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Itani M, Kaur N, Roychowdhury A, Mellnick VM, Lubner MG, Dasyam AK, Khanna L, Prasad SR, Katabathina VS. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency: Imaging Spectrum. Radiographics 2022; 42:759-777. [PMID: 35452341 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a wide spectrum of hereditary and acquired immunodeficiency disorders that are characterized by specific abnormalities involving a plethora of humoral, cellular, and phagocytic immunologic pathways. These include distinctive primary immunodeficiency syndromes due to characteristic genetic defects and secondary immunodeficiency syndromes, such as AIDS from HIV infection and therapy-related immunosuppression in patients with cancers or a solid organ or stem cell transplant. The gut mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (the largest lymphoid organ in the body), along with diverse commensal microbiota, play complex and critical roles in development and modulation of the immune system. Thus, myriad gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in immunocompromised patients and may be due to inflammatory conditions (graft versus host disease, neutropenic enterocolitis, or HIV-related proctocolitis), opportunistic infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, or protozoal), or malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, or anal cancer). GI tract involvement in immunodeficient patients contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. Along with endoscopy and histopathologic evaluation, imaging plays an integral role in detection, localization, characterization, and distinction of GI tract manifestations of various immunodeficiency syndromes and their complications. Select disorders demonstrate characteristic findings at fluoroscopy, CT, US, and MRI that permit timely and accurate diagnosis. While neutropenic enterocolitis affects the terminal ileum and right colon and occurs in patients receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies, Kaposi sarcoma commonly manifests as bull's-eye lesions in the stomach and duodenum. Imaging is invaluable in treatment follow-up and long-term surveillance as well. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Itani
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Neeraj Kaur
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Abhijit Roychowdhury
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Vincent M Mellnick
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Meghan G Lubner
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Anil K Dasyam
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Lokesh Khanna
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Srinivasa R Prasad
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
| | - Venkata S Katabathina
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (M.I., V.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky (N.K.); Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC (A.R.); Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis (M.G.L.); Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.K.D.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 (L.K., V.S.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (S.R.P.)
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Chua YY, Ho QY, Ngo NT, Krishnamoorthy TL, Thangaraju S, Kee T, Wong HM. Cytomegalovirus-associated pseudomembranous colitis in a kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13694. [PMID: 34288307 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is classically associated with Clostridium difficile infection. We report a rare case of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated PMC in a 52-year-old female patient who had undergone kidney transplantation more than 20 years ago and was on low dose prednisolone and ciclosporin. She presented with an acute history of fever, lethargy, vomiting and diarrhoea on admission. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed extensive colitis, and colonoscopy revealed extensive pseudomembrane formation. Multiple tests for Clostridium difficile and other common microbiological causes of colitis were negative. CMV DNAemia and colonic biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of CMV colitis. The patient responded to prompt CMV treatment, as demonstrated by clinical, endoscopic, and histological response. While CMV is a common pathogen in the solid organ transplant population that is familiar to most transplant physicians, it may present atypically as PMC. Here, we review the literature on CMV-associated PMC and its relevance to solid organ transplant recipients. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of CMV-associated PMC in a kidney transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Chua
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Quan Yao Ho
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,SingHealth-Duke NUS Transplant Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Nye Thane Ngo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Thinesh Lee Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,SingHealth-Duke NUS Transplant Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Sobhana Thangaraju
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,SingHealth-Duke NUS Transplant Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Terence Kee
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,SingHealth-Duke NUS Transplant Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Hei Man Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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de Vries HJC, Nori AV, Kiellberg Larsen H, Kreuter A, Padovese V, Pallawela S, Vall-Mayans M, Ross J. 2021 European Guideline on the management of proctitis, proctocolitis and enteritis caused by sexually transmissible pathogens. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1434-1443. [PMID: 34057249 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This guideline intents to offer guidance on the diagnosis and management of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and a suspected sexually transmitted cause. Proctitis is defined as an inflammatory syndrome of the anal canal and/or the rectum. Infectious proctitis can be sexually transmitted via genital-anal mucosal contact, but some also via digital contact and toys. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis (including lymphogranuloma venereum), Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus are the most common sexually transmitted anorectal pathogens. Shigellosis can be transferred via oral-anal contact and may lead to proctocolitis or enteritis. Although most studies on these infections have concentrated on men who have sex with men (MSM), women having anal intercourse may also be at risk. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of proctitis can be made when there are symptoms and signs, and a definitive diagnosis when the results of laboratory tests are available. The symptoms of proctitis include anorectal itching, pain, tenesmus, bleeding, constipation and discharge in and around the anal canal. The majority of rectal chlamydia and gonococcal infections are asymptomatic and can only be detected by laboratory tests. Therefore, especially when there is a history of receptive anal contact, exclusion of anorectal infections is generally indicated as part of standard screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Condom use does not guarantee protection from STIs, which are often spread without penile penetration. New in this updated guideline is: (i) lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis is increasingly found in HIV-negative MSM, (ii) anorectal Mycoplasma genitalium infection should be considered in patients with symptomatic proctitis after exclusion of other common causations such N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, syphilis and herpes, (iii) intestinal spirochetosis incidentally found in colonic biopsies should not be confused with syphilis, and (iv) traumatic causes of proctitis should be considered in sexually active patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J C de Vries
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AII), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A V Nori
- Department of Sexual & Reproductive Health and HIV Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H Kiellberg Larsen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - V Padovese
- Genitourinary Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - S Pallawela
- The Florey Unit, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - M Vall-Mayans
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight AIDS Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - J Ross
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, Birmingham University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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