1
|
Kang H, Choi Y, Kim H, Kim H, Jeong H. Sambou Bamboo salt™ down-regulates the expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in activated human mast cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1697-1705. [PMID: 38623440 PMCID: PMC11016022 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have a detrimental impact on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Sambou Bamboo salt™ (BS) suppresses mast cell-mediated inflammatory response and enhances immunity. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of BS on expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2) in human mast cell line (HMC)-1 cells. BS resulted in significant reductions in expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in activated HMC-1 cells. Levels of tryptase were reduced by BS. In addition, BS blocked activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in activated HMC-1 cells. Therefore, these results show that BS reduces levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and tryptase by inhibiting AP-1/JNK/p38/PI3K signaling pathways in mast cells. These findings can serve as valuable foundational data for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho‑Geun Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu‑Jin Choi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‑Yun Kim
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung‑Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Korea
| | - Hyun‑Ja Jeong
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
- BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-Ro, 79 Beon-Gil, Baebang-Eup, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HY, Jeong KM, Kim SH, Choi YJ, Kang HG, Jung H, Min K, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Modulating effect of Eunkyo-san on expression of inflammatory cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in human mast cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:195-208. [PMID: 38228999 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Eunkyo-san is widely used in the treatment of severe respiratory infections. Mast cells not only serve as host cells for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also they also exacerbate Coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) by causing a cytokine storm. Here we investigated whether Eunkyo-san and its active compound naringenin regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and factors connected to viral infection in activated human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. Eunkyo-san and naringenin significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and tumor necrosis factor-α without impacting cytotoxicity. Eunkyo-san and naringenin reduced levels of factors connected to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 receptor), transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2, and tryptase in activated HMC-1 cells. Treatment with Eunkyo-san and naringenin considerably reduced expression levels of ACE2 transcription factor, AP-1 (C-JUN and C-FOS) by blocking phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases signaling pathways. In addition, Eunkyo-san and naringenin effectively suppressed activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and activation of caspase-1 in activated HMC-1 cells. Furthermore, Eunkyo-san and naringenin reduced expression of ACE2 mRNA in two activated mast cell lines, RBL-2H3 and IC-2 cells. The overall study findings showed that Eunkyo-san diminished the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and ACE2, and these findings imply that Eunkyo-san is able to effectively mitigating the cytokine storm brought on by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Jeong
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Kim
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanchul Jung
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwon Min
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HY, Kang HG, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by activating protein-1 in human mast cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 386:104705. [PMID: 36898276 PMCID: PMC9985914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection activates mast cells and induces a cytokine storm, leading to severe Coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 employs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for cell entry. In the present study, the expression of ACE2 and its mechanism in activated mast cells were studied utilizing the human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells and it was elucidated whether dexamethasone used as a treatment for COVID-19 could regulate ACE2 expression. Here we documented for the first time that levels of ACE2 were increased by stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187 (PMACI) in HMC-1 cells. Increased levels of ACE2 were significantly diminished by treatment with Wortmannin, SP600125, SB203580, PD98059, or SR11302. The expression of ACE2 was most significantly reduced by the activating protein (AP)-1 inhibitor SR11302. PMACI stimulation enhanced the expression of the transcription factor AP-1 for ACE2. In addition, levels of transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2) and tryptase were increased in PMACI-stimulated HMC-1 cells. However, dexamethasone significantly lowered levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and tryptase generated by PMACI. Treatment with dexamethasone also reduced activation of signaling molecules linked to ACE2 expression. According to these findings, levels of ACE2 were up-regulated through activation of AP-1 in mast cells, suggesting that suppressing ACE2 levels in mast cells would be a therapeutic approach to lessen the harm caused by COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Kang
- Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Convergence System, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|