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Ge S, Wang Y, Shen K, Wang Q, Ahammed GJ, Han W, Jin Z, Li X, Shi Y. Effects of Differential Shading on Summer Tea Quality and Tea Garden Microenvironment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:202. [PMID: 38256755 PMCID: PMC10821519 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Shading is an effective agronomic technique to protect tea plants from intense sunlight. However, there are currently very few studies on more effective shading methods to improve the quality of summer tea. In this study, 'Longjing43' plants were grown under four different shading treatments for 14 days, with no shading as the control. Among the four shading treatments, double-layer-net shadings had the most positive impact on the tea quality, resulting in higher levels of amino acids but lower levels of tea polyphenols. Additionally, double-layer-net shadings provided more suitable microenvironments for tea plants. The tea leaves in T4 (double nets 50 cm above the plant canopy) contained 16.13 mg∙g-1 of umami and sweet amino acids, which was significantly higher than in other treatments. T4 had the lowest air temperature and the most suitable and stable soil water content. Interestingly, the ratio of red light to far-red light in T4 was only 1.65, much lower than other treatments, which warrants further study. In conclusion, the microenvironment induced by shading can greatly affect the tea quality, and double-layer-net shading is better for improving the quality of summer tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibei Ge
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Yameng Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Keyin Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Qianying Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Wenyan Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Zhifeng Jin
- Zhejiang Climate Center, Hangzhou 310056, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China; (S.G.); (W.H.)
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Liu C, Li J, Li H, Xue J, Wang M, Jian G, Zhu C, Zeng L. Differences in the quality of black tea ( Camellia sinensis var. Yinghong No. 9) in different seasons and the underlying factors. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100998. [PMID: 38144863 PMCID: PMC10739754 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring green tea is usually considered to be better than summer green tea. Whether this phenomenon applies to black tea is unknown. Black tea produced using Camellia sinensis var. Yinghong No. 9 leaves is popular in South China and analyzed in the study. The taste and color quality of the infusion was higher for spring tea than for summer tea. Compared with summer tea, the main catechin contents were lower in spring tea, whereas caffeine and total amino acid contents were higher, especially glutamic acid, which may be responsible for the differences between teas. Moreover, spring tea had a higher theabrownin content and a lower L* value. The compounds contributing to the infusion taste and color were correlated with the chromaticity value (i.e., useful indicator of black tea quality). This study revealed the seasonal differences in Yinghong No. 9 black tea quality and the key underlying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Yao X, Qi Y, Chen H, Zhang B, Chen Z, Lu L. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of nutritional quality-related molecular mechanisms of 'Qianmei 419' and 'Qianfu 4' varieties of Camellia sinensis. Gene 2023; 865:147329. [PMID: 36870427 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the content of main nutrients in 'QianFu No. 4' were significantly higher than 'QianMei 419.'Transcriptome and proteome were combined to provide new insight of the molecular mechanisms linked to nutritional quality of 'QianFu No. 4' and 'QianMei 419' by leaf function analysis, RNA sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques.A total of 23,813 genes and 361 proteins exhibited differential expression level in 'QianMei 419' when compared with 'QianFu No. 4'. These genes and proteins revealed that the pathway of flavonoids biosynthesis, caffeine metabolism, theanine biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism were linked to nutritional quality of tea. Our results provided transcriptomics and proteomics information with respect to the molecular mechanisms of nutritional changes of tea, identified key genes and proteins that associated with the metabolism and accumulation of nutrients, and helped clarify the molecular mechanisms of nutrient differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Hufang Chen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengwu Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Baishya T, Das P, Ashraf GJ, Dua TK, Paul P, Nandi G, Bhattacharya M, Sahu R. Tissue specific changes of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of tea [ Camellia sinensis (L.)] extracted with different solvents. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 78:235-246. [PMID: 36565064 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2022-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Different parts of Camellia sinensis (L.) were extracted with solvents according to polarity, and the extracts' phytochemical profiling and biological activities were examined. The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents increased with the increasing polarity of the solvent which met its maximum in polar solvents. The increasing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities were recorded with increasing polarity of solvents which showed hydroalcoholic as best solvent. The strong and significant correlation was among the TPC, TFC, DPPH, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities for different parts of tea. HPTLC study of individual phenolic acids, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin and theaflavin met their maximum level of content with polar solvents like hydroalcohol, methanol and water mostly in mainly tea leaves. Our finding suggested that the polar solvents and young leaves of tea were beneficial for obtaining extracts. On the other hand, phenolics were found to be potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Baishya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India.,Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Priya Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Gouhar Jahan Ashraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Dua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Gouranga Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Bhattacharya
- Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
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Zheng XQ, Dong SL, Li ZY, Lu JL, Ye JH, Tao SK, Hu YP, Liang YR. Variation of Major Chemical Composition in Seed-Propagated Population of Wild Cocoa Tea Plant Camellia ptilophylla Chang. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010123. [PMID: 36613339 PMCID: PMC9818582 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of high-caffeine tea will induce health-related risk. Therefore, breeding and cultivating tea cultivars with less caffeine is a feasible way to control daily caffeine intake. Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang) is a wild tea plant which grows leaves with little or no caffeine. However, the vegetative propagation of cocoa tea plants is difficult due to challenges with rooting. Whether natural seeds collected from wild cocoa tea plants can be used to produce less-caffeinated tea remains unknown, because research on the separation of traits among the seed progeny population is lacking. The present study was set to investigate the variation of caffeine and other chemical compositions in seed-propagated plant individuals using colorimetric and HPLC methods. It shows that there were great differences in chemical composition among the seed-propagated population of wild cocoa tea plants, among which some individuals possessed caffeine contents as high as those of normal cultivated tea cultivars (C. sinensis), suggesting that the naturally seed-propagated cocoa tea seedlings are not suitable for directly cultivating leaf materials to produce low-caffeine tea. Therefore, the cocoa tea plants used for harvesting seeds for growing low-caffeine tea plants should be isolated in order to prevent their hybridization with normal cultivated C. sinensis plants. Interestingly, the leaves of cocoa tea seedlings contained high levels of gallocatechin gallate (GCG) and would be a good source of leaf materials for extracting more stable antioxidant, because GCG is a more stable antioxidant than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the dominant component of catechins in normal cultivated tea cultivars. Some plant individuals which contained low levels of caffeine along with high levels of amino acids and medium levels of catechins, are considered to be promising for further screening of less-caffeinated green tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Ling Dong
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ze-Yu Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shi-Ke Tao
- Tea Research Institute of Pu’er City, Pu’er 665000, China
| | - Yan-Ping Hu
- Tea Research Institute of Pu’er City, Pu’er 665000, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
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Tang D, Shen Y, Li F, Yue R, Duan J, Ye Z, Lin Y, Zhou W, Yang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Zhao J, Li P. Integrating metabolite and transcriptome analysis revealed the different mechanisms of characteristic compound biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation in tea flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016692. [PMID: 36247612 PMCID: PMC9557745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of tea plants (Camellia sinensis), as well as tea leaves, contain abundant secondary metabolites and are big potential resources for the extraction of bioactive compounds or preparation of functional foods. However, little is known about the biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of those metabolites in tea flowers, such as terpenoid, flavonol, catechins, caffeine, and theanine. This study finely integrated target and nontarget metabolism analyses to explore the metabolic feature of developing tea flowers. Tea flowers accumulated more abundant terpenoid compounds than young leaves. The transcriptome data of developing flowers and leaves showed that a higher expression level of later genes of terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, such as Terpene synthases gene family, in tea flowers was the candidate reason of the more abundant terpenoid compounds than in tea leaves. Differently, even though flavonol and catechin profiling between tea flowers and leaves was similar, the gene family members of flavonoid biosynthesis were selectively expressed by tea flowers and tea leaves. Transcriptome and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the regulatory mechanism of flavonol biosynthesis was perhaps different between tea flowers and leaves. However, the regulatory mechanism of catechin biosynthesis was perhaps similar between tea flowers and leaves. This study not only provides a global vision of metabolism and transcriptome in tea flowers but also uncovered the different mechanisms of biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation of those important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangdong Li
- College of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianwei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhili Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lixiao Chen
- Municipal Research Institute for Processing of Agricultural and Featured Products, Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Science, Shiyan, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Chen Z, Yu X, Gao H, Cen J, Xu Q, Gong J, Li S, Ye M, Lv D, Chen H, Ma H, Wang Y, Su Q, Yu Y, Deng Z. Study on the effects of combined tea drinking and mental
activity after dinner on smokers in China. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:68. [PMID: 35975239 PMCID: PMC9335168 DOI: 10.18332/tid/150654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette and tobacco use is a leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and other malignant tumors. In China, people prefer to engage in mental activities (gambling, overtime work, playing video games, or other mental activities) on the weekends or during spare time, especially in the evening before they prepare for bed. In China, smokers frequently consume tea while smoking. The relationship between smokers who consume tea, engage in mental activities after dinner, or both (drinking tea and engaging in cognitive activities after dinner together), and daily cigarette smoking or nicotine addiction must be clarified. METHODS A total of 438 smokers were included in the study. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, Fagerström test for nicotine dependence scores, and behaviors, were recorded. The study excluded smokers with a Fagerström score <1 or with a mental disorder diagnosis. The smokers were divided into four groups based on their behaviors: those who did not drink tea, did not engage in mental activities after dinner, those who drank tea only, those who engaged in mental activities only, and those who engaged in both. RESULTS Only drinking tea or doing mental activities after dinner cannot increase cigarettes per day (22.20 ± 10.143 vs 23.49 ± 11.966, p=0.362; 22.20 ± 10.143 vs 22.66 ± 1.192, p=0.750) or FTND scores [6.0 (4.0; 7.0) vs 6.0 (4.0; 7.75), p=0.941; 6.0 (4.0; 7.0) vs 6.0 (4.25; 7.75), p=0.980]. People who drink tea and engage in mental activities after dinner smoke more (22.20 ± 10.143 vs 30.75 ± 17.264, p<0.0001) and have higher nicotine dependence levels [6.0 (4.0; 7.0) vs 7.0 (5.0; 8.0), p=0.015]. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of tea or a mental activity after dinner is not associated with daily smoking or nicotine dependence. There is an association between the combined behaviors (tea drinking and mental activity after dinner) and the daily consumption of cigarettes, and the degree of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuechan Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hanlu Gao
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jie Cen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Ninth Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Gong
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangbei District, Ningbo, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mianzhi Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Younuo Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingwen Su
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zaichun Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Wei Y, Xu J, Miao S, Wei K, Peng L, Wang Y, Wei X. Recent advances in the utilization of tea active ingredients to regulate sleep through neuroendocrine pathway, immune system and intestinal microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7598-7626. [PMID: 35266837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have received widespread attention nowadays, which have been promoted by the accelerated pace of life, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise in modern society. The chemical medications to improve sleep has shown serious side effects and risks with high costs. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient nutraceuticals from natural sources to ensure sleep quality as a sustainable strategy. As the second most consumed beverage worldwide, the health-promoting effects of tea have long been widely recognized. However, the modulatory effect of teas on sleep disorders has received much less attention. Tea contains various natural sleep-modulating active ingredients such as L-theanine (LTA), caffeine, tea polyphenols (TPP), tea pigments, tea polysaccharides (TPS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review focuses on the potential influence and main regulating mechanisms of different tea active ingredients on sleep, including being absorbed by the small intestine and then cross the blood-brain barrier to act on neurons in the brain as neurotransmitters, manipulating the immune system and further affect sleep-wake cycle by regulating the levels of cytokines, and controlling the gut microbes to maintain the homeostasis of circadian rhythm. Current research progress and limitations are summarized and several future development directions are also proposed. This review hopes to provide new insights into the future elucidation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms of different teas and their natural active ingredients and the development of tea-based functional foods for alleviating sleep disorders. HighlightsNatural sleep-modulating active ingredients in tea have been summarized.Influences of drinking tea or tea active ingredients on sleep are reviewed.Three main regulating mechanisms of tea active ingredients on sleep are explained.The associations among nervous system, immune system and intestinal microbiota are investigated.The potential of developing delivery carriers for tea active ingredients is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Miao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Ma W, Kang X, Liu P, She K, Zhang Y, Lin X, Li B, Chen Z. The NAC-like transcription factor CsNAC7 positively regulates the caffeine biosynthesis-related gene yhNMT1 in Camellia sinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6498065. [PMID: 35031799 PMCID: PMC8788374 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an important functional substance and is abundant in tea plant, but little is known about how its biosynthesis is regulated by transcription factors. In this study, the NAC-like transcription factor-encoding gene CsNAC7, which is involved in caffeine synthesis, was isolated from a Yinghong 9 cDNA library using a yeast one-hybrid assay; this gene comprises 1371 bp nucleotides and is predicted to encode 456 amino acids. The expression of CsNAC7 at the transcriptional level in tea shoots shared a similar pattern with that of the caffeine synthase gene yhNMT1 in the spring and summer, and its expressed protein was localized in the nucleus. Assays of gene activity showed that CsNAC7 has self-activation activity in yeast, that the active region is at the N-terminus, and that the transient expression of CsNAC7 could significantly promote the expression of yhNMT1 in tobacco leaves. In addition, overexpression or silencing of CsNAC7 significantly increased or decreased the expression of yhNMT1 and the accumulation of caffeine in transgenic tea calli, respectively. Our data suggest that the isolated transcription factor CsNAC7 positively regulates the caffeine synthase gene yhNMT1 and promotes caffeine accumulation in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ma
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xin Kang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Kexin She
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Corresponding authors. ,
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Corresponding authors. ,
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Pokharel SS, Shen F, Parajulee MN, Wang Y, Chen F. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on tea quality and insect pests’ occurrences: A review. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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11
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Huang S, Zuo T, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ni W. Improving Albino Tea Quality by Foliar Application of Glycinebetaine as a Green Regulator under Lower Temperature Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1242-1250. [PMID: 33472359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
White leaf No.1 (WL-1) is a low temperature-induced albino tea cultivar, which sticks out from tea plants with rich amino acids. Because harmonization of chloroplast ultrastructure integrity and lower chlorophyll contents during the albinism processes is much crucial for WL-1 production under extreme weather conditions, we carried out a field experiment to investigate the regulating effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) on the chloroplast ultrastructure and quality constituents in young leaves of WL-1 at different albinism stages. The internal structure of chloroplasts degenerated at the albinistic stage, and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those at pre-albinistic and regreening stages. Spraying GB regulated etioplast-chloroplast transition, significantly increased epigallocatechin gallate, theanine, and caffeine contents, and lowered chlorophyll content in albinistic young leaves of WL-1, thus improving its quality in some aspects, maintaining special leaf color, exerting flavor and umami, and improving antioxidant and refreshing effects. Foliar application of GB is an efficient technical measure in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Zhejiang Anji Summit Angeltea Co., Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang313300, China
| | - Yaxiong Zhang
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Anji County, Zhejiang Province, Anji Zhejiang 313300, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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12
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Ma W, Kang X, Liu P, Zhang Y, Lin X, Li B, Chen Z. The analysis of transcription factor CsHB1 effects on caffeine accumulation in tea callus through CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Qin D, Wang Q, Li H, Jiang X, Fang K, Wang Q, Li B, Pan C, Wu H. Identification of key metabolites based on non-targeted metabolomics and chemometrics analyses provides insights into bitterness in Kucha [Camellia kucha (Chang et Wang) Chang]. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Zhang C, Wang M, Chen J, Gao X, Shao C, Lv Z, Jiao H, Xu H, Shen C. Survival strategies based on the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis, for the tea plant [Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze] in long-term drought stress condition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:484-493. [PMID: 33038691 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants are important economic perennial crops that can be negatively impacted by drought stress (DS). However, their survival strategies in long-term DS conditions and the accumulation and influence of metabolites and mineral elements (MEs) in their organs, when facing hydraulic vulnerability segmentation, require further investigation. The MEs and metabolites in the leaf, stem, and root after long-term DS (20 d) were examined here, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The accumulation patterns of 116 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and nine MEs were considerably affected in all organs. The concentration of all MEs varied significantly in at least one organ, while the K and Ca levels were markedly altered in all three. Most DAM levels increased in the stem but decreased in the root and leaf, implying that vulnerability segmentation may occur with long-term DS. The typical nitrogen- and carbon-compound levels similarly increased in the stem and decreased in the leaf and root, as the plant might respond to long-term DS by stabilizing respiration, promoting nitrogen recycling, and free radical scavenging. Correlation analysis showed several possible DAM-ME interactions and an association between Mn and flavonoids. Thus, survival strategies under long-term DS included sacrificing distal/vulnerable organs and accumulating function-specialized metabolites and MEs to mitigate drought-induced oxidative damage. This is the first study that reports substance fluctuations after long-term DS in different organs of plants, and highlights the need to use whole plants to fully comprehend stress response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Minhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xizhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Chenyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhidong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Haizhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Huaqin Xu
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Center of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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15
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Zhou B, Ma C, Zheng C, Xia T, Ma B, Liu X. 3-Methylxanthine production through biodegradation of theobromine by Aspergillus sydowii PT-2. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:269. [PMID: 32854634 PMCID: PMC7453516 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylxanthines, including caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, are natural and synthetic compounds in tea, which could be metabolized by certain kinds of bacteria and fungi. Previous studies confirmed that several microbial isolates from Pu-erh tea could degrade and convert caffeine and theophylline. We speculated that these candidate isolates also could degrade and convert theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation. In this study, seven tea-derived fungal strains were inoculated into various theobromine agar medias and theobromine liquid mediums to assess their capacity in theobromine utilization. Related metabolites with theobromine degradation were detected by using HPLC in the liquid culture to investigate their potential application in the production of 3-methylxanthine. Results Based on theobromine utilization capacity, Aspergillus niger PT-1, Aspergillus sydowii PT-2, Aspergillus ustus PT-6 and Aspergillus tamarii PT-7 have demonstrated the potential for theobromine biodegradation. Particularly, A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 could degrade theobromine significantly (p < 0.05) in all given liquid mediums. 3,7-Dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine, and uric acid were detected in A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 culture, respectively, which confirmed the existence of N-demethylation and oxidation in theobromine catabolism. 3-Methylxanthine was common and main demethylated metabolite of theobromine in the liquid culture. 3-Methylxanthine in A. sydowii PT-2 culture showed a linear relation with initial theobromine concentrations that 177.12 ± 14.06 mg/L 3-methylxanthine was accumulated in TLM-S with 300 mg/L theobromine. Additionally, pH at 5 and metal ion of Fe2+ promoted 3-methylxanthine production significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study is the first to confirm that A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 degrade theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation, respectively. A. sydowii PT-2 showed the potential application in 3-methylxanthine production with theobromine as feedstock through the N-demethylation at N-7 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Zhou
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Cunqiang Ma
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China. .,Kunming Dapu Tea Industry Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
| | - Chengqin Zheng
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Bingsong Ma
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Longrun Pu-erh Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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An Online Tea Fixation State Monitoring Algorithm Based on Image Energy Attention Mechanism and Supervised Clustering (IEAMSC). SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154312. [PMID: 32748859 PMCID: PMC7435818 DOI: 10.3390/s20154312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at the shortcomings of existing fixation algorithms that are image-based only, and an effective tea fixation state monitoring algorithm was proposed. An adaptive filtering algorithm was used to automatically filter the ineffective information. Using the energy extractor, the complete energy information of each fixation image was extracted. The image energy attention mechanism was used to identify the prominent features, and based on these, the energy data was mapped to generate the data points as the training data. The cluster idea was adopted, and the training data feed the features trainer. The trend center data of the tea processing energy clustering was generated from different color channels. The corresponding decision function was designed which is based on the distance of the cluster center. The fixation degree of each monitoring image set was measured by the decision function. The Euclidean distance of the energy clustering center of the three channels with the same fixation time progressively approached. The triangle formed by these three points had a trend of gradually shrinking, which was first discovered by us. The detection results showed high accuracy compared with the common classification algorithms. It indicates that the algorithm proposed has positive guiding and reference significance.
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17
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Isolation, characterization and application of theophylline-degrading Aspergillus fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:72. [PMID: 32192512 PMCID: PMC7082937 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline are main purine alkaloid in tea. Theophylline is the downstream metabolite and it remains at a very low level in Camellia sinensis. In our previous study, Aspergillus sydowii could convert caffeine into theophylline in solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea through N-demethylation. In this study, tea-derived fungi caused theophylline degradation in the solid-state fermentation. The purpose of this study is identify and isolate theophylline-degrading fungi and investigate their application in production of methylxanthines with theophylline as feedstock through microbial conversion. Results Seven tea-derived fungi were collected and identified by ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii associated with solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea have shown ability to degrade theophylline in liquid culture. Particularly, A. ustus and A. tamarii could degrade theophylline highly significantly (p < 0.01). 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine and uric acid were detected consecutively by HPLC in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. The data from absolute quantification analysis suggested that 3-methylxanthine and xanthine were the main degraded metabolites in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. 129.48 ± 5.81 mg/L of 3-methylxanthine and 159.11 ± 10.8 mg/L of xanthine were produced by A. ustus and A. tamarii in 300 mg/L of theophylline liquid medium, respectively. Conclusions For the first time, we confirmed that isolated A. ustus, A. tamarii degrade theophylline through N-demethylation and oxidation. We were able to biologically produce 3-methylxanthine and xanthine efficiently from theophylline through a new microbial synthesis platform with A. ustus and A. tamarii as appropriate starter strains.
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18
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Zhang C, He Q, Wang M, Gao X, Chen J, Shen C. Exogenous indole acetic acid alleviates Cd toxicity in tea (Camellia sinensis). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110090. [PMID: 31874405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, restrains the growth and development of plants and threatens global food safety. Many studies on the alleviation of heavy metal toxicity by exogenous phytohormones have emerged, but reports on tea (Camellia sinensis) are still scarce. In this study, the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) (2 μM and 10 μM) on Cd uptake and on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 'Xiangfeicui' tea cultivar were investigated for the first time. The order of Cd accumulation in tea seedlings was root > stem > mature leaf > tender leaf. Under Cd stress (30 mg kg-1), photosynthetic pigment levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, root vigor, root IAA content, and the levels of most metabolites (including caffeine, soluble sugar, total amino acids, some amino acid components, and most catechins) were significantly reduced, while levels of malondialdehyde, proline, epicatechin, and some amino acids increased. We therefore propose that by reducing Cd accumulation, exogenous IAA can lessen the adverse effects of Cd on the physiology and biochemistry of tea seedlings, promoting the growth of healthier tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Qun He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Minghan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xizhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Li Y, Jeyaraj A, Yu H, Wang Y, Ma Q, Chen X, Sun H, Zhang H, Ding Z, Li X. Metabolic Regulation Profiling of Carbon and Nitrogen in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] in Response to Shading. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:961-974. [PMID: 31910000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light transmission by shading is the most effective method of improving the nutritional value and sensory qualities of tea. In this study, the metabolic profiling of two tea cultivars ("Yulv" and "Maotouzhong") in response to different shading periods during the summer season was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The metabolic pathway analyses showed that the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in the leaves and shoots of "Maotouzhong" were significantly inhibited by long-term shading. The nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of the two cultivars was promoted by short-term shading, while it was inhibited by long-term shading. However, the nitrogen metabolism in the shoots of the two cultivars was always inhibited by shading, whether for short or long-term periods. In addition, the intensity of the flavonoid metabolism in both tea cultivars could be reduced by shading. These results revealed that shading could regulate the carbon and nitrogen metabolism and short-term shading could improve the tea quality to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Hanpu Yu
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
| | - Qingping Ma
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Haiwei Sun
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Tai'an , Shandong 271000 , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Tai'an , Shandong 271000 , China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
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Xia EH, Tong W, Wu Q, Wei S, Zhao J, Zhang ZZ, Wei CL, Wan XC. Tea plant genomics: achievements, challenges and perspectives. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:7. [PMID: 31908810 PMCID: PMC6938499 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is among the world's most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages and possesses enormous economic, health, and cultural values. It is produced from the cured leaves of tea plants, which are important evergreen crops globally cultivated in over 50 countries. Along with recent innovations and advances in biotechnologies, great progress in tea plant genomics and genetics has been achieved, which has facilitated our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea quality and the evolution of the tea plant genome. In this review, we briefly summarize the achievements of the past two decades, which primarily include diverse genome and transcriptome sequencing projects, gene discovery and regulation studies, investigation of the epigenetics and noncoding RNAs, origin and domestication, phylogenetics and germplasm utilization of tea plant as well as newly developed tools/platforms. We also present perspectives and possible challenges for future functional genomic studies that will contribute to the acceleration of breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Shu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Chao-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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21
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Tang GY, Meng X, Gan RY, Zhao CN, Liu Q, Feng YB, Li S, Wei XL, Atanasov AG, Corke H, Li HB. Health Functions and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Tea Components: An Update Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:6196. [PMID: 31817990 PMCID: PMC6941079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is widely consumed all over the world. Generally, tea is divided into six categories: White, green, yellow, oolong, black, and dark teas, based on the fermentation degree. Tea contains abundant phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, free amino acids, and saponins. However, the bioavailability of tea phytochemicals is relatively low. Thus, some novel technologies like nanotechnology have been developed to improve the bioavailability of tea bioactive components and consequently enhance the bioactivity. So far, many studies have demonstrated that tea shows various health functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatory, anticancer, cardiovascular-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hepato-protective effects. Moreover, it is also considered that drinking tea is safe to humans, since reports about the severe adverse effects of tea consumption are rare. In order to provide a better understanding of tea and its health potential, this review summarizes and discusses recent literature on the bioactive components, bioavailability, health functions, and safety issues of tea, with special attention paid to the related molecular mechanisms of tea health functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Cai-Ning Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yi-Bin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
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22
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Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla) induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 cells via ROS generation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108854. [PMID: 32036895 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla), a natural gallocatechin gallate (GCG)-rich and low caffeine-containing tea species, has been recently reported to possess various bioactivities. However, the anti-colon cancer effects of Cocoa tea and its underlying mechanisms remain virtually unknown. This study aimed to assess the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of water extract of Cocoa tea (CWE) on human colon cancer HCT116 cells compared with Yunnan Daye tea (YWE). Primarily, CWE showed stronger anti-proliferation and apoptosis induction than YWE. Moreover, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), up-regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and -3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed, suggesting that mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was activated by CWE. Furthermore, CWE-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells was dependent on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) attenuated the impact of CWE on mitochondria-related apoptosis proteins, and partially recovered the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. These results indicated that ROS generation mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and inactivation of PI3K/Akt pathway in CWE-induced HCT116 cell apoptosis. Additionally, CWE significantly inhibited tumor growth in HCT116 tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that Cocoa tea could act as a potential functional beverage to prevent or treat colorectal cancer.
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Evolutionary engineering and molecular characterization of a caffeine-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:183. [PMID: 31728740 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a naturally occurring alkaloid, where its major consumption occurs with beverages such as coffee, soft drinks and tea. Despite a variety of reports on the effects of caffeine on diverse organisms including yeast, the complex molecular basis of caffeine resistance and response has yet to be understood. In this study, a caffeine-hyperresistant and genetically stable Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant was obtained for the first time by evolutionary engineering, using batch selection in the presence of gradually increased caffeine stress levels and without any mutagenesis of the initial population prior to selection. The selected mutant could resist up to 50 mM caffeine, a level, to our knowledge, that has not been reported for S. cerevisiae so far. The mutant was also resistant to the cell wall-damaging agent lyticase, and it showed cross-resistance against various compounds such as rapamycin, antimycin, coniferyl aldehyde and cycloheximide. Comparative transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the genes involved in the energy conservation and production pathways, and pleiotropic drug resistance were overexpressed. Whole genome re-sequencing identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in only three genes of the caffeine-hyperresistant mutant; PDR1, PDR5 and RIM8, which may play a potential role in caffeine-hyperresistance.
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24
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Guo Y, Zhu C, Zhao S, Zhang S, Wang W, Fu H, Li X, Zhou C, Chen L, Lin Y, Lai Z. De novo transcriptome and phytochemical analyses reveal differentially expressed genes and characteristic secondary metabolites in the original oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivar 'Tieguanyin' compared with cultivar 'Benshan'. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:265. [PMID: 30943892 PMCID: PMC6446291 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The two original plants of the oolong tea cultivar (‘Tieguanyin’) are “Wei shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wei) and “Wang shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wang). Another cultivar, ‘Benshan’ (BS), is similar to TGY in its aroma, taste, and genetic make-up, but it lacks the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. We aimed to identify differences in biochemical characteristics and gene expression among these tea plants. Results The results of spectrophotometric, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang) had deeper purple-colored leaves and higher contents of anthocyanin, catechins, caffeine, and limonene compared with BS. Analyses of transcriptome data revealed 12,420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the cultivars. According to a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the flavonoid, caffeine, and limonene metabolic pathways were highly enriched. The transcript levels of the genes involved in these three metabolic pathways were not significantly different between TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang), except for two unigenes encoding IMPDH and SAMS, which are involved in caffeine metabolism. The comparison of TGY vs. BS revealed eight up-regulated genes (PAL, C4H, CHS, F3’H, F3H, DFR, ANS, and ANR) and two down-regulated genes (FLS and CCR) in flavonoid metabolism, four up-regulated genes (AMPD, IMPDH, SAMS, and 5′-Nase) and one down-regulated XDH gene in caffeine metabolism; and two down-regulated genes (ALDH and HIBADH) in limonene degradation. In addition, the expression levels of the transcription factor (TF) PAP1 were significantly higher in TGY than in BS. Therefore, high accumulation of flavonoids, caffeine, and limonene metabolites and the expression patterns of their related genes in TGY might be beneficial for the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. Conclusions Transcriptomic, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses of TGY (Wei), TGY (Wang), and BS indicated that the expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism and high contents of catechins, anthocyanin, caffeine, and limonene may contribute to the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor in TGY. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and sensory quality, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the unique flavor “Yin Rhyme” in TGY. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Anxi Tea Research Institute, Anxi, 362400, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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25
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Zhu B, Chen LB, Lu M, Zhang J, Han J, Deng WW, Zhang ZZ. Caffeine Content and Related Gene Expression: Novel Insight into Caffeine Metabolism in Camellia Plants Containing Low, Normal, and High Caffeine Concentrations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3400-3411. [PMID: 30830771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a crucial secondary metabolic product in tea plants. Although the presence of caffeine in tea plants has been identified, the molecular mechanisms regulating relevant caffeine metabolism remain unclear. For the elucidation of the caffeine biosynthesis and catabolism in Camellia plants, fresh, germinated leaves from four Camellia plants with low (2), normal (1), and high (1) caffeine concentrations, namely, low-caffeine tea 1 (LCT1, Camellia crassicolumna), low-caffeine tea 2 (LCT2, C. crassicolumna), Shuchazao (SCZ, C. sinensis), and Yunkang 43 (YK43, C. sinensis) were used in this research. Transcriptome and purine alkaloids analyses of these Camellia leaves were performed using RNA-Seq and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Moreover, 15N-caffeine tracing was performed to determine the metabolic fate of caffeine in leaves of these plants. Caffeine content was correlated with related gene expression levels, and a quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis of specific genes showed a consistent tendency with the obtained transcriptomic analysis. On the basis of the results of stable isotope-labeled tracer experiments, we discovered a degradation pathway of caffeine to theobromine. These findings could assist researchers in understanding the caffeine-related mechanisms in Camellia plants containing low, normal, and high caffeine content and be applied to caffeine regulation and breeding improvement in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Lin-Bo Chen
- Tea Research Institute , Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Menghai , Yunnan 666201 , China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jieyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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26
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Gan RY, Zhang D, Wang M, Corke H. Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from the Genus Ilex, a Source of Traditional Caffeinated Beverages. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1682. [PMID: 30400635 PMCID: PMC6265843 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea and coffee are caffeinated beverages commonly consumed around the world in daily life. Tea from Camellia sinensis is widely available and is a good source of caffeine and other bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and carotenoids). Other tea-like beverages, such as those from the genus Ilex, the large-leaved Kudingcha (Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng), Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil), Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria), and Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes) are also traditional drinks, with lesser overall usage, but have attracted much recent attention and have been subjected to further study. This review summarizes the distribution, composition, and health benefits of caffeinated beverages from the genus Ilex. Plants of this genus mainly contain polyphenols and alkaloids, and show diverse health benefits, which, as well as supporting their further popularization as beverages, may also lead to potential applications in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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27
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Li W, Xing F, Ng WL, Zhou Y, Shi X. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Camellia ptilophylla (Theaceae): a natural caffeine-free tea plant endemic to China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:426-427. [PMID: 33474191 PMCID: PMC7799551 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1457996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia ptilophylla is a natural caffeine-free tea plant endemic to China with high commercial and therapeutic values. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome assembled using Illumina pair-end sequencing data. The chloroplast genome was 157,097 bp in length, with a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,631 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,286 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,090 bp each. It contains a total of 132 genes, with an overall GC content of 37.3%. The phylogenetic analysis showed that C. ptilophylla is sister to a congeneric species, C. reticulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Zeindlhofer V, Khlan D, Bica K, Schröder C. Computational analysis of the solvation of coffee ingredients in aqueous ionic liquid mixtures. RSC Adv 2017; 7:3495-3504. [PMID: 28496974 PMCID: PMC5361174 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the solvation of coffee ingredients including caffeine, gallic acid as representative for phenolic compounds and quercetin as representative for flavonoids in aqueous mixtures of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2mim][OAc] at various concentrations. Due to the anisotropy of the solutes we show that classical Kirkwood-Buff theory is not appropriate to study solvation effects with increasing ionic liquid content. However, excess coordination numbers as well as the mean residence time of solvent molecules at the surface of the solutes can be determined by Voronoi tessellation. Since the volume of the hydration shells is also available by this method, solvation free energies will be discussed as a function of the ionic liquid concentration to yield a physical meaningful picture of solvation for the anisotropic solutes. Hydrogen bonding capabilities of the solutes and their relevance for experimental extraction yields from spent coffee grounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zeindlhofer
- University of Vienna , Faculty of Chemistry , Department of Computational Biological Chemistry , Währingerstraße 19 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ; Tel: +43 14277 52711
| | - Diana Khlan
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Katharina Bica
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9/163 , 1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- University of Vienna , Faculty of Chemistry , Department of Computational Biological Chemistry , Währingerstraße 19 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ; Tel: +43 14277 52711
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29
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Li M, Sun Y, Pan SA, Deng WW, Yu O, Zhang Z. Engineering a novel biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for the production of caffeine. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10986e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrated a novel biosynthetic pathway to produce caffeine in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-an Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhengzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
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30
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Gao X, Lin X, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Li B. Cellular antioxidant, methylglyoxal trapping, and anti-inflammatory activities of cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang). Food Funct 2017; 8:2836-2846. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa tea, a naturally low caffeine-containing but GCG-rich tea cultivar, exhibited strong cellular antioxidant, methylglyoxal trapping, and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Gao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
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31
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Xanthine Alkaloids: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Function in Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 105 2017; 105:1-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49712-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Li Y, Chen C, Li Y, Ding Z, Shen J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Xu M. The identification and evaluation of two different color variations of tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4951-4961. [PMID: 27407065 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz, is a perennial woody plant widely cultivated for the production of a popular non-alcoholic beverage. To rapidly identify and evaluate two different color tea varieties (yellowish and purplish), the main phenotypic traits and quality components were tested in the present study. The metabolic profiles of tea shoots and leaves were also analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The yellowish variation had a higher active level with respect to metabolism of catechins, and the contents of luteolin and kaempferol 3-α-d-glucoside were much higher compared to in the other variations. However, the purplish variation had a low content of theanine and a high content of caffeine. The contents of quercetin and kaempferol 3-α-d-galactoside were highest in purplish leaves. Moreover, the yellowish variation had the highest total quality scores for green teas and black teas, whereas the purplish variation had the highest scores for oolong teas. CONCLUSION Both the yellowish variation and the purplish variation represent excellent breeding materials and are worthy of breeding as new tea cultivars. The yellowish variation is more suitable for making high-grade green teas or black teas, whereas the purplish variation is suitable for producing fine quality oolong teas. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Province 355015, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Fruit and Tea Technology Extension Station, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plant, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Kumar A, Chawla V, Sharma E, Mahajan P, Shankar R, Yadav SK. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Chinary, Assamica and Cambod tea (Camellia sinensis) Types during Development and Seasonal Variation using RNA-seq Technology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37244. [PMID: 27853259 PMCID: PMC5112563 DOI: 10.1038/srep37244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea quality and yield is influenced by various factors including developmental tissue, seasonal variation and cultivar type. Here, the molecular basis of these factors was investigated in three tea cultivars namely, Him Sphurti (H), TV23 (T), and UPASI-9 (U) using RNA-seq. Seasonal variation in these cultivars was studied during active (A), mid-dormant (MD), dormant (D) and mid-active (MA) stages in two developmental tissues viz. young and old leaf. Development appears to affect gene expression more than the seasonal variation and cultivar types. Further, detailed transcript and metabolite profiling has identified genes such as F3'H, F3'5'H, FLS, DFR, LAR, ANR and ANS of catechin biosynthesis, while MXMT, SAMS, TCS and XDH of caffeine biosynthesis/catabolism as key regulators during development and seasonal variation among three different tea cultivars. In addition, expression analysis of genes related to phytohormones such as ABA, GA, ethylene and auxin has suggested their role in developmental tissues during seasonal variation in tea cultivars. Moreover, differential expression of genes involved in histone and DNA modification further suggests role of epigenetic mechanism in coordinating global gene expression during developmental and seasonal variation in tea. Our findings provide insights into global transcriptional reprogramming associated with development and seasonal variation in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandna Chawla
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Food and Nutraceutical Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Pallavi Mahajan
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Studio of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali-160071, Punjab, India
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34
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Jin JQ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Ma JQ, Chen L. Natural allelic variations of TCS1 play a crucial role in caffeine biosynthesis of tea plant and its related species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:18-26. [PMID: 26773541 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea caffeine synthase 1 (TCS1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of N-3 and N-1 and considered to be the most critical enzyme in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway of tea plant. This study shows that TCS1 has six types of allelic variations, namely, TCS1a, TCS1b, TCS1c, TCS1d, TCS1e, and TCS1f, with a 252 bp insertion/deletion mutation in the 5'-untranslated region. Among tea plant and its related species, TCS1a is the predominant allele, and TCS1b-f are the rare alleles that mainly appear in few wild germplasms. The full-length cDNA sequences of three new alleles, namely, TCS1d, TCS1e, and TCS1f, were isolated from specific germplasms, and all of recombinant proteins have higher caffeine synthase (CS, EC 2.1.1.160) activity than theobromine synthase (TS, EC 2.1.1.159). Amino acid residue 269 is responsible for the difference in TCS activity and substrate recognition, which was demonstrated by using site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Furthermore, natural variations in TCS1 change the transcription levels. There are two molecular mechanisms controlling the caffeine biosynthesis in low-caffeine-accumulating tea germplasms, i.e., TCS1 allele with low transcription level or its encoded protein with only TS activity. Allelic variations of TCS1 play a crucial role in caffeine biosynthesis. Taken together, our work provides valuable foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of caffeine biosynthesis in section Thea plants and useful guidance for effective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Jin
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
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Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones of Iran. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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36
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Effects of epicatechin gallate (ECG) on fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced steatosis in human liver cell line L02 and 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Determination of quality constituents in the young leaves of albino tea cultivars. Food Chem 2014; 155:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Lin X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Gao X, Luo W, Li B. Interactions among chemical components of Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang), a naturally low caffeine-containing tea species. Food Funct 2014; 5:1175-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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39
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Osmotin-expressing transgenic tea plants have improved stress tolerance and are of higher quality. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:211-23. [PMID: 23982743 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major stress that affects the yield and quality of tea, a widely consumed beverage crop grown in more than 20 countries of the world. Therefore, osmotin gene-expressing transgenic tea plants produced using earlier optimized conditions were evaluated for their tolerance of drought stress and their quality. Improved tolerance of polyethylene glycol-induced water stress and faster recovery from stress were evident in transgenic lines compared with the normal phenotype. Significant improvements in growth under in-vitro conditions were also observed. Besides enhanced reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzyme activity, the transgenic lines contained significantly higher levels of flavan-3-ols and caffeine, key compounds that govern quality and commercial yield of the beverage. The selected transgenic lines have the potential to meet the demands of the tea industry for stress-tolerant plants with higher yield and quality. These traits of the transgenic lines can be effectively maintained for generations because tea is commercially cultivated through vegetative propagation only.
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Tavagnacco L, Schnupf U, Mason PE, Saboungi ML, Cesàro A, Brady JW. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of caffeine aggregation in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10957-66. [PMID: 21812485 DOI: 10.1021/jp2021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on a system of eight independent caffeine molecules in a periodic box of water at 300 K, representing a solution near the solubility limit for caffeine at room temperature, using a newly developed CHARMM-type force field for caffeine in water. Simulations were also conducted for single caffeine molecules in water using two different water models (TIP3P and TIP4P). Water was found to structure in a complex fashion around the planar caffeine molecules, which was not sensitive to the water model used. As expected, extensive aggregation of the caffeine molecules was observed, with the molecules stacking their flat faces against one another like coins, with their methylene groups staggered to avoid steric clashes. A dynamic equilibrum was observed between large n-mers, including stacks with all eight solute molecules, and smaller clusters, with the calculated osmotic coefficient being in acceptable agreement with the experimental value. The insensitivity of the results to water model and the congruence with experimental thermodynamic data suggest that the observed stacking interactions are a realistic representation of the actual association mechanism in aqueous caffeine solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Tavagnacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Mohanpuria P, Kumar V, Ahuja PS, Yadav SK. Producing low-caffeine tea through post-transcriptional silencing of caffeine synthase mRNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:523-34. [PMID: 21562910 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, attempt has been made to produce a selected cultivar of tea with low-caffeine content using RNAi technology. The caffeine biosynthetic pathway in tea has been proposed to involve three N-methyltransferases such as xanthosine methyltransferase, 7-N-methylxanthine methyltransferase and 3, 7-dimethylxanthine methyltransferase. Last two steps of caffeine biosynthesis in tea have been known to be catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme known as caffeine synthase. To suppress the caffeine synthesis in the selected tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] cv. Kangra jat, we isolated a partial fragment of caffeine synthase (CS) from the same cultivar and used to design RNAi construct (pFGC1008-CS). Somatic embryos were transformed with the developed construct using biolistic method. Transformed somatic embryos showed reduction in the levels of CS transcript expression as well as in caffeine content. Plants were regenerated from the transformed somatic embryos. Transgenic plants showed a significant suppression of CS transcript expression and also showed a reduction of 44-61% in caffeine and 46-67% in theobromine contents as compared to the controls. These results suggest that the RNAi construct developed here using a single partial fragment of CS gene reduced the expression of the targeted endogenous gene significantly. However, the reduction in theobromine content in addition to caffeine documented the involvement of this single CS in the catalysis of last two methyl transfer steps in caffeine biosynthesis of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mohanpuria
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, CSIR, Palampur, 176061, HP, India
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Agrobacterium-Mediated Silencing of Caffeine Synthesis through Root Transformation in Camellia sinensis L. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 48:235-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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