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Tomazin R, Pliberšek T, Oštrbenk Valenčak A, Matos T. Different BD BACTEC ™ Blood Culture Bottle Types for the Detection of Fungi in Simulated Sterile Body Fluid Samples. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101699. [PMID: 37238183 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood culture systems are a potential alternative to classical cultivation of fungi on mycological media, but there are limited data on the suitability of these systems for culturing other sample types (e.g., sterile body fluids). We conducted a prospective study to evaluate different types of blood culture (BC) bottles for the detection of different fungal species in non-blood samples. A total of 43 fungal isolates were tested for their ability to grow in BD BACTEC Mycosis-IC/F (Mycosis bottles), BD BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F (Aerobic bottles) and BD BACTEC Plus Anaerobic/F (Anaerobic bottles) (Becton Dickinson, East Rutherford, NJ, USA) BC bottles inoculated with spiked samples without the addition of blood or fastidious organism supplement. Time to detection (TTD) was determined for all BC types tested and compared between groups. In general, Mycosis and Aerobic bottles were similar (p > 0.05). The Anaerobic bottles failed to support growth in >86% of cases. The Mycosis bottles were superior in detecting Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus spp. and Aspergillus spp. (p < 0.05). The performance of Mycosis and Aerobic bottles was similar, but if cryptococcosis or aspergillosis is suspected, the use of Mycosis bottles is recommended. Anaerobic bottles are not recommended for fungal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Tomazin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anja Oštrbenk Valenčak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Matos
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Agudelo Higuita NI, Varela Bustillo D, Denning DW. Burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras. Mycoses 2022; 65:429-439. [PMID: 35165955 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown. The diagnosis of fungal diseases relies on almost exclusively on microscopy and culture limiting an accurate estimate of the burden of disease. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the study was to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras using previously described methods. METHODS National and international demographic data on population, HIV, tuberculosis, asthma, COPD and cancer were obtained. A thorough literature search was done for all epidemiological studies and case series of serious fungal diseases. Using these risk populations and whatever incidence and prevalence could be found that was most pertinent to Honduras, a burden estimate was derived. RESULTS The estimated number of serious fungal infection was estimated to be between 178,772 and 179,624 with nearly 2300 cases of these representing opportunistic infections in people living with HIV. The incidence of histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in people living with HIV is high and estimated to be 4.3 and 4.6 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Approximately 12,247-13,099 cases of aspergillosis and 164,227 of other serious fungal infections were estimated to occur each year. CONCLUSION An accurate estimate of the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown but based on our results, likely significant. Serious fungal infections represent an important public health problem in Honduras affecting approximately 1.8% of the population. There is a clear need for better access to diagnostic tools and antifungals to conduct research to better understand the impact of fungal diseases in Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Diana Varela Bustillo
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - David W Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Sero-Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Infection among Infants, Children, and Adults in Chile. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020136. [PMID: 35205890 PMCID: PMC8880143 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous serologic surveys show >80% of infants in Chile have anti-Pneumocystis antibodies by 2 years of age, but the seroepidemiology of Pneumocystis infection beyond infancy is unknown. We describe the sero-epidemiology in infants, children, and adults at different locations in Chile. Serum samples were prospectively obtained from 681 healthy adults (age ≥ 17 years) and 690 non-immunocompromised infants/children attending eight blood banks or outpatient clinics (2 in Santiago) in Chile. ELISA was used to measure serum IgM and IgG antibodies to Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface antigen (Msg) constructs MsgA and MsgC1. Serologic responses to Pneumocystis Msg showed a high frequency of reactivity, inferring infection. Among infants/children increasing age and the proportion with detectable IgM responses to MsgA, and IgG responses to MsgA, and MsgC1 were positively associated. Among adults there was almost universal seropositivity to one or more Pneumocystis Msg constructs. In infants and children rates of detectable IgM responses to MsgC1 and MsgA were greater than IgG responses. In Santiago, rates of seropositivity among infants/children were greater in clinics located in a more socio-economically deprived part of the city. In Chile, a serological response to Pneumocystis Msg constructs was common across ages regardless of geographical location and climatic conditions. Observed higher rates of IgM responses than IgG responses is consistent with concept of recent/ongoing exposure to Pneumocystis in children and adults. Higher rates of seropositivity in infants/children residing in more densely populated areas of Santiago infers crowding poses an increased risk of transmission.
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Medina N, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Aguirre L, Salazar LR, Gamboa O, Bonilla O, Pérez JC, Arathoon E, Denning DW, Alastruey-Izquierdo A. Incidence of Histoplasmosis in a Cohort of People with HIV: From Estimations to Reality. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122596. [PMID: 34946197 PMCID: PMC8703839 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among people with HIV, histoplasmosis represents an important cause of mortality. Previous studies provided estimates of the disease incidence. Here, we compared those estimates with the results obtained from a screening program implemented in Guatemala, which included histoplasmosis detection for people with HIV. To compare the results of this program with previous estimations, a literature search was performed and reports concerning histoplasmosis incidence were analyzed. The screening program enrolled 6366 patients. The overall histoplasmosis incidence in the screening program was 7.4%, which was almost double that estimated in previous studies. From 2017 to 2019, the screening program showed an upward trend in histoplasmosis cases from 6.5% to 8.8%. Histoplasmosis overall mortality among those who were newly HIV diagnosed showed a decrease at 180 days from 32.8% in 2017 to 21.2% in 2019. The screening approach using rapid diagnostic assays detects histoplasmosis cases more quickly, allowing a specific treatment to be administered, which decreases the mortality of the disease. Therefore, the use of these new techniques, especially in endemic areas of histoplasmosis, must be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narda Medina
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (N.M.); (L.A.); (L.R.S.); (O.G.); (E.A.)
| | | | - Luis Aguirre
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (N.M.); (L.A.); (L.R.S.); (O.G.); (E.A.)
| | - Luis R. Salazar
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (N.M.); (L.A.); (L.R.S.); (O.G.); (E.A.)
| | - Osmar Gamboa
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (N.M.); (L.A.); (L.R.S.); (O.G.); (E.A.)
| | - Oscar Bonilla
- Clínica Familiar “Luis Ángel García”, Hospital General San Juan de Dios, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (O.B.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Juan C. Pérez
- Clínica Familiar “Luis Ángel García”, Hospital General San Juan de Dios, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (O.B.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Eduardo Arathoon
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (N.M.); (L.A.); (L.R.S.); (O.G.); (E.A.)
- Clínica Familiar “Luis Ángel García”, Hospital General San Juan de Dios, Guatemala City 01001, Guatemala; (O.B.); (J.C.P.)
| | - David W. Denning
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 01564 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.L.R.-T.); (D.W.D.)
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 01564 Geneva, Switzerland; (J.L.R.-T.); (D.W.D.)
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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A Rapid Screening Program for Histoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, and Cryptococcosis Reduces Mortality in HIV Patients from Guatemala. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040268. [PMID: 33916153 PMCID: PMC8065950 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections (OIs) and advanced HIV disease (AHD) contribute to HIV-related mortality. Here, we analyzed the situation of AHD and OIs in a cohort of newly diagnosed HIV patients from Guatemala. We included 2127 adult patients from 13 facilities across the country during 2017 to 2018. Patients were screened for tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), histoplasmosis, and cryptococcal disease, independently of their CD4 cell count. Of the 2127 enrolled patients, 1682 (79.1%) had a CD4 cell count available; of which 52% presented with AHD. Of the Mayan population, 65% had AHD. The overall OI incidence was 21%. Histoplasmosis was the most frequent OI (7.9%), followed by TB (7.1%); 94.4% of these infections occurred in patients with a CD4 < 350 cells/mm3. Mortality at 180 days was significantly higher in those with OIs than without OIs (29.7% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.0001). In one year, this program decreased the OI mortality by 7% and increased the OI treatment by 5.1%. Early OI diagnosis and appropriate therapy reduced OI mortality among newly diagnosed HIV patients in Guatemala. Screening for OIs should be considered in all newly diagnosed HIV patients who have a CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm3 or those without a CD4 cell count available. To improve results, interventions such as early HIV detection and access to flucytosine and liposomal amphotericin B are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Heller
- From the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - R Gilberto Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Brian L Edlow
- From the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Kevin L Ard
- From the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Tasos Gogakos
- From the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (H.M.H., K.L.A.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Neurology (B.L.E.), and Pathology (T.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Tirado-Sánchez A, González GM, Bonifaz A. Endemic mycoses: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1105-1117. [PMID: 32620065 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global frequency of endemic mycoses has considerably increased, mainly due to environmental changes, population growth in endemic areas, and the increase in HIV-related immunosuppressed status. Among the most frequent endemic mycoses are coccidioidomycosis in semi-desert climates, and paracoccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis in tropical climates. The inoculum can enter the host through the airway or directly through the skin. Lymphatic and hematogenous spread may involve the skin. AREAS COVERED In this article, we provide up-to-date epidemiological and diagnostic data on major (histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis) and minor (talaromycosis, adiaspiromycosis, emergomycosis) endemic mycoses. EXPERT OPINION Endemic mycoses include diseases with a localized endemic area, and a few of them converge. These mycoses all have in common the airway involvement and can cause pulmonary symptoms following initial asymptomatic infection. Among the risk groups to acquire these mycoses are travelers from endemic areas, archeologists, speleologists, and immigrants. Promising and useful diagnostic tools have been developed in endemic mycoses; however, most of them are not standardized or available in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tirado-Sánchez
- Dermatology Service, Hospital General De México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" , Mexico City, CP, Mexico.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General De Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social ., Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento De Microbiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León , San Nicolas De Los Garza, Mexico
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Dermatology Service, Hospital General De México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" , Mexico City, CP, Mexico.,Mycology Department, Hospital General De México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" , Mexico City, CP, Mexico
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Frequency of Invasive Fungal Disease in Adults: Experience of a Specialized Laboratory in Medellín, Colombia (2009-2015). J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010039. [PMID: 32244949 PMCID: PMC7151061 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality, but their frequency is not well-described in some countries. The present work describes the frequency of IFD in a specialized laboratory in Colombia. A retrospective, descriptive study was implemented between March 2009 and December 2015. Results: 13,071 patients with clinical suspicion of IFD were referred during the study period, from which 33,516 biological samples were processed and analyzed using 14 laboratory methods. Diagnosis was confirmed in 1425 patients (11%), distributed according to the mycoses of interest analyzed here: histoplasmosis in 641/11,756 patients (6%), aspergillosis in 331/10,985 patients (3%), cryptococcosis in 239/8172 patients (3%), pneumocystosis in 111/1651 patients (7%), paracoccidioidomycosis in 60/10,178 patients (0.6%), and invasive candidiasis in 48/7525 patients (0.6%). From the first year of the study period to the last year, there was a 53% increase in the number of cases of IFD diagnosed. Our laboratory experienced a high frequency of IFD diagnosis, possibly attributable to the availability of a greater range of diagnostic tools. Frequency of IFD in this study was atypical compared with other studies, probably as a result of the single laboratory-site analysis. This demonstrates that implementing educational strategies helps to create a high index of clinical suspicion, while the availability and utilization of appropriate diagnostic assays assure greater reliability in identification of these cases.
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Baker J, Setianingrum F, Wahyuningsih R, Denning DW. Mapping histoplasmosis in South East Asia - implications for diagnosis in AIDS. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1139-1145. [PMID: 31364950 PMCID: PMC6711083 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1644539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is often lethal in patients with AIDS. Urine antigen testing is highly sensitive and much quicker for diagnosis than culture. Histoplasmosis has a patchy and incompletely appreciated distribution around the world especially in South East Asia. We conducted a systematic literature review of cases of all disease forms of histoplasmosis in SE Asia, not including the Indian sub-continent. We also reviewed all histoplasmin skin test mapping studies to determine localities of exposure. We found a total of 407 cases contracted or likely to have been contracted in SE Asia. Numbers of cases by country varied: Thailand (233), Malaysia (76), Indonesia (48) and Singapore (21), with few or no cases reported in other countries. Most cases (255 (63%)) were disseminated histoplasmosis and 177 (43%) cases were HIV associated. Areas of high histoplasmin skin test sensitivity prevalence were found in Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam - 86.4%, 26.0%, 63.6%, 36.0% and 33.7%, respectively. We have drawn maps of these data. Further study is required to ascertain the extent of histoplasmosis within SE Asia. Diagnostic capability for patients with HIV infection is urgently required in SE Asia, to reduce mortality and mis-diagnosis as tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Baker
- a The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Service Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Findra Setianingrum
- a The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Service Centre , Manchester , UK.,b Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - Retno Wahyuningsih
- b Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta , Indonesia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia , Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - David W Denning
- a The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Service Centre , Manchester , UK.,d The National Aspergillosis Centre, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , UK
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Choudhury AK, Mishra AK, Gautam DK, Tilak R, Tilak V, Gambhir IS, Chakrabarti SS. Case Report: Histoplasmosis Accompanying Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Adolescent Boy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 102:352-354. [PMID: 31769387 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of tuberculosis in India is quite high. In such a situation, empirical antitubercular therapy (ATT) is often resorted to, when some of the investigation findings are clearly diagnostic of tuberculosis. This may mean missing out on coinfections. Whereas this is particularly true for immunosuppressed patients, rarely even immunocompetent patients may present with such diagnostic dilemmas. We present the case of an adolescent boy who had been previously asymptomatic and who presented with fever with lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Initially, ATT was administered based on the detection of acid-fast bacteria in lymph node, caseating granulomas with Langhans giant cells, and a positive cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, when the patient failed to respond fully to the treatment, additional investigation in the form of bone marrow fungal culture led to the diagnosis of histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kumar Choudhury
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Mishra
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Gautam
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ragini Tilak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vijai Tilak
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Indrajeet Singh Gambhir
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Previously Department of General Medicine), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Previously Department of General Medicine), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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del Rocío Reyes-Montes M, Duarte-Escalante E, Guadalupe Frías-De-León M, Obed Martínez-Herrera E, Acosta-Altamirano G. Molecular Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis. Mol Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Caceres DH, Valdes A. Histoplasmosis and Tuberculosis Co-Occurrence in People with Advanced HIV. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5030073. [PMID: 31404979 PMCID: PMC6787747 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between histoplasmosis, tuberculosis (TB), and co-occurrence of disease is a frequent dilemma for clinical staff treating people with advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This problem is most frequently observed in clinical settings in countries where both diseases are endemic. It is also a challenge outside these endemic countries in HIV clinics that take care of patients coming from countries with endemic histoplasmosis and TB. The gold standard for diagnosis of both of these diseases is based on conventional laboratory tests (culture, histopathology and special stains). These tests have several limitations, such as lack of laboratory infrastructure for handling isolates (biosafety level 3), shortage of laboratory staff who have appropriate training and experience, variable analytical performance of tests and long turn-around time. Recently, novel rapid assays for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis and TB became available. However, this technology is not yet widely used. Mortality in immunocompromised patients, such as people with advanced HIV, is directly linked with the ability to rapidly diagnose opportunistic diseases. The aim of this review is to synthesize the main aspects of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of histoplasmosis/TB co-occurrence in people with advanced HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego H Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, 11011 Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Audrey Valdes
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana.
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Nacher M, Leitao TS, Gómez BL, Couppié P, Adenis A, Damasceno L, Demar M, Samayoa B, Cáceres DH, Pradinaud R, Sousa ADQ, Arathoon E, Restrepo A. The Fight against HIV-Associated Disseminated Histoplasmosis in the Americas: Unfolding the Different Stories of Four Centers. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020051. [PMID: 31212897 PMCID: PMC6617033 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated histoplasmosis is a major opportunistic infection of HIV-infected patients, killing thousands in Latin America each year. Yet, it remains a neglected disease that is often confused with tuberculosis, for lack of simple, affordable, and rapid diagnostic tools. There is great heterogeneity in the level of histoplasmosis awareness. The purpose of this report was to describe how the historical “awakening” to the threat of histoplasmosis came to be in four different centers that have actively described this disease: In Brazil, the Sao José hospital in Fortaleza; in Colombia, the Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas in Medellin; in French Guiana, Cayenne Hospital; and in Guatemala, the Association de Salud Integral in Guatemala city. In Brazil and French Guiana, the search for leishmaniasis on the buffy coat or skin smears, respectively, led to the rapid realization that HIV patients were suffering from disseminated histoplasmosis. With time and progress in fungal culture, the magnitude of this problem turned it into a local priority. In Colombia and Guatemala, the story is different because for these mycology centers, it was no surprise to find histoplasmosis in HIV patients. In addition, collaborations with the CDC to evaluate antigen-detection tests resulted in researchers and clinicians developing the capacity to rapidly screen most patients and to demonstrate the very high burden of disease in these countries. While the lack of awareness is still a major problem, it is instructive to review the ways through which different centers became histoplasmosis-aware. Nevertheless, as new rapid diagnostic tools are becoming available, their implementation throughout Latin America should rapidly raise the level of awareness in order to reduce the burden of histoplasmosis deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.
- EA3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Université de Guyane, DFR Santé, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Terezinha Silva Leitao
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60020-181 Ceará, Brasil.
| | - Beatriz L Gómez
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, 110111 Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Pierre Couppié
- EA3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Université de Guyane, DFR Santé, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC INSERM 1424, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Lisandra Damasceno
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60020-181 Ceará, Brasil.
| | - Magalie Demar
- EA3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Université de Guyane, DFR Santé, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Blanca Samayoa
- Asociación de Salud Integral & Hospital General San Juan de Dios, 01001 Guatemala City, Guatemala, .
| | - Diego H Cáceres
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, 110111 Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Roger Pradinaud
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | | | - Eduardo Arathoon
- La Clinica Familiar de Luis Angel Garcia, 01001 Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Angela Restrepo
- Corporacion para Investigaciones Biologicas, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, 11001 Medellin, Colombia.
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Barac A, Kosmidis C, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Salzer HJF. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis update: A year in review. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S104-S109. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Barac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chris Kosmidis
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmut J F Salzer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
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Hu H, Luo W, Wu Z, Cai C, Huang H, Sun B. A pilot study on the allergen-specific IgE to molecular components on polysensitized mite allergic asthmatic patients in Guangzhou, China. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:38-45. [PMID: 30481720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using multiplex microarray-based component resolved diagnosis (CRD) to investigate the allergen sensitization profile of allergic asthma patients in southern China. METHOD Serum samples from 57 polysensitized mite allergic asthmatic patients in a tertiary referral centre of southern China were tested with multiplex CRD (ISAC) for specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) against 112 single allergen and components. Result was then compared with those from singleplex ImmunoCAP. RESULTS With ISAC, the highest sensitization was seen for nDer f 1 (71.9%), rDer f 2 (73.7%), nDer p 1 (70.2%) and rDer p 2 (66.7%), whereas rDer p 10 and other storage mites' components only showed 10% positivity. rFel d 1 and rCan f 1 were found positive in 29.8% and 14.0% samples respectively. Other epithelia components had less than 7.0% positive rate. Sensitization to pollen components was dominated by nCyn d 1 (17.5%) and nPhl p 4 (12.3%), Carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants (CCD) was positive in 4 patients who were also positive to nPhl p 4, nCyn d 1 and rPla a 2, and all of them have combined asthma and rhinitis. The sensitivity to mold (rAsp f 3), cockroach (nBla g 7) and Anisakis simplex component (rAni s 3) were all the same at 8.8%. 93.0% patients were sensitive to more than one component, with more than half of them (57.9%) positive to five or more components. Patients with combined asthma and rhinitis (AA + AR) were sensitive to more components than those with asthma only (AA). Positive rate to nPhl p 4 was significantly higher in patients with AA + AR than with AA only (χ2 = 4.31, P = 0.038). Compared with ImmunoCAP, ISAC showed a similar high detection rate for D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, but only 10.0% of B. tropicalis sensitive patients were positive to rBlo t 5. Optimal scale analysis on correlation of allergens components showed rDer p 10 was associated to food allergy. CONCLUSION Being the first multiplex microarray based CRD study on southern Chinese, ISAC showed house dust mites components were the major allergen components led to sensitization in asthmatic patients. Patients with combined AA + AR were sensitive to more components than those with AA only. Other components with higher positive rate include pollen components nCyn d 1, nPhl P 4 and animal dander components rFel d 1 and rCan f 1. For B. tropicalis, the rBlo t 5 in ISAC may not represent the major Blomia component in southern Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Hu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanxu Cai
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
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Burden of HIV-associated histoplasmosis compared with tuberculosis in Latin America: a modelling study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:1150-1159. [PMID: 30146320 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal infections remain a major contributor to the opportunistic infections that affect people living with HIV. Among them, histoplasmosis is considered neglected, often being misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, and is responsible for numerous deaths in Latin America. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of HIV-associated histoplasmosis compared with tuberculosis in Latin American countries. METHODS For this modelling study, we estimated prevalence of previous exposure to Histoplasma capsulatum, HIV-associated histoplasmosis annual incidence, and number of deaths in 2012 in Latin American countries based on historical histoplasmin skin test studies in the general population, with an antigen dilution level of more than 1/10. Studies were identified in a literature search. Data on HIV-associated tuberculosis were extracted from the WHO notifications and outcomes tables and data on people living with HIV were extracted from the UNAIDS report for the year 2012. We systematically propagated uncertainty throughout all the steps of the estimation process. FINDINGS Among 1310 articles identified as of June 1, 2015, 24 articles were included in the study, representing 129 histoplasmin skin test studies led in the general population of Latin American countries. For the year 2012, we estimated a range of 6710 (95% CI 5680-7867) to 15 657 (13 254-18 357) cases of symptomatic HIV-associated histoplasmosis in Latin America. Hotspot areas for histoplasmosis prevalence (>30%) and incidence (>1·5 cases per 100 people living with HIV) were Central America, the northernmost part of South America, and Argentina. According to realistic scenarios, we estimated a range of 671 (95% CI 568-787) to 9394 (7952-11 014) deaths related to histoplasmosis, compared with 5062 (3777-6405) deaths related to tuberculosis reported in Latin America. INTERPRETATION Our estimates of histoplasmosis incidence and deaths are high and consistent with published data. For the first time, the burden of histoplasmosis is estimated to be equivalent in incidence and even higher in deaths when compared with tuberculosis among people living with HIV in Latin America. FUNDING None.
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Multicenter Validation of Commercial Antigenuria Reagents To Diagnose Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Two Latin American Countries. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01959-17. [PMID: 29563205 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01959-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an important cause of mortality in patients with AIDS, especially in countries with limited access to antiretroviral therapies and diagnostic tests. However, many disseminated infections in Latin America go undiagnosed. A simple, rapid method to detect Histoplasma capsulatum infection in regions where histoplasmosis is endemic would dramatically decrease the time to diagnosis and treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to validate a commercial monoclonal Histoplasma galactomannan (HGM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY], Norman, OK, USA) in two cohorts of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). We analyzed urine samples from 589 people (466 from Guatemala and 123 from Colombia), including 546 from PLHIV and 43 from non-PLHIV controls. Sixty-three of these people (35 from Guatemala and 28 from Colombia) had confirmed histoplasmosis by isolation of H. capsulatum Using the standard curve provided by the quantitative commercial test, the sensitivity was 98% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95 to 100%) and the specificity was 97% (95% CI, 96 to 99%) (cutoff = 0.5 ng/ml). Semiquantitative results, using a calibrator of 12.5 ng/ml of Histoplasma galactomannan to calculate an enzyme immunoassay index value (EIV) for the samples, showed a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 89 to 100%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 96 to 99%) (cutoff ≥ 2.6 EIV). This relatively simple-to-perform commercial antigenuria test showed a high performance with reproducible results in both countries, suggesting that it can be used to detect progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in PLHIV in a wide range of clinical laboratories in countries where histoplasmosis is endemic.
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Firacative C, Lizarazo J, Illnait-Zaragozí MT, Castañeda E. The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170554. [PMID: 29641639 PMCID: PMC5888000 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by the encapsulated
yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii,
acquired from the environment. In Latin America, as occurring
worldwide, C. neoformans causes more than 90% of the cases of
cryptococcosis, affecting predominantly patients with HIV, while C.
gattii generally affects otherwise healthy individuals. In this
region, cryptococcal meningitis is the most common presentation, with
amphotericin B and fluconazole being the antifungal drugs of choice. Avian
droppings are the predominant environmental reservoir of C.
neoformans, while C. gattii is associated with
several arboreal species. Importantly, C. gattii has a high
prevalence in Latin America and has been proposed to be the likely origin of
some C. gattii populations in North America. Thus, in the
recent years, significant progress has been made with the study of the basic
biology and laboratory identification of cryptococcal strains, in understanding
their ecology, population genetics, host-pathogen interactions, and the clinical
epidemiology of this important mycosis in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Firacative
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jairo Lizarazo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Universidad de Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Illnait-Zaragozí
- Diagnosis and Reference Centre, Bacteriology-Mycology Department Research, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
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Macedo-Viñas M, Denning DW. Estimating the Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in Uruguay. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E37. [PMID: 29562641 PMCID: PMC5872340 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to estimate for the first time the burden of fungal infections in Uruguay. Data on population characteristics and underlying conditions were extracted from the National Statistics Institute, the World Bank, national registries, and published articles. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate frequencies extrapolating from the literature. Population structure (inhabitants): total 3,444,006; 73% adults; 35% women younger than 50 years. Size of populations at risk (total cases per year): HIV infected 12,000; acute myeloid leukemia 126; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 30; solid organ transplants 134; COPD 272,006; asthma in adults 223,431; cystic fibrosis in adults 48; tuberculosis 613; lung cancer 1400. Annual incidence estimations per 100,000: invasive aspergillosis, 22.4; candidemia, 16.4; Candida peritonitis, 3.7; Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, 1.62; cryptococcosis, 0.75; severe asthma with fungal sensitization, 217; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, 165; recurrent Candida vaginitis, 6323; oral candidiasis, 74.5; and esophageal candidiasis, 25.7. Although some under and overestimations could have been made, we expect that at least 127,525 people suffer from serious fungal infections each year. Sporothrichosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and dermatophytosis are known to be frequent but no data are available to make accurate estimations. Given the magnitude of the burden of fungal infections in Uruguay, efforts should be made to improve surveillance, strengthen laboratory diagnosis, and warrant access to first line antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Macedo-Viñas
- Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay.
| | - David W Denning
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital and The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE), Cheshire SK10 9AR, UK.
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Wadi J, Denning DW. Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in Jordan. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E15. [PMID: 29371507 PMCID: PMC5872318 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the burden of fungal infections in Jordan for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS Population data was from UN 2011 statistics and TB cases from WHO in 2012. Fewer than 100 patients with HIV were recorded in Jordan in 2013. Approximately 100 renal transplants and eight liver transplants are performed annually. There were 12,233 major surgical procedures in Jordan in 2013, of which 5.3% were major abdominal surgeries; candidemia was estimated in 5% of the population based on other countries, with 33% occurring in the ICU. Candida peritonitis/intra-abdominal candidiasis was estimated to affect 50% of the number of ICU candidemia cases. No adult asthma rates have been recorded for Jordan, so the rate from the Holy Land (8.54% clinical asthma) from To et al. has been used. There are an estimated 49,607 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in Jordan, with 64% symptomatic, 25% Gold stage 3% or 4%, and 7% (3472) are assumed to be admitted to hospital each year. No cystic fibrosis cases have been recorded. Literature searches on fungal infections revealed few data and no prevalence data on fungal keratitis or tinea capitis, even though tinea capitis comprised 34% of patients with dermatophytoses in Jordan. RESULTS Jordan has 6.3 million inhabitants (65% adults, 6% are >60 years old). The current burden of serious fungal infections in Jordan was estimated to affect ~119,000 patients (1.9%), not including any cutaneous fungal infections. Candidemia was estimated at 316 cases and invasive aspergillosis in leukemia, transplant, and COPD patients at 84 cases. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis prevalence was estimated to affect 36 post-TB patients, and 175 in total. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) prevalence in adults with asthma were estimated at 8900 and 11,748 patients. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis was estimated to affect 97,804 patients, using a 6% rate among women 15-50 years of age. CONCLUSION Based on local data and literature estimates of the frequency of mycoses in susceptible populations, at least 1.9% of Jordanians have some form of serious fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Wadi
- The Medical Center, Jordan Hospital and Medical Center, 29 Adeeb Wahbeh Street, 11118 Amman, Jordan.
| | - David W Denning
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
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Oladele RO, Ayanlowo OO, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Histoplasmosis in Africa: An emerging or a neglected disease? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006046. [PMID: 29346384 PMCID: PMC5773084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis in Africa has markedly increased since the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic but is under-recognised. Pulmonary histoplasmosis may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis (TB). In the last six decades (1952-2017), 470 cases of histoplasmosis have been reported. HIV-infected patients accounted for 38% (178) of the cases. West Africa had the highest number of recorded cases with 179; the majority (162 cases) were caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. dubuosii (Hcd). From the Southern African region, 150 cases have been reported, and the majority (119) were caused by H. capsulatum var. capsulatum (Hcc). There have been 12 histoplasmin skin test surveys with rates of 0% to 35% positivity. Most cases of Hcd presented as localised lesions in immunocompetent persons; however, it was disseminated in AIDS patients. Rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis in Africa is only currently possible using microscopy; antigen testing and PCR are not available in most of Africa. Treatment requires amphotericin B and itraconazole, both of which are not licensed or available in several parts of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita O. Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Olusola O. Ayanlowo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Malcolm D. Richardson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E57. [PMID: 29371573 PMCID: PMC5753159 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases kill more than 1.5 million and affect over a billion people. However, they are still a neglected topic by public health authorities even though most deaths from fungal diseases are avoidable. Serious fungal infections occur as a consequence of other health problems including asthma, AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation and corticosteroid therapies. Early accurate diagnosis allows prompt antifungal therapy; however this is often delayed or unavailable leading to death, serious chronic illness or blindness. Recent global estimates have found 3,000,000 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, ~223,100 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating HIV/AIDS, ~700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, ~500,000 cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, ~250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, ~100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, over 10,000,000 cases of fungal asthma and ~1,000,000 cases of fungal keratitis occur annually. Since 2013, the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) portal has facilitated the estimation of the burden of serious fungal infections country by country for over 5.7 billion people (>80% of the world's population). These studies have shown differences in the global burden between countries, within regions of the same country and between at risk populations. Here we interrogate the accuracy of these fungal infection burden estimates in the 43 published papers within the LIFE initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
| | - Sara Gago
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK.
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
| | - David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland.
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK.
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