. Here, we demonstrate that in the context of therapy, the AhR binds several TB drugs, including front line drugs rifampicin (RIF) and rifabutin (RFB), resulting in altered host defense and drug metabolism. AhR sensing of TB drugs modulates host defense mechanisms, notably impairs phagocytosis, and increases TB drug metabolism. Targeting AhR in vivo with a small-molecule inhibitor increases RFB-treatment efficacy. Thus, the AhR markedly impacts TB outcome by affecting both host defense and drug metabolism. As a corollary, we propose the AhR as a potential target for HDT in TB in adjunct to canonical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puyskens
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Anne Stinn
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department for Structural Infection Biology, Center for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Michiel van der Vaart
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Marion Klemm
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Gopinath Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marcel Schaaf
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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11
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Liu H, Moura-Alves P, Pei G, Mollenkopf HJ, Hurwitz R, Wu X, Wang F, Liu S, Ma M, Fei Y, Zhu C, Koehler AB, Oberbeck-Mueller D, Hahnke K, Klemm M, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Ge B, Tuukkanen A, Kolbe M, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. cGAS facilitates sensing of extracellular cyclic dinucleotides to activate innate immunity. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846293. [PMID: 30872316 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are important second messenger molecules in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Within host cells, cytosolic CDNs are detected by STING and alert the host by activating innate immunity characterized by type I interferon (IFN) responses. Extracellular bacteria and dying cells can release CDNs, but sensing of extracellular CDNs (eCDNs) by mammalian cells remains elusive. Here, we report that endocytosis facilitates internalization of eCDNs. The DNA sensor cGAS facilitates sensing of endocytosed CDNs, their perinuclear accumulation, and subsequent STING-dependent release of type I IFN Internalized CDNs bind cGAS directly, leading to its dimerization, and the formation of a cGAS/STING complex, which may activate downstream signaling. Thus, eCDNs comprise microbe- and danger-associated molecular patterns that contribute to host-microbe crosstalk during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Immunology, Microarray Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anne-Britta Koehler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Karin Hahnke
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Klemm
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael Kolbe
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Structural Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Structural Infection Biology, Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany .,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Griefswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany .,Faculty Fellow of the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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12
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Arrey F, Löwe D, Kuhlmann S, Kaiser P, Moura-Alves P, Krishnamoorthy G, Lozza L, Maertzdorf J, Skrahina T, Skrahina A, Gengenbacher M, Nouailles G, Kaufmann SHE. Humanized Mouse Model Mimicking Pathology of Human Tuberculosis for in vivo Evaluation of Drug Regimens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:89. [PMID: 30766535 PMCID: PMC6365439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immune system mice are highly valuable for in vivo dissection of human immune responses. Although they were employed for analyzing tuberculosis (TB) disease, there is little data on the spatial organization and cellular composition of human immune cells in TB granuloma pathology in this model. We demonstrate that human immune system mice, generated by transplanted human fetal liver derived hematopoietic stem cells develop a continuum of pulmonary lesions upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol infection. In particular, caseous necrotic granulomas, which contribute to prolonged TB treatment time, developed, and had cellular phenotypic spatial-organization similar to TB patients. By comparing two recommended drug regimens, we confirmed observations made in clinical settings: Adding Moxifloxacin to a classical chemotherapy regimen had no beneficial effects on bacterial eradication. We consider this model instrumental for deeper understanding of human specific features of TB pathogenesis and of particular value for the pre-clinical drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Arrey
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Delia Löwe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuhlmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Skrahina
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alena Skrahina
- Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Ahsan F, Maertzdorf J, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Kaufmann SHE, Moura-Alves P. IL-36/LXR axis modulates cholesterol metabolism and immune defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1520. [PMID: 29367626 PMCID: PMC5784124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a life-threatening pathogen in humans. Bacterial infection of macrophages usually triggers strong innate immune mechanisms, including IL-1 cytokine secretion. The newer member of the IL-1 family, IL-36, was recently shown to be involved in cellular defense against Mtb. To unveil the underlying mechanism of IL-36 induced antibacterial activity, we analyzed its role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, together with the involvement of Liver X Receptor (LXR) in this process. We report that, in Mtb-infected macrophages, IL-36 signaling modulates cholesterol biosynthesis and efflux via LXR. Moreover, IL-36 induces the expression of cholesterol-converting enzymes and the accumulation of LXR ligands, such as oxysterols. Ultimately, both IL-36 and LXR signaling play a role in the regulation of antimicrobial peptides expression and in Mtb growth restriction. These data provide novel evidence for the importance of IL-36 and cholesterol metabolism mediated by LXR in cellular host defense against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhil Ahsan
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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14
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Pei G, Buijze H, Liu H, Moura-Alves P, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, Kawabe H, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 enhances killing of membrane-perturbing intracellular bacteria by promoting autophagy. Autophagy 2017; 13:2041-2055. [PMID: 29251248 PMCID: PMC5788543 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1376160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 has been intensively studied in processes involved in viral infections, such as virus budding. However, little is known about its functions in bacterial infections. Our investigations into the role of NEDD4 in intracellular bacterial infections demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes, but not Mycobacterium bovis BCG, replicate more efficiently in NEDD4 knockdown macrophages. In parallel, NEDD4 knockdown or knockout impaired basal macroautophagy/autophagy, as well as infection-induced autophagy. Conversely, NEDD4 expression promoted autophagy in an E3 catalytic activity-dependent manner, thereby restricting intracellular Listeria replication. Mechanistic studies uncovered that endogenous NEDD4 interacted with BECN1/Beclin 1 and this interaction increased during Listeria infection. Deficiency of NEDD4 resulted in elevated K48-linkage ubiquitination of endogenous BECN1. Further, NEDD4 mediated K6- and K27- linkage ubiquitination of BECN1, leading to elevated stability of BECN1 and increased autophagy. Thus, NEDD4 participates in killing of intracellular bacterial pathogens via autophagy by sustaining the stability of BECN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- a Department of Immunology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hellen Buijze
- a Department of Immunology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Haipeng Liu
- b Shanghai TB Key Laboratory , Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital , Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- a Department of Immunology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- c Microscopy Core Facility , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Department of Immunology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- c Microscopy Core Facility , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Department of Immunology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- d Department of Molecular Neurobiology , Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- a Department of Immunology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- a Department of Immunology , Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology , Berlin , Germany
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15
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Zimmermann N, Saiga H, Houthuys E, Moura-Alves P, Koehler A, Bandermann S, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. Syndecans promote mycobacterial internalization by lung epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1846-1856. [PMID: 27279134 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages are the first point of contact for Mtb in the respiratory tract. However, the mechanisms of mycobacterial attachment to, and internalization by, nonprofessional phagocytes, such as epithelial cells, remain incompletely understood. We identified syndecan 4 (Sdc4) as mycobacterial attachment receptor on alveolar epithelial cells. Sdc4 mRNA expression was increased in human and mouse alveolar epithelial cells after mycobacterial infection. Sdc4 knockdown in alveolar epithelial cells or blocking with anti-Sdc4 antibody reduced mycobacterial attachment and internalization. At the molecular level, interactions between epithelial cells and mycobacteria involved host Sdc and the mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin. In vivo, Sdc1/Sdc4 double-knockout mice were more resistant to Mtb colonization of the lung. Our work reveals a role for distinct Sdcs in promoting mycobacterial entry into alveolar epithelial cells with impact on outcome of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zimmermann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Research Group of Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Saiga
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erica Houthuys
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Koehler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Bandermann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Ahsan F, Moura-Alves P, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Klemm M, Kaufmann SHE, Maertzdorf J. Role of Interleukin 36γ in Host Defense Against Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:464-74. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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17
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Saiga H, Nieuwenhuizen N, Gengenbacher M, Koehler AB, Schuerer S, Moura-Alves P, Wagner I, Mollenkopf HJ, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. The Recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly Vaccine Targets the AIM2 Inflammasome to Induce Autophagy and Inflammation. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1831-41. [PMID: 25505299 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly (rBCG) vaccine candidate induces improved protection against tuberculosis over parental BCG (pBCG) in preclinical studies and has successfully completed a phase 2a clinical trial. However, the mechanisms responsible for the superior vaccine efficacy of rBCG are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the underlying biological mechanisms elicited by the rBCG vaccine candidate relevant to its protective efficacy. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were infected with pBCG or rBCG, and inflammasome activation and autophagy were evaluated. In addition, mice were vaccinated with pBCG or rBCG, and gene expression in the draining lymph nodes was analyzed by microarray at day 1 after vaccination. RESULTS BCG-derived DNA was detected in the cytosol of rBCG-infected macrophages. rBCG infection was associated with enhanced absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation, increased activation of caspases and production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as induction of AIM2-dependent and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent autophagy. Similarly, mice vaccinated with rBCG showed early increased expression of Il-1β, Il-18, and Tmem173 (transmembrane protein 173; also known as STING). CONCLUSIONS rBCG stimulates AIM2 inflammasome activation and autophagy, suggesting that these cell-autonomous functions should be exploited for improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ina Wagner
- Core Facility Microarray, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Dorhoi A, Iannaccone M, Farinacci M, Faé KC, Schreiber J, Moura-Alves P, Nouailles G, Mollenkopf HJ, Oberbeck-Müller D, Jörg S, Heinemann E, Hahnke K, Löwe D, Del Nonno F, Goletti D, Capparelli R, Kaufmann SHE. MicroRNA-223 controls susceptibility to tuberculosis by regulating lung neutrophil recruitment. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4836-48. [PMID: 24084739 DOI: 10.1172/jci67604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that control innate immune cell trafficking during chronic infection and inflammation, such as in tuberculosis (TB), are incompletely understood. During active TB, myeloid cells infiltrate the lung and sustain local inflammation. While the chemoattractants that orchestrate these processes are increasingly recognized, the posttranscriptional events that dictate their availability are unclear. We identified microRNA-223 (miR-223) as an upregulated small noncoding RNA in blood and lung parenchyma of TB patients and during murine TB. Deletion of miR-223 rendered TB-resistant mice highly susceptible to acute lung infection. The lethality of miR-223(–/–) mice was apparently not due to defects in antimycobacterial T cell responses. Exacerbated TB in miR-223(–/–) animals could be partially reversed by neutralization of CXCL2, CCL3, and IL-6, by mAb depletion of neutrophils, and by genetic deletion of Cxcr2. We found that miR-223 controlled lung recruitment of myeloid cells, and consequently, neutrophil-driven lethal inflammation. We conclude that miR-223 directly targets the chemoattractants CXCL2, CCL3, and IL-6 in myeloid cells. Our study not only reveals an essential role for a single miRNA in TB, it also identifies new targets for, and assigns biological functions to, miR-223. By regulating leukocyte chemotaxis via chemoattractants, miR-223 is critical for the control of TB and potentially other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Moura-Alves P, Neves-Costa A, Raquel H, Pacheco TR, D'Almeida B, Rodrigues R, Cadima-Couto I, Chora Â, Oliveira M, Gama-Carvalho M, Hacohen N, Moita LF. An shRNA-based screen of splicing regulators identifies SFRS3 as a negative regulator of IL-1β secretion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19829. [PMID: 21611201 PMCID: PMC3096647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of diversity and plasticity of transcriptional programs are key components of effective vertebrate immune responses. The role of Alternative Splicing has been recognized, but it is underappreciated and poorly understood as a critical mechanism for the regulation and fine-tuning of physiological immune responses. Here we report the generation of loss-of-function phenotypes for a large collection of genes known or predicted to be involved in the splicing reaction and the identification of 19 novel regulators of IL-1β secretion in response to E. coli challenge of THP-1 cells. Twelve of these genes are required for IL-1β secretion, while seven are negative regulators of this process. Silencing of SFRS3 increased IL-1β secretion due to elevation of IL-1β and caspase-1 mRNA in addition to active caspase-1 levels. This study points to the relevance of splicing in the regulation of auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moura-Alves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Neves-Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Raquel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Raquel Pacheco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno D'Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Iris Cadima-Couto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Chora
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Oliveira
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Funcional e Integrativa (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Funcional e Integrativa (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luis F. Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mishra BB, Moura-Alves P, Sonawane A, Hacohen N, Griffiths G, Moita LF, Anes E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6 is a potent activator of the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1046-63. [PMID: 20148899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) represents one of the most important mediators of inflammation and host responses to infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, induces IL-1beta secretion at the site of infection, but the underlying mechanism(s) are poorly understood. In this work we show that Mtb infection of macrophages stimulates caspase-1 activity and promotes the secretion of IL-1beta. This stimulation requires live intracellular bacteria expressing a functional ESX-1 secretion system. ESAT-6, an ESX-1 substrate implicated in membrane damage, is both necessary and sufficient for caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion. ESAT-6 promotes the access of other immunostimulatory agents such as AG85 into the macrophage cytosol, indicating that this protein may contribute to caspase-1 activation largely by perturbing host cell membranes. Using a high-throughput shRNA-based screen we found that numerous NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and CARD domain-containing proteins (CARDs) were important for IL-1beta secretion upon Mtb infection. Most importantly, NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 form an infection-inducible inflammasome complex that is essential for IL-1beta secretion. In summary, we show that recognition of Mtb infection by the NLRP3 inflammasome requires the activity of the bacterial virulence factor ESAT-6, and the subsequent IL-1beta response is regulated by a number of NLR/CARD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Mishra
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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