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González-Pérez LV, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Arango-Pérez EA, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Analysis of salivary detection of P16INK4A and RASSF1A promoter gene methylation and its association with oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Colombian population. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e452-e460. [PMID: 32509227 PMCID: PMC7263777 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic factors play a fundamental role in the etiopathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study evaluated if salivary detection of P16INK4A/RASSF1A gene promoter methylation might be linked to the clinical/histological features of OSCC in a Colombian population.
Material and Methods Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) was used to detect the methylation frequency of P16INK4A/RASSF1A genes in DNA obtained from whole saliva collected of 40 healthy controls (HC) and 43 OSCC patients. Determination of the clinical performance of MSP-PCR assay was based on standard algorithms derived from two-way contingency table analysis. The association of methylation status of targeted genes with OSCC was analyzed in a multivariate binary logistic regression model.
Results There were significantly higher proportions of promoter methylation of these target genes in OSCC patients when compared with HC. The analysis of single methylated genes showed high specificity, good positive and negative predictive values, but was accompanied by a low sensitivity. OSCC cases with clinical stage III/IV, poorly differentiated, and severe cellular atypia showed a significantly greater proportion of methylated than that of unmethylated targeted genes in saliva samples. Logistic regression analysis indicated an independent association of P16INK4A and RASSF1A promoter methylation with OSCC diagnosis. A significant interaction effect between ageing and P16INK4A promoter methylation was also detected.
Conclusions Salivary detection of P16INK4A and RASSF1A promoter methylation appears to be independently associated with OSCC and may be linked to the tumor activity in the present population. Consequently, the targeting of these genes in saliva samples might constitute an important tool for diagnosis and prognosis purposes. Key words:Gene methylation, oral squamous cell carcinoma, P16INK4A, RASSF1A, saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana-María Isaza-Guzmán
- Titular Professor. Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Eduin-Alonso Arango-Pérez
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Resident. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio-Iván Tobón-Arroyave
- Titular Professor. Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia.,Stomatologist and Oral Surgeon. Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, San Vicente Foundation University Hospital, Medellín, Colombia
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Ko A, Han SY, Song J. Regulatory Network of ARF in Cancer Development. Mol Cells 2018; 41:381-389. [PMID: 29665672 PMCID: PMC5974615 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ARF is a tumor suppressor protein that has a pivotal role in the prevention of cancer development through regulating cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. As a factor that induces senescence, the role of ARF as a tumor suppressor is closely linked to the p53-MDM2 axis, which is a key process that restrains tumor formation. Thus, many cancer cells either lack a functional ARF or p53, which enables them to evade cell oncogenic stress-mediated cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. In particular, the ARF gene is a frequent target of genetic and epigenetic alterations including promoter hyper-methylation or gene deletion. However, as many cancer cells still express ARF, pathways that negatively modulate transcriptional or post-translational regulation of ARF could be potentially important means for cancer cells to induce cellular proliferation. These recent findings of regulators affecting ARF protein stability along with its low levels in numerous human cancers indicate the significance of an ARF post-translational mechanism in cancers. Novel findings of regulators stimulating or suppressing ARF function would provide new therapeutic targets to manage cancer- and senescence-related diseases. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation and alterations of ARF expression in human cancers, and indicate the importance of regulators of ARF as a prognostic marker and in potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Su Yeon Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
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Zagradišnik B, Krgović D, Herodež ŠS, Zagorac A, Ćižmarević B, Vokač NK. Identification of genomic copy number variations associated with specific clinical features of head and neck cancer. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:5. [PMID: 29371888 PMCID: PMC5769503 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations (CNSs) of large genomic regions are an important mechanism implicated in the development of head and neck cancer, however, for most changes their exact role is not well understood. The aim of this study was to find possible associations between gains/losses of genomic regions and clinically distinct subgroups of head and neck cancer patients. Results Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis was performed on DNA samples in 64 patients with cancer in oral cavity, oropharynx or hypopharynx. Overlapping genomic regions created from gains and losses were used for statistical analysis. Following regions were overrepresented: in tumors with stage I or II a gain of 2.98 Mb on 6p21.2-p11 and a gain of 7.4 Mb on 8q11.1-q11.23; in tumors with grade I histology a gain of 1.1 Mb on 8q24.13, a loss of a large part of p arm of chromosome 3, a loss of a 1.24 Mb on 6q14.3, and a loss of terminal 32 Mb region of 8p23.3; in cases with affected lymph nodes a gain of 0.75 Mb on 3q24, and a gain of 0.9 Mb on 3q26.32-q26.33; in cases with unaffected lymph nodes a gain of 1.1 Mb on 8q23.3, in patients not treated with surgery a gain of 12.2 Mb on 7q21.3-q22.3 and a gain of 0.33 Mb on 20q11.22. Conclusions Our study identified several genomic regions of interest which appear to be associated with various clinically distinct subgroups of head and neck cancer. They represent a potentially important source of biomarkers useful for the clinical management of head and neck cancer. In particular, the PIK3CA and AGTR1 genes could be singled out to predict the lymph node involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Zagradišnik
- 1Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Danijela Krgović
- 1Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Špela Stangler Herodež
- 1Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Zagorac
- 1Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Ćižmarević
- 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nadja Kokalj Vokač
- 1Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasia of the mouth. Downregulation of p16(INK4a) (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) has been reported for mouth cancer and it is believed that its inactivation is an early event in oral carcinogenesis. The goal of this article is to quantitatively report expression of p16(INK4a) and the state of methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and evaluate its relationship with the clinical and prognostic factors, in addition to setting out a multivariate model that predicts survival. The mean expression of p16(INK4a) was 7.70 (SD=14.07) (F=0.894; P=0.449). According to the semiquantitative analysis, there were statistically significant differences, where 19 cases were negative (<2 %), 11 at initial stages, and 8 at advanced stages (χ(2)=6.016; P<0.05). The methylation of p16(INK4a) was not associated with any of the clinical or pathologic variables. Kaplan-Meier curve showed a better survival for patients in initial stages (40.72 mo) compared to those in advanced stages (28.6 mo) (P<0.01). Survival was also reduced in a statistically significant manner in patients with any degree of dysplasia in the adjacent margin (P<0.05). During univariate Cox regression analysis, it was observed that individuals with relapse had a higher risk (almost 9 times higher) [P<0.001; hazard ratio=8.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.18-19.02]. During the Cox multivariate analysis for each unit of decrease in p16(INK4a), the risk increased by 1.06) (P<0.05; hazard ratio=0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-1.00). p16(INK4a) expression is reduced with advancing tumor stage and its gene silencing is associated with an increased risk of death.
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Poomsawat S, Sanguansin S, Punyasingh J, Vejchapipat P, Punyarit P. Expression of cdk6 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:57-63. [PMID: 25929813 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cdk6 is a key regulator during the G1/S cell cycle transition. Aberrant expression of cdk6 protein has been observed in many cancer types. However, little is known about the expression of cdk6 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its clinical significance. This study evaluated the expression of cdk6 in HNSCC and analyzed the relationship between cdk6 expression and clinicopathological parameters of HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of cdk6 was immunohistochemically investigated in 98 HNSCCs. Nuclear and cytoplasmic positive cells were counted separately. Data were presented as the percentage of positive cells. The correlation between the percentage of positive cells and clinicopathological factors was determined. RESULTS Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for cdk6 were detected in 91 cases and 97 cases, respectively. A significant correlation was found only between the percentage of nuclear positive cells and T classification (p value = 0.0410). Tumors with high nuclear cdk6-positive cells showed a linear trend toward advanced tumor status (p value = 0.0064). CONCLUSIONS Cdk6 was highly expressed in HNSCC. Tumors with high nuclear cdk6 expression tended to have advanced tumor status. These results suggest that cdk6 plays a vital role in HNSCC and is involved in tumor progression of this cancer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE An increased nuclear cdk6 expression is an unfavorable factor for HNSCC. Cdk6 may serve as a therapeutic target in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopee Poomsawat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Yothi Street, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Sirima Sanguansin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirapa Punyasingh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Yothi Street, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Vejchapipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phaibul Punyarit
- Army Institute of Pathology, Pramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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p16(INK4a)/CDKN2 expression and its relationship with oral squamous cell carcinoma is our current knowledge enough? Cancer Lett 2011; 306:134-41. [PMID: 21411222 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and their multistep development requires the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Inactivation of p16(INK4a), encoded by the CDKN2 gene has been widely associated with this type of tumors. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the relationship between p16(INK4a) expression and the different clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, analyze the variation in results between studies, detailing the described genetic/epigenetic alterations that result in gene silencing and the relationship between p16(INK4a) and HPV infection.
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Hong Y, Li C, Xia J, Rhodus NL, Cheng B. p16CDKN2A expression during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:640-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hong Y, Yang L, Li C, Xia H, Rhodus NL, Cheng B. Frequent mutation ofp16CDKN2A exon 1 during rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:85-90. [PMID: 17091472 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study we explored the mutation types of p16(CDKN2A) exon 1 and the corresponding frequencies in experimental rat tongue carcinogenesis. Twenty barrier Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the control (n = 5) and experimental group (n = 15), to which 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) in drinking water was administered. Two samples of normal, three samples of moderate/severe dysplasia and four samples of invasive squamous cell carcinoma lesions were selected following strict histopathological examination in double-blind manner. The PCR products of p16(CDKN2A) exon 1 amplified from these tissues were sequenced. Point mutations of p16(CDKN2A) exon 1 were found in all of the precancerous and cancerous lesions. Half of the mutations were detected on guanine (G). Twenty mutations, including a missense mutation of the start codon resulting in alternative reading frame of p16(CDKN2A) exon 1, were also identified. These preliminary results suggested that mutation of p16(CDKN2A) exon 1 might be an early molecular event of rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4NQO and G was the mutation hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kraunz KS, Hsiung D, McClean MD, Liu M, Osanyingbemi J, Nelson HH, Kelsey KT. Dietary folate is associated withp16INK4A methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1553-7. [PMID: 16646054 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p16(INK4A) (CDKN2A) gene in the Rb pathway is among the most common somatic alterations observed in tobacco-related solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, a low folate diet is an important risk factor for HNSCC. Decreased dietary folate in an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma has been associated with the induction of epigenetic silencing of the p16(INK4A) gene. In an ongoing population-based study of HNSCC, we sought to extend this observation to human disease testing the hypothesis that p16(INK4A) methylation is associated with decreased dietary folate. We also investigated the association of methylation silencing with functional polymorphisms in the folate metabolism enzyme methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). In 169 HNSCCs, the odds ratio for p16(INK4A) methylation among those with low dietary folate intake was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.1-4.8) when compared with those with high folate intake. Furthermore, this increased risk for epigenetic silencing at p16(INK4A) was modified by the MTHFR alleles previously associated with diminished serum folate levels. Hence, in HNSCC low dietary intake of folate is associated with p16(INK4A) methylation, and this relationship is modified by the MTHFR genotype. Our data provides important evidence for a mechanism of action of folate deficiency in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Kraunz
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gao S, Worm J, Guldberg P, Eiberg H, Krogdahl A, Sørensen JA, Liu CJ, Reibel J, Dabelsteen E. Loss of heterozygosity at 9q33 and hypermethylation of the DBCCR1 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:760-4. [PMID: 15226771 PMCID: PMC2364803 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The DBCCR1 gene at chromosome 9q33 has been identified as a candidate tumour suppressor, which is frequently targeted by promoter hypermethylation in bladder cancer. Here, we studied the possible involvement of DBCCR1 in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. DNA from 34 tumours was examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at three markers surrounding DBCCR1 and for hypermethylation of the DBCCR1 promoter, using methylation-specific PCR and methylation-specific melting-curve analysis. LOH was found in 10 of 31 cases (32%), and DBCCR1 hypermethylation was present in 15 of 34 cases (44%). Hypermethylation of DBCCR1 was also present in three of seven epithelial tissues adjacent to the tumours, including two hyperplastic and one histologically normal epithelia. Furthermore, of four oral leukoplakias with dysplasia, one showed LOH at 9q33 and two showed DBCCR1 hypermethylation. These data suggest that LOH at 9q33 and hypermethylation of the DBCCR1 promoter are frequent and possibly early events in oral malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gao
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Worm
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Guldberg
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Eiberg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Krogdahl
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - J A Sørensen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - C-J Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - J Reibel
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Dabelsteen
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail:
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Cho JW, Jeong YW, Han SW, Park JB, Jang BC, Baek WK, Kwon TK, Park JW, Kim SP, Suh MH, Suh SI. Aberrant p16INK4A RNA transcripts expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines regulate pRb phosphorylation by binding with CDK4, resulting in delayed cell cycle progression. Liver Int 2003; 23:194-200. [PMID: 12955883 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of the p16INK4A (p16) gene by promoter hypermethylation has been reported in many human cancers. We previously reported that aberrant p16 RNA transcripts are expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines having hypermethylated p16 promoters. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of aberrant p16 RNA transcripts in HCC cells to elucidate molecular events underlying hepatocarcinogenesis. The aberrant p16 RNA transcripts encoded key peptides (amino acids 84-103) involved in binding with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4. GST-aberrant p16 fusion proteins were found to interact with endogenous CDK4 in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of these aberrant p16 RNA transcripts resulted in decreased cell proliferation rate, enlargement of cell shape and reduced level of hyperphosphorylated forms of pRb. Overall, our results suggest that the aberrant p16 RNA transcripts have functions similar to those of wild type p16 in controlling cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-We Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seonam University, 720 Kwangchi-Dong, Namwon, Chunpook 590-711, Korea
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