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Fu C, Tong W, Yu L, Miao Y, Wei Q, Yu Z, Chen B, Wei M. When will the immune-stimulating antibody conjugates ( ISACs) be transferred from bench to bedside? Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107160. [PMID: 38547937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory antibody conjugates (ISACs) as a promising new generation of targeted therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), that not only activate innate immunity but also stimulate adaptive immunity, providing a dual therapeutic effect to eliminate tumor cells. However, several ISACs are still in the early stages of clinical development or have already failed. Therefore, it is crucial to design ISACs more effectively to overcome their limitations, including high toxicity, strong immunogenicity, long development time, and poor pharmacokinetics. This review aims to summarize the composition and function of ISACs, incorporating current design considerations and ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, the review delves into the current issues with ISACs and potential solutions, such as adjusting the drug-antibody ratio (DAR) to improve the bioavailability of ISACs. By leveraging the affinity and bioavailability-enhancing properties of bispecific antibodies, the utility between antibodies and immunostimulatory agents can be balanced. Commonly used immunostimulatory agents may induce systemic immune reactions, and BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) inhibitors can regulate immunogenicity. Finally, the concept of grafting ADC's therapeutic principles is simple, but the combination of payload, linker, and targeted functional molecules is not a simple permutation and combination problem. The development of conjugate drugs faces more complex pharmacological and toxicological issues. Standing on the shoulders of ADC, the development and application scenarios of ISAC are endowed with broader space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yuxi Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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Wang X, Han Z, Jin J, Xi R, Wang Y, Han L, Ma L, Lou M, Gui X, Wang Q, Liu G. Multistatic Integrated Sensing and Communication System Based on Macro-Micro Cooperation. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2498. [PMID: 38676116 PMCID: PMC11054403 DOI: 10.3390/s24082498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel multistatic integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system based on macro-micro cooperation for the sixth-generation (6G) mobile network is proposed. Instead of using macrosites at both the transmitter and receiver sides, microsites are considered as receivers in cooperative sensing. This system is important since microsites can be deployed more flexibly to reduce their distances to the sensing objects, providing better coverage for sensing service. In this work, we first analyze the deployment problem of microsites, which can be deployed along the radius and azimuth angle to cover macrosite cells. The coverage area of each microsite is derived in terms of its position in the cell. Then, we describe an efficient estimating approach for obtaining the position and velocity of sensing objects in the macrosite cell. By choosing multiple microsites around the targeted sensing area, joint data processing with an efficient optimization method is also provided. Simulation results show that the multistatic ISAC system employing macro-micro cooperation can improve the position and velocity estimation accuracy of objects compared to systems employing macrosite cooperation alone, demonstrating the effectiveness and potential for implementing the proposed system in the 6G mobile network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zixiang Han
- Future Research Laboratory, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China; (X.W.)
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Cabrera CM, Horrillo ML, Brito FF, Palacios‐Cañas A. Would the choice of multiplex platform impact the management of the allergic patient? A first approach focusing on LTPs. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24960. [PMID: 37638561 PMCID: PMC10561593 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Mediterranean area, patients with LTP syndrome who are sensitized to multiple allergens are often tested for sIgE using multiplex platforms. The results obtained from different commercial platforms are not interchangeable, so it is important to compare and validate the platform selected for use. The objective of this study is to compare and validate the performance of the ImmunoCAP ISAC E112i and the macroarray ALEX2 in our daily practice. METHODS From August 2021 to March 2022, we tested 20 random serum samples from polysensitized patients using the ALEX2 test (MADx) and ImmunoCAP tIgE and ISAC E112i (Thermo Fisher Scientific). We compared the total IgE (tIgE) and sIgE levels for shared allergens. RESULTS The heatmap generally showed more intense results for ISAC. The overall correlation was good, but some exceptions were noted. The main discrepancies were found for Ole e 7, which was positive for 11 patients in ISAC but negative for all patients in ALEX2, and for nut LTPs, for which ISAC showed a threefold higher detection rate for Ara h 9 and a fivefold higher detection rate for Cor a 8 and Jug r 3 compared to ALEX2. The regression model showed no interchangeability of tIgE results. CONCLUSIONS Despite our small sample size and the complexity of comparing a quantitative and a semi-quantitative platform, our results suggest that patient diagnosis and management can be influenced by the platform used. Therefore, our findings must be taken into consideration when choosing a platform to use for some profiles of LTP-polysensitized patients, even though more data is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Maria Cabrera
- Allergy and Immunology SectionCiudad Real University General HospitalCiudad RealSpain
- Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad RealUniversity of Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | - Moisés Labrador Horrillo
- Allergy SectionVall d'Hebron University HospitalBarcelonaSpain
- Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Brant MG, Garnett GAE, Guedia J, Lasalle M, Lawn S, Petersen ME, Duan R, Mendez-Campos J, Hirkala-Schaefer T, Winters GC, Barnscher SD. Generation and structure-activity relationships of novel imidazo-thienopyridine based TLR7 agonists: application as payloads for immunostimulatory antibody drug-conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 91:129348. [PMID: 37217025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pairing immunostimulatory small molecules with the targeting capability of an antibody has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality with the potential to treat a variety of solid tumors. A series of compounds based on an imidazo-thienopyridine scaffold were synthesized and tested for their ability to agonize the innate immune sensors toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that certain simple amino-substituents could enable TLR7 agonism at low nanomolar concentrations. Drug-linkers containing either payload 1 or 20h were conjugated to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab at the interchain disulfide cysteine residues using a cleavable valine-citrulline dipeptide linker and stochastic thiol-maleimide chemistry. In vitro, these immune-stimulating antibody drug-conjugates (ADCs) were found to induce cytokine release in a murine splenocyte assay when co-cultured with the HER2-high NCI-N87 cancer cell line. In vivo, tumor regression was observed with a single dose in an NCI-N87 gastric carcinoma xenograft model in BALB/c nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brant
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Joy Guedia
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manuel Lasalle
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Lawn
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark E Petersen
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Renee Duan
- ADC Therapeutic Development, Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lis K, Bartuzi Z. Selected Technical Aspects of Molecular Allergy Diagnostics. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5481-5493. [PMID: 37504263 PMCID: PMC10378047 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of allergic diseases is a complex, multi-stage process. It often requires the use of various diagnostic tools. The in vitro diagnostics (IVD), which includes various laboratory tests, is one of the stages of this process. Standard laboratory tests include the measurement of the serum concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) for selected allergens, full allergen extracts and/or single allergen components (molecules). The measurement of IgE sIgE to the allergen components is called molecular allergy diagnosis. During the standard laboratory diagnostic process, various models of immunochemical tests are used, which enable the measurement of sIgE for single allergens (one-parameter tests, singleplex) or IgE specific for many different allergens (multi-parameter tests, multiplex) in one test. Currently, there are many different test kits available, validated for IVD, which differ in the method type and allergen profile. The aim of the manuscript is to present various technical aspects related to modern allergy diagnostics, especially in the area of molecular allergy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lis
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Janco R, Ostrometzky J, Messer H. In-City Rain Mapping from Commercial Microwave Links-Challenges and Opportunities. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:4653. [PMID: 37430567 DOI: 10.3390/s23104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate rainfall measurements is highly important in urban areas, having a significant impact on different aspects in city life. Opportunistic rainfall sensing utilizing measurements collected by existing microwave and mmWave-based wireless networks has been researched in the last two decades and can be considered as an opportunistic integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) approach. In this paper, we compare two methods that utilize received signal level (RSL) measurements obtained by an existing smart-city wireless network deployed in the city of Rehovot, Israel, for rain estimation. The first method is a model-based approach using the RSL measurements from short links, in which two design parameters are calibrated empirically. This method is combined with a known wet/dry classification method, which is based on the rolling standard deviation of the RSL. The second method is a data-driven approach, based on a recurrent neural network (RNN), which is trained to estimate rainfall and classify wet/dry periods. We compare the results of rainfall classification and estimation from both methods and show that the data-driven approach slightly outperforms the empirical model and that the improvement is most significant for light rainfall events. Furthermore, we apply both methods to construct high-resolution 2D maps of accumulated rainfall in the city of Rehovot. The ground-level rainfall maps constructed over the city area are compared for the first time with weather radar rainfall maps obtained from the Israeli Meteorological Service (IMS). The rain maps generated by the smart-city network are found to be in agreement with the average rainfall depth obtained from the radar, demonstrating the potential of using existing smart-city networks as a source for constructing 2D high-resolution rainfall maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Janco
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Jonatan Ostrometzky
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Hagit Messer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Pourtahmasi Roshandeh K, Mohammadkarimi M, Ardakani M. Joint Method of Moments (JMoM) and Successive Moment Cancellation (SMC) Multiuser Time Synchronization for ZP-OFDM-Based Waveforms Applicable to Joint Communication and Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3660. [PMID: 37050720 PMCID: PMC10098903 DOI: 10.3390/s23073660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently shown that zero padding (ZP)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising candidate for 6G wireless systems requiring joint communication and sensing. In this paper, we consider a multiuser uplink scenario where users are separated in power domain, i.e., non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and use ZP-OFDM signals. The uplink transmission is grant-free and users are allowed to transmit asynchronously. In this setup, we address the problem of time synchronization by estimating the timing offset (TO) of all the users. We propose two non-data-aided (NDA) estimators, i.e., the joint method of moment (JMoM) and the successive moment cancellation (SMC), that employ the periodicity of the second order moment (SoM) of the received samples for TO estimation. Moreover, the coding assisted (CA) version of the proposed estimators, i.e., CA-JMoM and CA-SMC, are developed for the case of short observation samples. We also extend the proposed estimators to multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The effectiveness of the proposed estimators is evaluated in terms of lock-in probability under various practical scenarios. Simulation results show that the JMoM estimator can reach the lock-in probability of one for the moderate range of Eb/N0 values. While existing NDA TO estimators in the literature either offer low lock-in probability, high computational complexity that prevents them from being employed in MIMO systems, or are designed for single-user scenarios, the proposed estimators in this paper address all of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Pourtahmasi Roshandeh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alberta, 116 St. & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mostafa Mohammadkarimi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Ardakani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alberta, 116 St. & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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Chen L, Pan J, Zhang J, Cheng J, Xu L, Ye N. FDSS-Based DFT-s-OFDM for 6G Wireless Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1495. [PMID: 36772534 PMCID: PMC9920488 DOI: 10.3390/s23031495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is emerging as a key technology of 6G. Owing to the low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) property, discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) is helpful to improve the sensing range and suitable for high-frequency transmission. However, compared to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), the sensing accuracy of DFT-s-OFDM is relatively poor. In this paper, frequency-domain spectral shaping (FDSS) is adopted to enhance the performances of DFT-s-OFDM including sensing accuracy and PAPR by adjusting the correlation of signals. Specifically, we first establish a signal model for the ISAC system, followed by the description of performance indicators. Then, we analyze the influence of amplitude fluctuation of frequency domain signals on sensing performance, which shows the design idea of FDSS-enhanced DFT-s-OFDM. Further, a FDSS-enhanced DFT-s-OFDM framework is introduced for ISAC, where two types of FDSS filters including a pre-equalization filter and an isotropic orthogonal transform algorithm (IOTA) filter are designed. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can obtain about 4 dB performance gain in terms of sensing accuracy over DFT-s-OFDM. In addition, FDSS-enhanced DFT-s-OFDM can significantly reduce PAPR and improve the power amplifier efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianxiong Pan
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- China Academy of Electronic and Information Technology, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- China Academy of Electronic and Information Technology, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Luyan Xu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Cognition and Intelligent Control, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Neng Ye
- School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Sonneveld LJH, Emons JAM, Arends NJT, Landzaat LJ, Veenbergen S, Schreurs MWJ. ALEX versus ISAC multiplex array in analyzing food allergy in atopic children. Clin Mol Allergy 2022; 20:10. [PMID: 36030246 PMCID: PMC9419344 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-022-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ALEX multiplex array is a relatively new multiplex allergy test which analyses more than 120 allergen extracts and 170 molecular components. ISAC is the most used and studied multiplex array to date, offering 112 molecular components. In ten atopic children with multiple food allergies good agreement was observed between ALEX and ISAC sIgE results for nearly all shared food components. Presence of larger number of allergens in ALEX could help clinicians to improve personalized dietary advice. However more positive sensitizations with unknown clinical relevance were found by ALEX, potentially increasing clinical complexity. Pediatric allergists should be aware of this, especially in young atopic children with (severe) eczema who have not introduced all sorts of food yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J H Sonneveld
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sophia Children Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joyce A M Emons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sophia Children Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette J T Arends
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sophia Children Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke J Landzaat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sophia Children Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Veenbergen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W J Schreurs
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Platteel ACM, van der Pol P, Murk JL, Verbrugge-Bakker I, Hack-Steemers M, Roovers THWM, Heron M. A comprehensive comparison between ISAC and ALEX 2 multiplex test systems. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1046-1052. [PMID: 35470638 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivity is based on anamnesis, provocation as well as blood- and skin testing. Multiplex specific IgE (sIgE) testing enables determination of sIgE antibodies against multiple recombinant or purified natural allergen components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the novel ALEX2® (Allergy Explorer, ALEX2 test introduced on the market November 2019) multiplex platform and to compare it with the ImmunoCAP ISAC® test system. METHODS Serum samples of 49 patients, routinely determined with ISAC, were selected based on positive results covering in total most of the 112 ISAC components. Cohen's kappa, negative percent agreement (NPA), and positive percent agreement (PPA) of ALEX2 data compared to ISAC data (as a non-reference standard) were computed for those allergen components present on both platforms (n=103). Furthermore, in some samples sIgE results against allergen extracts and/or -components tested with either ImmunoCAP® (ThermoFisher) or IMMULITE® (Siemens) were available and compared to ALEX2 results. RESULTS The overall agreement between ISAC and ALEX2 common allergen components was 94%. NPA and PPA were respectively 95 and 90%. Kappa values differed for specific allergen groups and varied between 0.60 and 0.92 showing moderate to almost perfect agreement. Of the qualitative discrepancies between ALEX2 and ISAC, 59% were related to weak positive results i.e. results under 1 kUA/L or 1 ISU, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method comparison between ISAC and ALEX2 multiplex tests showed a high concordance for those allergen components present on both platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Pol
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verbrugge-Bakker
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Marian Hack-Steemers
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Theo H W M Roovers
- Department of Allergology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Medische micobiologie en immunologie, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht Zeist Doorn Locatie Utrecht, Bosboomstraat 1, Utrecht, 3508 TG, Utrecht, NETHERLANDS
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Leyva L, Costa S, Castanheira D, Silva A, Gameiro A. On SFBC Schemes for Enabling Virtual Array Concept in Monostatic ISAC Scenarios. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1103. [PMID: 35161849 PMCID: PMC8839115 DOI: 10.3390/s22031103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) paradigm is being proposed for 6G as a new feature of the physical layer (PHY), for tackling dual-functional applications, i.e., demanding radio-sensing and communication functions, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous driving systems. This work considers the integration of sensing and communications functionalities in a unique platform. To achieve this goal, the use of orthogonal space frequency block codes (SFBC) is proposed. SFBC code orthogonality enables both the separation of communications data streams at a user terminal and the estimation of target parameters. The SFBC enhances the communications link diversity without requiring channel state information knowledge at the transmitter and enable the virtual antenna array concept for enhancing the direction-finding resolution. The use of different SFBCs provides a tradeoff between achieved diversity and sensing resolution. For example, an Alamouti code, applicable for the case with two transmitting antennas, duplicates sensing resolution and achieves a diversity order of two while the use of a Tarokh code, applicable for a scenario with four transmitting antennas, provides a fourfold better resolution and diversity order of four. However, the code rate achieved with the Tarokh code is half of the one achieved with the Alamouti code. Furthermore, the unambiguous range is reduced since the bandwidth is divided to multiplex the different antenna signals. For its simplicity, good performance and reduced integration requirements, the method is promising for future ISAC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Leyva
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Samuel Costa
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Adão Silva
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Atílio Gameiro
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática (DETI), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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Brand HK, Schreurs MWJ, Emons JAM, Gerth van Wijk R, de Groot H, Arends NJT. Peanut components measured by ISAC: comparison with ImmunoCap and clinical relevance in peanut allergic children. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:14. [PMID: 34372856 PMCID: PMC8353733 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specific IgE (sIgE) against the peanut component Arachis hypogaea (Ara h) 2 has been shown to be the most important allergen to discriminate between peanut allergy and peanut tolerance. Several studies determined sIgE cut off values for Ara h 2, determined by singleplex measurements. However, cut off values for Ara h 2 from multiplex arrays are less well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between Ara h 2 sIgE determined by singleplex versus multiplex measurements and to assess the diagnostic value of the different peanut components included in Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip (ISAC) multiplex analysis in children with a suspected peanut allergy. Methods In this retrospective study we analyzed Ara h 2 sIgE values with singleplex Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay (FEIA, ImmunoCap) and multiplex microarray (ISAC) measurements in 117 children with a suspected peanut allergy. Also, other peanut components measured by ISAC were analyzed. Double blinded placebo controlled oral food challenges were used as golden standard. Results Among all studied peanut components FEIA Ara h 2 sIgE showed the highest area under the curve (AUC, 0.922), followed by ISAC Ara h 6 and Ara h 2 sIgE with AUCs of respectively 0.906 and 0.902. Best cut off values to diagnose peanut allergy were 4.40 kU/l for FEIA Ara h 2 sIgE and, 7.43 ISU and 8.13 ISU for respectively Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 sIgE in ISAC microarray. Ara h 2 sIgE determined in FEIA and ISAC showed a good correlation (r = 0.88; p < 0.01). Conclusion Ara h 6 and Ara h 2 sIgE in multiplex ISAC are both good predictors of clinical peanut allergy in Dutch children, and their performance is comparable to the use of Ara h 2 in singleplex FEIA. The simultaneous measurement of different peanut components using ISAC is an advantage and clinically useful to detect peanut allergic children that are Ara h 2 negative but sensitized to other peanut proteins such as Ara h 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Brand
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M W J Schreurs
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A M Emons
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Gerth van Wijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H de Groot
- Department of Allergology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - N J T Arends
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Betancor D, Gomez-Lopez A, Villalobos-Vilda C, Nuñez-Borque E, Fernández-Bravo S, De Las Heras Gozalo M, Pastor-Vargas C, Esteban V, Cuesta-Herranz J. LTP Allergy Follow-Up Study: Development of Allergy to New Plant Foods 10 Years Later. Nutrients 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34202484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Allergy to nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) is the main cause of plant-food allergy in Spain. nsLTPs are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have high cross-reactivity but extremely variable clinical expression. Little is known about the natural evolution of this allergy, which complicates management. The objective of this study was to assess the development of allergy to new plant foods in nsLTP-sensitized patients 10 years after diagnosis. Methods: One hundred fifty-one patients showing specific IgE to nsLTP determined by ISAC (Thermofisher) were included. After clinical workup (i.e., anamnesis, skin test, and challenge when needed), these patients were divided into two groups: 113 patients allergic to one or more plant food (74.5%) and 38 patients not allergic to any plant food (25.1%). Ten years later, a telephone interview was conducted to check whether patients had developed additional allergic reactions to plant foods. Results: Ten years after diagnosis, 35 of the 113 (31%) plant-food-allergic patients sensitized to nsLTP reported reactions to new, previously tolerated plant foods, mainly Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits and nuts followed by vegetables, Rosacea/Pomoideae fruits, legumes, and cereals. Five out of 38 (13.2%) patients previously sensitized to nsLTP but without allergy to any plant food had experienced allergic reactions to some plant food: two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits, two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruit and nuts, and one to legumes. Conclusion: Patients sensitized to nsLTP developed allergic reactions to other plant foods, mainly Rosaceae-Prunoideae fruits and nuts. This was more frequent among plant-food-allergic patients than among those who had never had plant-food allergy.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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15
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Yamamoto-Hanada K, Borres MP, Åberg MK, Yang L, Fukuie T, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. IgE responses to multiple allergen components among school-aged children in a general population birth cohort in Tokyo. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100105. [PMID: 32128024 PMCID: PMC7044531 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response patterns to allergen components among Japanese children have not been studied extensively. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine the differences in sensitization patterns at ages 5 years and 9 years to identify longitudinal changes in the degree and patterns of sensitization in a birth cohort of Japanese children. METHODS Our study enrolled 984 children at aged 5 years between 2008 and 2010, and 729 children aged 9 years between 2012 and 2014. Allergic diseases were assessed using the ISAAC and UK Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria. Serum-specific IgE titers to allergen components were measured by multiplex array ImmunoCAP ISAC when the children were aged 5 and 9 years. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to characterize IgE sensitization to allergen components. RESULTS The prevalence of allergic rhinitis increased considerably over time (10.6%-31.2%). Furthermore, the sensitization prevalence to allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) also increased from 57.8% at age 5 years to 74.8% at age 9 years. IgE sensitization prevalence to Der f 1 (mites) was 42.1% at age 5 years and 54.3% at age 9 years. Furthermore, children were highly sensitized to Cry j 1 (Japanese cedar) (32.8% at age 5 years and 57.8% at age 9 years). Principle component analysis showed that sensitization to PR-10 cross-reactive components was independent of sensitization to mite and that no children acquired sensitization to pollen before acquiring sensitization to mite. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and related allergen components increased from age 5 years to age 9 years in Japanese children.
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Key Words
- Allergy
- Asthma
- Atopic dermatitis
- CCD, Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant
- CRD, Component-resolved diagnostics
- Child
- Cohort
- Eczema
- HDM, House dust mite
- ISAAC
- ISAAC, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood
- ISAC
- ISAC, Immuno-solid-phase Allergen Chip
- IgE
- IgE, Immunoglobulin E
- JECS, The Japan Environment and Children's Study
- PC, Principal component
- PCA, Principal component analysis
- PR, Pathogenesis-related
- Prospective birth cohort
- Rhinitis
- Sensitization
- UK, The United Kingdom
- US, The United States
- Wheeze
- sIgE, Allergen-specific IgE
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magnus P. Borres
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Limin Yang
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukuie
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Narita
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Hu H, Luo W, Wu Z, Cai C, Huang H, Sun B. A pilot study on the allergen-specific IgE to molecular components on polysensitized mite allergic asthmatic patients in Guangzhou, China. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:38-45. [PMID: 30481720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using multiplex microarray-based component resolved diagnosis (CRD) to investigate the allergen sensitization profile of allergic asthma patients in southern China. METHOD Serum samples from 57 polysensitized mite allergic asthmatic patients in a tertiary referral centre of southern China were tested with multiplex CRD (ISAC) for specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) against 112 single allergen and components. Result was then compared with those from singleplex ImmunoCAP. RESULTS With ISAC, the highest sensitization was seen for nDer f 1 (71.9%), rDer f 2 (73.7%), nDer p 1 (70.2%) and rDer p 2 (66.7%), whereas rDer p 10 and other storage mites' components only showed 10% positivity. rFel d 1 and rCan f 1 were found positive in 29.8% and 14.0% samples respectively. Other epithelia components had less than 7.0% positive rate. Sensitization to pollen components was dominated by nCyn d 1 (17.5%) and nPhl p 4 (12.3%), Carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants (CCD) was positive in 4 patients who were also positive to nPhl p 4, nCyn d 1 and rPla a 2, and all of them have combined asthma and rhinitis. The sensitivity to mold (rAsp f 3), cockroach (nBla g 7) and Anisakis simplex component (rAni s 3) were all the same at 8.8%. 93.0% patients were sensitive to more than one component, with more than half of them (57.9%) positive to five or more components. Patients with combined asthma and rhinitis (AA + AR) were sensitive to more components than those with asthma only (AA). Positive rate to nPhl p 4 was significantly higher in patients with AA + AR than with AA only (χ2 = 4.31, P = 0.038). Compared with ImmunoCAP, ISAC showed a similar high detection rate for D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, but only 10.0% of B. tropicalis sensitive patients were positive to rBlo t 5. Optimal scale analysis on correlation of allergens components showed rDer p 10 was associated to food allergy. CONCLUSION Being the first multiplex microarray based CRD study on southern Chinese, ISAC showed house dust mites components were the major allergen components led to sensitization in asthmatic patients. Patients with combined AA + AR were sensitive to more components than those with AA only. Other components with higher positive rate include pollen components nCyn d 1, nPhl P 4 and animal dander components rFel d 1 and rCan f 1. For B. tropicalis, the rBlo t 5 in ISAC may not represent the major Blomia component in southern Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Hu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanxu Cai
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Abstract
Seafood allergy is a hypersensitive disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide. Effective and accurate diagnostic workup for seafood allergy is essential for clinicians and patients. Parvalbumin and tropomyosin are the most common fish and shellfish allergens, respectively. The diagnosis of seafood allergies is complicated by cross-reactivity among fish allergens and between shellfish allergens and other arthropods. Current clinical diagnosis of seafood allergy is a complex algorithm that includes clinical assessment, skin prick test, specific IgE measurement, and oral food challenges. Emerging diagnostic strategies, such as component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), which uses single allergenic components for assessment of epitope specific IgE, can provide critical information in predicting individualized sensitization patterns and risk of severe allergic reactions. Further understanding of the molecular identities and characteristics of seafood allergens can advance the development of CRD and lead to more precise diagnosis and improved clinical management of seafood allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Sze Tong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Agatha Wt Yuen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Christine Yy Wai
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,
| | - Nicki Yh Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Patrick Sc Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA,
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18
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Heffler E, Puggioni F, Peveri S, Montagni M, Canonica GW, Melioli G. Extended IgE profile based on an allergen macroarray: a novel tool for precision medicine in allergy diagnosis. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:7. [PMID: 29743964 PMCID: PMC5918992 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precision medicine (PM) is changing the scope of allergy diagnosis and treatment. An in vitro IgE assay, a prototype PM method, was developed in the sixties and has garnered increasing interest because of the introduction of recombinant components in the test. More recently, microarrays of allergen components have significantly improved the ability to describe the IgE profile. Aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the newly developed Allergy Explorer (ALEX), a macroarray containing both extracted "whole" allergens and molecular components. This method allows the acquisition of an IgE profile comprising 282 reagents (157 allergen extracts and 125 components), resulting in the widest screening of potential allergens available. Methods Sera from 43 patients with allergies were assayed with ALEX and then with ImmunoCAP ISAC. The results of the two tests were compared, and the consistency of the molecular results with the presence of IgE in the relevant extract was also evaluated. Results A good correlation between ISAC and ALEX was observed. The ALEX results for second-level tests (i.e., specific IgE to complete extracted allergens) were consistent with the results obtained for the relevant components. Discussion Despite differences in the methodology, the IgE profiles detected for molecular allergens by ALEX and ISAC were very similar. The differences were mainly related to the lower dynamic range of ALEX and to the use of a CCD inhibitor in the first incubation phase, which reduced the binding of IgE to CCD, as represented in the extracted allergens and components. Conclusion Based on our findings, ALEX is a novel tool for describing the IgE profile in a PM setting, where the IgE assay must be performed on many allergens and components. In particular, polysensitized patients and patients with pollen-food syndrome will have a real advantage due the combination of the second and third levels of allergy diagnostics in the same chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Heffler
- 1Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy.,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- 1Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy
| | - Silvia Peveri
- Unità Operativa Speciale Dipartimentale di Allergologia, Ospedale G. da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marcello Montagni
- Unità Operativa Speciale Dipartimentale di Allergologia, Ospedale G. da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- 1Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy.,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy
| | - Giovanni Melioli
- 1Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy.,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano MI, Italy
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19
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Thorarinsdottir EH, Arnardottir ES, Benediktsdottir B, Janson C, Olafsson I, Pack AI, Gislason T, Keenan BT. Serum ferritin and obstructive sleep apnea-epidemiological study. Sleep Breath 2017; 22:663-672. [PMID: 29224135 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ferritin is an intracellular iron storage protein and a marker of inflammation. Studies have shown that subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have higher levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, but little is known about the association between ferritin and OSA. The aims of the study were to evaluate serum ferritin (S-Ferritin) levels in OSA patients compared to levels in the general population and also examine the effect of obesity level and treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on S-Ferritin levels. METHODS The OSA subjects (n = 796) were part of the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort. The control subjects (n = 637) were randomly chosen Icelanders who participated in an epidemiological study. Propensity score (PS) methodologies were employed to minimize selection bias and strengthen causal inferences when comparing non-randomized groups. S-Ferritin levels were measured and all participants answered the same detailed questionnaire about sleep and health. Only OSA patients underwent a sleep study and were re-invited for a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS S-Ferritin levels were significantly higher in OSA males than controls (213.3 vs. 197.3 μg/L, p = 0.007). However, after adjusting for confounders and using our PS methodology, no significant difference was found. S-Ferritin levels were not correlated with severity of OSA, obesity level, or clinical symptoms. Also, no significant change in S-Ferritin levels was found with 2 years of PAP treatment. CONCLUSIONS S-Ferritin levels are comparable in OSA patients and controls and do not change consistently with obesity level or PAP treatment in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin H Thorarinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Sleep Department (E7), Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, 108, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Erna S Arnardottir
- Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Sleep Department (E7), Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, 108, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bryndis Benediktsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Sleep Department (E7), Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, 108, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Allan I Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and Division of Sleep Medicine/ Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Sleep Department (E7), Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, 108, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and Division of Sleep Medicine/ Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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van Hage M, Hamsten C, Valenta R. ImmunoCAP assays: Pros and cons in allergology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:974-977. [PMID: 28552762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific IgE measurements and the clinical history are the cornerstones of allergy diagnosis. During the past decades, both characterization and standardization of allergen extracts and assay technology have improved. Here we discuss the uses, advantages, misinterpretations, and limitations of ImmunoCAP IgE assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific/Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden) in the field of allergology. They can be performed as singleplex (ImmunoCAP) and, for the last decade, as multiplex (Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip [ISAC]). The major benefit of ImmunoCAP is the obtained quantified allergen-specific IgE antibody level and the lack of interference from allergen-specific IgG antibodies. However, ImmunoCAP allergen extracts are limited to the composition of the extract. The introduction of allergen molecules has had a major effect on analytic specificity and allergy diagnosis. They are used in both singleplex ImmunoCAP and multiplex ImmunoCAP ISAC assays. The major advantage of ISAC is the comprehensive IgE pattern obtained with a minute amount of serum. The shortcomings are its semiquantitative measurements, lower linear range, and cost per assay. With respect to assay performance, ImmunoCAP allergen extracts are good screening tools, but allergen molecules dissect the IgE response on a molecular level and put allergy research on the map of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carl Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Kos S, Sanders RJ, Neele M, O'Sullivan N, Ruikes-Mertens S, Phaff RAS. Preliminary study in specific activity of molecular components in allergy: implications for diagnostics and relationship with disease severity. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:e113-e117. [PMID: 27718486 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snjezana Kos
- Central Laboratory of the Hospital (Maasstad Lab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The
| | - Robert-Jan Sanders
- General Practice Laboratory Foundation (SHL-Group), Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Etten-Leur, The
| | - Marjolein Neele
- Central Laboratory of the Hospital (Maasstad Lab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The
| | - Niamh O'Sullivan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The
| | | | - Rita A S Phaff
- Department of Allergy, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The
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22
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Tosca MA, Silvestri M, Olcese R, Pistorio A, Rossi GA, Ciprandi G. The impact of age on serum allergen-specific IgE to inhaled molecular components. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:265-271. [PMID: 28153352 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory allergy is characterised by an IgE-mediated reaction. The immune system functions, including IgE production, progressively decline over time, such as growing up and ageing. Molecular-based allergy diagnostic defines sensitisation profile. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age on serum allergen-specific IgE to molecular component levels in a large sample of subjects. METHODS Serum IgE to: Phl p1, Bet v1, Ole e1, Cup a1, Par j2, Can f1, Der p2, and Fel d1 were assessed by ISAC method. Sera from 2788 patients, 1230 males (44.1%) and 1558 females (55.9%), median age 23 years (1st and 3rd quartiles: 9.7-49.7 years; age range: 1 month-103 years) were analysed. RESULTS The number of positive tests (i.e. sensitisation) tended to increase between birth and school-age till young adulthood and then decreased (p<0.0001) with the exception of Fel d 1 (p=0.14). A similar age-dependent trend was observed considering the levels of each allergen components: the levels of each allergen component, with the exception of Fel d 1, tended to increase till early adulthood and then to decrease reaching the lowest levels in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-specific IgE production to inhaled molecular components trend to reduce with ageing, but with differences between allergens. This phenomenon should be adequately evaluated managing allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tosca
- Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Silvestri
- Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Olcese
- Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Pistorio
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Service, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - G A Rossi
- Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Ciprandi
- Internal Medicine Department, IRCCS-AOU San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
IgE antibodies serve as the gatekeeper for the release of mediators from sensitized (IgE positive) mast cells and basophils following a relevant allergen exposure which can lead to an immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction. Purified recombinant and native allergens were combined in the 1990s with state of the art chip technology to establish the first microarray-based IgE antibody assay. Triplicate spots to over 100 allergenic molecules are immobilized on an amine-activated glass slide to form a single panel multi-allergosorbent assay. Human antibodies, typically of the IgE and IgG isotypes, specific for one or many allergens bind to their respective allergen(s) on the chip. Following removal of unbound serum proteins, bound IgE antibody is detected with a fluorophore-labeled anti-human IgE reagent. The fluorescent profile from the completed slide provides a sensitization profile of an allergic patient which can identify IgE antibodies that bind to structurally similar (cross-reactive) allergen families versus molecules that are unique to a single allergen specificity. Despite its ability to rapidly analyze many IgE antibody specificities in a single simple assay format, the chip-based microarray remains less analytically sensitive and quantitative than its singleplex assay counterpart (ImmunoCAP, Immulite). Microgram per mL quantities of allergen-specific IgG antibody can also complete with nanogram per mL quantities of specific IgE for limited allergen binding sites on the chip. Microarray assays, while not used in clinical immunology laboratories for routine patient IgE antibody testing, will remain an excellent research tool for defining sensitization profiles of populations in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Tosca M, Silvestri M, Olcese R, Sacco O, Pistorio A, Rossi G, Ciprandi G. Allergen-specific IgE to food molecular components and age: From early childhood to adulthood. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:87-92. [PMID: 27720248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory allergy is characterised by an IgE-mediated reaction. The immune system functions, including IgE production, progressively decline over time with growing up and ageing. Molecular-based allergy diagnostic defines sensitisation profile. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age on serum allergen-specific IgE to molecular component levels in a large sample of subjects. METHODS Serum IgE to: rCor a11, rPru p3, nJug r3, rAra h8, rGly m4, rCor a8, nPen m1, nAct d8, Bos d 8, and nGal d2 were assessed by ISAC method. Sera from 2795 patients, 1234 males (44.1%) and 1561 females (55.9%), median age 23 years (1st and 3rd quartiles: 9.7-43.7 years; age range: 1 month-103 years) were analysed. RESULTS The number of positive tests (i.e. sensitisation) tended to increase between birth and school-age until young adulthood and then decreased. A similar age-dependent trend was observed considering the levels of each allergen components: the levels of each allergen component tended to increase until early adulthood, but Gal d 2 and Bos d 8 (rapidly diminishing), and then to decrease over time. However, the pattern is significantly dependent on each single tested food. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-specific IgE production to food molecular components tend to reduce with ageing, but with differences between allergens. This phenomenon should be adequately evaluated managing allergic patients.
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Williams P, Önell A, Baldracchini F, Hui V, Jolles S, El-Shanawany T. Evaluation of a novel automated allergy microarray platform compared with three other allergy test methods. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:1-10. [PMID: 26437695 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarray platforms, enabling simultaneous measurement of many allergens with a small serum sample, are potentially powerful tools in allergy diagnostics. We report here the first study comparing a fully automated microarray system, the Microtest allergy system, with a manual microarray platform, Immuno-Solid phase Allergen Chip (ISAC), and two well-established singleplex allergy tests, skin prick test (SPT) and ImmunoCAP, all tested on the same patients. One hundred and three adult allergic patients attending the allergy clinic were included into the study. All patients were tested with four allergy test methods (SPT, ImmunoCAP, Microtest and ISAC 112) and a total of 3485 pairwise test results were analysed and compared. The four methods showed comparable results with a positive/negative agreement of 81-88% for any pair of test methods compared, which is in line with data in the literature. The most prevalent allergens (cat, dog, mite, timothy, birch and peanut) and their individual allergen components revealed an agreement between methods with correlation coefficients between 0·73 and 0·95. All four methods revealed deviating individual patient results for a minority of patients. These results indicate that microarray platforms are efficient and useful tools to characterize the specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E profile of allergic patients using a small volume of serum sample. The results produced by the Microtest system were in agreement with diagnostic tests in current use. Further data collection and evaluation are needed for other populations, geographical regions and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Williams
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
| | | | | | | | - S Jolles
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
| | - T El-Shanawany
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
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Becker S, Rasp J, Eder K, Berghaus A, Kramer MF, Gröger M. Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome is not associated with local production of specific IgE in nasal mucosa. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273:1469-1475. [PMID: 26342925 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) is an eosinophilic inflammation of the nasal mucosa without evidence of an allergy or other nasal pathologies. Patients complain about perennial symptoms like nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, itchiness and sneezing of the nose sometimes accompanied by hyposmia. The aim of the study was to better characterize NARES patients using immunoassay-biochip technology to examine serum and nasal secretion. Sera and nasal secretion of patients with NARES (perennial nasal symptoms, no evidence of acute or chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps, negative SX1-Screening test and/or negative skin prick test, eosinophilic cationic protein in nasal secretion >200 ng/ml) were tested by immunoassay-biochip technology (ImmunoCAP(®) ISAC, Phadia). 112 different allergen components from 51 allergen sources were tested on the chip. Furthermore, serum and nasal secretion were tested for specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin TSST-1 by fluorescence-enzyme-immunoassay (UniCAP(®), Phadia). Unrecognized systemic sensitization could be ruled out by negative ISAC results in sera of all patients. Testing of nasal secretion for allergen-specific IgE by ISAC chip technology was negative as well in all cases. In one patient, a systemic sensitization to Staphylococcus aureus superantigen TSST-1 was detectable but no allergen-specific IgE to TSST-1 was measurable in nasal secretion of any patient. The results demonstrate that NARES is not associated with local allergy (entopy) nor with a local inflammation driven by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin TSST-1. Further studies are necessary to better understand the underlying mechanisms of NARES.
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Huss-Marp J, Gutermuth J, Schäffner I, Darsow U, Pfab F, Brockow K, Ring J, Behrendt H, Jakob T, Ahlgrim C. Comparison of molecular and extract-based allergy diagnostics with multiplex and singleplex analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:46-53. [PMID: 26709369 PMCID: PMC4686215 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background ImmunoCAP ISAC 112, is a commercially available molecular allergy IgE multiplex test. Data on the comparison of this rather novel test with extract-based as well as molecular ImmunoCAP singleplex IgE tests is missing. Objective To perform a comparison between the ISAC multiplex IgE assay and the ImmunoCAP singleplex test results. Methods Serum samples of 101 adults with grass pollen allergy were analysed for sIgE to 112 allergenic molecules represented on the ISAC test as well as to common atopy-related extract-based allergy tests with the ImmunoCAP System (house dust mite [d1], cat [e1], dog [e5], cow’s milk [f2], hen’s egg [f1], hazelnut [f17], celery [f85], Alternaria alternate [m6], as well as pollen from birch [t3], hazel [t4], mugwort [w6], and ragweed [w1]). Subsequently statistical analysis was performed with the Spearman rank correlation test and the Clopper-Pearson method in order to compare the ISAC multiplex results with the sIgE singleplex results. Results The positive percent agreements (PPA) and negative percent agreement (NPA) of corresponding allergens between the ISAC sIgE test and the extract-based singleplex ImmunoCAP results at cutoff 0.1 kUA/l varied between 60–100 % for PPA and 78–97 % for NPA. Conclusion When taking into account corresponding allergens molecular testing with the ISAC multiplex test correlates well with ImmunoCAP singleplex results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Huss-Marp
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Phadia GmbH, Freiburg, Germany ; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Mainzer Straße 81, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ina Schäffner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Phadia GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Darsow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany ; ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Pfab
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany ; ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany ; ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ahlgrim
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Department of Exercise Medicine and Sport, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Santosa A, Andiappan AK, Rotzschke O, Wong HC, Chang A, Bigliardi-Qi M, Wang DY, Bigliardi PL. Evaluation of the applicability of the Immuno-solid-phase allergen chip ( ISAC) assay in atopic patients in Singapore. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:9. [PMID: 25741438 PMCID: PMC4349609 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Molecular-based allergy diagnostics are gaining popularity in clinical practice. Our aim was to evaluate their role in the tropics, given the inherent genetic and environmental differences. Methods We recruited subjects with history of atopy and collected data on demographics and atopic symptoms using validated questionnaires. Subjects underwent a series of skin prick tests (SPT). Serum total and specific IgE levels were measured using ImmunoCAP FEIA and ImmunoCAP ISAC®, respectively. We describe their pattern of sensitization and agreement between test methods. Results A total of 135 subjects were recruited; mean ± SD age of 31.18 ± 12.72 years, 52.7% female. Allergic rhinitis (AR) was the most prevalent clinical manifestation of atopy (70.7%), followed by atopic dermatitis (AD) (50.5%) and asthma (26.2%). Polysensitization was seen in 51.1% of subjects by both SPT and ISAC. House dust mites (HDM) were the dominant allergen, with sensitization in 67.8% and 62% of subjects on SPT and ISAC, respectively. A group of subjects with monosensitization to B. tropicalis was identified. HDM sensitization was strongly associated with AR, while AD and asthma were not associated with sensitization to any allergen. Agreement between SPT and ISAC was mostly suboptimal. Greatest agreement was documented for the measurement of HDM sensitization with both methods (κ = 0.64). Sensitization to the bulk of the remaining allergens in the ISAC panel was infrequent. Conclusion Multiplex methods should not be used as a screening tool, especially in a population with lower rates of polysensitization and a dominant sensitizing allergen. There may be a role in adjusting the antigen spectrum in the ISAC panel to regional differences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0053-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Santosa
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Level 10 Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hung Chew Wong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Amanda Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Bigliardi-Qi
- IMB (Institute of Medical Biology), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Lorenz Bigliardi
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Level 10 Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ; IMB (Institute of Medical Biology), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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