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Bae SH, Sim MS, Jeong KJ, He D, Kwon I, Kim TW, Kim HU, Choi JI. Intracellular Flux Prediction of Recombinant Escherichia coli Producing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:978-984. [PMID: 38379308 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) can be used to simulate cellular metabolic phenotypes under various environmental or genetic conditions. This study utilized the GEM to observe the internal metabolic fluxes of recombinant Escherichia coli producing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Recombinant E. coli was cultivated in a fermenter under three conditions: pH 7, pH 5, and additional succinic acids. External fluxes were calculated from cultivation results, and internal fluxes were calculated through flux optimization. Based on the internal flux analysis, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways were repressed under cultivation at pH 5, even though glutamate dehydrogenase increased GABA production. Notably, this repression was halted by adding succinic acid. Furthermore, proper sucA repression is a promising target for developing strains more capable of producing GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sub Sim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan He
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Inchan Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yuan X, Gao S, Tan Y, Cao J, Yang S, Zheng B. Production of red yeast rice rich in monacolin K by variable temperature solid fermentation of Monascus purpureus. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27303-27308. [PMID: 37705986 PMCID: PMC10496031 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04374f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia represents a serious public health problem as it significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Monacolin K (MK) in red yeast rice is an active compound that can effectively lower plasma cholesterol. To enhance the yield of MK in solid state fermentation of Monascus purpureus HNU01, the effects of different variables were systematically examined in single-factor experiments. The optimal conditions for the production of red yeast rice rich in MK were as follows: initial pH value 5.5, initial moisture content 40% w/w, glucose 50 g L-1, peptone 20 g L-1, MgSO4 0.5 g L-1, KH2PO4 1 g L-1, variable temperature fermentation (30 °C for the first 3 days and then 24 °C for 15 days), total fermentation time of 18 days, and additional water added at day 4 at 10% w/w. Under the above optimized conditions, the MK content of red yeast rice produced by fermentation was 9.5 mg g-1. No citrinin was detected in any of the batches of fermentation products. The results will be useful for the large-scale production of high-quality red yeast rice with health benefits for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Yudie Tan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Jiyun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Shiwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Bin Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
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Michaliski LF, Ióca LP, Oliveira LS, Crnkovic CM, Takaki M, Freire VF, Berlinck RGS. Improvement of Targeted Fungi Secondary Metabolite Production Using a Systematic Experimental Design and Chemometrics Analysis. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:77. [PMID: 37736960 PMCID: PMC10514814 DOI: 10.3390/mps6050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are well-known producers of chemically diverse and biologically active secondary metabolites. However, their production yields through fermentation may hamper structural analysis and biological activity downstream investigations. Herein, a systematic experimental design that varies multiple cultivation parameters, followed by chemometrics analysis on HPLC-UV-MS or UHPLC-HRMS/MS data, is presented to enhance the production yield of fungal natural products. The overall procedure typically requires 3-4 months of work when first developed, and up to 3 months as a routine procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamonielli F. Michaliski
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Laura P. Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Leandro S. Oliveira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Camila M. Crnkovic
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Mirelle Takaki
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Vitor F. Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Roberto G. S. Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos CEP 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (L.F.M.); (L.P.I.); (L.S.O.); (M.T.); (V.F.F.)
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Wu A, Li L, Zhang S, Lin Q, Liu J. Optimization of the hongqu starter preparation process for the manufacturing of red mold rice with high gamma-aminobutyric acid production by solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:458-468. [PMID: 35662255 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Red mold rice (RMR) generally contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has several physiological functions. Monascus purpureus M162, with a high GABA production of 15.10 mg/g was generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutation. Furthermore, we conducted a response surface methodology to produce a premium hongqu starter. The results revealed that under optimal conditions, that is, a substrate containing brown rice and bran in a brown rice: bran ratio of 9:1 (wt/wt), an inoculation size of 21.50 mL/100 g, a mixing frequency of one time/9 h, and a cultivation time of 7.20 days, the number of active spores, α-amylase activity, and saccharification power activity was 4.15 × 107 spores/g, 155 U/g, and 3260 U/g in the high-quality starter, respectively. These values were 224.32-fold, 139.64%, and 141.74% higher than those obtained with M. purpureus M162 inoculated into steamed indica rice, respectively, and 153.70-fold, 267.24%, and 151.63% higher than those obtained with the parent strain M. purpureus M1, respectively. The premium hongqu starter of M. purpureus M162 was inoculated into steamed indica rice to produce RMR with 15.93 mg/g of GABA. In conclusion, we proposed a novel strategy for functional RMR production with high GABA concentrations by solid-state fermentation with Monascus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangyi Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Waring, Changsha, China
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Tolpeznikaite E, Bartkevics V, Skrastina A, Pavlenko R, Mockus E, Zokaityte E, Starkute V, Klupsaite D, Ruibys R, Rocha JM, Santini A, Bartkiene E. Changes in Spirulina's Physical and Chemical Properties during Submerged and Solid-State Lacto-Fermentation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:75. [PMID: 36668894 PMCID: PMC9862786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain for bio-conversion of Spirulina, a cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae"), into an ingredient with a high concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for human and animal nutrition. For this purpose, ten different LAB strains and two different fermentation conditions (SMF (submerged) and SSF (solid state fermentation)) were tested. In addition, the concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and biogenic amines (BA) in Spirulina samples were evaluated. It was established that Spirulina is a suitable substrate for fermentation, and the lowest pH value (4.10) was obtained in the 48 h SSF with Levilactobacillus brevis. The main FA in Spirulina were methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate and gamma-linolenic acid methyl ester. Fermentation conditions were a key factor toward glutamic acid concentration in Spirulina, and the highest concentration of GABA (2395.9 mg/kg) was found in 48 h SSF with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei samples. However, a significant correlation was found between BA and GABA concentrations, and the main BA in fermented Spirulina samples were putrescine and spermidine. Finally, the samples in which the highest GABA concentrations were found also displayed the highest content of BA. For this reason, not only the concentration of functional compounds in the end-product must be controlled, but also non-desirable substances, because both of these compounds are produced through similar metabolic pathways of the decarboxylation of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Tolpeznikaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Skrastina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Romans Pavlenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Zemgales Priekšpilsēta, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ernestas Mockus
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Ruibys
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-44244 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Histone deacetylase MrRpd3 plays a major regulational role in the mycotoxin production of Monascus ruber. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Shin Yee C, Sohedein MNA, Poh Suan O, Weng Loen AW, Abd Rahim MH, Soumaya S, Ilham Z, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI. The production of functional γ-aminobutyric acid Malaysian soy sauce koji and moromi using the trio of Aspergillus oryzae NSK, Bacillus cereus KBC, and the newly identified Tetragenococcus halophilus KBC in liquid-state fermentation. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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8
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Lu P, Wu A, Zhang S, Bai J, Guo T, Lin Q, Liu J. Triton X-100 supplementation regulates growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis during in-depth extractive fermentation of Monascus purpureus. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:137-145. [PMID: 34601020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Extractive fermentation has been proven to be efficient in enhancing the secretion and production of secondary metabolites in submerged fermentation by Monascus spp., owing to increased cell membrane permeability and resolved product inhibition. In this study, we investigated the regulation effect of Triton X-100 on cell growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in submerged fermentation of M. purpureus DK. The results show that the maximum monascus pigments (MPs), citrinin (CIT) production, and specific growth rate are 136.86 U/mL, 4.57 mg/L, and 0.04 h-1, respectively, when 3 g/L of Triton X-100 is supplemented after fermentation for 10 d, and the extracellular MPs and CIT increased by 127.48% and 288.57%, respectively. RT-qPCR shows that the expression levels of MPs and CIT biosynthesis gene clusters are significantly upregulated, whereas those of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chains, and ATP synthase are downregulated. This study provides a vital strategy for extractive fermentation under extreme environmental conditions for further enhancing MP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxin Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Anqi Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Ting Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 41004, China.
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Blancett LT, Runge KA, Reyes GM, Kennedy LA, Jackson SC, Scheuermann SE, Harmon MB, Williams JC, Shearer G. Deletion of the Stress Response Gene DDR48 from Histoplasma capsulatum Increases Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress, Increases Susceptibility to Antifungals, and Decreases Fitness in Macrophages. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:981. [PMID: 34829268 PMCID: PMC8617954 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response gene DDR48 has been characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans to be involved in combating various cellular stressors, from oxidative agents to antifungal compounds. Surprisingly, the biological function of DDR48 has yet to be identified, though it is likely an important part of the stress response. To gain insight into its function, we characterized DDR48 in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Transcriptional analyses showed preferential expression of DDR48 in the mycelial phase. Induction of DDR48 in Histoplasma yeasts developed after treatment with various cellular stress compounds. We generated a ddr48∆ deletion mutant to further characterize DDR48 function. Loss of DDR48 alters the transcriptional profile of the oxidative stress response and membrane synthesis pathways. Treatment with ROS or antifungal compounds reduced survival of ddr48∆ yeasts compared to controls, consistent with an aberrant cellular stress response. In addition, we infected RAW 264.7 macrophages with DDR48-expressing and ddr48∆ yeasts and observed a 50% decrease in recovery of ddr48∆ yeasts compared to wild-type yeasts. Loss of DDR48 function results in numerous negative effects in Histoplasma yeasts, highlighting its role as a key player in the global sensing and response to cellular stress by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T. Blancett
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kauri A. Runge
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- ThruPore Technologies, Inc., New Castle, DE 19720, USA
| | - Gabriella M. Reyes
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
| | - Lauren A. Kennedy
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Sydney C. Jackson
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
| | - Sarah E. Scheuermann
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Mallory B. Harmon
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Jamease C. Williams
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholars Program, Mississippi INBRE, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Glenmore Shearer
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA; (K.A.R.); (G.M.R.); (L.A.K.); (S.C.J.); (S.E.S.); (M.B.H.); (J.C.W.); (G.S.J.)
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10
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Banerjee S, Poore M, Gerdes S, Nedveck D, Lauridsen L, Kristensen HT, Jensen HM, Byrd PM, Ouwehand AC, Patterson E, Morovic W. Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:173. [PMID: 34488774 PMCID: PMC8419935 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the many neurotransmitters in humans, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shows potential for improving several mental health indications such as stress and anxiety. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway for GABAergic effects, as microbially-secreted GABA within the gut can affect host mental health outcomes. Understanding the molecular characteristics of GABA production by microbes within the gut can offer insight to novel therapies for mental health. RESULTS Three strains of Levilactobacillus brevis with syntenous glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) operons were evaluated for overall growth, glutamate utilization, and GABA production in typical synthetic growth media supplemented with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-6108™ (Lbr-6108), formerly known as L. brevis DPC 6108, and Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-35 ™ (Lbr-35) had similar growth profiles but differed significantly in GABA secretion and acid resistance. Lbr-6108 produced GABA early within the growth phase and produced significantly more GABA than Lbr-35 and the type strain Levilactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 after the stationary phase. The global gene expression during GABA production at several timepoints was determined by RNA sequencing. The GAD operon, responsible for GABA production and secretion, activated in Lbr-6108 after only 6 h of fermentation and continued throughout the stationary phase. Furthermore, Lbr-6108 activated many different acid resistance mechanisms concurrently, which contribute to acid tolerance and energy production. In contrast, Lbr-35, which has a genetically similar GAD operon, including two copies of the GAD gene, showed no upregulation of the GAD operon, even when cultured with MSG. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate whole transcriptome changes in Levilactobacillus brevis during GABA production in different growth phases. The concurrent expression of multiple acid-resistance mechanisms reveals niche-specific metabolic functionality between common human commensals and highlights the complex regulation of GABA metabolism in this important microbial species. Furthermore, the increased and rapid GABA production of Lbr-6108 highlights the strain's potential as a therapeutic and the overall value of screening microbes for effector molecule output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Poore
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Derek Nedveck
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Phillip M Byrd
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Wesley Morovic
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Lactic Acid Fermented Green Tea with Levilactobacillus brevis Capable of Producing γ-Aminobutyric Acid. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative activity and bioactive compounds content of lactic acid fermented green tea (LFG) fermented with an outstanding GABA-producing strain under optimised fermentation conditions were evaluated. Levilactobacillus strain GTL 79 was isolated from green tea leaves and selected based on acid production, growth potential, catechin resistance, and GABA production to be applied to LFG. Through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Levilactobacillus brevis. The optimised conditions were defined as fermentation at 37 °C with supplementation of 1% fermentation alcohol, 6% glucose, and 1% MSG and was determined to be most effective in increasing the lactic acid, acetic acid, and GABA content in LFG by 522.20%, 238.72% and 232.52% (or 247.58%), respectively. Initial DPPH scavenging activity of LFG fermented under the optimised conditions was 88.96% and rose to 94.38% by day 5. Polyphenols may contribute to the initial DPPH scavenging activity, while GABA and other bioactive compounds may contribute to the activity thereafter. Consequently, as GABA and other bioactive compounds found in green tea have been reported to have health benefits, future studies may prove that optimally fermented LFG by L. brevis GTL 79 could be useful in the food and health industries.
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Luo H, Liu Z, Xie F, Bilal M, Liu L, Yang R, Wang Z. Microbial production of gamma-aminobutyric acid: applications, state-of-the-art achievements, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:491-512. [PMID: 33541153 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important non-protein amino acid with wide-ranging applications. Currently, GABA can be produced by a variety of methods, including chemical synthesis, plant enrichment, enzymatic methods, and microbial production. Among these methods, microbial production has gained increasing attention to meet the strict requirements of an additive in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, and livestock. In addition, renewable and abundant resources, such as glucose and lignocellulosic biomass can also be used for GABA microbial production under mild and environmentally friendly processing conditions. In this review, the applications, metabolic pathways and physiological functions of GABA in different microorganisms were firstly discussed. A comprehensive overview of the current status of process engineering strategies for enhanced GABA production, including fermentation optimization and whole-cell conversion from different feedstocks by various host strains is also provided. We also presented the state-of-the-art achievements in strain development strategies for industrial lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli to enhance the performance of GABA bioproduction. In order to use bio-based GABA in the fields of food and pharmaceutical, some Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) strains such as LAB and C. glutamicum will be the promising chassis hosts. Toward the end of this review, current challenges and valuable research directions/strategies on the improvements of process and strain engineering for economic microbial production of GABA are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
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Gu S, Chen Z, Wang F, Wang X. Characterization and inhibition of four fungi producing citrinin in various culture media. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:701-710. [PMID: 33386497 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fermentation conditions (culture medium, temperature, incubation time, pH value and additive) on citrinin production by four fungi. RESULTS Among the culture media, potato dextrose medium had lowest citrinin production, followed by yeast sucrose medium and monosodium glutamate medium. The lowest citrinin contents were produced by Monascus anka (M. anka) in potato dextrose medium and yeast sucrose medium, Aspergillus oryzae AS3.042 (A. oryzae) produced the lowest citrinin production in monosodium glutamate medium. The optimum fermentation temperatures for citrinin production by Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Penicillium citrinum (P. citrinum) were at 30 °C, whereas those by M. anka and A. oryzae were at 35 °C. Citrinin synthesis by four fungi were completely inhibited with a pH value of less than 5.4. By adding ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or triammonium citrate into monosodium glutamate medium, citrinin production by A. oryzae and A. niger were totally inhibited. Ammonium sulfate completely inhibited citrinin production by A. oryzae, M. anka and P. citrinum, and ammonium nitrate completely inhibited citrinin production by A. oryzae. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the suitable fermentation conditions could make considerable contributions to the reduction of citrinin production. This study provided an effective way for decreasing the citrinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouzhou Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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He S, Wang Y, Xie J, Gao H, Li X, Huang Z. 1H NMR-based metabolomic study of the effects of flavonoids on citrinin production by Monascus. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109532. [PMID: 33233162 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monascus comprises purple-red molds. Various compounds can be obtained from these species, including statins and food-safe yellow, red, and orange pigments. However, the secondary metabolite citrinin, a mycotoxin, is produced during the late stages of growth. Citrinin biosynthesis should be reduced to apply Monascus pigments safely. Fortunately, this can be achieved by the addition of flavonoids (genistein, daidzein, apigenin, and kaempferol). However, the effects of these flavonoids on other metabolites remain unknown. Here, we report a 1H NMR-based multivariate metabolomic analysis of the effects of flavonoids on mycotoxin citrinin production by Monascus. Fifteen metabolites involved in lysine and arginine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate, glutamate, biotin, arginine, proline, and glutathione metabolism were detected. The reduction in glutamate, aspartate, biotin, and 2-phosphoglycerate content suggested their association with the citrinin reduction mechanism. This study identifies the citrinin production pathway in Monascus and will aid in the development of citrinin-control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Heng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiujiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, No.17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanjing West Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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15
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Cataldo PG, Villegas JM, Savoy de Giori G, Saavedra L, Hebert EM. Enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production by Lactobacillus brevis CRL 2013 based on carbohydrate fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Sun C, Wu X, Chen X, Li X, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Production and characterization of okara dietary fiber produced by fermentation with Monascus anka. Food Chem 2020; 316:126243. [PMID: 32036177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Okara dietary fiber was prepared by liquid fermentation with Monascus anka (M. anka). Infrared spectra results indicated that there were more oligosaccharides because of the hydrogen bond cleavage of the polysaccharides in okara Monascus dietary fiber (OMDF). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analyses showed that the structures of OMDF were altered as compared to that of the control. The UV-visible spectrum of the M. anka seed broth (MSB) contained three absorption peaks corresponding to red, orange, and yellow pigments, which were present in equal quantities. The concentration of citrinin in MSB and Monascus okara fermentation broth was 0.980 ppm and 0.940 ppm, respectively. After fermentation, the soluble OMDF content in OMDF was 7.7 g/100 g, which was 1.79 times of that in the control. Further, the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling capacity of OMDF increased significantly, while the water retaining capacity decreased slightly. HYPOTHESIS: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of liquid fermentation of M. anka on okara. After fermentation, the dietary fiber structure may change and the functional properties may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China.
| | - Xiaoju Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei, Anhui Province 238000, PR China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China; Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, PR China
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17
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Xiong X, Zhen Z, Liu Y, Gao M, Wang S, Li L, Zhang J. Low‐Frequency Magnetic Field of Appropriate Strengths Changed Secondary Metabolite Production and Na
+
Concentration of Intracellular and Extracellular
Monascus purpureus. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:289-297. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Xiong
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Zhixin Zhen
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Yingbao Liu
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Shaojin Wang
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
| | - Jialan Zhang
- College of Life ScienceYangtze University Jingzhou China
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18
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Cui Y, Miao K, Niyaphorn S, Qu X. Production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030995. [PMID: 32028587 PMCID: PMC7037312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is widely distributed in nature and considered a potent bioactive compound with numerous and important physiological functions, such as anti-hypertensive and antidepressant activities. There is an ever-growing demand for GABA production in recent years. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most important GABA producers because of their food-grade nature and potential of producing GABA-rich functional foods directly. In this paper, the GABA-producing LAB species, the biosynthesis pathway of GABA by LAB, and the research progress of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme of GABA biosynthesis, were reviewed. Furthermore, GABA production enhancement strategies are reviewed, from optimization of culture conditions and genetic engineering to physiology-oriented engineering approaches and co-culture methods. The advances in both the molecular mechanisms of GABA biosynthesis and the technologies of synthetic biology and genetic engineering will promote GABA production of LAB to meet people’s demand for GABA. The aim of the review is to provide an insight of microbial engineering for improved production of GABA by LAB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Miao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
| | - Siripitakyotin Niyaphorn
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (K.M.)
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China;
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19
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Metabolic pathway analysis and dynamic macroscopic model development for lovastatin production by Monascus purpureus using metabolic footprinting concept. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wen Q, Cao X, Chen Z, Xiong Z, Liu J, Cheng Z, Zheng Z, Long C, Zheng B, Huang Z. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn Asia, Monascus has been used in food fermentation for nearly a thousand years. It has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its ability to produce a variety of important active substances such as monacolin K (MK) and pigments. MK is an effective drug widely used for lowering human blood cholesterol that functions by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Monascus strains, fermentation methods and fermentation conditions have significant effects on MK yield, and much research has been undertaken to obtain higher MK yields. In this paper, the research progress of Monascus strain breeding for high MK yield, medium optimization for MK production during Monascus fermentation, and optimization of fermentation process conditions are fully reviewed. This provides reference for future research on Monascus fermentation and industrial production for high-yield MK production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyou Wen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Zhiting Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Zixiao Xiong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Zuxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Zhenghuai Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Chuannan Long
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang330013, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
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Zhang C, Chai S, Hao S, Zhang A, Zhu Q, Zhang H, Wang C. Effects of glutamic acid on the production of monacolin K in four high-yield monacolin K strains in Monascus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5301-5310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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23
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Gao H, Li X, Huang X, Huang T. Effects of rutin and its derivatives on citrinin production by Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384 in liquid fermentation using different types of media. Food Chem 2019; 284:205-212. [PMID: 30744847 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin is often produced during fermentation of Monascus products. We studied the effects of flavonoids on citrinin production by Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384 (MALA) by adding rutin, α-glucosylrutin, or troxerutin to the fermentation medium, in a first-of-its-kind study. Appropriate amounts of rutin, α-glucosylrutin, or troxerutin did not affect normal mycelial growth. Addition of 5.0 g/l of rutin only weakly reduced (29.2%) citrinin production, relative to inhibition by 5 g/l α-glucosylrutin or troxerutin (by 54.7% and 40.6%, respectively). In starch inorganic liquid culture media, addition of 20.0 g/l of troxerutin, followed by fermentation for 12 days, reduced citrinin yield by 75.26%. Addition of 15.0 g/l of troxerutin to low-starch peptone liquid fermentation media reduced citrinin yield by 87.9% after 14 days of fermentation, and addition of 30.0 g/l troxerutin to yeast extract sucrose liquid media for 12 days reduced citrinin yield by 53.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Heng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiujiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanjing West Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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24
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Enhanced biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Escherichia coli by pathway engineering. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Khan W, Regmi O, Hasan M, Panda BP. Response Surface Modeling for the Enrichment of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid with a Minimum Content of Citrinin in Monascus-Fermented Rice. EFOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.191118.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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26
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Yu P, Chen K, Huang X, Wang X, Ren Q. Production of γ-aminobutyric acid in Escherichia coli by engineering MSG pathway. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:906-913. [PMID: 30265207 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1514519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The compound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has many important physiological functions. The effect of glutamate decarboxylases and the glutamate/GABA antiporter on GABA production was investigated in Escherichia coli. Three genes, gadA, gadB, and gadC were cloned and ligated alone or in combination into the plasmid pET32a. The constructed plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Three strains, E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET32a-gadA, E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET32a-gadAB and E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET32a-gadABC were selected and identified. The respective titers of GABA from the three strains grown in shake flasks were 1.25, 2.31, and 3.98 g/L. The optimal titer of the substrate and the optimal pH for GABA production were 40 g/L and 4.2, respectively. The highest titer of GABA was 23.6 g/L at 36 h in batch fermentation and was 31.3 g/L at 57 h in fed-batch fermentation. This study lays a foundation for the development and use of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifei Chen
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Huang
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
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Balraj J, Jairaman K, Kalieswaran V, Jayaraman A. Bioprospecting lovastatin production from a novel producer Cunninghamella blakesleeana. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:359. [PMID: 30105184 PMCID: PMC6081836 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside anti-cholesterol activity, lovastatin garners worldwide attention for therapeutical application against various diseases especially cancer. A total of 36 filamentous fungi from soil samples were isolated and screened for lovastatin production by yeast growth bioassay method. C9 strain (later identified as Cunninghamella blakesleeana) was screened as potential strain of lovastatin production. Further confirmation of the compound was made using TLC, HPTLC and HPLC in which similar Rf value, densitogram peak and chromatogram peak against the standard lovastatin were observed, respectively. The purified lovastatin subjected for IR analysis showed a lactone ring peak at 1763.63 cm-1 similar to standard lovastatin. Further structural analysis including NMR and LC-MS of the purified lovastatin reassures the molecular formula and molecular weight similar to standard. In quantitative terms, C. blakesleeana, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus flavus produced 1.4 mg g-1 DWS, 0.83 mg g-1 DWS and 0.3 mg g-1 DWS of lovastatin, respectively, (p < 0.0001) without any optimization. Lovastatin showed significant antioxidant property with IC50: 145.9 µg mL-1 (140 µL), and the percentage of inhibition is maximum at 199.5 µg/mL which is statistically significant (p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Balraj
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Karunyadevi Jairaman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Vidhya Kalieswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
| | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046 India
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Lin L, Wu S, Li Z, Ren Z, Chen M, Wang C. High Expression Level of mok E Enhances the Production of Monacolin K in Monascus. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2017.1413985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- College of Life Sciences, Lang Fang Normal University, Lang Fang City, He Bei Province, China
| | - Shufen Wu
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenjing Li
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mianhua Chen
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Changlu Wang
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Hajar-Azhari S, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Ab Kadir S, Rahim MHA, Saari N. Evaluation of a Malaysian soy sauce koji strain Aspergillus oryzae NSK for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production using different native sugars. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:479-488. [PMID: 30263772 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a selected γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich Malaysian strain Aspergillus oryzae NSK was collected from soy sauce koji. The strain was used to explore the effect of using renewable native sugar syrup, sugarcane, nipa, and molasses as fermentable substrates for developing a novel functional GABA soy sauce. We evaluated the strain using the chosen native sugars for 7 days using shake flask fermentation at 30 °C. The results showed optimum GABA concentration was achieved using cane molasses as the fermentable substrate (354.08 mg/L), followed by sugarcane syrup (320.7 mg/L) and nipa syrup (232.07 mg/L). Cane molasses was subsequently utilized as a substrate to determine the most suitable concentration for A. oryzae NSK to enhance GABA production and was determined as 50% g/L of glucose standard cane molasses. Our findings indicate that cane molasses can be used as a GABA-rich ingredient to develop a new starter culture for A. oryzae NSK soy sauce production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hajar-Azhari
- 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- 2Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Safuan Ab Kadir
- 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Biosynthesis, Role, Commercial Production, and Applications. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64057-4.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The genus Monascus was described by van Tieghem (1884) to accommodate M. ruber and M. mucoroides, two species with non-ostiolate ascomata. Species delimitation in the genus is still mainly based on phenotypic characters, and taxonomic studies that include sequence data are limited. The genus is of economic importance. Species are used in fermented Asian foods as food colourants (e.g. ‘red rice’ (ang-kak, angka)) and found as spoilage organisms, and recently Monascus was found to be essential in the lifecycle of stingless bees. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied combining morphological characters, ITS, LSU, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit sequences and extrolite data, to delimit species and to study phylogenetic relationships in Monascus. Furthermore, 30 Monascus isolates from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees in Brazil were included. Based on this polyphasic approach, the genus Monascus is resolved in nine species, including three new species associated with stingless bees (M. flavipigmentosus sp. nov., M. mellicola sp. nov., M. recifensis sp. nov., M. argentinensis, M. floridanus, M. lunisporas, M. pallens, M. purpureus, M. ruber), and split in two new sections (section Floridani sect. nov., section Rubri sect. nov.). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the xerophile Monascus eremophilus does not belong in Monascus and monophyly in Monascus is restored with the transfer of M. eremophilus to Penicillium (P. eremophilum comb. nov.). A list of accepted and excluded Monascus and Basipetospora species is given, together with information on (ex-)types cultures and barcode sequence data.
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Čulig B, Bevardi M, Bošnir J, Serdar S, Lasić D, Racz A, Galić A, Kuharić Ž. PRESENCE OF CITRININ IN GRAINS AND ITS POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 14:22-30. [PMID: 28480413 PMCID: PMC5412229 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Citrinin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Monascus and it occurs mainly in stored grain. Citrinin is generally formed after harvest and occurs mainly in stored grains, it also occurs in other plant products. Often, the co-occurrence with other mycotoxins is observed, especially ochratoxin A, which is usually associated with endemic nephropathy. At the European Union level, systematic monitoring of Citrinin in grains began with the aim of determining its highest permissible amount in food. Thus, far the systematic monitoring of the above mentioned mycotoxin in Croatia is yet to begin. Materials and Methods: The main goal of this study was to determine the presence of Citrinin in grains sampled in the area of Međimurje, Osijek-Baranja, Vukovar-Srijem and Brod-Posavina County. For the purpose of identification and quantification of citrinin, high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with fluorescence was used (Calibration curve k > 0.999; Intra assay CV = 2.1%; Inter assay CV = 4.3%; LOQ < 1 μg/kg). Results: From the area of Međimurje County, 10 samples of corn and 10 samples of wheat were analyzed. None of the samples contained Citrinin (<1 μg/kg). From the area of Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem County, 15 samples from each County were analyzed. The mean value for the samples of Osijek-Baranja County was 19.63 μg/kg (median=15.8 μg/kg), while for Vukovar-Srijem County the mean value of citrinin was 14,6 μg/kg (median=1.23 μg/kg). From 5 analyzed samples from Brod-Posavina County, one of the samples contained citrinin in the amount of 23.8 μg/kg, while the registered amounts in the other samples were <1 μg/kg. Conclusion: The results show that grains from several Counties contain certain amounts of Citrinin possibly indicating a significant intake of citrinin in humans. It must be stated that grains and grain-based products are the basis of everyday diet of all age groups, especially small children, where higher intake of citrinin can occur. Consequently, we emphasize the need for systematic analysis of larger amount of samples, from both large grains and small grains, especially in the area of Brod-Posavina County, in order to obtain more realistic notion of citrinin contamination of grains and to asses the health risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Čulig
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Bevardi
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Bošnir
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sonja Serdar
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Lasić
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Racz
- Zagreb University of Health Sciences, Mlinarska 38, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonija Galić
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Kuharić
- Institute of public health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
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Vijaya Abinaya R, Pichiah PBT, Sara Thomas S, Kim SG, Han DW, Song YS, Oh SH, Cha YS. γ-amino butyric acid-enriched barley bran lowers adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels in immobilized stressed rats. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Vijaya Abinaya
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Pichiah Balasubramanian Tirupathi Pichiah
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Shalom Sara Thomas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Gon Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology; Woosuk University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Won Han
- Department of industrialization; Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, 111-18, Wonjangdong-gil, Deokjin-gu, Jeollabuk-do; Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Song
- Department of industrialization; Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, 111-18, Wonjangdong-gil, Deokjin-gu, Jeollabuk-do; Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Heung Oh
- Department of Food and Biotechnology; Woosuk University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju Republic of Korea
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Subhan M, Faryal R, Macreadie I. Exploitation of Aspergillus terreus for the Production of Natural Statins. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2020013. [PMID: 29376930 PMCID: PMC5753075 DOI: 10.3390/jof2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus (A.) terreus has dominated the biological production of the “blockbuster” drugs known as statins. The statins are a class of drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and lead to lower cholesterol production. The statins were initially discovered in fungi and for many years fungi were the sole source for the statins. At present, novel chemically synthesised statins are produced as inspired by the naturally occurring statin molecules. The isolation of the natural statins, compactin, mevastatin and lovastatin from A. terreus represents one of the great achievements of industrial microbiology. Here we review the discovery of statins, along with strategies that have been applied to scale up their production by A. terreus strains. The strategies encompass many of the techniques available in industrial microbiology and include the optimization of media and fermentation conditions, the improvement of strains through classical mutagenesis, induced genetic manipulation and the use of statistical design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Subhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Abstract
The present study describes the enhanced production and purification of lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus in submerged batch fermentation. The enhancement of lovastatin production from A. terreus was attempted by random mutagenesis using ultraviolet radiations and nitrous acid. UV mutants exhibited increased efficiency for lovastatin production as compared with nitrous acid mutants. Among all the mutants developed, A. terreus UV-4 was found to be the hyper producer of lovastatin. This mutant gave 3.5-fold higher lovastatin production than the wild culture of A. terreus NRRL 265. Various cultural conditions were also optimized for hyper-producing mutant strain. 5 % glucose as carbon source, 1.5 % corn steep liquor as nitrogen source, initial pH value of 6, 120 h of incubation period, and 28 °C of incubation temperature were found as best parameters for higher lovastatin production in shake flasks. Production of lovastatin by wild and mutant strains of A. terreus was also scaled up to laboratory scale fermentor. The fermentation process was conducted at 28 °C, 200 rpm agitation, and 1vvm air flow rate without pH control. After the optimization of cultural conditions in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and scaling up to laboratory scale fermentor, the mutant A. terreus UV-4 gave eightfold higher lovastatin production (3249.95 μg/ml) than its production by wild strain in shake flasks. Purification of lovastatin was carried out by solvent extraction method which yielded 977.1 mg/l of lovastatin with 98.99 % chromatographic purity and 26.76 % recovery. The crystal structure of lovastatin was determined using X-ray diffraction analysis which is first ever reported.
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36
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Hajjaj H, Goma G, François JM. Effect of the cultivation mode on red pigments production fromMonascus ruber. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hajjaj
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Biologie Moléculaire; Faculté des Sciences; Univ. Moulay Ismail; B.P. 11201 Zitoune Meknès Morocco
| | - Gerard Goma
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; 135 avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; F-31077 Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; F-31400 Toulouse, France 135 avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
| | - Jean M. François
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; 135 avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; F-31077 Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; F-31400 Toulouse, France 135 avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
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37
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Yang J, Chen Q, Wang W, Hu J, Hu C. Effect of oxygen supply on Monascus pigments and citrinin production in submerged fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:564-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Khan W, Bhatt PC, Panda BP. Degradation Kinetics of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid in M
onascus
-Fermented Rice. J FOOD QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory; Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Prakash C. Bhatt
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory; Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Bibhu P. Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory; Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy; Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
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Tsai CF, Shih DYC, Shyu YT. Survey and risk assessment of trace elements in foods from Taiwan containing red mould rice (Monascus) by ICP-MS. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 3:228-35. [PMID: 24779622 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2010.513070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu and Zn) in 93 red mould rice (Monascus) food samples in Taipei, Taiwan, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after wet digestion. The results, calculated in mg kg(-1) (wet weight) for each sample, revealed the general scenario of food safety in Taiwan: As (0.005-12.04), Cd (<0.0005-2.22), Cr (0.014-6.95), Cu (0.012-8.70), Pb (0.001-0.64), Se (<0.001-1.29) and Zn (0.020-67.02). Three food samples were identified with As concentrations higher than regulatory limits: a dietary supplement sample and a seaweed sample with As concentrations that exceeded the limit of Taiwan's health food standard of 2 mg kg(-1), and a canned eel sample with an As concentration that exceeded the limit of Canada's fish standard of 3.5 mg kg(-1). This study suggests that the estimated intakes of these seven trace elements from the consumption of foods containing Monascus pose little risk, as the trace element contents in the majority of samples were lower than the permissible/tolerable intakes per week according to the guidelines recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Moreover, their concentrations in foods containing Monascus differ widely for different food varieties, suggesting that external contaminants and raw materials are the main sources of trace elements. This study shows that ICP-MS is a simple method proposed for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu, and Zn in foods containing Monascus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-F Tsai
- a Department of Horticulture , National Taiwan University , 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei, 106 , Taiwan , R.O.C
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Effect of low-frequency magnetic field on formation of pigments of Monascus purpureus. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Tan YY, Hsu WH, Shih TW, Lin CH, Pan TM. Proteomic insight into the effect of ethanol on citrinin biosynthesis pathway in Monascus purpureus NTU 568. Food Res Int 2014; 64:733-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kanwal S, Khetkorn W, Incharoensakdi A. GABA Accumulation in Response to Different Nitrogenous Compounds in Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:96-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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In Vivo Hypocholesterolemic Effect of MARDI Fermented Red Yeast Rice Water Extract in High Cholesterol Diet Fed Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:707829. [PMID: 25031606 PMCID: PMC4083602 DOI: 10.1155/2014/707829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fermented red yeast rice has been traditionally consumed as medication in Asian cuisine. This study aimed to determine the in vivo hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of fermented red yeast rice water extract produced using Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Monascus purpureus strains in mice fed with high cholesterol diet. Absence of monacolin-k, lower level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), higher content of total amino acids, and antioxidant activities were detected in MARDI fermented red yeast rice water extract (MFRYR). In vivo MFRYR treatment on hypercholesterolemic mice recorded similar lipid lowering effect as commercial red yeast rice extract (CRYR) as it helps to reduce the elevated serum liver enzyme and increased the antioxidant levels in liver. This effect was also associated with the upregulation of apolipoproteins-E and inhibition of Von Willebrand factor expression. In summary, MFRYR enriched in antioxidant and amino acid without monacolin-k showed similar hypocholesterolemic effect as CRYR that was rich in monacolin-k and GABA.
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Miyake T, Uchitomi K, Zhang MY, Kono I, Nozaki N, Sammoto H, Inagaki K. Effects of the Principal Nutrients on Lovastatin Production byMonascus pilosus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1154-9. [PMID: 16717416 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin production is dependent on the substrates provided. We investigated how several carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium affect lovastatin production by Monascus pilosus. M. pilosus required a suitable concentration of organic nitrogen peptone for high lovastatin production. As sole carbon source with peptone, although glucose strongly repressed lovastatin production, maltose was responsible for high production. Interestingly, glycerol combined with maltose enhanced lovastatin production, up to 444 mg/l in the most effective case. Moreover, an isolated mutant, in which glucose repression might be relieved, easily produced the highest level of lovastatin, 725 mg/l on glucose-glycerol-peptone medium. These observations indicate that lovastatin production by M. pilosus is regulated by strict glucose repression and that an appropriate release from this repression by optimizing medium composition and/or by a mutation(s) is required for high lovastatin production.
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Kang B, Zhang X, Wu Z, Wang Z, Park S. Production of citrinin-free Monascus pigments by submerged culture at low pH. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:50-7. [PMID: 24411445 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of citrinin-free Monascus pigments is of great interest to meet the demand of food safety. In the present work, the effect of various nitrogen sources, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), cornmeal, (NH4)₂SO₄, and NaNO₃, on Monascus fermentation was examined under different initial pH conditions. The composition of Monascus pigments and the final pH of fermentation broth after Monascus fermentation were determined. It was found that nitrogen source was directly related to the final pH and the final pH regulated the composition of Monascus pigments and the biosynthesis of citrinin. Thus, an ideal nitrogen source can be selected to control the final pH and then the citrinin biosynthesis. Citrinin-free orange pigments were produced at extremely low initial pH in the medium with (NH4)₂SO₄ or MSG as nitrogen source. No citrinin biosynthesis at extremely low pH was further confirmed by extractive fermentation of intracellular pigments in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 micelle aqueous solution. This is the first report about the production of citrinin-free Monascus pigments at extremely low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyu Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
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Li YP, Pan YF, Zou LH, Xu Y, Huang ZB, He QH. Lower citrinin production by gene disruption of ctnB involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7397-7402. [PMID: 23841779 DOI: 10.1021/jf400879s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Monascus spp. have been used in the production of food colorants and health remedies for more than 1000 years in Asia. However, greater attention has been given to the safety of Monascus products because they contain citrinin, which is harmful to the hepatic and renal systems. The citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster has been characterized in Monasucs aurantiacus . The ctnB gene encoding an oxidoreductase is located between pksCT and ctnA. In this study, a ctnB replacement vector (pCTNB-HPH) was constructed to disrupt the ctnB gene with a hygromycin resistance gene as the selection marker. The linear vector was transformed into M. aurantiacus using the protoplast CaCl2/polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Three ctnB-disrupted strains were obtained by homologous recombination. In comparison to the parental strain, the ΔctnB mutants barely produced citrinin. These data confirmed that the ctnB gene is directly involved in citrinin biosynthesis. Moreover, the yields of the pigments of two disruptants were similar to that of the wild-type strain, but the yield of another mutant was slightly higher than that of the latter strain. These results indicate that the production of the mycotoxin citrinin was successfully eliminated through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China.
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Ko CY, Lin HTV, Tsai GJ. Gamma-aminobutyric acid production in black soybean milk by Lactobacillus brevis FPA 3709 and the antidepressant effect of the fermented product on a forced swimming rat model. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The genus Monascus, comprising nine species, can reproduce either vegetatively with filaments and conidia or sexually by the formation of ascospores. The most well-known species of genus Monascus, namely, M. purpureus, M. ruber and M. pilosus, are often used for rice fermentation to produce red yeast rice, a special product used either for food coloring or as a food supplement with positive effects on human health. The colored appearance (red, orange or yellow) of Monascus-fermented substrates is produced by a mixture of oligoketide pigments that are synthesized by a combination of polyketide and fatty acid synthases. The major pigments consist of pairs of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin), orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) and red (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) compounds; however, more than 20 other colored products have recently been isolated from fermented rice or culture media. In addition to pigments, a group of monacolin substances and the mycotoxin citrinin can be produced by Monascus. Various non-specific biological activities (antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulative and others) of these pigmented compounds are, at least partly, ascribed to their reaction with amino group-containing compounds, i.e. amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Monacolins, in the form of β-hydroxy acids, inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in animals and humans.
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Lee S, Ahn J, Kim YG, Jung JK, Lee H, Lee EG. Gamma-aminobutyric acid production using immobilized glutamate decarboxylase followed by downstream processing with cation exchange chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1728-39. [PMID: 23322022 PMCID: PMC3565344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production technique using his-tag mediated immobilization of Escherichia coli-derived glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to GABA. The GAD was obtained at 1.43 g/L from GAD-overexpressed E. coli fermentation and consisted of 59.7% monomer, 29.2% dimer and 2.3% tetramer with a 97.6% soluble form of the total GAD. The harvested GAD was immobilized to metal affinity gel with an immobilization yield of 92%. Based on an investigation of specific enzyme activity and reaction characteristics, glutamic acid (GA) was chosen over monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a substrate for immobilized GAD, resulting in conversion of 2.17 M GABA in a 1 L reactor within 100 min. The immobilized enzymes retained 58.1% of their initial activities after ten consecutive uses. By using cation exchange chromatography followed by enzymatic conversion, GABA was separated from the residual substrate and leached GAD. As a consequence, the glutamic acid was mostly removed with no detectable GAD, while 91.2% of GABA was yielded in the purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Lee
- University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea; E-Mail:
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Jungoh Ahn
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Joon-Ki Jung
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongweon Lee
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Eun Gyo Lee
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (J.A.); (Y.-G.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:; Tel.: +82-42-860-4512; Fax: +82-42-860-4529
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Study of the effects of monacolin k and other constituents of red yeast rice on obesity, insulin-resistance, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:892697. [PMID: 23320041 PMCID: PMC3541547 DOI: 10.1155/2012/892697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive and intractable disease associated with metabolic syndrome. Red yeast rice (RYR) contains monacolin K, a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, and its consumption decreases cholesterol and triglyceride levels. We examined the efficacy of RYR constituents using a novel metabolic syndrome-NAFLD mouse model (MSG mice). Methods. Two types of RYR grown under different culture conditions were used. 1P-DU contained only 0.002 g/100 g of monacolin K, whereas 3P-D1 contained 0.131 g/100 g. MSG mice were divided into three groups: control (C) group fed standard food, RYR-C group fed standard food with 1% 1P-DU, and RYR-M group fed standard food with 1% 3P-D1. Mice were examined from 12 to 24 weeks of age. Results. Serum insulin, leptin, and liver damage as well as macrophage aggregation in visceral fat in RYR-C and RYR-M groups were lower than those in C group. The serum adiponectin levels in RYR-C group were significantly higher than those in RYR-M and C groups. Conclusions. RYR was effective against obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance, and NAFLD in MSG mice irrespective of monacolin K levels. GABA and various peptides produced during fermentation were determined as the active constituents of RYR.
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