1
|
Colman CB, Guerra A, Almagro A, de Oliveira Roque F, Rosa IMD, Fernandes GW, Oliveira PTS. Modeling the Brazilian Cerrado land use change highlights the need to account for private property sizes for biodiversity conservation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4559. [PMID: 38402243 PMCID: PMC10894285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulating future land use changes can be an important tool to support decision-making, especially in areas that are experiencing rapid anthropogenic pressure, such as the Cerrado-Brazilian savanna. Here we used a spatially-explicit model to identify the main drivers of native vegetation loss in the Cerrado and then extrapolate this loss for 2050 and 2070. We also analyzed the role of property size in complex Brazilian environmental laws in determining different outcomes of these projections. Our results show that distance to rivers, roads, and cities, agricultural potential, permanent and annual crop agriculture, and cattle led to observed/historical loss of vegetation, while protected areas prevented such loss. Assuming full adoption of the current Forest Code, the Cerrado may lose 26.5 million ha (± 11.8 95% C.I.) of native vegetation by 2050 and 30.6 million ha (± 12.8 95% C.I.) by 2070, and this loss shall occur mainly within large properties. In terms of reconciling conservation and agricultural production, we recommend that public policies focus primarily on large farms, such as protecting 30% of the area of properties larger than 2500 ha, which would avoid a loss of more than 4.1 million hectares of native vegetation, corresponding to 13% of the predicted loss by 2070.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Barbosa Colman
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP 549, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto Terra Brasilis de Desenvolvimento Socioambiental (ITB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - André Almagro
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP 549, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Knowledge Center for Biodiversity -Brazil, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Isabel M D Rosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Brazilian Knowledge Center on Biodiversity, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Tarso S Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, CxP 549, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roque FDO, Bellón B, Guerra A, Valente-Neto F, Santos CC, Melo I, Nobre Arcos A, de Oliveira AG, Valle Nunes A, de Araujo Martins C, Souza FL, Herrera H, Tavares LER, Almeida-Gomes M, Pays O, Renaud PC, Gomes Barrios SP, Yon L, Bowsher G, Sullivan R, Johnson M, Grelle CEV, Ochoa-Quintero JM. Incorporating biodiversity responses to land use change scenarios for preventing emerging zoonotic diseases in areas of unknown host-pathogen interactions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229676. [PMID: 38026639 PMCID: PMC10665965 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to reconcile food production, the safeguarding of nature, and the protection of public health is imperative in a world of continuing global change, particularly in the context of risks of emerging zoonotic disease (EZD). In this paper, we explored potential land use strategies to reduce EZD risks using a landscape approach. We focused on strategies for cases where the dynamics of pathogen transmission among species were poorly known and the ideas of "land-use induced spillover" and "landscape immunity" could be used very broadly. We first modeled three different land-use change scenarios in a region of transition between the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspots. The land-use strategies used to build our scenarios reflected different proportions of native vegetation cover, as a proxy of habitat availability. We then evaluated the effects of the proportion of native vegetation cover on the occupancy probability of a group of mammal species and analyzed how the different land-use scenarios might affect the distribution of species in the landscape and thus the risk of EZD. We demonstrate that these approaches can help identify potential future EZD risks, and can thus be used as decision-making tools by stakeholders, with direct implications for improving both environmental and socio-economic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Beatriz Bellón
- BIODIVAG, Univ Angers, Angers, France
- Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Angélica Guerra
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Francisco Valente-Neto
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Cyntia C. Santos
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
- BIODIVAG, Univ Angers, Angers, France
- Wetlands International Brazil, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Isabel Melo
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriano Nobre Arcos
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - André Valle Nunes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Pantanal, Programa de Capacitação Institucional, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Clarissa de Araujo Martins
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
- BIODIVAG, Univ Angers, Angers, France
- Wetlands International Brazil, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Franco L. Souza
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Heitor Herrera
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo R. Tavares
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Almeida-Gomes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Olivier Pays
- BIODIVAG, Univ Angers, Angers, France
- REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRS-Université Lyon 1-Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | | | | | - Lisa Yon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Bowsher
- Centre for Conflict and Health, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Centre for Conflict and Health, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Johnson
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos E. V. Grelle
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Siegel K, Farah Perez A, Kinnebrew E, Mills‐Novoa M, Ochoa J, Shoffner E. Integration of qualitative and quantitative methods for land-use-change modeling in a deforestation frontier. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13924. [PMID: 35443092 PMCID: PMC10084278 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Development and implementation of effective protected area management to reduce deforestation depend in part on identifying factors contributing to forest loss and areas at risk of conversion, but standard land-use-change modeling may not fully capture contextual factors that are not easily quantified. To better understand deforestation and agricultural expansion in Amazonian protected areas, we combined quantitative land-use-change modeling with qualitative discourse analysis in a case study of Brazil's Jamanxim National Forest. We modeled land-use change from 2008 to 2018 and projected deforestation through 2028. We used variables identified in a review of studies that modeled land-use change in the Amazon (e.g., variables related to agricultural suitability and economic accessibility) and from a critical discourse analysis that examined documents produced by different actors (e.g., government agencies and conservation nonprofit organizations) at various spatial scales. As measured by analysis of variance, McFadden's adjusted pseudo R2 , and quantity and allocation disagreement, we found that including variables in the model identified as important to deforestation dynamics through the qualitative discourse analysis (e.g., the proportion of unallocated public land, distance to proposed infrastructure developments, and density of recent fires) alongside more traditional variables (e.g., elevation, distance to roads, and protection status) improved the predictive ability of these models. Models that included discourse analysis variables and traditional variables explained up to 19.3% more of the observed variation in deforestation probability than a model that included only traditional variables and 4.1% more variation than a model with only discourse analysis variables. Our approach of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in land-use-change modeling provides a framework for future interdisciplinary work in land-use change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Siegel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Aldo Farah Perez
- Department of Earth & the EnvironmentFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Eva Kinnebrew
- Rubenstein School of the Environment & Natural Resources and Gund Institute for EnvironmentUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Megan Mills‐Novoa
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- School of Geography & DevelopmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Energy and Resources GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - José Ochoa
- Geography Graduate GroupUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Precinoto RS, Prieto PV, Figueiredo MDSL, Lorini ML. Edges as hotspots and drivers of forest cover change in a tropical landscape. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
5
|
Voigt M, Kühl HS, Ancrenaz M, Gaveau D, Meijaard E, Santika T, Sherman J, Wich SA, Wolf F, Struebig MJ, Pereira HM, Rosa IM. Deforestation projections imply range-wide population decline for critically endangered Bornean orangutan. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
6
|
Colman CB, Guerra A, Roque FDO, Rosa IMD, Oliveira PTSD. Identifying priority regions and territorial planning strategies for conserving native vegetation in the Cerrado (Brazil) under different scenarios of land use changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150998. [PMID: 34656576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Cerrado biome covers approximately 20% of Brazil and it is crucial for the Water, Food, Energy, and Ecosystems (WFEE) nexus. Thus, in recent years, large areas of the undisturbed Cerrado have been converted into farmland. In this biome, according to the Brazilian Forest Code, farmers need to keep 20% of native vegetation (Legal Reserves - LRs). By exploring combined and isolated impacts of different scenarios of LR and Protected area (PA) arrangements, this study evaluated the importance of complementarity between LR compliance and the amount of PAs (including Conservation Units - CUs and Indigenous Lands - ILs) to reduce deforestation and conserve native vegetation in the Cerrado. Seven scenarios were investigated: a scenario that considers the current PA and the LR values foreseen in the Native Vegetation Protection Law - NVPL; three scenarios focused on production; and three focused on conservation. Considering the trend of the current scenario, the estimated loss of native vegetation will be 30% (30.6 million ha) by 2070. According to the model simulations, for two periods (2050 and 2070), the LR Elimination scenario (LRE) would cause a greater loss of native vegetation than the PA Elimination (PAE), and as expected, the exclusion of both (PALRE) would provide a greater loss of native vegetation. Native vegetation is concentrated mainly on agricultural properties. Taking our conservation-oriented scenarios as an example of conservation strategies, if there were no financial, practical, political, social or personal constraints, there is no doubt that the CPALRI scenario (Creation of Protected Areas and Legal Reserve Increase) is the best trajectory for conserving biodiversity. Therefore, private properties, through LRs, are essential for efficient planning of land use/cover as they ensure security in the WFEE nexus. The resulting projected scenarios are important to help decision makers in territorial planning and how to arbitrate territorial demands aiming at the rational use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Barbosa Colman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Angélica Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Instituto Homem Pantaneiro, Ladeira José Bonifácio, Centro, Corumbá, MS 79300-010, Brazil.
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Isabel M D Rosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK.
| | - Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Durán AP, Green JMH, West CD, Visconti P, Burgess ND, Virah‐Sawmy M, Balmford A. A practical approach to measuring the biodiversity impacts of land conversion. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- América P. Durán
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
- Luc Hoffmann Institute c/o WWF International Gland Switzerland
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Jonathan M. H. Green
- Luc Hoffmann Institute c/o WWF International Gland Switzerland
- Department of Environment and Geography Stockholm Environment Institute YorkUniversity of York York UK
| | - Christopher D. West
- Department of Environment and Geography Stockholm Environment Institute YorkUniversity of York York UK
| | - Piero Visconti
- Ecosystem Services and Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
- Center for Macroecology, Climate and Evolution The Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Land-Use Spatio-Temporal Change and Its Driving Factors in an Artificial Forest Area in Southwest China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the driving factors of land-use spatio-temporal change is important for the guidance of rational land-use management. Based on land-use data, household surveys and social economic data in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, this study adopted the Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) to analyze the driving factors of land-use spatio-temporal change in a large artificial forest area in the Ximeng County, Yunnan province, in Southwest China. Seventeen factors were used to reflect the socio-economic and natural environment conditions in the study area. The results show a land use pattern composed of forestland, dry cropland, and rubber plantation in Ximeng County. Over the past fifteen years, the area of artificial forests increased rapidly due to the “Grain for Green” policy, which has led to increases in rubber plantations, tea gardens, eucalyptus forests, etc. In contrast, the area of natural forest and dry cropland decreased due to reclamations for farming and constructions. The BLRM approach helped to identify the main driving factors of land-use spatio-temporal change, which includes land-use policies (protection of basic farmlands and natural reserves), topography (elevation and slope), accessibility (distance to the human settlements), and potential productivity (fertility and irrigation). The study revealed the relationship between land-use spatio-temporal change and its driving factors in mountainous Southwest China, providing a decision-making basis for rational land-use management and optimal allocation of land resources.
Collapse
|
9
|
Global MODIS Fraction of Green Vegetation Cover for Monitoring Abrupt and Gradual Vegetation Changes. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Rosa IMD, Gabriel C, Carreiras JMB. Spatial and temporal dimensions of landscape fragmentation across the Brazilian Amazon. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2017; 17:1687-1699. [PMID: 28775670 PMCID: PMC5514199 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-017-1120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Amazon in the past decades has been suffering severe landscape alteration, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as road building and land clearing for agriculture. Using a high-resolution time series of land cover maps (classified as mature forest, non-forest, secondary forest) spanning from 1984 through 2011, and four uncorrelated fragmentation metrics (edge density, clumpiness index, area-weighted mean patch size and shape index), we examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest fragmentation in three study areas across the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Santarém and Machadinho d'Oeste), inside and outside conservation units. Moreover, we compared the impacts on the landscape of: (1) different land uses (e.g. cattle ranching, crop production), (2) occupation processes (spontaneous vs. planned settlements) and (3) implementation of conservation units. By 2010/2011, municipalities located along the Arc of Deforestation had more than 55% of the remaining mature forest strictly confined to conservation units. Further, the planned settlement showed a higher rate of forest loss, a more persistent increase in deforested areas and a higher relative incidence of deforestation inside conservation units. Distinct agricultural activities did not lead to significantly different landscape structures; the accessibility of the municipality showed greater influence in the degree of degradation of the landscapes. Even with a high proportion of the landscapes covered by conservation units, which showed a strong inhibitory effect on forest fragmentation, we show that dynamic agriculturally driven economic activities, in municipalities with extensive road development, led to more regularly shaped, heavily fragmented landscapes, with higher densities of forest edge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. D. Rosa
- Life Sciences Department, Imperial College of London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
- Biodiversity Conservation Group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cristina Gabriel
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349 - 017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joāo M. B. Carreiras
- National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brancalion PHS, Schweizer D, Gaudare U, Mangueira JR, Lamonato F, Farah FT, Nave AG, Rodrigues RR. Balancing economic costs and ecological outcomes of passive and active restoration in agricultural landscapes: the case of Brazil. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Departament of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Daniella Schweizer
- Departament of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Ulysse Gaudare
- Departament of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Julia R. Mangueira
- Departament of Biological Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Fernando Lamonato
- Departament of Biological Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Fabiano T. Farah
- Departament of Biological Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - André G. Nave
- Departament of Biological Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Ricardo R. Rodrigues
- Departament of Biological Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba SP 13418-260 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|