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Schoenberg MB, Zhu T, Hao J, Bucher JN, Li X, Li X, Han Y, Koliogiannis D, Svihla M, Guba MO, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Highly differential count of circulating and tumor infiltrating immune cells in patients with non-HCV/non-HBV hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021. [PMID: 34585256 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Liver transplantation and liver resection are curative options for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The outcome is in part depended on the immunological response to the malignancy. In this study, we aimed to identify immunological profiles of non-HCV/non-HBV HCC patients. Methods Thirty-nine immune cell subsets were measured with multicolor flow cytometry. This immunophenotyping was performed in peripheral blood (PB) and tumor specimens of 10 HCC resection patients and 10 healthy donors. The signatures of the highly differential leukocyte count (hDIF) were analyzed using multidimensional techniques. Functional capability was measured using intracellular IFN-γ staining (Trial Registration DRKS00013567). Results The hDIF showed activation (subsets of T-, B-, NK- and dendritic cells) and suppression (subsets of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T- and B-regulatory cells) of the antitumor response. Principal component analysis of PB and tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) illustrated an antitumor activating gradient. TILs showed functional capability by secreting IFN-γ but did not kill HCC cells. Conclusions In conclusion, the measurement of the hDIF shows distinct differences in immune reactions against non-HBV/non-HCV HCC and illustrates an immunosuppressive gradient toward peripheral blood. Trial Registration DRKS00013567 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-021-03061-9.
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Dallio M, Sangineto M, Romeo M, Villani R, Romano AD, Loguercio C, Serviddio G, Federico A. Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E436. [PMID: 33406763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and has become the major cause of chronic liver disease, especially in western countries. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic histological alterations, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis with a potential development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Several studies reported that insulin resistance, redox unbalance, inflammation, and lipid metabolism dysregulation are involved in NAFLD progression. However, the mechanisms beyond the evolution of simple steatosis to NASH are not clearly understood yet. Recent findings suggest that different oxidized products, such as lipids, cholesterol, aldehydes and other macromolecules could drive the inflammation onset. On the other hand, new evidence indicates innate and adaptive immunity activation as the driving force in establishing liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we discuss how immunity, triggered by oxidative products and promoting in turn oxidative stress in a vicious cycle, fuels NAFLD progression. Furthermore, we explored the emerging importance of immune cell metabolism in determining inflammation, describing the potential application of trained immune discoveries in the NASH pathological context.
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Hetta HF, Zahran AM, Mansor SG, Abdel-Malek MO, Mekky MA, Abbas WA. Frequency and Implications of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and lymphocyte subsets in Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1319-1328. [PMID: 30761547 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in tumor immunity and induction of immune tolerance to a variety of antitumor effectors, including T lymphocytes. Herein, we tried to evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of MDSCs and different lymphocyte subsets in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Four groups were enrolled; chronic HCV (CHC; n = 40), HCV-related liver cirrhosis (n = 40), HCV-related HCC (HCV-HCC; n = 75), and healthy control group (n = 20). The percentage of peripheral lymphocytes subsets and total MDSCs with their main two subsets; monocytic (M-MDSCs) and granulocytic (G-MDSCs) was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequency of total MSDCs and M-MDSCs was significantly elevated in HCV-HCC especially patients with advanced stage HCC compared with those with early-stage HCC. The frequency of total MSDCs and M-MDSCs was positively correlated with ALT, AFP, and HCV viral load and negatively correlated with CD8+ T-cell frequency. CD4 + T cells were significantly decreased in HCV-HCC patients. The frequency of CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells was negatively correlated with AFP and AST, but not with albumin or HCV viral load. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data suggest that MDSCs, M-MDSCs, and lymphocyte subsets are associated with the development and progression of HCV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F Hetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shima G Mansor
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Abdel-Malek
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mekky
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael A Abbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Rai V, Abdo J, Alsuwaidan AN, Agrawal S, Sharma P, Agrawal DK. Cellular and molecular targets for the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 437:13-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pan Y, Wu Y, Ji J, Cai H, Wang H, Jiang Y, Sang L, Yang J, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yin L, Zhang LI. Effect of cytokine-induced killer cells on immune function in patients with lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2827-2834. [PMID: 27073559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have been used as adoptive immunotherapy in cancer. The present study evaluated the effect of CIK cells on immune function in patients with lung cancer. Patients were divided into three groups, according to the treatment received prior to CIK cell treatment: CIK group (no prior treatment), Che-Sur group (prior chemotherapy and surgery) and Che-Rad group (prior chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Following treatment, the average percentage of cluster of differentiation (CD)3+CD4+, CD3+, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells in peripheral blood was significantly higher than that prior to CIK treatment in the Che-Sur and CIK groups, and the levels of interferon-γ in serum were significantly higher than those prior to CIK treatment in the Che-Sur and CIK groups. On the contrary, the levels of interleukin-10 had decreased in these groups following CIK treatment. Subsequently, patients were divided into three groups according to the percentage of CD3+CD56+ CIK cells that were administered to the patients. The number of NK and NKT cells increased with increasing number of CD3+CD56+ cells. The patients in the CIK and Che-Sur groups were the most benefited ones following CIK treatment, contrarily to those in the Che-Rad group, since the increase in the number of CD3+CD56+ CIK cells in the aforementioned patients enhanced the number of NK cells, which exhibit antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Pan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiao Cai
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Heshuang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Limin Sang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Liangwei Yin
- Department of Cell Biological Treatment, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - L I Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplastic disease-related deaths. A diverse array of infiltrating immunocytes regulates the development and progression of HCC, as is the case in many other cancers. An understanding of the various immune components during HCC becomes necessary so that novel therapeutic strategies can be designed to combat the disease. A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells (e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC.
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Gao J, Duan Z, Zhang L, Huang X, Long L, Tu J, Liang H, Zhang Y, Shen T, Lu F. Failure recovery of circulating NKG2D +CD56 dimNK cells in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy predicts early recurrence. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1048061. [PMID: 26942056 PMCID: PMC4760296 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1048061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of natural killer (NK) cells has been implicated in the failure of antitumor immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the changes of NK profile in peripheral blood after surgery and tumor tissues of HCC patients, as well as the underlying reason and the significance are vague. Here, we observed that the frequencies of circulating NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells decreased significantly in HBV-related HCC and were negatively correlated with the levels of serum TGF-β and soluble MICA (sMICA). In vitro experiments confirmed that the TGF-β and sMICA in tumor tissue homogenates, as well as sMICA in HCC cells culture supernatants could reduce the frequency of NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells. In addition, in HCC patients the lower frequency of circulating NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells was associated with larger tumor size and/or higher serum GGT. Noticeably, the frequency of NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells at one month after surgery usually failed to restore in early recurrent patients, and that frequency was negatively associated with early recurrence and shorter overall survival. These results suggest that declined frequency of NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells in HCC was associated with higher TGF-β and sMICA production, and low frequency of circulating NKG2D+CD56dimNK cells at one month after surgery may predict poor prognosis of HBV-related HCC patients accepting hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing, China; These authors made equal contributions to this manuscript
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing, China; These authors made equal contributions to this manuscript
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University ; Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
| | - Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
| | - Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases ; Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; The Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center; School of Basic Medicine; Peking University Health Science Center ; Beijing, China
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Shabani Z, Bagheri M, Zare-Bidaki M, Hassanshahi G, Arababadi MK, Mohammadi Nejad M, Kennedy D. NK cells in hepatitis B virus infection: a potent target for immunotherapy. Arch Virol. 2014;159:1555-1565. [PMID: 24445811 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), are the most prevalent and infectious agents that lead to liver disease in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver are the most serious complications arising from prolonged forms of hepatitis B. Previous studies demonstrated that patients suffering from long-term HBV infections are unable to eradicate HBV from hepatocytes completely. The mechanisms responsible for progression of these forms of infection have not yet been clarified. However, it seems that there are differences in genetic and immunological parameters when comparing patients to subjects who successfully clear HBV infections, and these may represent the causes of long-term infection. Natural killer (NK) cells, the main innate immune cells that target viral infections, play important roles in the eradication of HBV from hepatocytes. NK cells carry several stimulatory and inhibitor receptors, and binding of receptors with their ligands results in activation and suppression of NK cells, respectively. The aim of this review is to address the recent information regarding NK cell phenotype, functions and modifications in hepatitis B. This review addresses the recent data regarding the roles of NK cells as novel targets for immunotherapies that target hepatitis B infection. It also discusses the potential to reduce the risk of HCC or cirrhosis of the liver by targeting NK cells.
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Ma Y, Xu YC, Tang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang HX. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and safety. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23210562 PMCID: PMC3514101 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods Randomized phase II and III trials on CIK cell-based therapy were identified by electronic searches using a combination of "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "cytokine-induced killer cells". Results The analysis showed significant survival benefit (one-year survival, p < 0.001; two-year survival, p < 0.001; median overall survival, p < 0.001) in favor of CIK-based therapy. Comparison of CIK group versus non-CIK group resulted in a significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.01). A favored disease control rate (DCR) and overall response rate (ORR) were also observed in patients receiving CIK cell therapy (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, patients in the CIK group showed better quality of life (QoL), diminished HBV-DNA content and AFP level (p < 0.01). Comparing T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood, the analysis showed the ratio of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells significantly increased in the CIK group, compared with the non-CIK group (p < 0.01). Conclusions CIK cell therapy demonstrated a significant superiority in prolonging the median overall survival, PFS, DCR, ORR and QoL of HCC patients. These results support further larger scale randomized controlled trials for HCC patients with or without the combination of other therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Abstract
As a minimally invasive therapy, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used to cure the unresectable liver cancer. Many investigations demonstrated that RFA can not only result in coagulation necrosis of tumors, but also promote apoptosis of cancer cells, inhibit angiogenesis of carcinoma, improve tumor immunogenicity and elevate antitumor activity of the body. This review discusses the mechanism of RFA in treating liver cancer.
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Weng DS, Zhou J, Zhou QM, Zhao M, Wang QJ, Huang LX, Li YQ, Chen SP, Wu PH, Xia JC. Minimally invasive treatment combined with cytokine-induced killer cells therapy lower the short-term recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinomas. J Immunother. 2008;31:63-71. [PMID: 18157013 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31815a121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after minimally invasive therapy is frequent. Adoptive immunotherapy is thought to be an effective method to lower recurrence and metastasis rates of malignant tumors. Therefore, 85 HCC patients after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation therapy were randomized to immunotherapy group and no adjuvant therapy group. Autologous cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells were transfused via hepatic artery to the patients. The alteration of levels of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of patients was examined by flow cytometry. All patients were screened by computed tomography every 2 months to observe the tumor recurrent conditions. After CIK cell infusions, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD56+, CD3+CD56+ cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio increased from 68.6+/-11.0%, 31.1+/-9.0%, 15.6+/-7.9%, 5.2+/-3.1%, and 1.1+/-0.5 to 70.7+/-10.1%, 33.5+/-8.0%, 18.4+/-9.4%, 5.9+/-2.8%, and 1.3+/-0.7, respectively (P<0.05); whereas the percentage of CD8 cells decreased from 31.1+/-7.8% to 28.6+/-8.3% (P<0.05). The 1-year and 18-month recurrence rates of the study group were 8.9% and 15.6%, compared with 30.0% and 40.0% of the control group (both P value<0.05). The data suggest that CIK cell transfusion is an effective treatment. It can boost the immunologic function in HCC patients and plays an important role in reducing the recurrence rate of HCC.
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