1
|
Dyrka K, Dzialach L, Niedziela M, Jonczyk-Potoczna K, Derwich K, Obara-Moszynska M. Central Diabetes Insipidus in Children as a Diagnostic Challenge. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:1044-1055. [PMID: 37798950 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231202607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a disorder in the pediatric population resulting from antidiuretic hormone deficiency. The excessive production of dilute urine characterizes it and manifests with polyuria, nocturia, and polydipsia. The diagnostics of CDI is often challenging, especially concerning the underlying condition of the disease. This article highlights the diverse clinical presentation of children with CDI and diagnostic difficulties among patients with polyuria and polydipsia. The article also reviews the etiology, symptoms, diagnostic workup, and management of CDI. We present 4 pediatric patients (aged 3-13.5 years) diagnosed with CDI of different etiology: 1 due to septo-optic dysplasia/optic nerve hypoplasia and 3 due to acquired processes such as Langerhans cell histiocytosis and germ cell tumor in 2 patients. Central diabetes insipidus was the first manifestation of a tumor or granuloma in all presented patients with acquired pathology. The patients sometimes need long-term follow-up to establish the proper final diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dyrka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dzialach
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jonczyk-Potoczna
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Obara-Moszynska
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Studies on anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies in 15 consecutive patients presenting with central diabetes insipidus at a single referral center. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4440. [PMID: 35292721 PMCID: PMC8924241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare condition caused by various underlying diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and neoplasms. Obtaining an accurate definitive diagnosis of the underlying cause of CDI is difficult. Recently, anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies were demonstrated to be a highly sensitive and specific marker of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis (LINH). Here, we report a detailed case series, and evaluated the significance of anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies in differentiating the etiologies of CDI. A prospective analysis was conducted in 15 consecutive patients with CDI from 2013 to 2020 at a single referral center. Anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies were measured and the relationship between antibody positivity and the clinical/histopathological diagnoses was evaluated. Among 15 CDI patients, the positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies were found in 4 of 5 LINH cases, 3 of 4 lymphocytic panhypophysitis (LPH) cases, one of 2 sarcoidosis cases, and one intracranial germinoma case, respectively. Two Rathke cleft cyst cases and one craniopharyngioma case were negative. This is the first report of anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies positivity in CDI patients with biopsy-proven LPH. Measurement of anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies may be valuable for differentiating CDI etiologies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Frasca F, Piticchio T, Le Moli R, Malaguarnera R, Campennì A, Cannavò S, Ruggeri RM. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune hypophysitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:1175-1185. [PMID: 34464545 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1974297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypophysitis is an inflammation of the pituitary gland and a rare case of hypopituitarism. Despite the expanding spectrum of histological variants and causative agents, its pathogenesis is far to be fully understood. The present review is focused on recent evidence concerning the pathogenesis of autoimmune hypophysitis by searching through online databases like MEDLINE and Scopus up to May 2021. AREAS COVERED Hypophysitis frequently develops in the context of a strong autoimmune background, including a wide spectrum of subtypes ranging from the commonest form of lymphocytic hypophysitis to the newly described and less common IgG4-, anti-PIT-1, and ICI-induced forms. A peculiar combination of genetic predisposition, pituitary damage and immunological setting represents the pathogenetic basis of autoimmune hypophysitis, which is characterized by diffuse infiltration of the gland by lymphocytes and variable degrees of fibrosis followed by pituitary cell destruction. Anti-pituitary antibodies (APA) have been described in sera from patients suffering from autoimmune hypophysitis, though their pathophysiological significance remains largely unknown and their diagnostic value limited. EXPERT OPINION In recent years hypophysitis has gained interest due to the increased number of new diagnoses and the recognition of novel subtypes. Further studies could lead to improvements in biochemical/immunological diagnosis and targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tommaso Piticchio
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Le Moli
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Campennì
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cannavò
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Human Pathology DETEV, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takagi H, Iwama S, Sugimura Y, Takahashi Y, Oki Y, Akamizu T, Arima H. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune and IgG4-related hypophysitis: clinical guidelines of the Japan Endocrine Society. Endocr J 2020; 67:373-378. [PMID: 32037390 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophysitis, which is often accompanied by pituitary dysfunction, is classified into several subtypes based on the cause, histology, and the location of inflammation in the pituitary gland. A definitive diagnosis requires pituitary biopsy, which is invasive, and the process is limited to specialized clinical settings. In this opinion paper, we review the literature associated with hypophysitis, and provide the guidelines of the Japan Endocrine Society for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune and IgG4-related hypophysitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oki
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takashi Akamizu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cossu G, Brouland JP, La Rosa S, Camponovo C, Viaroli E, Daniel RT, Messerer M. Comprehensive Evaluation of Rare Pituitary Lesions: A Single Tertiary Care Pituitary Center Experience and Review of the Literature. Endocr Pathol 2019; 30:219-236. [PMID: 31209729 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-019-09581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 World Health Organization classification of central nervous system and endocrine tumors have introduced significant changes in the diagnostic criteria for pituitary lesions. The aim of our paper is to describe the epidemiological, clinico-pathological, and radiological features of a single consecutive institutional surgical series of rare pituitary lesions, using these new criteria. Of the 316 endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approaches performed for pituitary lesions between 2010 and 2018, 15 rare lesions were encountered. These included metastases, pituitary carcinomas, pituicytomas, granular cell tumor, primary pituitary lymphomas, germinoma, mixed gangliocytoma-adenoma, hypophysitis, and pituitary hyperplasia. Their clinical, radiological, and pathological features are herewith presented along with a literature review that enabled us to propose an algorithm to facilitate a diagnosis for rare pituitary lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cossu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Brouland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Camponovo
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Viaroli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roy Thomas Daniel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mahmoud Messerer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiloiro S, Tartaglione T, Capoluongo ED, Angelini F, Arena V, Giampietro A, Bianchi A, Zoli A, Pontecorvi A, Colosimo C, De Marinis L. Hypophysitis Outcome and Factors Predicting Responsiveness to Glucocorticoid Therapy: A Prospective and Double-Arm Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3877-3889. [PMID: 30085134 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAH) evolves in most untreated cases in irreversible hypopituitarism. PAH outcome, instead, after immunosuppressive treatment has not been completely clarified. OBJECTIVE To evaluate hypophysitis and pituitary function outcomes. DESIGN A prospective, double-arm study with a 2-year follow-up. SETTING Referral center for pituitary disease. PATIENTS Twenty PAH cases. INTERVENTIONS Oral prednisone 50 mg/d or conservative strategy by observation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary endpoint was the improvement/stabilization/worsening of PAH from baseline to a 2-year visit. Secondary endpoint was the improvement/stabilization/worsening of pituitary function from baseline to a 2-year visit. RESULTS Twelve patients (57.1%) were treated with a glucocorticoid-immunosuppressive therapy, and eight patients (42.9%) were observed. At the 2-year visit, PAH improvement/recovery occurred in eight immunosuppressive-treated (66.7%) patients and in two untreated patients (25%). PAH worsened in three untreated patients (37.5%) and was considered stable in four immunosuppressive-treated (33.3%) and three untreated patients (37.5%). Improvement/recovery of pituitary function occurred more frequently in immunosuppressive-treated patients (58.3%) compared with untreated ones (25%; P = 0.04). Responsiveness to immunosuppressive treatment is correlated with antipituitary antibody presence (P = 0.01), occurrence of diabetes insipidus at PAH diagnosis (P = 0.01), absence of the physiological neuropituitary "bright spot" on T1-weighed images (P = 0.01), and pituitary stalk at optical chiasm larger than 3.9 mm (area under the curve: 0.97, sensibility: 100%, specificity: 100%; P = 0.04). On the other hand, we failed to identify factors predicting the outcome, among untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS Glucocorticoid treatment of hypophysitis improves pituitary secretion and should be encouraged in accordance with the evaluation of endocrine-, immunological-, and morphological-predictive markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tartaglione
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Domenico Capoluongo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Genetic and Toxicology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Angelini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Zoli
- Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tartaglione T, Chiloiro S, Laino ME, Giampietro A, Gaudino S, Zoli A, Bianchi A, Pontecorvi A, Colosimo C, De Marinis L. Neuro-radiological features can predict hypopituitarism in primary autoimmune hypophysitis. Pituitary 2018; 21:414-424. [PMID: 29752700 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAH) is considered an underdiagnosed disease, due to the difficulty in reaching a definitive diagnosis. PAH clinical diagnosis remains an exclusion diagnosis. We aimed to correlate PAH neuro-radiological signs to endocrine features and evaluate their prognostic role. 24 PAH cases were enrolled and classified according to neuro-radiological signs: in 12 adeno-hypophysitis (AHs), 8 infundibulo-neuro-hypophysitis (INHs) and 4 pan-hypophysitis (PHs). Secondary hypogonadism developed more frequently in INHs as compared to AHs (54.5% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.05), without no difference with PHs (p = 0.6). Diabetes insipidus occurred more frequently in INHs cases (72.7%, p < 0.001) and in PHs cases (27.3%, p = 0.007), as compared to AHs cases (0%). Similarly, all cases of GHD occurred in INHs (100%) as compared to AHs (0%, p < 0.001) and PHs (0%, p < 0.001). The pituitary stalk (PS) showed a pseudo-triangular shape (larger at the optical chiasma) in INHs and a pseudo-cylindrical shape (larger both at the optical chiasma and at the pituitary insertion) in PHs. The PS pseudo-triangular shape correlated to the occurrence of GHD and diabetes insipidus (p < 0.001/p = 0.03). At the 1-year follow-up, improvement of baseline radiological features positively correlated with the loss of the neuro-pituitary "bright spot" on T1-weighted images (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.9 p = 0.02) and with a PS diameter at the optical chiasma level larger than 4.1 mm (AUC 0.97, sensibility 80%, specificity 100%, OR 6; 95% CI1.1-28.8, p = 0.01) Our data suggest that neuro-radiological PAH classification in PH, AH and INH can predict pituitary dysfunction and that some neuro-radiological features, such as the pituitary stalk diameter and the loss of the neuro-pituitary bright spot on T1w images can play a role as a positive prognostic marker of the radiological hypophysitis outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Tartaglione
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Laino
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Zoli
- Division of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We describe a case of lymphocytic panhypophysitis (LPH) in a 30-year-old woman presenting with throbbing headaches and vision changes during her third trimester. LPH is the rarest subclassification of lymphocytic hypophysitis; it is typically found in males and has not previously been associated with pregnancy. Anterior and posterior pituitary deficits together with headaches should raise a high degree of suspicion regarding the possibility of LPH. The atypical magnetic resonance imaging finding of a heterogeneous pituitary mass additionally raised concern about pituitary apoplexy. Tissue from a transsphenoidal biopsy permitted diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis. There was infiltration of the pituitary gland by small B and T lymphocytes. Resolution of the visual symptoms occurred after the biopsy and treatment with intravenous steroids.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shibue K, Fujii T, Goto H, Yamashita Y, Sugimura Y, Tanji M, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Rapid exacerbation of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6034. [PMID: 28248860 PMCID: PMC5340433 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphocytic hypophysitis is a relatively rare autoimmune disease defined by lymphocytic infiltration to the pituitary. Its rarity and wide spectrum of clinical manifestations make clarification of the pathology difficult. Here, we describe a case we examined from the primary diagnosis to final discharge, showing the serial progression of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis (LINH) to panhypopituitarism with extrapituitary inflammatory invasion in a short period, and responding favorably to high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS Polyuria, General fatigue and Nausea/Vomiting. DIAGNOSES Central diabetes insipidus (CDI), Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis (LINH). INTERVENTIONS Desmopressin acetate, High-dose glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. OUTCOMES He was prescribed desmopressin acetate and subsequently discharged. A month later, he revisited our hospital with general fatigue and nausea/vomiting. A screening test disclosed hypopituitarism with adrenal insufficiency. MRI revealed expanded contrast enhancement to the peripheral extrapituitary lesion. He received high-dose GC treatment and the affected lesion exhibited marked improvement on MRI, along with the recovery of the anterior pituitary function. LESSONS This case demonstrates the potential for classical LINH to develop into panhypopituitarsim. We consider this is the first documentation of approaching the cause of atypical LINH with progressive clinical course from the pathological viewpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Shibue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisanori Goto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitrofanova LB, Konovalov PV, Ryazanov PA, Raspopova OM, Antonova IV. [Primary and secondary hypophysitis: A clinicomorphological study]. Arkh Patol 2017; 78:43-51. [PMID: 28139602 DOI: 10.17116/patol201678643-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes 6 cases of the rare disease - primary and secondary hypophysitis detected by a morphological examination of the material of endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary neoplasms. It also provides clinical and morphological comparisons and analyzes the data available in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Mitrofanova
- V.A. Almazov North-Western Federal Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - P V Konovalov
- V.A. Almazov North-Western Federal Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - P A Ryazanov
- V.A. Almazov North-Western Federal Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - O M Raspopova
- V.A. Almazov North-Western Federal Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Antonova
- V.A. Almazov North-Western Federal Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis is an uncommon inflammatory disorder postulated to be autoimmune in origin. Because of the location of inflammation, it selectively affects the posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) and pituitary stalk (infundibulum). The most common presentation is central diabetes insipidus. Although the definitive diagnosis is established histologically by a pituitary biopsy, radiological imaging can be valuable in diagnosing this condition. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology, investigations, management, and outcomes of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Johnston
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Regional Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Luen S Chew
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Amir H Hamrahian
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Laurence Kennedy
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Araujo PB, Coelho MCA, Arruda M, Gadelha MR, Neto LV. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1159-66. [PMID: 25957829 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ipilimumab is a human monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 available as an immunotherapy mainly for advanced melanoma. It induces an activation of T cells, resulting in an immune-mediated anti-tumor response and also immune-related adverse events, including hypophysitis. The aim of this review is to identify and discuss features concerning ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (IIH). DESIGN A MEDLINE research of all years of publication of IIH was conducted. We gathered information regarding clinical, radiologic and laboratory features of 71 cases recorded in the literature. RESULTS In our review, IIH was more frequent among older and male patients. Fatigue and headache were the most frequent initial clinical manifestations of IIH and enlargement of the pituitary gland at MRI was present in the majority of patients. Those who received more than 3 cycles of ipilimumab had more fatigue (p = 0.04) and arthritis (p = 0.04). Adrenal insufficiency was more prevalent in men (p = 0.007). Glucocorticoid therapy and hormone replacement were required in most patients and pituitary function recovery was uncommon. Low prolactin at diagnosis tended to predict permanent pituitary dysfunction (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION Hypopituitarism as a consequence of IIH, if not promptly recognized, can lead to potentially fatal events, such as adrenal insufficiency. IIH can be easily managed with glucocorticoids and hormonal replacement; therefore, physicians should be familiar with the key aspects of this condition. More studies to develop screening protocols and therapeutic intervention algorithms should be performed to decrease morbidity related to IIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Araujo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M C A Coelho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M Arruda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M R Gadelha
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - L V Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Federal da Lagoa, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hanna B, Li YM, Beutler T, Goyal P, Hall WA. Xanthomatous hypophysitis. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1091-7. [PMID: 25957783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a 69-year-old woman who presented with chronic headaches and was found to have a pituitary mass on MRI, which was biopsied and said to be lymphocytic hypophysitis. The woman was placed on prednisone and followed with routine eye examinations. Two years later, the lesion gradually increased in size and the woman developed a decrease in peripheral vision in the right eye. An MRI showed abutment of the right optic nerve by the mass. A repeat endoscopic transsphenoidal biopsy/resection of the pituitary lesion was performed. Histopathological analysis of the specimen was consistent with diagnosis of xanthomatous hypophysitis (XH). XH is an inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland characterized by an infiltration of lipid-laden histiocytes, also known as xanthoma cells. The mass was biopsied and a diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis was made. The woman reported improved visual acuity and peripheral vision postoperatively. One year after the second resection, her visual symptoms worsened. Repeat MRI revealed expansion of the residual pituitary tissue. She was referred to the radiation oncology department for external beam radiation therapy and was placed on a maintenance dose of steroids. Since undergoing radiation therapy, her vision has improved slightly and her 3month MRI revealed stable lesion size. This woman illustrates a rare pituitary pathology presented with a literature review of published patients describing xanthomatous hypophysitis. A discussion of the clinical presentation, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, histology and treatment is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy Hanna
- Department of Surgery, Staten Island University Hospital, 28 Arvin Road, Old Bridge, NJ 08857, USA.
| | - Yan M Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Beutler
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Parul Goyal
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Walter A Hall
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
In this article, an overview is presented of hypophysitis in terms of current clinical and experimental findings, with discussion of the anatomic and histopathologic classification of primary hypophysitis and factors associated with secondary hypophysitis. In addition, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and prognosis associated with this disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park SM, Bae JC, Joung JY, Cho YY, Kim TH, Jin SM, Suh S, Hur KY, Kim KW. Clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of 22 cases of primary hypophysitis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2014; 29:470-8. [PMID: 25325267 PMCID: PMC4285029 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2014.29.4.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypophysitis causes varying degrees of endocrine dysfunction and mass effect. The natural course and best treatment have not been well established. METHODS Medical records of 22 patients who had been diagnosed with primary hypophysitis between January 2001 and March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the anatomical location, we classified the cases as adenohypophysitis (AH), infundibuloneurohypophysitis (INH), and panhypophysitis (PH). Clinical presentation, endocrine function, pathologic findings, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and treatment courses were reviewed. RESULTS Among 22 patients with primary hypophysitis, 81.8% (18/22) had involvement of the posterior pituitary lobe. Two patients of the AH (2/3, 66.6%) and three patients of the PH (3/10, 30%) groups initially underwent surgical mass reduction. Five patients, including three of the PH (3/10, 33.3%) group and one from each of the AH (1/3, 33.3%) and INH (1/9, 11.1%) groups, initially received high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Nearly all of the patients treated with surgery or high-dose steroid treatment (9/11, 82%) required continuous hormone replacement during the follow-up period. Twelve patients received no treatment for mass reduction due to the absence of acute symptoms and signs related to a compressive mass effect. Most of them (11/12, 92%) did not show disease progression, and three patients recovered partially from hormone deficiency. CONCLUSION Deficits of the posterior pituitary were the most common features in our cases of primary hypophysitis. Pituitary endocrine defects responded less favorably to glucocorticoid treatment and surgery. In the absence of symptoms related to mass effect and with the mild defect of endocrine function, it may not require treatment to reduce mass except hormone replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Ji Young Joung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Andong Sungso hospital, Andong, Korea
| | - Sang Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghwan Suh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis (IGH) is a rare inflammatory disease of the pituitary. There is debate in the scientific literature as to whether IGH represents a continuum of disease with lymphocytic hypophysitis or has a distinct pathogenesis. Due to the rare nature of the disease, previous descriptions have been limited to single case reports or small series. In the present study, a systematic review of the literature was performed for cases of IGH. 82 cases met inclusion criteria. Data was gathered on IGH clinical aspects, in order to elucidate any associations useful in determining pathogenesis, appropriate clinical treatment, or prognosis. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed on available data. Female sex was significantly associated with IGH (p < 0.0001). Fever (p = 0.002), nausea or vomiting at presentation (p = 0.031), and histological evidence of necrosis (p = 0.022) correlated with reduced time to presentation. Panhypopituitarism at presentation predicted need for long term hormone replacement (p = 0.014). Hyperprolactinaemia (p = 0.032), normal gonadal (p = 0.037) and thyroid axes (p = 0.001) were associated with reduced likelihood of long-term hormone replacement. Anorexia (p = 0.017), cold intolerance (p = 0.046), and fatigue (p = 0.0033) were associated with death from IGH. Patients who had excisional surgery alone trended towards increased rates of symptom resolution, compared with patients who received corticosteroids as an adjunct to excisional surgery (p = 0.11). This article details the first systematic review of IGH, and presents evidence for a female predilection of the disease. Implications for pathogenesis, and a suggested clinical approach are discussed. An online disease registry has been established to facilitate further IGH research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H M Hunn
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bianchi A, Mormando M, Doglietto F, Tartaglione L, Piacentini S, Lauriola L, Maira G, De Marinis L. Hypothalamitis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Pituitary 2014; 17:197-202. [PMID: 23640278 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To report an unusual case of biopsy-proven autoimmune hypophysitis with predominant hypothalamic involvement associated with empty sella, panhypopituitarism, visual disturbances and antipituitary antibodies positivity. We present the history, physical findings, hormonal assay results, imaging, surgical findings and pathology at presentation, together with a 2-year follow-up. A literature review on the hypothalamic involvement of autoimmune hypophysitis with empty sella was performed. A 48-year-old woman presented with polyuria, polydipsia, asthenia, diarrhea and vomiting. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a clear suprasellar (hypothalamic) mass, while the pituitary gland appeared atrophic. Hormonal testing showed panhypopituitarism and hyperprolactinemia; visual field examination was normal. Pituitary serum antibodies were positive. Two months later an MRI documented a mild increase of the lesion. The patient underwent biopsy of the lesion via a transsphenoidal approach. Histological diagnosis was lymphocytic "hypothalamitis". Despite 6 months of corticosteroid therapy, the patient developed bitemporal hemianopia and blurred vision, without radiological evidence of chiasm compression, suggesting autoimmune optic neuritis with uveitis. Immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine was then instituted. Two months later, an MRI documented a striking reduction of the hypothalamic lesion and visual field examination showed a significant improvement. The lesion is stable at the 2-year follow-up. For the first time we demonstrated that "hypothalamitis" might be the possible evolution of an autoimmune hypophysitis, resulting in pituitary atrophy, secondary empty sella and panhypopituitarism. Although steroid treatment is advisable as a first line therapy, immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine might be necessary to achieve disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Departments of Endocrinology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kanoke A, Ogawa Y, Watanabe M, Kumabe T, Tominaga T. Autoimmune hypophysitis presenting with intracranial multi-organ involvement: three case reports and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:560. [PMID: 24373428 PMCID: PMC3877864 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune hypophysitis very rarely spreads to nearby organs outside the pituitary tissue, for unknown reasons, with only 5 reported cases of hypophysitis spreading over the cavernous sinus. Case presentation Three patients presented with cases of non-infectious hypophysitis spreading outside the pituitary tissue over the cavernous sinus. All three cases were diagnosed with histological confirmation by transsphenoidal surgery, and the patients showed remarkable improvement with postoperative pulse dose steroid therapy, including disappearance of abnormal signal intensities in the bilateral hypothalami on magnetic resonance imaging, resolution of severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery, and normalization of swollen pituitary tissues. Two of 3 cases fulfilled the histological criteria of immunoglobulin G4-related disease, although none of the patients had high serum immunoglobulin G4 level. Conclusion The true implications of such unusual spreading of hypophysitis to nearby organs are not fully understood, but the mechanism of occurrence might vary according to the timing of inflammation in this unusual mode of spreading. Pulse dose steroid therapy achieved remarkably good outcomes even in the patient with progressive severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery and rapid visual deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshikazu Ogawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, 4-20-1 Nagamachiminami, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8523, Miyagi, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis in a Dog with Diabetes Insipidus. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:503-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Accurate investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary area is required in pediatric patients for diagnosis of endocrine-related disorders. These disorders include hypopituitarism, growth failure, diencephalic syndrome, delayed puberty, precocious puberty, diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion, and hyperpituitarism. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice to visualize hypothalamic-pituitary axis and associated endocrinopathies. Neuroimaging can be normal or disclose abnormalities related to pituitary-hypothalamic axis like (i) congenital and developmental malformations; (ii) tumors; (iii) cystic lesions; and (iv) infectious and inflammatory conditions. Classical midline anomalies like septo-optic dysplasias or corpus callosum agenesis are commonly associated with pituitary endocrinopathies and also need careful evaluation. In this radiological review, we will discuss neuroendocrine disorders related to hypothalamic pituitary-axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chaudhary
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Model Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Shahina Bano
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Smt. Sucheta Kriplani and Kalawati Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nater A, Syro LV, Rotondo F, Scheithauer BW, Abad V, Jaramillo C, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Cusimano M. Necrotizing infundibuloneurohypophysitis: case report and literature review. Endocr Pathol 2012; 23:205-11. [PMID: 22661312 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anick Nater
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bellastella A, Bizzarro A, Colella C, Bellastella G, Sinisi AA, De Bellis A. Subclinical diabetes insipidus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26:471-83. [PMID: 22863389 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical central diabetes insipidus (CDI) can be the outcome of a number of diseases that affect the hypothalamus-infundibulum-post hypophysis axis. One of the most common forms of subclinical CDI is linked to an autoimmune pathogenesis even if other causes may be also responsible. Among these, pregnancy, traumatic and surgical brain injury and some infiltrative, vascular, infectious and neoplastic diseases have been reported with increasing frequency. The natural history of autoimmune CDI seems to evolve through 4 functional stages according to the presence of antibodies to vasopressin-secreting cells (AVPcAb) and the relationship between their behavior overtime, the variations of posterior pituitary function and the characteristics of hypothalamic-hypophyseal region on magnetic resonance imaging. This staging is of crucial importance for the therapeutic strategy, taking into account that some stages could be still reversible. Several medical treatments have been suggested to interrupt the progression toward clinical CDI but the results are still discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bellastella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Leonardo Bianchi, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Torino F, Barnabei A, De Vecchis L, Salvatori R, Corsello SM. Hypophysitis induced by monoclonal antibodies to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4: challenges from a new cause of a rare disease. Oncologist 2012; 17:525-35. [PMID: 22477725 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific human monoclonal antibodies antagonize cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4 mAbs), a negative regulator of the immune system, inducing unrestrained T-cell activation. In patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma, one of these agents, ipilimumab, produced considerable disease control rates and, for the first time, a clear improvement in overall survival outcomes. However, accumulating clinical experience with anti-CTLA-4 mAbs identified a novel syndrome of autoimmune and autoinflammatory side effects, designated as "immune-related adverse events," including mainly rash, colitis, and hepatitis. Autoimmune hypophysitis has emerged as a distinctive side effect induced by anti-CTLA-4 mAbs. This condition may be life threatening because of adrenal insufficiency if not promptly recognized, but it may easily be diagnosed and treated if clinically suspected. Hypopituitarism caused by these agents is rarely reversible and prolonged or life-long substitutive hormonal treatment is often required. The precise mechanism of injury to the pituitary triggered by anti-CTLA-4 mAbs is yet to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Torino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Although a relatively rare phenomenon, lymphocytic hypophysitis can represent a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This condition was initially thought to be an autoimmune phenomenon occurring primarily in women in the postpartum state. It is now recognized as a disorder that can affect both men and women over a rather large age range, from young adults to the elderly, and may be linked to a number of autoimmune phenomena. We have reviewed the literature on lymphocytic hypophysitis, and added the detailed analysis of seven cases of presumed lymphocytic hypophysitis from our own experience. The case studies demonstrate the wide spectrum of manifestations of this disorder, the differential diagnosis and the rationale and the nuances of treatment. Diagnostic studies, including laboratory evaluation and the characteristic MRIs, are reviewed. The histopathology and results of special stains are also presented, emphasizing the characteristic pathologic findings in this spectrum of pituitary disease. Our experience and that of others demonstrates that this condition has a characteristic presentation - that is, headache, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. When significant mass effect is present, suprasellar and parasellar extension may produce visual loss and/or diplopia. Treatment strategies and outcomes are given for each of the seven patients. Corticosteroids are recommended as first-line management, and are usually successful. Relapses requiring additional therapy, however, are not uncommon. In such cases, trans-sphenoidal surgery, other more aggressive forms of medical therapy and rarely, radiosurgery can also be employed. Lymphocytic hypophysitis is a challenging entity. With accurate diagnosis and sequential, expertly managed therapeutic measures, it can be controlled. Continued surveillance of the patients is essential, as relapses may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Iuliano
- a Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pituitary/Neuroendocrine Center, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward R Laws
- a Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pituitary/Neuroendocrine Center, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- b
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hyponatremia associated with Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis. Med Oncol 2011; 29:374-7. [PMID: 21264545 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A 75-year-old woman with a history of stage IV metastatic melanoma underwent treatment with the CTLA-4 blocking agent Ipilimumab. She presented 2 months after initiating treatment with a severe headache. Laboratories were consistent with severe hyponatremia. MRI of the brain revealed enlargement of the pituitary gland, enhancement of the infundibulum, and an enhancing, centrally necrotic foci in the anterior pituitary. Based on the clinical and radiographic findings, she was diagnosed with treatment-related syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Effective treatment consisted of fluid restriction, hyperosmolar therapy, and steroids.
Collapse
|
26
|
Saito S, Mori C, Toma K, Kubori T, Nishinaka K, Udaka F. [A case of optic neuritis associated with lymphocytic hypophysitis revealed by pattern-reversal VEP]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2011; 51:27-31. [PMID: 21387696 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.51.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH) is a rare neuroendocrine disorder characterized by autoimmune inflammation of the pituitary gland. Visual disturbance is one of the most common and serious symptoms of LYH. Most of the visual symptoms in LYH are secondary to compression of the optic chiasm and some reports have described direct inflammatory involvement of the optic pathways. We describe a 30-year-old man with a 9-day history of bilateral blurred vision. Ophthalmic examination demonstrated severely impaired vision without temporal hemianopsia. Hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and hypogonadism were detected in laboratory tests. Central diabetes insipidus was diagnosed by a hypertonic saline infusion test. MRI revealed thickening of the pituitary stalk and enlargement of the hypophysis, which was enhanced with gadolinium. High intensity of the posterior lobe was not recognized on T1-weighted images. These findings established a clinical diagnosis of lymphocytic panhypophysitis. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy was introduced and his visual acuity gradually recovered. The anterior pituitary function improved, but desmopressin was still required. Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) have been widely used to detect optic nerve lesions caused by multiple sclerosis and brain tumors. However, there have been no previous reports of their usefulness for LYH. The P100 latency in our case was slightly prolonged and the amplitude was markedly reduced. These findings are similar to ischemic optic neuropathy and other conditions in which axonal damage is prominent. The prolonged latency and low amplitude on VEP examination in this case showed rapid improvement in parallel with the recovery of visual acuity. Taken together, our case implies the usefulness of pattern-reversal VEP for the diagnosis of optic neuritis in LYH, especially for the evaluation of its pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Primary granulomatous hypophysitis (PGH) is a rarely occurred inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. We retrospective review a case of PGH treated by microsurgical transsphenoidal approach and review the appropriately documented cases of PGH collected from the literatures. The patient was a 56-year-old female who presented with 4 months history of headache and 2 months history of polyuria and polydipsia. Clinic examination did not find remarkable neurological signs, except endocrinological abnormalities of secondary hypothyroidism and hypocorticalism. MRI revealed a symmetric sellar mass, which was isointensity as gray matter on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images with heterogeneous enhancement. The mass was partially resected via transsphenoidal approach. Histological assessment revealed a non-necrotizing granulomatous lesion with chronic inflammation. Although the resection was limited, repeatedly MRI scanning in 3 months following surgery revealed almost normal pituitary soft tissue without evidence of the lesion. Searching in PubMed, we found 21 papers published from 1985 to 2009 and 37 patients with PGH were reported. In order to identify the clinical and radiological presentation, treatment strategy, and prognosis of PGH, we analyzed these 38 cases together. The results indicate that the clinical presentations and radiological signs are helpful for the diagnosis of PGH. The outcome of surgery for PGH is favorable for immediate mass reduction and histological diagnosis, but hormone replacement is required in most cases and long-term follow up is very important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-bo Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dillard T, Yedinak CG, Alumkal J, Fleseriu M. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary 2010; 13:29-38. [PMID: 19639414 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) therapies represent a novel approach to cancer treatment via disruption of immune tolerance to antigens located on tumor cells. Disruption of immune tolerance, however, may occur at a cost. A host of immune related adverse events (IRAEs) are associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Autoimmune hypophysitis has been reported in up to 17% of patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma treated with this therapy. Familiarity with the spectrum of IRAEs connected to these therapies is paramount for endocrinologists, oncologists and those involved in the care of these subjects. We review here key aspects of diagnosis and treatment of anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy resultant IRAEs. We describe the first two cases of hypopituitarism in prostate cancer subjects undergoing experimental therapy with ipilimumab. The clinical evidence strongly suggests that the prostate cancer subjects developed autoimmune hypophysitis as a consequence of anti-CTLA-4 treatment. High dose glucocorticoid treatment resulted in markedly improved symptoms, and resolution of focal symptoms and diabetes insipidus. One subject recovered pituitary-thyroid axis function after 9 months; however, both continue to require GC replacement. These cases highlight the importance of early screening and treatment for hypopituitarism in all subjects undergoing treatment with anti-CTLA-4 therapy to prevent a potentially fatal outcome from secondary adrenal insufficiency, a readily treatable disease. We recommend mandatory long term follow-up to monitor the development of other hormonal deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy Dillard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sheehan MT, Islam R. Silent thyroiditis, isolated corticotropin deficiency, and alopecia universalis in a patient with ulcerative colitis and elevated levels of plasma factor VIII: an unusual case of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3. Endocr Pract 2009; 15:138-42. [PMID: 19289325 DOI: 10.4158/ep.15.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an unusual case of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 3 and provide a brief review of the literature. METHODS We present the clinical course and laboratory data of a patient with silent thyroiditis, isolated corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH) deficiency, alopecia universalis, and ulcerative colitis with an associated hypercoagulable state. The related literature is also reviewed briefly. RESULTS A 43-year-old man who had a history of ulcerative colitis with an associated hypercoagulable state and alopecia universalis was referred to the endocrinology department for evaluation of fatigue and a mildly elevated level of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH). He previously had mildly increased TSH levels, for which low-dose levothyroxine therapy had been prescribed. During use of this therapy, a suppressed TSH level developed, necessitating discontinuation of thyroid hormone therapy; a subsequent increase in TSH value was followed by a spontaneous return to euthyroidism. An ACTH stimulation test revealed adrenal insufficiency. His ACTH level was low, 21-hydroxylase antibodies were not present, and further testing demonstrated otherwise intact pituitary function. Magnetic resonance imaging of his pituitary gland showed normal findings. Treatment with hydrocortisone promptly decreased his fatigue. He was found to have an elevated factor VIII level as the cause of his hypercoagulable state. The patient continues to feel well with use of hydrocortisone therapy and has normal thyroid function. CONCLUSION This patient's components of APS type 3 have not been previously reported; thus, the complex nature of the APS variants is supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Sheehan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marshfield Clinic Weston Center, Weston, Wisconsin 54476, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|