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Borgnis F, Baglio F, Pedroli E, Rossetto F, Uccellatore L, Oliveira JAG, Riva G, Cipresso P. Available Virtual Reality-Based Tools for Executive Functions: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:833136. [PMID: 35478738 PMCID: PMC9036486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Executive dysfunctions constitute a significant public health problem: their high impact on everyday life makes it a priority to identify early strategies for evaluating and rehabilitating these disorders in a real-life context. The ecological limitation of traditional neuropsychological tests and several difficulties in administering tests or training in real-life scenarios have paved the way to use Virtual Reality-based tools to evaluate and rehabilitate Executive Functions (EFs) in real-life. Objective This work aims to conduct a systematic review to provide a detailed description of the VR-based tools currently developed for the evaluation and rehabilitation of EFs. Methods We systematically searched for original manuscripts regarding VR tools and EFs by looking for titles and abstracts in the PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases up to November 2021 that contained the following keywords “Virtual Reality” AND “Executive function*.” Results and Conclusion We analyzed 301 articles, of which 100 were included. Our work shows that available VR-based tools appear promising solutions for an ecological assessment and treatment of EFs in healthy subjects and several clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgnis
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Uccellatore
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Cipresso
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Realdon O, Serino S, Savazzi F, Rossetto F, Cipresso P, Parsons TD, Cappellini G, Mantovani F, Mendozzi L, Nemni R, Riva G, Baglio F. An ecological measure to screen executive functioning in MS: the Picture Interpretation Test (PIT) 360°. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5690. [PMID: 30952936 PMCID: PMC6450934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are crucial for performance of everyday activities. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), executive dysfunctions can be apparent from the early onset of the disease. Technology-based time-efficient and resource-saving tools for early evaluation of executive functions using an ecological approach are needed to assess functional performance in real-life. The aim was to compare the efficiency of the Picture Interpretation Test 360° (PIT 360°) with traditional measures on executive dysfunction in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) and Healthy Controls (HC). Participants were 31 patients with Relapsing-Remitting MS (mean age = 44.323 ± 13.149; mean Expanded Disability Status Scale = 2) and 39 HC (mean age = 39.538 ± 15.728). All were tested with standard neuropsychological tests of executive functions, PIT 360°, and measures of user experience. While standard neuropsychological tests failed to differentiate between PwMS and HC group, the PIT 360° was successful in detecting executive dysfunction in PwMS. All participants reported the PIT 360° to be an engaging tool and endorsed positive reactions to their experience. Overall, the PIT 360° is a quick, sensitive, and ecological tool that captures real-world executive dysfunction in PwMS. This engaging measure is sensitive for the detection of executive deficits since the early phases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Realdon
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Human Sciences for Education, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Psychology, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LAB, via Magnasco 2, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Savazzi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Neurorehabilitation Unit and Imaging in Rehabilitation LAB, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Rossetto
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Neurorehabilitation Unit and Imaging in Rehabilitation LAB, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Psychology, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LAB, via Magnasco 2, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas D Parsons
- University of North Texas, Computational Neuropsychology and Simulation Laboratory, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, Texas, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Giacomo Cappellini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Mantovani
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Human Sciences for Education, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mendozzi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Psychology, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LAB, via Magnasco 2, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baglio
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Neurorehabilitation Unit and Imaging in Rehabilitation LAB, Via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
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Serino S, Repetto C. New Trends in Episodic Memory Assessment: Immersive 360° Ecological Videos. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1878. [PMID: 30333780 PMCID: PMC6176050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How best to measure memory in a reliable and valid way has been intensely debated in neuropsychological literature. Specifically, classical neuropsychological tests often fail to predict real-life performance or capture the multifaceted nature of memory function. To solve these issues, there has been a growing emphasis on the use of more ecological memory assessment. In this scenario, several virtual reality based tools have been developed to evaluate memory function. The aim of the current perspective is to discuss critically the possibilities offered for episodic memory assessment by one of the most innovative trends in the technology field, i.e., 360° videos. Immersivity, egocentric view and realism appear to be crucial features of 360° videos enabling them to enhance the ecological validity of classical assessment tools of memory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serino
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Repetto
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Picture Interpretation Test (PIT) 360°: An Innovative Measure of Executive Functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16000. [PMID: 29167494 PMCID: PMC5700040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of executive functions poses researchers with several challenges related to both the complexity of the construct of executive functions itself and/or the methodological difficulties related to its evaluation. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate a 360° version of an ecologically valid assessment called the Picture Interpretation Test (PIT). Participants included 19 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 19 healthy controls. All participants endorsed globally positive experiences of the PIT 360°. Furthermore, findings indicated that patients with PD took longer to correctly interpret the PIT 360° scene and tended to significantly focus on details of the 360° scene instead of the most informative elements. The time needed for a correct interpretation of the presented scene also correlated significantly with performance in conventional paper and pencil tests of executive functions for patients with PD. Classification analysis indicated the potential of the PIT 360° for distinguishing between patients with PD and healthy controls. Overall, these data provide preliminary evidence in support of the PIT 360° for evaluating executive functions.
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