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Li Y, Wang X, Guo X, Wei L, Cui H, Wei Q, Cai J, Zhao Z, Dong J, Wang J, Liu J, Xia Z, Hu Z. Rapid screening of the novel bioactive peptides with notable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by UF-LC-MS/MS combined with three-AI-tool from black beans. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130982. [PMID: 38522693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This work aimed to propose a rapid method to screen the bioactive peptides with anti-α-glucosidase activity instead of traditional multiple laborious purification and identification procedures. 242 peptides binding to α-glycosidase were quickly screened and identified by bio-affinity ultrafiltration combined with LC-MS/MS from the double enzymatic hydrolysate of black beans. Top three peptides with notable anti-α-glucosidase activity, NNNPFKF, RADLPGVK and FLKEAFGV were further rapidly screened and ranked by the three artificial intelligence tools (three-AI-tool) BIOPEP database, PeptideRanker and molecular docking from the 242 peptides. Their IC50 values were in order as 4.20 ± 0.11 mg/mL, 2.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 1.32 ± 0.09 mg/mL, which was opposite to AI ranking, for the hydrophobicity index of the peptides was not included in the screening criteria. According to the kinetics, FT-IR, CD and ITC analyses, the binding of the three peptides to α-glucosidase is a spontaneous and irreversible endothermic reaction that results from hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which mainly changes the α-helix structure of α-glucosidase. The peptide-activity can be evaluated vividly by AFM in vitro. In vivo, the screened FLKEAFGV and RADLPGVK can lower blood sugar levels as effectively as acarbose, they are expected to be an alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xumeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lulu Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haichen Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingkai Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Ningxiahong Gouqi Industry Company Limited, Zhongwei 755100, China
| | - Jianfang Dong
- Ningxiahong Gouqi Industry Company Limited, Zhongwei 755100, China
| | - Jiashu Wang
- Ningxiahong Gouqi Industry Company Limited, Zhongwei 755100, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Ningxiahong Gouqi Industry Company Limited, Zhongwei 755100, China
| | - Zikun Xia
- Hanyin County Inspection and Testing Center, China
| | - Zhongqiu Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Shamim T, Asif HM, Abida Ejaz S, Hussain Z, Wani TA, Sumreen L, Abdullah M, Ahmed Z, Iqbal J, Kim SJ, Shah MK. Investigations of Limeum Indicum Plant for Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease Dual Therapy: Phytochemical, GC-MS Chemical Profiling, Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking and In-Vivo Studies. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202301858. [PMID: 38608202 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Limeum indicum has been widely utilized in traditional medicine but no experimental work has been done on this herb. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis and assess the multifunctional capabilities of aforementioned plant in dual therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The phytochemical screening of ethanol, methanol extract, and their derived fractions of Limeum indicum was conducted using GC-MS, HPLC, UV-analysis and FTIR. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH method. The inhibitory potential of the extracts/fractions against α-, β-glucosidase acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoaminine oxidases (MAO-A & B) was evaluated. Results revealed that acetonitrile fraction has highest inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase (IC50=68.47±0.05 μg/mL), methanol extract against β-glucosidase (IC50=91.12±0.07 μg/mL), ethyl acetate fraction against AChE (IC50=59.0±0.02 μg/mL), ethanol extract against BChE (28.41±0.01 μg/mL), n-hexane fraction against MAO-A (IC50=150.5±0.31 μg/mL) and methanol extract for MAO-B (IC50=75.95±0.13 μg/mL). The docking analysis of extracts\fractions suggested the best binding scores within the active pocket of the respective enzymes. During the in-vivo investigation, ethanol extract produced hypoglycemic effect (134.52±2.79 and 119.38±1.40 mg/dl) after 21 days treatment at dose level of 250 and 500 mg/Kg. Histopathological findings further supported the in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Shamim
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Asif
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Center for Advance Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2452, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Sumreen
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Center for Advance Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Song Ja Kim
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, 32588, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Kamal Shah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, 29220, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Aguilar-Ávila DS, Reyes-Becerril M, Velázquez-Carriles CA, Hinojosa-Ventura G, Macías-Rodríguez ME, Angulo C, Silva-Jara JM. Biogenic Ag 2O nanoparticles with "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) extract: characterization and biological capabilities. Biometals 2024:10.1007/s10534-024-00589-y. [PMID: 38409305 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The 'sacred leaf' or "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum Kunth) has a great value for Mexican culture and has gained popularity worldwide for its excellent properties from culinary to remedies. To contribute to its heritage, in this project we proposed the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) using an extract of "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized Ag2O NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (plasmon located at 405 nm), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (particle size diameter of 10 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (particle size diameter of 13.62 ± 4.61 nm), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (functional groups from "Hoja Santa" attached to nanoparticles). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of NPs against a panel of clinically relevant bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7), was over 90% at concentrations of 200 µg/mL. Additionally, we assessed the antibiofilm activity of the NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reaching 98% of biofilm destruction at 800 µg/mL), as biofilm formation plays a crucial role in bacterial resistance and chronic infections. Moreover, we investigated the impact of Ag2O NPs on immune cell viability, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activity to understand their effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Aguilar-Ávila
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Velázquez-Carriles
- Pharmacobiology Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Biological, Synthetic and Materials Engineering Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUTlajomulco, Carretera Tlajomulco - Santa Fé km 3.5, 595, Lomas de Tejeda, 45641, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hinojosa-Ventura
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María E Macías-Rodríguez
- Pharmacobiology Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Silva-Jara
- Pharmacobiology Department, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Royapuram Parthasarathy P, E IV, Shanmugam R. In Vitro Anti-diabetic Activity of Pomegranate Peel Extract-Mediated Strontium Nanoparticles. Cureus 2023; 15:e51356. [PMID: 38292989 PMCID: PMC10824705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated health complications represent a significant public health issue due to its wide prevalence. The primary disadvantages of current oral anti-diabetic drugs are their limited bio-availability and their quick release, which necessitates more frequent dosing. Similar limitations are encountered when using natural products for the management of type 2 diabetes. Consequently, nanoparticles have been developed with the goal of enhancing the physicochemical stability of the drugs, thereby improving their bio-availability. In view of the given background, the present study aimed to explore the efficacy of strontium nanoparticles derived from pomegranate peel extract in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods The aqueous extract of pomegranate peel was prepared using standard protocol and the strontium nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis method using pomegranate peel extract. The prepared aqueous extract of pomegranate peel and the nanoparticles were assessed for their inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes activity by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and p-nitro-phenyl-ɑ-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG) assays, respectively. Results The pomegranate peel-mediated strontium nanoparticles (PP-Sr NPs) and standard acarbose were assessed for their inhibitory effect against diabetic enzymes, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase at different concentrations range of 5-160 μg/ml. The results showed that PP-Sr NPs exhibited a maximum inhibition of 79.28% and 76.17% against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively at the highest concentration of 160 μg/ml. Acarbose showed a maximum inhibition of 88.02% and 84.47% against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively at 160 μg/ml. The inhibitory effect of the PP-Sr NPs and standard acarbose was found to be concentration-dependent. Conclusion From the results, it is concluded that the PP-Sr NPs may be useful for decreasing postprandial glucose levels. Further studies using in vitro cell lines and in vivo diabetic models may substantiate the antidiabetic potential of PP-Sr NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy
- Pharmacology, Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
- Pharmacology, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Ilammaran Varshan E
- Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Pharmacology, Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Wang X, Sun R, Liu R, Liu R, Sui W, Geng J, Zhu Q, Wu T, Zhang M. Sodium alginate-sodium hyaluronate-hydrolyzed silk for microencapsulation and sustained release of kidney tea saponin: The regulation of human intestinal flora in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126117. [PMID: 37541481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney tea saponin (KTS) exhibits considerable efficacy in lowering glucose levels; however, it does not have widespread applications owing to its low intestinal utilization. Therefore, in the present study, we prepared sodium alginate (SA)/sodium hyaluronate (HA)/hydrolyzed silk (SF) gel beads for the effective encapsulation and targeted intestinal release of KTS. The gel beads exhibited an encapsulation rate of 90.67 % ± 0.27 % and a loading capacity of 3.11 ± 0.21 mg/mL; furthermore, the release rate of KTS was 95.46 % ± 0.02 % after 8 h of simulated digestion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the hydroxyl in SA/HA/SF-KTS was shifted toward the strong peak; this was related to KTS encapsulation. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the gel bead space network facilitates KTS encapsulation. In addition, the ability of KTS and the gel beads to inhibit α-amylase (IC50 = 0.93 and 1.37 mg/mL, respectively) and α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 = 1.17 and 0.93 mg/mL, respectively) was investigated. In vitro colonic fermentation experiments revealed that KTS increased the abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and butyric acid-producing bacteria. The study showed that the developed gel-loading system plays a vital role in delivering bioactive substances, achieving slow release, and increasing the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ronghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jieting Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Qiaomei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Food Biotechnology Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Castañeda R, Cáceres A, Cruz SM, Aceituno JA, Marroquín ES, Barrios Sosa AC, Strangman WK, Williamson RT. Nephroprotective plant species used in traditional Mayan Medicine for renal-associated diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 301:115755. [PMID: 36181985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of kidney disease has increased rapidly in recent years and has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Natural products have been suggested as valuable nephroprotective agents due to their multi-target and synergistic effects on modulating important proteins involved in kidney injury. There is a large number of plant species that have been used traditionally for kidney-related conditions in Mesoamerican medicine by different cultural groups that could provide a valuable source of nephroprotective therapeutic candidates and could lead to potential drug discovery. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an overview of the currently known efficacy of plant species used traditionally in Mesoamerica by Mayan groups to treat kidney-related conditions and to analyze the phytochemical, pharmacological, molecular, toxicological, and clinical evidence to contribute to public health efforts and for directing future research. METHODS Primary sources of plant use reports for traditional kidney-related disorders in Mesoamerica were searched systematically from library catalogs, theses, and scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar; and Science Direct), and were filtered according to usage frequency in Mayan groups and plant endemism. The database of traditional plants was further analyzed based on associations with published reports of the phytochemical, pharmacological, molecular, toxicological, and clinical evidence. RESULTS The most reported kidney-related conditions used traditionally in Mayan medicine involve reducing renal damage (a cultural interpretation that considers an inflammatory or infectious condition), cleaning or purifying the blood and kidney, reducing kidney pain, and eliminating kidney stones. A total of 208 plants used for kidney-related problems by 10 Mayan groups were found, representing 143 native species, where only 42 have reported pharmacological activity against kidney damage, mainly approached by in vitro and in vivo models of chemical- or drug-induced nephrotoxicity, diabetes nephropathy, and renal injury produced by hypertension. Nephroprotective effects are mainly mediated by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, fibrosis mechanisms, and apoptosis in the kidney. The most common nephroprotective compounds associated with traditional Mayan medicine were flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. The most widely studied traditional plants in terms of pharmacological evidence, bioactive compounds, and mechanisms of action, are Annona muricata L., Carica papaya L., Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Lantana camara L., Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Tagetes erecta L., and Zea mays L. Most of the plant species with reported pharmacological activity against kidney damage were considered safe in toxicological studies. CONCLUSION Available pharmacological reports suggest that several herbs used in traditional Mayan medicine for renal-associated diseases may have nephroprotective effects and consistent pharmacological evidence, nephroprotective compounds, and mechanisms of action in different models of kidney injury. However, more research is required to fully understand the potential of traditional Mayan medicine in drug discovery given the limited ethnobotanical studies and data available for most species with regards to identification on bioactive components, pharmacological mechanisms, and the scarce number of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Castañeda
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Guatemala.
| | | | - Sully M Cruz
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Guatemala.
| | - J Agustín Aceituno
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Guatemala.
| | - E Sebastián Marroquín
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Guatemala.
| | - Ana C Barrios Sosa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA.
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA.
| | - R Thomas Williamson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA.
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Pacheco-Hernández Y, Villa-Ruano N, Cruz-Duran R, Becerra-Martínez E, Lozoya-Gloria E. 1 H-NMR Metabolomics Profiling and Volatile Content of 'Hoja Santa' (Piper auritum Kunth): A Millenary Edible Plant Consumed in Mexico. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200667. [PMID: 36417317 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Piper auritum Kunth ('Hoja Santa') have been consumed for centuries by native people of central and southern Mexico as a fresh vegetable or condiment. Herein we present the result of the 1 H-NMR metabolomics profiling of three accessions of P. auritum harvested in three different provinces of Mexico (Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Oaxaca). The volatile content associated with the flavoring properties of the plant was also determined by GC/MS. The non-targeted metabolome of these samples revealed that P. auritum is a source of free essential amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan as well as organic acids, free monosaccharides, and valuable nutraceuticals such as trigonelline, Myo-inositol, betaine, and choline. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminated analysis of the metabolites found in P. auritum revealed trigonelline as the main differential compound found in the three studied accessions, suggesting this metabolite as a possible chemical marker. According to these statistical approaches, 60 % of the differential metabolites were provided by Oaxaca samples, suggesting that leaves harvested in this province have better (p<0.05) nutritional properties than the other samples analyzed. Nevertheless, the high abundance of the anti-nutrient safrole (90 %) in the volatile fraction, advises the potential toxicity of P. auritum consumed in Oaxaca. On the other hand, samples harvested in the northern highlands of Puebla, contained the lowest levels of safrole (30 %) and acceptable levels of nutrients and nutraceuticals including choline. From the three groups of studied plants, those harvested in the northern highlands from Puebla, could be considered safer for human consumption than the other analyzed accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nemesio Villa-Ruano
- CONACyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prolongación de la 24 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, México
| | - Ramiro Cruz-Duran
- Facultad de Ciencias UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Del. Coyoacán, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
| | - Elvia Becerra-Martínez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 07738, México
| | - Edmundo Lozoya-Gloria
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-León, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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RUZIEVA D, GULYAMOVA T, NASMETOVA S, MUKHAMMEDOV I, RASULOVA G. Identification of Bioactive Compounds of the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S Inhibiting the Activity of Pancreatic α-Amylase. Turk J Pharm Sci 2022; 19:630-635. [PMID: 36544281 PMCID: PMC9780572 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide increasing problem, associated with development of hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. Decreasing of glucose absorption by inhibition of α-amylase is one of the therapeutic approaches to retard diabetes type 2. Pancreatic α-amylase (PA) inhibition widely studied mechanism for determination of potential of natural compounds as antidiabetic agents. The aim of this work was identification of inhibitory secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus egypticus, isolated from Helianthus tuberosus. Materials and Methods The PA inhibitory activity of the secondary metabolites determined using iodometric method. Isolation of inhibitory compounds was carried out by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results It was found that the inhibitory concentration of a compound, K-10 (Rf : 0.74), isolated from metanolic extract of A. egypticus was 4.82 mg/mL. LC-MS/MS analysis of K-10 showed polymethoxylated flavones (PMF). Conclusion The fungal endophyte A. egypticus-HT166S can be considered a source of PMF as potential agents for developing new PA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilorom RUZIEVA
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,* Address for Correspondence: Phone: +998995341956 E-mail:
| | - Tashkan GULYAMOVA
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Saodat NASMETOVA
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Iqbol MUKHAMMEDOV
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gulchehra RASULOVA
- Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Dlamini BS, Chen C, Shih W, Chen Y, Hsu J, Chang C. Insights into the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition mechanism of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-but-3-en-2-one from Scutellaria barbata D. Don: enzymatic kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy and computational simulation. Med Chem Res. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Li X, Bai Y, Jin Z, Svensson B. Food-derived non-phenolic α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors for controlling starch digestion rate and guiding diabetes-friendly recipes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jiménez-durán A, Barrera-cortés J, Lina-garcía LP, Santillan R, Soto-hernández RM, Ramos-valdivia AC, Ponce-noyola T, Ríos-leal E. Biological Activity of Phytochemicals from Agricultural Wastes and Weeds on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sustainability 2021; 13:13896. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect pest native to America. Due to its capacity for adaptation and migration, it is currently located in Africa, Asia, and Oceania, where it threatens agricultural crops. The ability of S. frugiperda to develop resistance to insecticides is one of the reasons for the continuous search for more effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly control products. In the present work, the insecticidal activity of ethanolic and hexane extracts obtained from fresh and dehydrated leaves of Piper auritum Kunth (Piperales: Piperaceae), Piper umbellatum L. (Piperales: Piperaceae), and Cedrela odorata L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae) was studied against first instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The ethanolic extracts of the dehydrated leaves of C. odorata and P. auritum presented insecticidal activity as high (100% mortality at a concentration of 92 mg/cm2) as that obtained with the positive control, Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae). The GC-MS analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of phytochemicals classified mainly into the groups of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenylpropanoids, alcohols, and fatty acids. P. auritum grows and propagates rapidly. In addition, due to its low toxicity in mammals and non-target insects, it is a plant with the potential to be used as a botanical insecticide. The exposure of S. frugiperda larvae to low concentrations of ethanolic extract of P. auritum allowed us to observe their biological activity in the development of this insect. The LC50 was 22.1 mg/cm2. At sublethal concentrations (LC21 and LC35) the low fertility of the emerging adults was noticeable.
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Sharma R, Verma S, Kumar D. Polyphenolics and therapeutic insights in different tissues extract and fractions of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Kangra Tea). FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Le Doux Kamto E, Noté OP, Kinyok MJ, Wilhelm A, Mbing JN, Antheaume C, de Théodore Atchadé A, Pegnyemb DE, Ndinteh DT, Haddad M, Bonnet SL. Glycosides of polygalacic acid from the stem barks of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108374. [PMID: 34153825 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a continuation of our study on constituents of P. guineense now focusing on the search for saponins, phytochemical investigation of the n-BuOH fraction of P. guineense stem bark led to the isolation of three previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins, named guineenosides A─C (1─3). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY and HMBC) and HRESIMS experiments, and by chemical evidence as 3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 4)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-fucopyranosyl} polygalacic acid 28-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 4)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-fucopyranosyl} polygalacic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl ester (2), and 3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-fucopyranosyl} polygalacic acid 28-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl ester (3). This is the first report of triterpenoid saponins from P. guineense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eutrophe Le Doux Kamto
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Olivier Placide Noté
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France.
| | - Mc Jesus Kinyok
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Anke Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Joséphine Ngo Mbing
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyril Antheaume
- Institut de Science et D'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire, Laboratoire de Chimie Supra Moléculaire (Prof. Lehn), 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alex de Théodore Atchadé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Emmanuel Pegnyemb
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
| | - Susan L Bonnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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Salleh WMNHW. A systematic review of botany, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of " Hoja sant a" ( Piper auritum Kunth). Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:93-102. [PMID: 32960783 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hoja santa (Piper auritum) refers to an important presence in Mexican cuisine. The information of this review article was gathered from several electronic sources such as Scopus, Medline, Scielo, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Lilacs. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of benzoic acid derivatives, phenylpropanoids and triterpenoids, while the essential oils have shown its richness in safrole, hence it has several activities, such as antioxidant, toxicity, insecticidal, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic properties. This review is expected to draw the attention of medical professionals and the general public towards P. auritum as well as to open the door for detailed research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI), 35900Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
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Kaur R, Tiwari A, Manish M, Maurya IK, Bhatnagar R, Singh S. Common garlic (Allium sativum L.) has potent Anti-Bacillus anthracis activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 264:113230. [PMID: 32853741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, remains an important but relatively neglected endemic disease of animals and humans in remote areas of the Indian subcontinent and some parts of Africa. Its initial symptoms include diarrhea and stomachache. In the current study, several common plants indicated for diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache or as stomachic as per traditional knowledge in the Indian subcontinent, i.e., Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael), Allium cepa L. (Onion), Allium sativum L. (Garlic), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem), Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. (Daruharidra), Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander), Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass), Mangifera indica L. (Mango), Morus indica L. (Black mulberry), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Ocimum sanctum L., Holy Basil), Ocimum gratissimum L. (Ram Tulsi), Psidium guajava L. (Guava), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger), were evaluated for their anti-Bacillus anthracis property. The usage of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Curcuma longa L. by Santals (India), and Allium sp. by biblical people to alleviate anthrax-like symptoms is well documented, but the usage of other plants is traditionally only indicated for different gastrointestinal disturbances/conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluate the above listed commonly available edible plants from the Indian subcontinent that are used in the traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases including those also indicated for anthrax-like symptoms for the presence of potent anti-B. anthracis activity in a form amenable to use by the general population in the endemic areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extracts made from fourteen plants indicated above were screened for their anti-B. anthracis activity using agar-well diffusion assay (AWDA) and broth microdilution methods. The Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) that displayed most potent anti-B. anthracis activity was assessed for its thermostability, stability under pH extremes encountered in the gastrointestinal tract, and potential antagonistic interaction with bile salts as well as the FDA-approved antibiotics used for anthrax control. The bioactive fractions from the AGE were isolated by TLC coupled bioautography followed by their characterization using GC-MS. RESULTS Garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract was identified as the most promising candidate with bactericidal activity against B. anthracis. It consistently inhibited the growth of B. anthracis in AWDA and decreased the viable colony-forming unit counts in liquid-broth cultures by 6-logs within 6-12 h. The AGE displayed acceptable thermostability (>80% anti-B. anthracis activity retained on incubation at 50 °C for 12 h) and stability in gastric pH range (2-8). It did not antagonize the activity of FDA-approved antibiotics used for anthrax control. GC-MS analysis of the TLC separated bioactive fractions of AGE indicated the presence of previously unreported constituents such as phthalic acid derivatives, acid esters, phenyl group-containing compounds, steroids etc. CONCLUSION: The Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) displayed potent anti-B. anthracis activity. It was better than that displayed by Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) and Mangifera indica L., while Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) did not show any activity under the assay conditions used. Further work should be undertaken to explore the possible application of AGE in preventing anthrax incidences in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Atul Tiwari
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Manish Manish
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Indresh K Maurya
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Samer Singh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Liu G, Zheng J, Wu X, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Wang J. Effects of saccharicterpenin on antioxidant status and urinary metabolic profile of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:191-195. [PMID: 31193876 PMCID: PMC6544573 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Saccharicterpenin is a new green additive agent that is derived from the extract of Theaceae plants and has the ability to improve immunity and meat quality, increase the digestive enzyme activity, and enhance the intestinal development and growth of animals. However, the antioxidant status and systematic changes in metabolic biochemistry associated with saccharicterpenin supplementation in animals are still unknown. This study examined the effects of saccharicterpenin on the antioxidant status and urinary metabolic profile of rats. Sixteen rats were randomly distributed to 2 groups. One group was treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of saccharicterpenin, and the other group was treated with equal amount of saline. Results revealed that saccharicterpenin significantly increased the capacities of anti-hydroxyl radical (13.18%) and anti-superoxide anion (14.36%), the total antioxidant capacity (48.27%), and the activities of total superoxide dismutase (3.68%), catalase (21.52%), glutathione peroxidase (5.83%) and glutathione S-transferase (29.59%) (P < 0.05). By contrast, the contents of malondialdehyde and glutathione were not significantly affected by saccharicterpenin (P > 0.05). Saccharicterpenin supplementation significantly increased the urinary levels of bile acids, ethanol, α-ketoglutarate, and α-hydroxybutyrate but decreased the level of N-acetylglutamate (P < 0.05). In summary, saccharicterpenin can enhance the antioxidant capacity and modulate the metabolism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianjian Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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