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Sun L, Zhao Y, Peng H, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Yan J, Liu Y, Guo S, Wu X, Li B. Carbon dots as a novel photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer and bacterial infectious diseases: recent advances. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:210. [PMID: 38671474 PMCID: PMC11055261 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are novel carbon-based nanomaterials that have been used as photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in recent years due to their good photosensitizing activity. Photosensitizers (PSs) are main components of PDT that can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when stimulated by light source, which have the advantages of low drug resistance and high therapeutic efficiency. CDs can generate ROS efficiently under irradiation and therefore have been extensively studied in disease local phototherapy. In tumor therapy, CDs can be used as PSs or PS carriers to participate in PDT and play an extremely important role. In bacterial infectious diseases, CDs exhibit high bactericidal activity as CDs are effective in disrupting bacterial cell membranes leading to bacterial death upon photoactivation. We focus on recent advances in the therapy of cancer and bacteria with CDs, and also briefly summarize the mechanisms and requirements for PSs in PDT of cancer, bacteria and other diseases. We also discuss the role CDs play in combination therapy and the potential for future applications against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Sun
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyi Peng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Laboratory for Oral and General Health Integration and Translation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Susu Guo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
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Najari E, Zamani S, Sheikh Arabi M, Ardebili A. Antimicrobial photodynamic effect of the photosensitizer riboflavin, alone and in combination with colistin, against pandrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00075-8. [PMID: 38432556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of multi-, extensively-, and pandrug-resistant (MDR, XDR, and PDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains a major problem in medical care. The present study evaluated the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as a monotherapy and in combination with colistin against P. aeruginosa isolates. METHODS Two P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from patients with respiratory tract infections were examined in this study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin was determined by the colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) and the reference broth microdilution (rBMD) methods. aPDT was performed using the photosensitizer (Ps) riboflavin at several concentrations and a light-emitting diode (LED) emitting blue light for different irradiation times with or without colistin at 1/2 × MIC concentration. RESULTS Both PA1 and PA2 isolates were identified as colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa with a MIC ≥4 μg/mL by the CBDE and MICs of 512 μg/mL and 256 μg/mL, respectively, by the rBMD. In aPDT, neither riboflavin nor LED light alone had antibacterial effects. The values of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) in both isolates were significantly reduced by LED + Ps treatments in a time-dependent manner (LED irradiation time) and dose-dependent manner (Ps concentration). In comparison with control, treatment with Ps (50 μM) + LED (120 s) and Ps (100 μM) + LED (120 s) resulted in 0.27 log10 CFU/mL and 0.43 log10 CFU/mL reductions in PA1, and 0.28 log10 CFU/mL and 0.34 log10 CFU/mL reductions in PA2, respectively, (P < 0.01). The best results were obtained after the combination of aPDT followed by colistin, which increased bacterial reduction, resulting in a 0.41-0.7 log10 CFU/mL reduction for PA1 and 0.35-0.83 log10 CFU/mL reduction for PA2 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the potential implications of aPDT in combination with antibiotics, such as colistin for treatment of difficult-to-treat P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Najari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Samin Zamani
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sheikh Arabi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Ardebili
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Yu L, Liu Z, Xu W, Jin K, Liu J, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu Y. Towards overcoming obstacles of type II photodynamic therapy: Endogenous production of light, photosensitizer, and oxygen. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1111-1131. [PMID: 38486983 PMCID: PMC10935104 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) approaches face challenges including limited light penetration, low uptake of photosensitizers by tumors, and lack of oxygen in tumor microenvironments. One promising solution is to internally generate light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. This can be accomplished through endogenous production, such as using bioluminescence as an endogenous light source, synthesizing genetically encodable photosensitizers in situ, and modifying cells genetically to express catalase enzymes. Furthermore, these strategies have been reinforced by the recent rapid advancements in synthetic biology. In this review, we summarize and discuss the approaches to overcome PDT obstacles by means of endogenous production of excitation light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. We envision that as synthetic biology advances, genetically engineered cells could act as precise and targeted "living factories" to produce PDT components, leading to enhanced performance of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Menditti D, Santagata M, Guida D, Magliulo R, D'Antonio GM, Staglianò S, Boschetti CE. State of the Art in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Oral Malignant and Potentially Malignant Disorders: Present Insights and Future Outlook-An Overview. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:228. [PMID: 38534502 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder (OPMD) is a significant concern for clinicians due to the risk of malignant transformation. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common type of cancer with a low survival rate, causing over 200,000 new cases globally each year. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate for OSCC patients remains under 50%. Early diagnosis can greatly improve the chances of survival. Therefore, understanding the development and transformation of OSCC and developing new diagnostic methods is crucial. The field of oral medicine has been advanced by technological and molecular innovations, leading to the integration of new medical technologies into dental practice. This study aims to outline the potential role of non-invasive imaging techniques and molecular signatures for the early detection of Oral Malignant and Potentially Malignant Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Menditti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Santagata
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - David Guida
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliulo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria D'Antonio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuel Staglianò
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Emiliano Boschetti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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Gonzalo-Navarro C, Zafon E, Organero JA, Jalón FA, Lima JC, Espino G, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Moro AJ, Barrabés S, Castro J, Camacho-Aguayo J, Massaguer A, Manzano BR, Durá G. Ir(III) Half-Sandwich Photosensitizers with a π-Expansive Ligand for Efficient Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1783-1811. [PMID: 38291666 PMCID: PMC10859961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
One approach to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which allows spatiotemporal control of the cytotoxicity. We have used the strategy of coordinating π-expansive ligands to increase the excited state lifetimes of Ir(III) half-sandwich complexes in order to facilitate the generation of 1O2. We have obtained derivatives of formulas [Cp*Ir(C∧N)Cl] and [Cp*Ir(C∧N)L]BF4 with different degrees of π-expansion in the C∧N ligands. Complexes with the more π-expansive ligand are very effective photosensitizers with phototoxic indexes PI > 2000. Furthermore, PI values of 63 were achieved with red light. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations nicely explain the effect of the π-expansion. The complexes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level, causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cleavage of DNA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, as well as lysosomal damage. Consequently, cell death by apoptosis and secondary necrosis is activated. Thus, we describe the first class of half-sandwich iridium cyclometalated complexes active in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalo-Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan Angel Organero
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Félix A. Jalón
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joao Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía Santos
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela,
s/n, 13071 Ciudad
Real, Spain
| | - Artur J. Moro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barrabés
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Camacho-Aguayo
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Analytic Biosensors Group, Instituto de Nanociencia
y Nanomateriales de Aragon, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Blanca R. Manzano
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Domka W, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Mytych W, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy for Eye, Ear, Laryngeal Area, and Nasal and Oral Cavity Diseases: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38339396 PMCID: PMC10854993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising modality for the treatment of various diseases. This non-invasive approach utilizes photosensitizing agents and light to selectively target and destroy abnormal cells, providing a valuable alternative to traditional treatments. Research studies have explored the application of PDT in different areas of the head. Research is focusing on a growing number of new developments and treatments for cancer. One of these methods is PDT. Photodynamic therapy is now a revolutionary, progressive method of cancer therapy. A very important feature of PDT is that cells cannot become immune to singlet oxygen. With this therapy, patients can avoid lengthy and costly surgeries. PDT therapy is referred to as a safe and highly selective therapy. These studies collectively highlight the potential of PDT as a valuable therapeutic option in treating the head area. As research in this field progresses, PDT may become increasingly integrated into the clinical management of these conditions, offering a balance between effectiveness and minimal invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Domka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Mytych
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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de Souza M, Sammarro Silva KJ, Garbuio M, Inada NM, Bagnato VS, Lima AR. Photon spectra effects tested on the vegetal model Allium cepa. J Biophotonics 2023; 16:e202300168. [PMID: 37679880 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of artificial light sources in plants is considered a type of photobiomodulation (PBM), a trend in agriculture and food industries, aiming at decontamination, pest control, and increased production yield. However, literature lacks a broader assessment to address the effects of photon light spectra on plant characteristics. Here, we aimed to describe the effects of visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet light upon Allium cepa, a known bioindicator, under various light doses. Samples irradiated under visible and infrared light did not show cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, or mutagenicity in any of the evaluated doses. Light induction at 460 and 635 nm significantly stimulated root development of the test organism. In contrast, 254 nm irradiation proved to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. This work reveals and quantifies the spectral response of A. cepa seeds, suggesting that it can be proposed as a model for future research on mechanisms of PBM in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Central Paulista University, São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Garbuio
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Acquah C, Pabis Z, Seth SK, Levi L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Low-cost, 3D printed irradiation system for in vitro photodynamic therapy experiments. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 37929322 DOI: 10.1111/php.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a suitable irradiation setup is essential for in vitro experiments in photodynamic therapy (PDT). While various irradiation systems have been developed for PDT, only a few offer practical and high-quality setups for precise and reproducible results in cell culture experiments. This report introduces a cost-effective illumination setup designed for in vitro photodynamic treatments. The setup consists of a commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, a cooling unit, and a specially designed 3D-printed enclosure to accommodate a multiwell plate insert. The LED lamp is versatile, supporting various irradiation wavelengths and adjustable illumination fields, ensuring consistent and reliable performance. The study evaluates the setup through various parameters, including photon flux density, illumination uniformity, photon distribution across the multiwell plate, and temperature changes during irradiation. In addition, the effectiveness of the LED-based illumination system is tested by treating mouse mammary breast carcinoma cells (4T1) with Rose Bengal and LED irradiation at around 525 nm. The resulting IC50 of 5.2 ± 0.9 μM and a minimum media temperature change of ca. 1.2°C indicate a highly promising LED-based setup that offers a cost-effective and technically feasible solution for achieving consistent, reproducible, and uniform irradiation, enhancing research capabilities and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Acquah
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Pabis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sourav Kanti Seth
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Liraz Levi
- Celloram Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Chen YT, Lin YJ, Chang CC, Liu PH, Huang YH, Shen JW, Lu ME, Chiang HM, Lin BS. The quantitative analysis of low-concentration (2%) ALA-PDT assisted with Q-switch 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser for acne vulgaris treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:236. [PMID: 37843672 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic (ALA-PDT) therapy (10-20%) has been widely applied for moderate-to-severe acne. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of non-ablative Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser-assisted ALA-PDT with low concentration (2%) on the treatment of acne vulgaris. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group received combined therapy of 2% ALA-PDT and non-ablative Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser, and the other received only 2% ALA-PDT. Patients in each group had received 3-session treatments with 4-week intervals (week 0, 4, and 8). Sebum secretion, melanin index, erythema index, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were assessed at week 2, 8, 12, and 24. VISIA® skin image system score and global esthetic improvement scale (GAIS) were also evaluated. Twenty-four participants were enrolled and evenly randomized to two groups. Significant improvement in sebum secretion was noted in combined therapy group compared to the monotherapy group at week 12 (37.5% versus 16.3%), and the improvement would still be noted until week 24 (18.3% versus 17.4%). Combined group also showed more severe melanin index and erythema index after treatment. For VISIA® skin analysis, patients in combined group had better percentile ranking in porphyrins and red-light images. There were no significant differences in GAIS at the end of the follow-up between each group, whereas higher proportion of satisfaction was noted in combined group at week 2. With the assistance of laser, low concentrations (2%) of 5-ALA can provide effective phototoxic reactions in treating acne vulgaris. The satisfaction of patients is high with acceptable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsung Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jhen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Cheng Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Aesthetic Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-En Lu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Dinakaran D, Wilson BC. The use of nanomaterials in advancing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for deep-seated tumors and synergy with radiotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1250804. [PMID: 37849983 PMCID: PMC10577272 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1250804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been under development for at least 40 years. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant anti-tumor efficacy with limited toxicity concerns. PDT was expected to become a major new therapeutic option in treating localized cancer. However, despite a shifting focus in oncology to aggressive local therapies, PDT has not to date gained widespread acceptance as a standard-of-care option. A major factor is the technical challenge of treating deep-seated and large tumors, due to the limited penetration and variability of the activating light in tissue. Poor tumor selectivity of PDT sensitizers has been problematic for many applications. Attempts to mitigate these limitations with the use of multiple interstitial fiberoptic catheters to deliver the light, new generations of photosensitizer with longer-wavelength activation, oxygen independence and better tumor specificity, as well as improved dosimetry and treatment planning are starting to show encouraging results. Nanomaterials used either as photosensitizers per se or to improve delivery of molecular photosensitizers is an emerging area of research. PDT can also benefit radiotherapy patients due to its complementary and potentially synergistic mechanisms-of-action, ability to treat radioresistant tumors and upregulation of anti-tumoral immune effects. Furthermore, recent advances may allow ionizing radiation energy, including high-energy X-rays, to replace external light sources, opening a novel therapeutic strategy (radioPDT), which is facilitated by novel nanomaterials. This may provide the best of both worlds by combining the precise targeting and treatment depth/volume capabilities of radiation therapy with the high therapeutic index and biological advantages of PDT, without increasing toxicities. Achieving this, however, will require novel agents, primarily developed with nanomaterials. This is under active investigation by many research groups using different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dinakaran
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Insińska-Rak M, Sikorski M, Wolnicka-Glubisz A. Riboflavin and Its Derivates as Potential Photosensitizers in the Photodynamic Treatment of Skin Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:2304. [PMID: 37759526 PMCID: PMC10528563 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin, a water-soluble vitamin B2, possesses unique biological and physicochemical properties. Its photosensitizing properties make it suitable for various biological applications, such as pathogen inactivation and photodynamic therapy. However, the effectiveness of riboflavin as a photosensitizer is hindered by its degradation upon exposure to light. The review aims to highlight the significance of riboflavin and its derivatives as potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. Additionally, a concise overview of photodynamic therapy and utilization of blue light in dermatology is provided, as well as the photochemistry and photobiophysics of riboflavin and its derivatives. Particular emphasis is given to the latest findings on the use of acetylated 3-methyltetraacetyl-riboflavin derivative (3MeTARF) in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Insińska-Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.I.-R.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.I.-R.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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12
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Algorri JF, López-Higuera JM, Rodríguez-Cobo L, Cobo A. Advanced Light Source Technologies for Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer Lesions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2075. [PMID: 37631289 PMCID: PMC10458875 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an increasingly popular dermatological treatment not only used for life-threatening skin conditions and other tumors but also for cosmetic purposes. PDT has negligible effects on underlying functional structures, enabling tissue regeneration feasibility. PDT uses a photosensitizer (PS) and visible light to create cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, which can damage cellular organelles and trigger cell death. The foundations of modern photodynamic therapy began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in recent times, it has gained more attention due to the development of new sources and PSs. This review focuses on the latest advancements in light technology for PDT in treating skin cancer lesions. It discusses recent research and developments in light-emitting technologies, their potential benefits and drawbacks, and their implications for clinical practice. Finally, this review summarizes key findings and discusses their implications for the use of PDT in skin cancer treatment, highlighting the limitations of current approaches and providing insights into future research directions to improve both the efficacy and safety of PDT. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of PDT for skin cancer treatment, covering various aspects ranging from the underlying mechanisms to the latest technological advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Luís Rodríguez-Cobo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adolfo Cobo
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Himanshu, Mukherjee R, Vidic J, Leal E, da Costa AC, Prudencio CR, Raj VS, Chang CM, Pandey RP. Nanobiotics and the One Health Approach: Boosting the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance at the Nanoscale. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1182. [PMID: 37627247 PMCID: PMC10452580 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it poses a significant threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed significantly and others factors including gene mutation, bacteria living in biofilms, and enzymatic degradation/hydrolyses help in the emergence and spread of AMR, which may lead to significant economic consequences such as reduced productivity and increased health care costs. Nanotechnology offers a promising platform for addressing this challenge. Nanoparticles have unique properties that make them highly effective in combating bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth and survival of multi-drug-resistant bacteria in three areas of health: human, animal, and environmental. To conduct an economic evaluation of surveillance in this context, it is crucial to obtain an understanding of the connections to be addressed by several nations by implementing national action policies based on the One Health strategy. This review provides an overview of the progress made thus far and presents potential future directions to optimize the impact of nanobiotics on AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (H.); (R.M.)
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (H.); (R.M.)
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Elcio Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 351, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil
| | - V. Samuel Raj
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
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Huang W, Hu B, Yuan Y, Fang H, Jiang J, Li Q, Zhuo Y, Yang X, Wei J, Wang X. Visible Light-Responsive Selenium Nanoparticles Combined with Sonodynamic Therapy to Promote Wound Healing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1341-1351. [PMID: 36825832 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) that could be effectively excited by pure yellow light (YL) source to enhance antibacterial ability. Meanwhile, YL could also play the role of anti-inflammatory and promote wound healing. In addition, in order to overcome the problem of low penetration depth of photodynamic therapy (PDT), SeNPs were encapsulated with polyethylenimine (PEI), then modified with the sound sensitive agent indocyanine green (ICG), realizing the combined photoacoustic therapy to promote the healing of wounds infected by drug-resistant bacteria. The antibacterial efficiency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) reached more than 99% in in vitro and in vivo experiments within 10 min, which could safely and quickly kill drug-resistant bacteria to repair and heal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Hu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Yalin Yuan
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Fang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Junkai Jiang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Qun Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Jinlu Wei
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330088, P. R. China
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15
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Mosaddad SA, Namanloo RA, Aghili SS, Maskani P, Alam M, Abbasi K, Nouri F, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian M, Tebyaniyan H. Photodynamic therapy in oral cancer: a review of clinical studies. Med Oncol 2023; 40:91. [PMID: 36749489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant mortality rate is associated with oral cancer, particularly in cases of late-stage diagnosis. Since the last decades, oral cancer survival rates have only gradually improved despite advances in treatment. This poor success rate is mainly due to the development of secondary tumors, local recurrence, and regional failure. Invasive treatments frequently have a negative impact on the aesthetic and functional outcomes of survivors. Novel approaches are thus needed to manage this deadly disease in light of these statistics. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-sensitive medication called a photosensitizer is given first, followed by exposure to light of the proper wavelength that matches the absorbance band of the photosensitizer. The tissue oxygen-induced cytotoxic free radicals kill tumor cells directly, harm the microvascular structure, and cause inflammatory reactions at the targeted sites. In the case of early lesions, PDT can be used as a stand-alone therapy, and in the case of advanced lesions, it can be used as adjuvant therapy. The current review article discussed the uses of PDT in oral cancer therapy based on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Poorya Maskani
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nouri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran.
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Huis in ‘t Veld RV, Heuts J, Ma S, Cruz LJ, Ossendorp FA, Jager MJ. Current Challenges and Opportunities of Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020330. [PMID: 36839652 PMCID: PMC9965442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established, minimally invasive treatment for specific types of cancer. During PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated that ultimately induce cell death and disruption of the tumor area. Moreover, PDT can result in damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release and/or exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may initiate an antitumor immune response. However, there are currently several challenges of PDT that limit its widespread application for certain indications in the clinic. METHODS A literature study was conducted to comprehensively discuss these challenges and to identify opportunities for improvement. RESULTS The most notable challenges of PDT and opportunities to improve them have been identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The recent efforts to improve the current challenges of PDT are promising, most notably those that focus on enhancing immune responses initiated by the treatment. The application of these improvements has the potential to enhance the antitumor efficacy of PDT, thereby broadening its potential application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeroen Heuts
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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Gholami L, Shahabi S, Jazaeri M, Hadilou M, Fekrazad R. Clinical applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in dentistry. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1020995. [PMID: 36687594 PMCID: PMC9850114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the emergence of resistant bacterial strains and novel microorganisms that globally threaten human life, moving toward new treatment modalities for microbial infections has become a priority more than ever. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been introduced as a promising and non-invasive local and adjuvant treatment in several oral infectious diseases. Its efficacy for elimination of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and key pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis have been investigated by many invitro and clinical studies. Researchers have also investigated methods of increasing the efficacy of such treatment modalities by amazing developments in the production of natural, nano based, and targeted photosensitizers. As clinical studies have an important role in paving the way towards evidence-based applications in oral infection treatment by this method, the current review aimed to provide an overall view of potential clinical applications in this field and summarize the data of available randomized controlled clinical studies conducted on the applications of aPDT in dentistry and investigate its future horizons in the dental practice. Four databases including PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched up to September 2022 to retrieve related clinical studies. There are several clinical studies reporting aPDT as an effective adjunctive treatment modality capable of reducing pathogenic bacterial loads in periodontal and peri-implant, and persistent endodontic infections. Clinical evidence also reveals a therapeutic potential for aPDT in prevention and reduction of cariogenic organisms and treatment of infections with fungal or viral origins, however, the number of randomized clinical studies in these groups are much less. Altogether, various photosensitizers have been used and it is still not possible to recommend specific irradiation parameters due to heterogenicity among studies. Reaching effective clinical protocols and parameters of this treatment is difficult and requires further high quality randomized controlled trials focusing on specific PS and irradiation parameters that have shown to have clinical efficacy and are able to reduce pathogenic bacterial loads with sufficient follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gholami
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shiva Shahabi
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jazaeri
- Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hadilou
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Reza Fekrazad,
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Garapati C, HS. Boddu S, Jacob S, Ranch KM, Patel C, Jayachandra Babu R, Tiwari AK, Yasin H. Photodynamic Therapy: A Special Emphasis on Nanocarrier-mediated Delivery of Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Therapy. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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20
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Rodrigues JA, Correia JH. Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy: A Review of Combined Energy Sources. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36552759 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used in recent years as a non-invasive treatment for cancer, due to the side effects of traditional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. This therapeutic technique requires a photosensitizer, light energy, and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which mediate cellular toxicity. PDT is a useful non-invasive therapy for cancer treatment, but it has some limitations that need to be overcome, such as low-light-penetration depths, non-targeting photosensitizers, and tumor hypoxia. This review focuses on the latest innovative strategies based on the synergistic use of other energy sources, such as non-visible radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum (microwaves, infrared, and X-rays), ultrasound, and electric/magnetic fields, to overcome PDT limitations and enhance the therapeutic effect of PDT. The main principles, mechanisms, and crucial elements of PDT are also addressed.
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Sen A, Mora AK, Agarwalla SK, Sridhar G, Kundu S, Nath S. Surfactant mediated suppression of aggregation and excited state ring puckering process in Pyrromethene 597-Application in water based dye laser. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 282:121642. [PMID: 35901541 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is being considered as an economical, safe and environmental friendly alternative solvent for dye lasers. However, the use of water in dye laser is restricted due to the formation of non-emissive aggregates of dye molecules. In the present study we have explored the possibility of the use of commercially available surfactant molecules for the water based laser of Pyrromethene 597 (PM597) dye, which has emerged as an alternative for more commonly used Rhodamine dyes in dye laser systems. Our studies show that in water, PM597 forms non-emissive aggregates which can be dissociated into monomeric dye molecules by adding common surfactants. Further, the high microviscosity in the micellar media retarded energy wasting ring puckering process in the excited state of the dye leading to the increase in its emission yield and excited state lifetime to a significant extent. It has been demonstrated that the emission yield and excited state lifetime in surfactant solution is relatively higher than in ethanol, the most commonly used organic solvent for dye lasers. Lasing action has been demonstrated in the aqueous solution of dye and lasing efficiency is found to be comparable to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayentika Sen
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Aruna K Mora
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Sandeep K Agarwalla
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - G Sridhar
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Soumitra Kundu
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sukhendu Nath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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22
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Amal NM, Shiddiq M, Armynah B, Tahir D. High reactive oxygen species produced from fluorescence carbon dots for anticancer and photodynamic therapies: A review. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:2006-2017. [PMID: 36136299 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-photoluminescence carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from various sources and various methods using two approaches, namely bottom up and top down, with emission-dependent excitation wavelength. Electronic transition from the higher-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) state to the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) state, surface defect states, wider excitation spectrum, higher quantum yield, efficient energy transfer, and element doping affected the fluorescence properties of CDs. Using 102 references listed in this review, the authors studied the relationship between fluorescence mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and materials anticancer applications. We described how the radical atom or ROS work as anticancer therapy and PDT and described the chemical reaction of high-resolution fluorescence CDs. We summarized experimental techniques that are used for producing CDs and discussed their characteristics. Finally, conclusions and future prospects in this field are also discussed. The important characteristics of CD-based design for high ROS may usher in new prospects and challenges for high efficiency and stability of PDT and anticancer therapy. In conclusion, we have provided perspectives and challenges of the future development of CD s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhandis Shiddiq
- Research Center for Physics, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Puspiptek, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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23
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Zhang K, Timilsina S, Waguespack M, Kercher EM, Spring BQ. An open-source LED array illumination system for automated multiwell plate cell culture photodynamic therapy experiments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19341. [PMID: 36369334 PMCID: PMC9652332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) research would benefit from an automated, low-cost, and easy-to-use cell culture light treatment setup capable of illuminating multiple well replicates within standard multiwell plate formats. We present an LED-array suitable for performing high-throughput cell culture PDT experiments. The setup features a water-cooling loop to keep the LED-array temperature nearly constant, thus stabilizing the output power and spectrum. The setup also features two custom-made actuator arms, in combination with a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) technique, to achieve programmable and automatic light exposures for PDT. The setup operates at ~ 690 nm (676-702 nm, spectral output full-width half-maximum) and the array module can be readily adapted to other LED wavelengths. This system provides an illumination field with adjustable irradiance up to 400 mW/cm2 with relatively high spectral and power stability comparing with previously reported LED-based setups. The light doses provided by the LED array were validated with comparison to traditional laser PDT. This open-source illumination platform (including the detailed technical description, fabrication protocols, and parts list provided here) helps to make custom light sources more accessible and of practical use for photomedicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Sudip Timilsina
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Waguespack
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Eric M Kercher
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. N, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Bryan Q Spring
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA. .,Department of Physics, College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, USA.
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Matlou GG, Abrahamse H. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks as photosensitizers and nanocarriers in photodynamic therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:971747. [PMID: 36092660 PMCID: PMC9458963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.971747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new therapeutic system for cancer treatment that is less invasive and offers greater selectivity than chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. PDT employs irradiation light of known wavelength to excite a photosensitizer (PS) agent that undergoes photochemical reactions to release cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could trigger apoptosis or necrosis-induced cell death in tumor tissue. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) have unique structural advantages such as high porosity, large surface area, and tunable compositions that have attracted attention toward their use as photosensitizers or nanocarriers in PDT. They can be tailored for specific drug loading, targeting and release, hypoxia resistance, and with photoactive properties for efficient response to optical stimuli that enhance the efficacy of PDT. In this review, an overview of the basic chemistry of NMOFs, their design and use as photosensitizers in PDT, and as nanocarriers in synergistic therapies is presented. The review also discusses the morphology and size of NMOFs and their ability to improve photosensitizing properties and localize within a targeted tissue for effective and selective cancer cell death over healthy cells. Furthermore, targeting strategies that improve the overall PDT efficacy through stimulus-activated release and sub-cellular internalization are outlined with relevance to in vitro and in vivo studies from recent years.
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25
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Adnane F, El-Zayat E, Fahmy HM. The combinational application of photodynamic therapy and nanotechnology in skin cancer treatment: A review. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Ho CT, Huang TH, Kao CT. The different irradiation parameters of carbon dioxide laser effects on periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1751-1761. [PMID: 36299332 PMCID: PMC9588823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Materials and methods Results Conclusion
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27
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Legabão BC, Fernandes JA, de Oliveira Barbosa GF, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. The zoonosis sporotrichosis can be successfully treated by photodynamic therapy: A scoping review. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106341. [PMID: 35131203 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide zoonosis, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in human and feline cases reported in Brazil. Despite this, the antifungal treatment for sporotrichosis is still limited, and thus, research into new therapeutic modalities must be encouraged. Recently, photodynamic therapy has been introduced as a treatment for sporotrichosis. This work presents an overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies that have used photodynamic therapy in the context of photoinactivation of Sporothrix species. Until now, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first scope review specifically on photodynamic therapy for the treatment of sporotrichosis. A systematic electronic search was conducted in two databases: Web of Science and PubMed. Seven original articles published from 2010 to July 2021 were selected, six of which met the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria and were considered in this scoping review. Concerning the photoinactivation of Sporothrix spp. the results have been promising as studies, in both animals and humans, have reported significant clinical and mycological effects. The most used photosensitizers were methylene blue and its derivatives, and aminolevulinic acid and its methyl derivative, methyl aminolevulinic acid. In conclusion, photodynamic therapy has great potential in treatment of sporotrichosis, as its fungicidal effect both in vitro and in vivo has clearly been demonstrated. Photodynamic therapy could be used in conjunction with classic antifungal agents to optimize treatment outcomes.
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Patel M, Prabhu A. Smart nanocomposite assemblies for multimodal cancer theranostics. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121697. [PMID: 35337903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in anticancer research, performance statistics of current treatment modalities remain dismal, highlighting the need for safe, efficacious strategies for tumour mitigation. Non-invasive fusion technology platforms combining photodynamic, photothermal and hyperthermia therapies have emerged as alternate strategies with potential to meet many of the unmet clinical demands in the domain of cancer. These therapies make use of metallic and magnetic nanoparticles with light absorbing properties, which are manipulated to generate either reactive cytotoxic oxygen species or heat for tumour ablation. Combination therapies integrating light, heat and magnetism-mediated nanoplatforms with the conventional approaches of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are emerging as precision medicine for targeted interventions against cancer. This article aims to compile recent developments of advanced nanocomposite assemblies that integrate multimodal therapeutics for cancer treatment. Amalgamation of various effective, non-invasive technological platforms such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have tremendous potential in presenting safe and efficacious solutions to the formidable challenges in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshi Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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29
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Duosiken D, Yang R, Dai Y, Marfavi Z, Lv Q, Li H, Sun K, Tao K. Near-Infrared Light-Excited Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Thulium Oxide Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2455-2459. [PMID: 35118859 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exploring materials that can absorb near-infrared (NIR) light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for many fields. Herein we show that thulium oxide nanoparticles are viable for NIR-stimulated ROS generation. This property may be related to the unique energy levels, large absorption cross section, low fluorescence emission, and ∼10-3 s lifetime of the 3H4 state of Tm ions. We further demonstrate the impact of these nanoparticles on photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which impressive tumor inhibition was recorded after exposure to either a broadband halogen lamp or an 808 nm laser. Our results may provide insight into the areas of photocatalysis, pollution treatment, and fine chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dida Duosiken
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruihao Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yingfan Dai
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zeinab Marfavi
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Quanjie Lv
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hanyin Li
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ke Tao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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do Prado-Silva L, Brancini GT, Braga GÚ, Liao X, Ding T, Sant’Ana AS. Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) as an innovative technology to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in agri-food products: An updated review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Optogenetics is widely used to interrogate the neural circuits underlying disease and has most recently been harnessed for therapeutic applications. The optogenetic toolkit consists of light-responsive proteins that modulate specific cellular functions, vectors for the delivery of the transgenes that encode the light-responsive proteins to targeted cellular populations, and devices for the delivery of light of suitable wavelengths at effective fluence rates. A refined toolkit with a focus towards translational uses would include efficient and safer viral and non-viral gene-delivery vectors, increasingly red-shifted photoresponsive proteins, nanomaterials that efficiently transduce near-infrared light deep into tissue, and wireless implantable light-delivery devices that allow for spatiotemporally precise interventions at clinically relevant tissue depths. In this Review, we examine the current optogenetics toolkit and the most notable preclinical and translational uses of optogenetics, and discuss future methodological and translational developments and bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swati Shikha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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de Paiva ADCM, Ferreira MDC, da Fonseca ADS. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of bacterial keratitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 37:102717. [PMID: 35021106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is the main cause of corneal opacification and the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide, with bacteria the major infectious agent. Recently, bacterial keratitis has become a serious threat due to routine use of antibiotics leading to selection of resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria strains. New approaches for treatment of bacterial keratitis are necessary to outcome the increasing antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is based on three agents: photosensitizer, oxygen, and light radiation. This therapy has been successful for treatment of infections in different tissues and organs as well as against different type of infectious agents and no resistance development. Also, new photosensitizers are being developed that has increased the spectrum of therapeutic protocols for treatment of a number of infectious diseases. Thus, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has an extraordinary potential for treatment of those bacterial keratitis cases that actually are not solved by traditional antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre de Carvalho Mendes de Paiva
- Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Mariz e Barros, 775, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20270002, Brazil
| | - Michelle da Costa Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 157, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro 20211040, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87 fundos, 4º andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25964004, Brazil.
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Gálvez END, Aguilera J, Fonda-Pascual P, de Gálvez MV, de Andrés-Díaz JR, Vidal-Asensi S, Herrera-Acosta E, Gago-Calderon A. Analysis and evaluation of the operational characteristics of a new photodynamic therapy device. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 37:102719. [PMID: 35021108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the key aspects of photodynamic therapy is the light source that is used to irradiate the lesion to be treated. The devices used must ensure that their emission spectrum matches the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer, so that treatment radiation is delivered only on the injured area, without irradiating healthy tissue at superficial or deep levels. Irradiance values must be adequate in order to avoid thermal damage, exceed the oxygen replenishment rate and avoid long treatment times. Furthermore, the device should be user-friendly, inexpensive, and able to be adapted to different photosensitizers. We have developed an easy-to-use and highly customizable device based on LED technology. Its innovative geometric design allows radiation to be delivered to a small treatment surface, since the LEDs are arranged in three arms, the configuration of which directs their radiation on the treatment point. Different high-power color LEDs are disposed on the arms, and can be independently selected based on the most effective wavelengths for exciting the different photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. We have tested the prototype in 5 different patients (1 actinic keratose, 1 actinic cheilitis, 1 superficial basal cell carcinoma and 2 Bowen's disease) and after 1-2 sessions of total cumulative dose of 25-50 J / cm2, 100% clearance of lesions were obtained. Our device can be used by any professional in the field, whether for medical or research purposes. It facilitates the development of treatment protocols and trials with different photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Navarrete-de Gálvez
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | | | - María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ramón de Andrés-Díaz
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Herrera-Acosta
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gago-Calderon
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Hao Y, Chung CK, Yu Z, Huis In 't Veld RV, Ossendorp FA, Ten Dijke P, Cruz LJ. Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches with Nanomaterial-Based Photodynamic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:120. [PMID: 35057015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which a light source is used in combination with a photosensitizer to induce local cell death, has shown great promise in therapeutically targeting primary tumors with negligible toxicity and minimal invasiveness. However, numerous studies have shown that noninvasive PDT alone is not sufficient to completely ablate tumors in deep tissues, due to its inherent shortcomings. Therefore, depending on the characteristics and type of tumor, PDT can be combined with surgery, radiotherapy, immunomodulators, chemotherapy, and/or targeted therapy, preferably in a patient-tailored manner. Nanoparticles are attractive delivery vehicles that can overcome the shortcomings of traditional photosensitizers, as well as enable the codelivery of multiple therapeutic drugs in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based combination strategies have provided inspiration to improve the anticancer effects of PDT. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanism of PDT and summarize the photosensitizers that have been tested preclinically for various cancer types and clinically approved for cancer treatment. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges facing the combination of PDT and multiple cancer treatment options, and we highlight the opportunities of nanoparticle-based PDT in cancer therapies.
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Abstract
The current viral pandemic has highlighted the compelling need for effective and versatile treatments, that can be quickly tuned to tackle new threats, and are robust against mutations. Development of such treatments is made even more urgent in view of the decreasing effectiveness of current antibiotics, that makes microbial infections the next emerging global threat. Photodynamic effect is one such method. It relies on physical processes proceeding from excited states of particular organic molecules, called photosensitizers, generated upon absorption of visible or near infrared light. The excited states of these molecules, tailored to undergo efficient intersystem crossing, interact with molecular oxygen and generate short lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), mostly singlet oxygen. These species are highly cytotoxic through non-specific oxidation reactions and constitute the basis of the treatment. In spite of the apparent simplicity of the principle, the method still has to face important challenges. For instance, the short lifetime of ROS means that the photosensitizer must reach the target within a few tens nanometers, which requires proper molecular engineering at the nanoscale level. Photoactive nanostructures thus engineered should ideally comprise a functionality that turns the system into a theranostic means, for instance, through introduction of fluorophores suitable for nanoscopy. We discuss the principles of the method and the current molecular strategies that have been and still are being explored in antimicrobial and antiviral photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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36
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Lee C, Wong T. The Immunogenetic Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. The Immunogenetics of Dermatologic Diseases 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Firoozi P, Farshidfar N, Fekrazad R. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy compared to nystatin therapy in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 2021. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Firoozi P, Farshidfar N, Fekrazad R. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy compared to nystatin therapy in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent 2021:10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9. [PMID: 34862461 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-021-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) compared to conventional nystatin therapy (NYT) in reducing Candida colony count in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) and critically appraised the available literature.Methods This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) updated guidelines. A literature search was performed in four electronic databases to identify relevant articles up to 15 August 2021. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of aPDT compared to NYT in reducing Candida colony count in patients with CADS were investigated. The weighted mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated. The I2 statistic was used to determine heterogeneity at the level of α = 0.10. The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) ranking system.Results Only three eligible RCTs with 141 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on the pooled results, NYT compared to aPDT generally performed better in reducing Candida colony count (Log10 CFU/mL) in patients' palate and patients' denture. The included studies had a moderate risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence was low.Conclusion Although still inconclusive, based on the current evidence, aPDT may be effective in reducing Candida colony count and treating CADS. Nonetheless, it does not appear to be more effective than conventional NYT in this regard. According to the limited number of included studies, more well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes and standardised methodology should be conducted to validate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Firoozi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Professor of Radiation Sciences Research Centre, Laser Research Centre in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Etemadi A, Hamidain M, Parker S, Chiniforush N. Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy With Curcumin and Riboflavin in the Management of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e15. [PMID: 34733738 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this article was to evaluate reports in the scientific literature that used antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with a blue light source and curcumin and riboflavin as photosensitizers in the management of periodontitis. Methods: The search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with the keywords "photodynamic therapy", "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy", "laser activated disinfection", "photoactivated disinfection", "light activated disinfection" "LED", "Periodontitis", "Curcumin", "Riboflavin", and "periodontitis" from 2012 to 2020. Results: After evaluating a total of 24 relevant articles, 13 articles were selected, full texts were read, and the data were extracted and placed in a table. Conclusion: Reviewing articles showed that curcumin as a photosensitizer activated by a blue wavelength is effective in the elimination of the various bacterial species involved in periodontal disease, and to the best of our knowledge, there is no study that has shown this substance does not reduce bacteria. According to the result of the articles, riboflavin as a photosensitizer activated by blue light can reduce bacteria that are involved in periodontitis, but other studies have reported that blue light alone can also reduce bacteria significantly. Therefore, more in-vitro and clinical trial studies are needed to give a more conclusive opinion on the effectiveness of riboflavin as a photosensitizer in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Etemadi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hamidain
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Steven Parker
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester UK
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun J, Xing F, Braun J, Traub F, Rommens PM, Xiang Z, Ritz U. Progress of Phototherapy Applications in the Treatment of Bone Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111354. [PMID: 34768789 PMCID: PMC8584114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer including primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, remains a challenge claiming millions of lives and affecting the life quality of survivors. Conventional treatments of bone cancer include wide surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, some bone cancer cells may remain or recur in the local area after resection, some are highly resistant to chemotherapy, and some are insensitive to radiotherapy. Phototherapy (PT) including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a clinically approved, minimally invasive, and highly selective treatment, and has been widely reported for cancer therapy. Under the irradiation of light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer (PS) in PDT can cause the increase of intracellular ROS and the photothermal agent (PTA) in PTT can induce photothermal conversion, leading to the tumoricidal effects. In this review, the progress of PT applications in the treatment of bone cancer has been outlined and summarized, and some envisioned challenges and future perspectives have been mentioned. This review provides the current state of the art regarding PDT and PTT in bone cancer and inspiration for future studies on PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Joy Braun
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Frank Traub
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (U.R.)
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (U.R.)
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Algorri JF, Ochoa M, Roldán-Varona P, Rodríguez-Cobo L, López-Higuera JM. Photodynamic Therapy: A Compendium of Latest Reviews. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4447. [PMID: 34503255 PMCID: PMC8430498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapy against cancer. Even though it has been investigated for more than 100 years, scientific publications have grown exponentially in the last two decades. For this reason, we present a brief compendium of reviews of the last two decades classified under different topics, namely, overviews, reviews about specific cancers, and meta-analyses of photosensitisers, PDT mechanisms, dosimetry, and light sources. The key issues and main conclusions are summarized, including ways and means to improve therapy and outcomes. Due to the broad scope of this work and it being the first time that a compendium of the latest reviews has been performed for PDT, it may be of interest to a wide audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mario Ochoa
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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Ozten O, Guney Eskiler G, Sonmez F, Yıldız MZ. Investigation of the therapeutic effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1325-1332. [PMID: 34392466 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous type of cancer and current treatment options limit successful therapy outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted attention as an alternative approach in the treatment of different types of cancer. However, there is no study in the literature regarding the effect of PDT on HCC, in vitro. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)/PDT on two different HCC cell lines in terms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The therapeutic effects of 5-ALA-based PDT on HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and SNU-449) were evaluated by PpIX-fluorescence accumulation, WST-1 analysis, Annexin V analysis, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining after irradiation with different light doses through diode laser. The results showed that 1 mM 5-ALA displayed higher PpIX fluorescence in the SNU-449 cell line than the Huh-7 cell line after 4 h of incubation. After irradiation with different light doses (3, 6, 9, and 12 J/cm2), 5-ALA significantly reduced the proliferation of HCC cells and induced apoptotic cell death (p < 0.01). Furthermore, SNU-449 cells were more responsive to 5-ALA-based PDT than Huh-7 cells due to possibly its molecular features as well as viral HBV status. Our preliminary data obtained from this study may contribute to the development of 5-ALA/PDT-based treatment strategies in the treatment of HCC. However, this study could be improved by the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by 5-ALA/PDT in HCC cells, the use of different photosensitizer, light sources, and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Ozten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Graduate Education, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Sakarya University, Korucuk Campus, 54290, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Sonmez
- Pamukova Vocational High School, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54055, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Zahid Yıldız
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
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Lehmann J, Agel MR, Engelhardt KH, Pinnapireddy SR, Agel S, Duse L, Preis E, Wojcik M, Bakowsky U. Improvement of Pulmonary Photodynamic Therapy: Nebulisation of Curcumin-Loaded Tetraether Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081243. [PMID: 34452205 PMCID: PMC8397990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes for a high number of cancer related mortalities worldwide. Therefore, it is important to improve the therapy by finding new targets and developing convenient therapies. One of these novel non-invasive strategies is the combination of pulmonary delivered tetraether liposomes and photodynamic therapy. In this study, liposomal model formulations containing the photosensitiser curcumin were nebulised via two different technologies, vibrating-mesh nebulisation and air-jet nebulisation, and compared with each other. Particle size and ζ-potential of the liposomes were investigated using dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler anemometry, respectively. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the morphological characteristics. Using a twin glass impinger, suitable aerodynamic properties were observed, with the fine particle fraction of the aerosols being ≤62.7 ± 1.6%. In vitro irradiation experiments on lung carcinoma cells (A549) revealed an excellent cytotoxic response of the nebulised liposomes in which the stabilisation of the lipid bilayer was the determining factor. Internalisation of nebulised curcumin-loaded liposomes was visualised utilising confocal laser scanning microscopy. Based on these results, the pulmonary application of curcumin-loaded tetraether liposomes can be considered as a promising approach for the photodynamic therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lehmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael R. Agel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Konrad H. Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Shashank R. Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Sabine Agel
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Lili Duse
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Wojcik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.L.); (M.R.A.); (K.H.E.); (S.R.P.); (L.D.); (E.P.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer-A Review of the Current Clinical Status. Front Chem 2021; 9:686303. [PMID: 34409014 PMCID: PMC8365093 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.686303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an effective tool that has been used in the treatment of diseases for ages. The effects of combination of specific dyes with light illumination was demonstrated at the beginning of 20th century and novel PDT approaches have been developed ever since. Main strategies of current studies are to reduce off-target effects and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Given the high interest and vast literature about the topic, approval of PDT as the first drug/device combination by the FDA should come as no surprise. PDT consists of two stages of treatment, combining light energy with a PS in order to destruct tumor cells after activation by light. In general, PDT has fewer side effects and toxicity than chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In addition to the purpose of treatment, several types of PSs can be used for diagnostic purposes for tumors. Such approaches are called photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this Review, we provide a general overview of the clinical applications of PDT in cancer, including the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Assessment of PDT therapeutic efficacy in the clinic will be discussed, since identifying predictors to determine the response to treatment is crucial. In addition, examples of PDT in various types of tumors will be discussed. Furthermore, combination of PDT with other therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy will be emphasized, since such approaches seem to be promising in terms of enhancing effectiveness against tumor. The combination of PDT with other treatments may yield better results than by single treatments. Moreover, the utilization of lower doses in a combination therapy setting may cause less side effects and better results than single therapy. A better understanding of the effectiveness of PDT in a combination setting in the clinic as well as the optimization of such complex multimodal treatments may expand the clinical applications of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Bienia A, Wiecheć-Cudak O, Murzyn AA, Krzykawska-Serda M. Photodynamic Therapy and Hyperthermia in Combination Treatment-Neglected Forces in the Fight against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1147. [PMID: 34452108 PMCID: PMC8399393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in humans. Despite the progress in cancer treatment, and an increase in the effectiveness of diagnostic methods, cancer is still highly lethal and very difficult to treat in many cases. Combination therapy, in the context of cancer treatment, seems to be a promising option that may allow minimizing treatment side effects and may have a significant impact on the cure. It may also increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, combination treatment can significantly increase delivery of drugs to cancerous tissues. Photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia seem to be ideal examples that prove the effectiveness of combination therapy. These two kinds of therapy can kill cancer cells through different mechanisms and activate various signaling pathways. Both PDT and hyperthermia play significant roles in the perfusion of a tumor and the network of blood vessels wrapped around it. The main goal of combination therapy is to combine separate mechanisms of action that will make cancer cells more sensitive to a given therapeutic agent. Such an approach in treatment may contribute toward increasing its effectiveness, optimizing the cancer treatment process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martyna Krzykawska-Serda
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (A.B.); (O.W.-C.); (A.A.M.)
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Algorri JF, Ochoa M, Roldán-Varona P, Rodríguez-Cobo L, López-Higuera JM. Light Technology for Efficient and Effective Photodynamic Therapy: A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3484. [PMID: 34298707 PMCID: PMC8307713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment with strong potential over well-established standard therapies in certain cases. Non-ionising radiation, localisation, possible repeated treatments, and stimulation of immunological response are some of the main beneficial features of PDT. Despite the great potential, its application remains challenging. Limited light penetration depth, non-ideal photosensitisers, complex dosimetry, and complicated implementations in the clinic are some limiting factors hindering the extended use of PDT. To surpass actual technological paradigms, radically new sources, light-based devices, advanced photosensitisers, measurement devices, and innovative application strategies are under extensive investigation. The main aim of this review is to highlight the advantages/pitfalls, technical challenges and opportunities of PDT, with a focus on technologies for light activation of photosensitisers, such as light sources, delivery devices, and systems. In this vein, a broad overview of the current status of superficial, interstitial, and deep PDT modalities-and a critical review of light sources and their effects on the PDT process-are presented. Insight into the technical advancements and remaining challenges of optical sources and light devices is provided from a physical and bioengineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mario Ochoa
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.O.); (P.R.-V.); (J.M.L.-H.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-bbn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Ibrahimova V, González-Delgado JA, Levêque M, Torres T, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Photooxidation Responsive Elastin-Like Polypeptide Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy Application. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1719-1728. [PMID: 34240853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive recombinant elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are artificial protein polymers derived from the hydrophobic domain of tropoelastin that have attracted significant interest for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. In the present study, we have conjugated a photosensitizer (PS) to a hydrophobic methionine-containing ELP scaffold, which upon reaction with singlet oxygen (1O2) is transformed into a hydrophilic sulfoxide derivative facilitating the disassembly of photosensitizer-delivery particles during the photodynamic therapy (PDT) process. A peripherally substituted carboxy-Zn(II)-phthalocyanine derivative (TT1) bearing a carboxyl group directly linked to the Pc-ring, and presenting an absorption maximum around 680 nm, was selected as PS which simultaneously acted as a photooxidation catalyst. A TT1-ELP[M1V3-40] conjugate was prepared from ELP[M1V3-40] modified with an alkyne group at the N-terminal chain end, and from TT1-amide-C3-azide by copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. This innovative model photooxidation sensitive PS delivery technology offers promising attributes in terms of temperature-controlled particle formation and oxidation-triggered release, narrow molar mass distribution, reproducibility, scalability, non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability for pharmaceutical applications in an effort to improve the clinical effectiveness of PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusala Ibrahimova
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Manon Levêque
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Garanger
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Verger A, Brandhonneur N, Molard Y, Cordier S, Kowouvi K, Amela-Cortes M, Dollo G. From molecules to nanovectors: Current state of the art and applications of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120763. [PMID: 34098054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a concept based on a selective activation by light of drugs called photosensitizers (PS) leading to reactive oxygen species production responsible for cell destruction. Mechanisms of photodynamic reaction and cell photo-destruction following direct or indirect mechanisms will be presented as well as PS classification, from first generation molecules developed in the 1960 s to third generation vectorized PS with improved affinity for tumor cells. Many clinical applications in dermatology, ophthalmology, urology, gastroenterology, gynecology, neurosurgery and pneumology reported encouraging results in human tumor management. However, this interesting technique needs improvements that are currently investigated in the field of PS excitation by the design of new PS intended for two-photon excitation or for X-ray excitation. The former excitation technique is allowing better light penetration and preservation of healthy tissues while the latter is combining PDT and radiotherapy so that external light sources are no longer needed to generate the photodynamic effect. Nanotechnology can also improve the PS to reach the tumor cells by grafting addressing molecule and by increasing its aqueous solubility and consequently its bioavailability by encapsulation in synthetic or biogenic nanovector systems, ensuring good drug protection and targeting. Co-internalization of PS with magnetic nanoparticles in multifunctional vectors or stealth nanoplatforms allows a theranostic anticancer approach. Finally, a new category of inorganic PS will be presented with promising results on cancer cell destruction.
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