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Eseadi C, Amedu AN, Aloh HE. Significance of fostering the mental health of patients with diabetes through critical time intervention. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8486-8497. [PMID: 38188207 PMCID: PMC10768517 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i36.8486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical time intervention (CTI) is an evidence-based model of practice that is time-limited and aims to provide support for most susceptible individuals during a transition period. AIM To examine the significance of fostering the mental health of diabetes patients through CTI using the scoping review methodology. METHODS As part of the scoping review process, we followed the guidelines established by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search databases were Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/), and Cochrane Library. From these databases, 77 articles were retrieved with the aid of carefully selected search terms. However, 19 studies were selected after two reviewers appraised the full texts to ensure that they are all eligible for inclusion, while 54 papers were excluded. RESULTS This study revealed that diabetic patients who had experienced homelessness were at higher risk of being diagnosed with mental illness and that social support services are impactful in the management of the comorbidity of diabetes and mental health problems. In addition, this review reveals that CTI is impactful in enhancing the mental health of homeless patients during the transitional period from the hospital through social support services. CONCLUSION CTI is a promising intervention for alleviating mental health symptoms in homeless patients. Empirical studies are needed across the globe, involving both hospitalized and community-based patients, to determine how clinically effectively CTI is in managing the mental health of diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiedu Eseadi
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Amos Nnaemeka Amedu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Henry Egi Aloh
- Department of Health Services, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo 482131, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Glasser NJ, Lindau ST, Wroblewski K, Abramsohn EM, Burnet DL, Fuller CM, Miller DC, O’Malley CA, Shiu E, Waxman E, Makelarski JA. Effect of a Social Care Intervention on Health Care Experiences of Caregivers of Hospitalized Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1266-1275. [PMID: 37902777 PMCID: PMC10616767 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Importance Health-related social risks (HRSRs), like food and housing insecurity, are stigmatized conditions that, when addressed in clinical settings, could inadvertently compromise health care experiences. Objective To test the noninferiority hypothesis that a low-intensity, high-scale social care intervention does not promote experiences of discrimination or diminish satisfaction with care compared to usual care. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted from November 2020 to June 2022 with 12-month follow-up analyzing data obtained 1 week after baseline intervention at a 155-bed academic urban children's hospital with 5300 annual admissions. Participants were recruited from their children's hospital rooms during their children's inpatient hospital stays. Inclusion criteria were identifying as the primary caregiver of a child younger than 18 years who was hospitalized in the general, intensive care, or transplant units; living in 1 of 42 target zip codes; and consenting to receive text messages. Caregivers of healthy newborns and caregivers of children expected to be hospitalized for less than 24 hours or greater than 30 days were excluded. A total of 637 eligible parents and caregivers were enrolled. Interventions Participants were randomized to usual care or usual care plus CommunityRx, a low-intensity, universally delivered, electronic medical record-integrated social care assistance intervention providing personalized information about local resources alongside education about HRSRs and how to access additional support. Usual care included an admission brochure about hospital-based free food options and nonsystematic provision of resource information. Main Outcomes and Measures Experiences of discrimination, measured using the Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale (range 7-35; higher scores indicate more frequent discrimination) and satisfaction with hospital discharge 1 week postdischarge using Child HCAHPS (range 0-100; higher scores indicate higher satisfaction). The a priori noninferiority margins (control minus intervention) were -0.9 (discrimination) and 1.6 (satisfaction). Results Of 637 eligible caregiver participants, most identified as female (n = 600 [94.3%]), Black (n = 505 [79.4%]), and had household income less than $50 000 per year (n = 488 [78.5%]). One-third were experiencing food insecurity (n = 223). Half of participants reported discrimination experiences during the pediatric hospitalization (n = 259). Discrimination experiences among the intervention group were noninferior to those among the control group (mean [SD] score: control, 10.3 [4.7] vs intervention, 10.0 [4.6]; difference, 0.2; 90% CI, -0.5 to 0.9). Mean (SD) satisfaction with discharge was high (control, 84.2 [23.8] vs intervention, 81.9 [24.8]), but evidence was insufficient to support intervention noninferiority for this end point (difference, 2.3; 90% CI, -1.2 to 5.8). Food security status did not moderate the relationship between intervention and either outcome. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that a universally delivered social care assistance intervention did not promote caregiver experiences of discrimination during a child's hospitalization but were inconclusive regarding satisfaction. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04171999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Glasser
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stacy Tessler Lindau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily M. Abramsohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deborah L. Burnet
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles M. Fuller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Doriane C. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine A. O’Malley
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Neonatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eva Shiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Duncan A, Kirst M, Dainty KN, Wodchis WP, Stergiopoulos V. Case managers' reflections of a brief case management intervention in Canada. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1151904. [PMID: 37448491 PMCID: PMC10336220 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As demand for intensive case management services continues to outpace supply, community mental health agencies in Toronto, Ontario, introduced Short-Term Case Management (STCM). Objective This study sought to explore case managers' perspectives and experiences with this new service delivery model. Methods Focus groups were conducted with twenty-one case managers, and transcripts analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Emerging themes suggest that despite embracing a recovery approach, case managers expressed mixed views on the acceptability and appropriateness of this service delivery model as an intervention. Conclusion The ideal population for this intervention are adults with mental health issues in need of system navigation, and those motivated to address their goals. Further research is needed to establish fidelity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duncan
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maritt Kirst
- Community Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Katie N Dainty
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter P Wodchis
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Weightman AL, Kelson MJ, Thomas I, Mann MK, Searchfield L, Willis S, Hannigan B, Smith RJ, Cordiner R. Exploring the effect of case management in homelessness per components: A systematic review of effectiveness and implementation, with meta-analysis and thematic synthesis. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2023; 19:e1329. [PMID: 37206622 PMCID: PMC10189499 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Adequate housing is a basic human right. The many millions of people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have a lower life expectancy and more physical and mental health problems. Practical and effective interventions to provide appropriate housing are a public health priority. Objectives To summarise the best available evidence relating to the components of case-management interventions for PEH via a mixed methods review that explored both the effectiveness of interventions and factors that may influence its impact. Search Methods We searched 10 bibliographic databases from 1990 to March 2021. We also included studies from Campbell Collaboration Evidence and Gap Maps and searched 28 web sites. Reference lists of included papers and systematic reviews were examined and experts contacted for additional studies. Selection Criteria We included all randomised and non-randomised study designs exploring case management interventions where a comparison group was used. The primary outcome of interest was homelessness. Secondary outcomes included health, wellbeing, employment and costs. We also included all studies where data were collected on views and experiences that may impact on implementation. Data Collection and Analysis We assessed risk of bias using tools developed by the Campbell Collaboration. We conducted meta-analyses of the intervention studies where possible and carried out a framework synthesis of a set of implementation studies identified by purposive sampling to represent the most 'rich' and 'thick' data. Main Results We included 64 intervention studies and 41 implementation studies. The evidence base was dominated by studies from the USA and Canada. Participants were largely (though not exclusively) people who were literally homeless, that is, living on the streets or in shelters, and who had additional support needs. Many studies were assessed as having a medium or high risk of bias. However, there was some consistency in outcomes across studies that improved confidence in the main findings. Case Management and Housing Outcomes Case management of any description was superior to usual care for homelessness outcomes (standardised mean difference [SMD] = -0.51 [95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.71, -0.30]; p < 0.01). For studies included in the meta-analyses, Housing First had the largest observed impact, followed by Assertive Community Treatment, Critical Time Intervention and Intensive Case Management. The only statistically significant difference was between Housing First and Intensive Case Management (SMD = -0.6 [-1.1, -0.1]; p = 0.03) at ≥12 months. There was not enough evidence to compare the above approaches with standard case management within the meta-analyses. A narrative comparison across all studies was inconclusive, though suggestive of a trend in favour of more intensive approaches. Case Management and Mental Health Outcomes The overall evidence suggested that case management of any description was not more or less effective compared to usual care for an individual's mental health (SMD = 0.02 [-0.15, 0.18]; p = 0.817). Case Management and Other Outcomes Based on meta-analyses, case management was superior to usual care for capability and wellbeing outcomes up to 1 year (an improvement of around one-third of an SMD; p < 0.01) but was not statistically significantly different for substance use outcomes, physical health, and employment. Case Management Components For homelessness outcomes, there was a non-significant trend for benefits to be greater in the medium term (≤3 years) compared to long term (>3 years) (SMD = -0.64 [-1.04, -0.24] vs. -0.27 [-0.53, 0]; p = 0.16) and for in-person meetings in comparison to mixed (in-person and remote) approaches (SMD = -0.73 [-1.25,-0.21]) versus -0.26 [-0.5,-0.02]; p = 0.13). There was no evidence from meta-analyses to suggest that an individual case manager led to better outcomes then a team, and interventions with no dedicated case manager may have better outcomes than those with a named case manager (SMD = -0.36 [-0.55, -0.18] vs. -1.00 [-2.00, 0.00]; p = 0.02). There was not enough evidence from meta-analysis to assess whether the case manager should have a professional qualification, or if frequency of contact, case manager availability or conditionality (barriers due to conditions attached to service provision) influenced outcomes. However, the main theme from implementation studies concerned barriers where conditions were attached to services. Characteristics of Persons Experiencing Homelessness No conclusions could be drawn from meta-analysis other than a trend for greater reductions in homelessness for persons with high complexity of need (two or more support needs in addition to homelessness) as compared to those with medium complexity of need (one additional support need); effect sizes were SMD = -0.61 [-0.91, -0.31] versus -0.36 [-0.68, -0.05]; p = 0.3. The Broader Context of Delivery of Case Management Programmes Other major themes from the implementation studies included the importance of interagency partnership; provision for non-housing support and training needs of PEH (such as independent living skills), intensive community support following the move to new housing; emotional support and training needs of case managers; and an emphasis on housing safety, security and choice. Cost Effectiveness The 12 studies with cost data provided contrasting results and no clear conclusions. Some case management costs may be largely off-set by reductions in the use of other services. Cost estimates from three North American studies were $45-52 for each additional day housed. Authors' Conclusions Case management interventions improve housing outcomes for PEH with one or more additional support needs, with more intense interventions leading to greater benefits. Those with greater support needs may gain greater benefit. There is also evidence for improvements to capabilities and wellbeing. Current approaches do not appear to lead to mental health benefits. In terms of case management components, there is evidence in support of a team approach and in-person meetings and, from the implementation evidence, that conditions associated with service provision should be minimised. The approach within Housing First could explain the finding that overall benefits may be greater than for other types of case management. Four of its principles were identified as key themes within the implementation studies: No conditionality, offer choice, provide an individualised approach and support community building. Recommendations for further research include an expansion of the research base outside North America and further exploration of case management components and intervention cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J. Kelson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and EconomyUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Ian Thomas
- Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research and Data (WISERD)Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Mala K. Mann
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE)Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lydia Searchfield
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE)Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Simone Willis
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE)Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Ben Hannigan
- Mental Health Nursing, School of Healthcare SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Rhiannon Cordiner
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE)Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Brown SR, Thurber A, Shinn M. Mothers' perceptions of how homelessness and housing interventions affect their children's behavioral and educational functioning. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2023; 93:225-235. [PMID: 36892876 PMCID: PMC10175131 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Children who experience homelessness display substantial variation in outcomes, but little attention has been given to potential mechanisms linking their housing experiences to their functioning. This study explores these mechanisms using qualitative coding of 80 interviews with parents participating in a randomized control trial of housing interventions for families experiencing homelessness. Interviews were conducted an average of 7 months after families entered a homeless shelter, when most families had exited shelters to a variety of other housing options. Many parents described children as faring poorly on behavioral and educational outcomes while in shelters but displaying improvement after leaving the shelter. Parents commonly viewed shelters as contributing to behavioral disruptions, with restored autonomy and routines after exiting shelters contributing to recovery in functioning. Parents offered long-term rental subsidies viewed having a stable, adequate place of their own as helping their children fare better from reduced family stress, improved routines, and changes in children's expectations about stability. Findings indicate the importance of understanding differences in housing stability and quality among families who experience homelessness for how children fare-including differences in how housing interventions affect stability and quality. Policies expanding access to long-term rental subsidies could help improve outcomes for children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amie Thurber
- School of Social Work, Portland State University
| | - Marybeth Shinn
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University
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Cené CW, Viswanathan M, Fichtenberg CM, Sathe NA, Kennedy SM, Gottlieb LM, Cartier Y, Peek ME. Racial Health Equity and Social Needs Interventions: A Review of a Scoping Review. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2250654. [PMID: 36656582 PMCID: PMC9857687 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Social needs interventions aim to improve health outcomes and mitigate inequities by addressing health-related social needs, such as lack of transportation or food insecurity. However, it is not clear whether these studies are reducing racial or ethnic inequities. OBJECTIVE To understand how studies of interventions addressing social needs among multiracial or multiethnic populations conceptualize and analyze differential intervention outcomes by race or ethnicity. EVIDENCE REVIEW Sources included a scoping review of systematic searches of PubMed and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 1995, through November 29, 2021, expert suggestions, and hand searches of key citations. Eligible studies evaluated interventions addressing social needs; reported behavioral, health, or utilization outcomes or harms; and were conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations. Two reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts, and full text for inclusion. The team developed a framework to assess whether the study was "conceptually thoughtful" for understanding root causes of racial health inequities (ie, noted that race or ethnicity are markers of exposure to racism) and whether analyses were "analytically informative" for advancing racial health equity research (ie, examined differential intervention impacts by race or ethnicity). FINDINGS Of 152 studies conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations, 44 studies included race or ethnicity in their analyses; of these, only 4 (9%) were conceptually thoughtful. Twenty-one studies (14%) were analytically informative. Seven of 21 analytically informative studies reported differences in outcomes by race or ethnicity, whereas 14 found no differences. Among the 7 that found differential outcomes, 4 found the interventions were associated with improved outcomes for minoritized racial or ethnic populations or reduced inequities between minoritized and White populations. No studies were powered to detect differences. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this review of a scoping review, studies of social needs interventions in multiracial or multiethnic populations were rarely conceptually thoughtful for understanding root causes of racial health inequities and infrequently conducted informative analyses on intervention effectiveness by race or ethnicity. Future work should use a theoretically sound conceptualization of how race (as a proxy for racism) affects social drivers of health and use this understanding to ensure social needs interventions benefit minoritized racial and ethnic groups facing social and structural barriers to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W. Cené
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health, San Diego
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Meera Viswanathan
- RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park
| | - Caroline M. Fichtenberg
- University of California, San Francisco Social Intervention Research and Evaluation Network, San Francisco
- School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nila A. Sathe
- RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park
| | - Sara M. Kennedy
- RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park
| | - Laura M. Gottlieb
- School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yuri Cartier
- University of California, San Francisco Social Intervention Research and Evaluation Network, San Francisco
| | - Monica E. Peek
- Section of General Internal Medicine, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Slesnick N, Zhang J, Feng X, Mallory A, Martin J, Famelia R, Brakenhoff B, Yilmazer T, Wu Q, Ford J, Holowacz E, Jaderlund S, Hatsu I, Luthy E, Chavez L, Walsh L, Kelleher K. Housing and supportive services for substance use and self-efficacy among young mothers experiencing homelessness: A randomized controlled trial. J Subst Abuse Treat 2023; 144:108917. [PMID: 36368259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Homeless mothers with young children in their care contend with high rates of substance use and low self-efficacy. However, a limited number of studies have examined these outcomes associated with housing and supportive services. DESIGN Participants were randomly assigned to: (1) housing + support services (n = 80), (2) housing-only (n = 80), or (3) services as usual (SAU) (n = 80) and were re-assessed at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline. SETTINGS The study recruited a community-based sample from homeless service agencies and advertisements in a large Midwestern city. PARTICIPANTS The study recruited two hundred forty (N = 240) women between the ages of 18 to 24 years, experiencing homelessness and with a substance use disorder (SUD) who also had a biological child under the age of 6 years in their care. MEASUREMENTS We measured frequency of alcohol and drug use using the Form 90 semi-structured interview, and self-efficacy using Pearlin and Schooler's (1978) 7-item Mastery Scale. FINDINGS Overall, mothers showed significant improvement in substance use and self-efficacy over time in each condition. However, as expected, patterns of change differentiated intervention groups with more mothers showing better substance use and self-efficacy outcomes in housing + supportive services than in SAU. Unexpectedly, more mothers in SAU showed better outcomes than those in housing-only. CONCLUSIONS Substance use decreased and self-efficacy increased over time, but patterns of change characterized the intervention groups. In particular, findings suggest that when providing housing to this population, supportive services should also be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Slesnick
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Allen Mallory
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Jared Martin
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Ruri Famelia
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Brittany Brakenhoff
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Tansel Yilmazer
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Jodi Ford
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Eugene Holowacz
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Soren Jaderlund
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Irene Hatsu
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Ellison Luthy
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Laura Chavez
- Center for Innovation in Pediatric Practice, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
| | - Laura Walsh
- College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Kelly Kelleher
- Center for Innovation in Pediatric Practice, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
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8
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Manuel JI, Nizza M, Herman DB, Conover S, Esquivel L, Yuan Y, Susser E. Supporting Vulnerable People During Challenging Transitions: A Systematic Review of Critical Time Intervention. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023; 50:100-113. [PMID: 36229749 PMCID: PMC9832072 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-022-01224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Critical Time Intervention (CTI) is designed to reduce the risk of homelessness and other adverse outcomes by providing support to individuals during challenging life course transitions. While several narrative reviews suggest the benefit of CTI, the evidence on the model's effectiveness has not been systematically reviewed. This article systematically reviews studies of CTI applied to a variety of populations and transition types. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines, we reviewed 13 eligible experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Findings were summarized by individual outcome domains, including housing, service engagement use, hospitalization or emergency services, mental health, substance use, family and social support, and quality of life. CTI had a consistent positive impact on two primary outcomes-reduced homelessness and increased service engagement use-among different populations and contexts. Despite the effectiveness of CTI, the specific mechanisms of the model's positive impacts remain unclear. Implications for practice, policy and research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Nizza
- School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Daniel B. Herman
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah Conover
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, New York, NY USA
| | - Laura Esquivel
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Yeqing Yuan
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ezra Susser
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
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Brott H, Kornbluh M, Banfield J, Boullion AM, Incaudo G. Leveraging research to inform prevention and intervention efforts: Identifying risk and protective factors for rural and urban homeless families within transitional housing programs. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:1854-1874. [PMID: 34254319 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This mixed method study spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban. Data collection consisted of entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11). Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications. Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio-emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gary Incaudo
- University of California, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Abstract
As states move beyond simply managing their homelessness crises to looking for ways to reduce and ultimately end homelessness, broad-scale efforts to prevent homelessness are lacking. Experiences of homelessness are often harmful, traumatic, and costly, making a compelling case for why homelessness prevention should be prioritized. In recent years, countries such as Australia, Finland, and Wales have shifted their focus to prevention, but there remains a conceptual and systematic gap in our collective knowledge about what precisely homelessness prevention is, what policies, programs, and interventions are captured in a homelessness prevention strategy, and how to build a framework for orienting our response to homelessness towards prevention. This article begins to fill that gap by providing a definition and typology of homelessness prevention (THP). Our definition offers a schema to clarify the nature of homelessness prevention and to develop a collective response between various policies and practices that can and should be framed as homelessness prevention. Building off of the public health model of prevention and pre-existing homelessness prevention classification systems, our THP complements the definition by specifying the pragmatic nature of prevention initiatives and the range of sectors, stakeholders, and levels of government required to respond to the causes of homelessness. Our typology is made up of five interrelated elements: structural, systems, early intervention, evictions prevention, and housing stabilization. Each of these elements contains actionable strategies that cut across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to ensure that people at various levels of risk have access to the tools and resources necessary to find and maintain safe, appropriate, and suitable housing. Together the definition and THP are useful tools to envision a new way forward in how we respond to homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Dej
- Department of Criminology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 171 Colborne St., Brantford, ON, N3T 6C9, Canada.
| | - Stephen Gaetz
- Faculty of Education, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Observatory on Homelessness, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Schwan
- Canadian Observatory on Homelessness, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Moledina A, Magwood O, Agbata E, Hung J, Saad A, Thavorn K, Pottie K. A comprehensive review of prioritised interventions to improve the health and wellbeing of persons with lived experience of homelessness. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1154. [PMID: 37131928 PMCID: PMC8356292 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Homelessness has emerged as a public health priority, with growing numbers of vulnerable populations despite advances in social welfare. In February 2020, the United Nations passed a historic resolution, identifying the need to adopt social-protection systems and ensure access to safe and affordable housing for all. The establishment of housing stability is a critical outcome that intersects with other social inequities. Prior research has shown that in comparison to the general population, people experiencing homelessness have higher rates of infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, and mental-health disorders, along with disproportionately poorer outcomes. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify effective interventions to improve the lives of people living with homelessness. Objectives The objective of this systematic review is to identify, appraise, and synthesise the best available evidence on the benefits and cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and social outcomes of people experiencing homelessness. Search Methods In consultation with an information scientist, we searched nine bibliographic databases, including Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL, from database inception to February 10, 2020 using keywords and MeSH terms. We conducted a focused grey literature search and consulted experts for additional studies. Selection Criteria Teams of two reviewers independently screened studies against our inclusion criteria. We included randomised control trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies conducted among populations experiencing homelessness in high-income countries. Eligible interventions included permanent supportive housing (PSH), income assistance, standard case management (SCM), peer support, mental health interventions such as assertive community treatment (ACT), intensive case management (ICM), critical time intervention (CTI) and injectable antipsychotics, and substance-use interventions, including supervised consumption facilities (SCFs), managed alcohol programmes and opioid agonist therapy. Outcomes of interest were housing stability, mental health, quality of life, substance use, hospitalisations, employment and income. Data Collection and Analysis Teams of two reviewers extracted data in duplicate and independently. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. We performed our statistical analyses using RevMan 5.3. For dichotomous data, we used odds ratios and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. For continuous data, we used the mean difference (MD) with a 95% CI if the outcomes were measured in the same way between trials. We used the standardised mean difference with a 95% CI to combine trials that measured the same outcome but used different methods of measurement. Whenever possible, we pooled effect estimates using a random-effects model. Main Results The search resulted in 15,889 citations. We included 86 studies (128 citations) that examined the effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with lived experience of homelessness. Studies were conducted in the United States (73), Canada (8), United Kingdom (2), the Netherlands (2) and Australia (1). The studies were of low to moderate certainty, with several concerns regarding the risk of bias. PSH was found to have significant benefits on housing stability as compared to usual care. These benefits impacted both high- and moderate-needs populations with significant cimorbid mental illness and substance-use disorders. PSH may also reduce emergency department visits and days spent hospitalised. Most studies found no significant benefit of PSH on mental-health or substance-use outcomes. The effect on quality of life was also mixed and unclear. In one study, PSH resulted in lower odds of obtaining employment. The effect on income showed no significant differences. Income assistance appeared to have some benefits in improving housing stability, particularly in the form of rental subsidies. Although short-term improvement in depression and perceived stress levels were reported, no evidence of the long-term effect on mental health measures was found. No consistent impact on the outcomes of quality of life, substance use, hospitalisations, employment status, or earned income could be detected when compared with usual services. SCM interventions may have a small beneficial effect on housing stability, though results were mixed. Results for peer support interventions were also mixed, though no benefit was noted in housing stability specifically. Mental health interventions (ICM, ACT, CTI) appeared to reduce the number of days homeless and had varied effects on psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and substance use over time. Cost analyses of PSH interventions reported mixed results. Seven studies showed that PSH interventions were associated with increased cost to payers and that the cost of the interventions were only partially offset by savings in medical- and social-services costs. Six studies revealed that PSH interventions saved the payers money. Two studies focused on the cost-effectiveness of income-assistance interventions. For each additional day housed, clients who received income assistance incurred additional costs of US$45 (95% CI, -$19, -$108) from the societal perspective. In addition, the benefits gained from temporary financial assistance were found to outweigh the costs, with a net savings of US$20,548. The economic implications of case management interventions (SCM, ICM, ACT, CTI) was highly uncertain. SCM clients were found to incur higher costs than those receiving the usual care. For ICM, all included studies suggested that the intervention may be cost-offset or cost-effective. Regarding ACT, included studies consistently revealed that ACT saved payers money and improved health outcomes than usual care. Despite having comparable costs (US$52,574 vs. US$51,749), CTI led to greater nonhomeless nights (508 vs. 450 nights) compared to usual services. Authors' Conclusions PSH interventions improved housing stability for people living with homelessness. High-intensity case management and income-assistance interventions may also benefit housing stability. The majority of included interventions inconsistently detected benefits for mental health, quality of life, substance use, employment and income. These results have important implications for public health, social policy, and community programme implementation. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need to tackle systemic inequality and address social determinants of health. Our review provides timely evidence on PSH, income assistance, and mental health interventions as a means of improving housing stability. PSH has major cost and policy implications and this approach could play a key role in ending homelessness. Evidence-based reviews like this one can guide practice and outcome research and contribute to advancing international networks committed to solving homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Magwood
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research CentreBruyere Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Eric Agbata
- Bruyere Research Institute, School of EpidemiologyPublic Health and Preventive MedicineOttawaCanada
| | - Jui‐Hsia Hung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Ammar Saad
- Department of Epidemiology, C.T. Lamont Primary Care Research Centre, Bruyere Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
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12
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Anderson VR, Rubino LL, McKenna NC. Family-based Intervention for Legal System-involved Girls: A Mixed Methods Evaluation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:35-49. [PMID: 33150983 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increased proportion of juvenile court-involved girls has spurred interest to implement and evaluate services to reduce girls' system involvement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a family-based intervention by using a dominant sequential mixed methods evaluation approach. First, we examined quantitative data using a quasi-experimental design to determine whether the family-based intervention reduced recidivism among court-involved girls. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to construct statistically equivalent groups to compare one-year recidivism outcomes for girls who received the court-run family-based intervention (n = 181) to a group of girls on probation who did not receive the intervention (n = 803). Qualitative interviews (n = 39) were conducted to contextualize the quantitative findings and highlighted the circumstances that family-focused interventions for court-involved girls. Girls who received the program had slightly lower recidivism rates following the intervention. The qualitative findings contextualized the quasi-experimental results by providing an explanation as to the girls' family circumstances and insights into the mechanisms of the intervention. Results highlighted the importance of family-focused interventions for juvenile justice-involved girls. These findings have practical and policy implications for the use interventions-beyond the individual level-with adjudicated girls and offer suggestions for ways to improve their effectiveness using a community psychology lens. In addition, this paper includes a discussion of evaluating of juvenile court programming from a community psychology perspective including strengths, challenges, and considerations for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Anderson
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura L Rubino
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole C McKenna
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Song MJ, Yu L, Enright RD. Trauma and healing in the underserved populations of homelessness and corrections: Forgiveness Therapy as an added component to intervention. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:694-714. [PMID: 33179387 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to begin applying the principles of the psychology of forgiveness to people who are without homes and people who are in prisons. A review of the literature shows trauma for both groups. When the trauma is caused by unjust treatment by others, then excessive anger can result, compromising one's psychological and physical health. We review the interventions that have been offered for those without homes and the imprisoned to examine which existing programmes address such anger. Forgiveness Therapy, although untried in these two settings, may be one beneficial approach for substantially reducing unhealthy anger. Forgiveness interventions have shown a cause-and-effect relationship between learning to forgive and overcoming psychological compromise such as strong resentment and clinical levels of anxiety and depression. The literature review here suggests that forgiveness therapy for those without homes and the imprisoned may be a new and important consideration for ameliorating anger and aiding in a changed life pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lifan Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert D Enright
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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Pottie K, Kendall CE, Aubry T, Magwood O, Andermann A, Salvalaggio G, Ponka D, Bloch G, Brcic V, Agbata E, Thavorn K, Hannigan T, Bond A, Crouse S, Goel R, Shoemaker E, Wang JZJ, Mott S, Kaur H, Mathew C, Hashmi SS, Saad A, Piggott T, Arya N, Kozloff N, Beder M, Guenter D, Muckle W, Hwang S, Stergiopoulos V, Tugwell P. Lignes directrices de pratique clinique pour les personnes sans-abri, logées précairement, ou ayant connu l’itinérance. CMAJ 2020; 192:E1225-E1241. [PMID: 33051325 PMCID: PMC7588247 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190777-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pottie
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Claire E Kendall
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Tim Aubry
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Olivia Magwood
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anne Andermann
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ginetta Salvalaggio
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - David Ponka
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gary Bloch
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Vanessa Brcic
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eric Agbata
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Terry Hannigan
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrew Bond
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Susan Crouse
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ritika Goel
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Esther Shoemaker
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jean Zhuo Jing Wang
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Sebastian Mott
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Harneel Kaur
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Christine Mathew
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Syeda Shanza Hashmi
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ammar Saad
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Thomas Piggott
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Neil Arya
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Nicole Kozloff
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michaela Beder
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Dale Guenter
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Wendy Muckle
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Stephen Hwang
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Vicky Stergiopoulos
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Centre de recherche en soins de santé primaires C.T. Lamont (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Institut de recherche Bruyère; Département de médecine familiale ( Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker) et École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Pottie, Kendall), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; IRSS (Kendall, Shoemaker); Institut du savoir Li Ka Shing (Kendall), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; École de psychologie (Aubry), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale et d'épidémiologie, de biostatistiques et de santé du travail (Andermann), Faculté de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département de médecine familiale (Salvalaggio), Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie, Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de médecine Besrour pour l'avancement de la médecine de famille à l'échelle mondiale (Ponka), Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Hôpital St. Michael; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bloch), Faculté de médecine, Université de Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Brcic), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Départements de pédiatrie, d'obstétrique et gynécologie et de médecine préventive et santé publique (Agbata), Faculté de médecine, Université autonome de Barcelone; Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Thavorn); École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (Thavorn), Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Bond, Goel), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Crouse), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.; Département de médecine familiale (Crouse), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É.; Faculté de médecine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Mott), Université McGill, Montréal, Qué.; Département des méthodes, des données et de l'impact de la recherche en santé (Piggott, Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; scientifique en résidence (Arya), Université Wilfrid Laurier, Waterloo, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Arya), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre des dépendances et de santé mentale (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Département de psychiatrie et Institut des politiques de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Kozloff), Université de Toronto; Département de psychiatrie (Beder), Université de Toronto et Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Guenter), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre MAP de solutions en santé urbaine (Hwang), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Tugwell), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
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15
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Lyons VH, Benson LR, Griffin E, Floyd AS, Kiche SW, Haggerty KP, Whiteside L, Conover S, Herman DB, Rivara FP, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Fidelity Assessment of a Social Work-Led Intervention Among Patients with Firearm Injuries. RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2020; 30:678-687. [PMID: 32973371 PMCID: PMC7508463 DOI: 10.1177/1049731520912002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To support future development and refinement of social work-led intervention programs among patients with firearm injuries and to demonstrate how a fidelity assessment can be used to adjust and refine intervention delivery in an ongoing trial. METHODS We conducted a fidelity assessment of a randomized controlled trial of a social work-led intervention among patients with a firearm injury. RESULTS We found that our study intervention was well implemented, meeting 70% of the fidelity assessment score items, however noted lower fidelity with client-based items. DISCUSSION As a result of fidelity assessment findings, we refined intervention delivery to improve implementation fidelity including beginning to review cases of all patients each month, rather than focusing on patients in crisis. Our fidelity assessment process and findings offer insight into the challenges of implementing an intervention among patients with firearm injuries and highlights the value of monitoring intervention fidelity during an ongoing trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H. Lyons
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lina R. Benson
- The Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth Griffin
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony S. Floyd
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- The Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sharon W. Kiche
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin P. Haggerty
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lauren Whiteside
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah Conover
- Center for the Advancement of Critical Time Intervention, Hunter College, NY
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, NY
| | - Daniel B. Herman
- Center for the Advancement of Critical Time Intervention, Hunter College, NY
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, NY
| | - Frederick P. Rivara
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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16
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Permanent Supportive Housing With Housing First to Reduce Homelessness and Promote Health Among Homeless Populations With Disability: A Community Guide Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2020; 26:404-411. [PMID: 32732712 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Poor physical and mental health and substance use disorder can be causes and consequences of homelessness. Approximately 2.1 million persons per year in the United States experience homelessness. People experiencing homelessness have high rates of emergency department use, hospitalization, substance use treatment, social services use, arrest, and incarceration. OBJECTIVES A standard approach to treating homeless persons with a disability is called Treatment First, requiring clients be "housing ready"-that is, in psychiatric treatment and substance-free-before and while receiving permanent housing. A more recent approach, Housing First, provides permanent housing and health, mental health, and other supportive services without requiring clients to be housing ready. To determine the relative effectiveness of these approaches, this systematic review compared the effects of both approaches on housing stability, health outcomes, and health care utilization among persons with disabilities experiencing homelessness. DESIGN A systematic search (database inception to February 2018) was conducted using 8 databases with terms such as "housing first," "treatment first," and "supportive housing." Reference lists of included studies were also searched. Study design and threats to validity were assessed using Community Guide methods. Medians were calculated when appropriate. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were included if they assessed Housing First programs in high-income nations, had concurrent comparison populations, assessed outcomes of interest, and were written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals or government reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Housing stability, physical and mental health outcomes, and health care utilization. RESULTS Twenty-six studies in the United States and Canada met inclusion criteria. Compared with Treatment First, Housing First programs decreased homelessness by 88% and improved housing stability by 41%. For clients living with HIV infection, Housing First programs reduced homelessness by 37%, viral load by 22%, depression by 13%, emergency departments use by 41%, hospitalization by 36%, and mortality by 37%. CONCLUSIONS Housing First programs improved housing stability and reduced homelessness more effectively than Treatment First programs. In addition, Housing First programs showed health benefits and reduced health services use. Health care systems that serve homeless patients may promote their health and well-being by linking them with effective housing services.
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D'Sa S, Foley D, Hannon J, Strashun S, Murphy AM, O'Gorman C. The psychological impact of childhood homelessness-a literature review. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:411-417. [PMID: 32488463 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In August 2019, 3848 children in Ireland were faced with emergency homelessness [1]. In recent years, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and shortage of rental properties have been the primary driving factors for the potentially devastating impact of familial homelessness in our society [1]. Our aim was to evaluate current knowledge on the psychological impact of homelessness in children. Using the PRISMA model, we performed a review of the currently available literature on the psychological impact of homelessness on children. This concept was explored under two different categories-'transgenerational' and 'new-onset homelessness'. Hidden homelessness was also explored. Our literature review revealed several psychological morbidities which were unique to children. This includes developmental and learning delays, behavioural difficulties and increased levels of anxiety and depression [66, 77, 40, 81, 42]. This has been demonstrated by poorer performance in school testing and increased levels of aggression. Anxiety in children within this cohort has been shown to peak at time of dispersion from their stable home environment [67]. Our study highlights violence, aggression and poor academic learning outcomes to be just some of the key findings in our review of homelessness in childhood, worldwide. Unfortunately, there has been minimum research to date on paediatric homelessness within the context of the Irish population. We anticipate this review to be the first chapter in a multipart series investigation to evaluate the psychological morbidity of paediatric homelessness within the Irish Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia D'Sa
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland.
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Maternity Hospital Limerick (UHML), Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Deirdre Foley
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Maternity Hospital Limerick (UHML), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jessica Hannon
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Maternity Hospital Limerick (UHML), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sabina Strashun
- Graduate Entry Medical School (GEMS), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Murphy
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Maternity Hospital Limerick (UHML), Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clodagh O'Gorman
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital Limerick (UHL), Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Maternity Hospital Limerick (UHML), Limerick, Ireland
- Graduate Entry Medical School (GEMS), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Ponka D, Agbata E, Kendall C, Stergiopoulos V, Mendonca O, Magwood O, Saad A, Larson B, Sun AH, Arya N, Hannigan T, Thavorn K, Andermann A, Tugwell P, Pottie K. The effectiveness of case management interventions for the homeless, vulnerably housed and persons with lived experience: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230896. [PMID: 32271769 PMCID: PMC7313544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who are homeless or vulnerably housed are at an increased risk for mental illness, other morbidities and premature death. Standard case management interventions as well as more intensive models with practitioner support, such as assertive community treatment, critical time interventions, and intensive case management, may improve healthcare navigation and outcomes. However, the definitions of these models as well as the fidelity and adaptations in real world interventions are highly variable. We conducted a systematic review to examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of case management interventions on health and social outcomes for homeless populations. METHODS AND FINDINGS We searched Medline, Embase and 7 other electronic databases for trials on case management or care coordination, from the inception of these databases to July 2019. We sought outcomes on housing stability, mental health, quality of life, substance use, hospitalization, income and employment, and cost-effectiveness. We calculated pooled random effects estimates and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Our search identified 13,811 citations; and 56 primary studies met our full inclusion criteria. Standard case management had both limited and short-term effects on substance use and housing outcomes and showed potential to increase hostility and depression. Intensive case management substantially reduced the number of days spent homeless (SMD -0.22 95% CI -0.40 to -0.03), as well as substance and alcohol use. Critical time interventions and assertive community treatment were found to have a protective effect in terms of rehospitalizations and a promising effect on housing stability. Assertive community treatment was found to be cost-effective compared to standard case management. CONCLUSIONS Case management approaches were found to improve some if not all of the health and social outcomes that were examined in this study. The important factors were likely delivery intensity, the number and type of caseloads, hospital versus community programs and varying levels of participant needs. More research is needed to fully understand how to continue to obtain the increased benefits inherent in intensive case management, even in community settings where feasibility considerations lead to larger caseloads and less-intensive follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ponka
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
| | - Eric Agbata
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Roehampton, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Claire Kendall
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and School of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Stergiopoulos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oreen Mendonca
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia Magwood
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ammar Saad
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
ON, Canada
| | - Bonnie Larson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,
Canada
| | - Annie Huiru Sun
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Arya
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfred Laurier University, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
| | - Terry Hannigan
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
ON, Canada
| | - Anne Andermann
- Department of Family Medicine and Department of Epidemiology,
Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
| | - Kevin Pottie
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research
Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and School of Epidemiology and Public
Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Homelessness is a devastating experience for children and their families. Families, the majority of whose members are children, now comprise more than one-third of the overall US homeless population. Most of these children are less than six years old. Various assumptions have driven policy and the allocation of resources to programs serving these families. Although decades of research and field experience suggest strategies for preventing and reducing this problem, perspectives differ, hindering the development of effective solutions. In this article, we explore some of these assumptions, including (a) definitions of homelessness used to count the numbers of families and determine resource allocation, (b) the needs of children and responses to the impact of adverse childhood experiences, and (c) whether services matter and should be integrated with affordable housing. We conclude by suggesting various directions to ensure that these children are protected and have the opportunity to grow and thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Bassuk
- The Bassuk Center, Needham, Massachusetts 02494, USA; , ,
| | | | - Effy Donovan
- The Bassuk Center, Needham, Massachusetts 02494, USA; , ,
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20
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Bovell-Ammon A, Mansilla C, Poblacion A, Rateau L, Heeren T, Cook JT, Zhang T, de Cuba SE, Sandel MT. Housing Intervention For Medically Complex Families Associated With Improved Family Health: Pilot Randomized Trial. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020; 39:613-621. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bovell-Ammon
- Allison Bovell-Ammon is director of policy strategy at Children’s HealthWatch in the Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, in Massachusetts
| | - Cristina Mansilla
- Cristina Mansilla is a senior research assistant at Children’s HealthWatch, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Ana Poblacion
- Ana Poblacion is a research scientist at Children’s HealthWatch, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
| | - Lindsey Rateau
- Lindsey Rateau is a statistical data analyst in the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, in Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Heeren
- Timothy Heeren is a professor of biostatistics at the Boston University School of Public Health
| | - John T. Cook
- John T. Cook is an associate professor of pediatrics at the Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Tina Zhang
- Tina Zhang is a medical student at the Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba
- Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba is executive director of Children’s HealthWatch, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Megan T. Sandel
- Megan T. Sandel is an associate professor of pediatrics at the Boston University School of Medicine and is co–lead principal investigator at Children’s HealthWatch and codirector of the Grow Clinic in the Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
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21
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Pottie K, Kendall CE, Aubry T, Magwood O, Andermann A, Salvalaggio G, Ponka D, Bloch G, Brcic V, Agbata E, Thavorn K, Hannigan T, Bond A, Crouse S, Goel R, Shoemaker E, Wang JZJ, Mott S, Kaur H, Mathew C, Hashmi SS, Saad A, Piggott T, Arya N, Kozloff N, Beder M, Guenter D, Muckle W, Hwang S, Stergiopoulos V, Tugwell P. Clinical guideline for homeless and vulnerably housed people, and people with lived homelessness experience. CMAJ 2020; 192:E240-E254. [PMID: 32152052 PMCID: PMC7062440 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pottie
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Claire E Kendall
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Tim Aubry
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Olivia Magwood
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anne Andermann
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ginetta Salvalaggio
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - David Ponka
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gary Bloch
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Vanessa Brcic
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eric Agbata
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Terry Hannigan
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrew Bond
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Susan Crouse
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ritika Goel
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Esther Shoemaker
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jean Zhuo Jing Wang
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Sebastian Mott
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Harneel Kaur
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Christine Mathew
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Syeda Shanza Hashmi
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ammar Saad
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Thomas Piggott
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Neil Arya
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Nicole Kozloff
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Michaela Beder
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Dale Guenter
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Wendy Muckle
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Stephen Hwang
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Vicky Stergiopoulos
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Peter Tugwell
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre (Pottie, Kendall, Magwood, Shoemaker, Saad, Hannigan, Wang, Kaur), Bruyère Research Institute; Department of Family Medicine (Pottie, Kendall, Ponka, Shoemaker), and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Pottie, Kendall), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Kendall, Shoemaker), Ottawa, Ont.; ICES (Kendall, Shoemaker); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Kendall), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; School of Psychology (Aubry), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine, and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Andermann), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Salvalaggio), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine (Ponka), College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), St. Michael's Hospital; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bloch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Inner City Health Associates (Bloch, Bond, Hwang, Goel), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Practice (Brcic), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Agbata), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn); School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Thavorn), University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute (Mathew), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Bond, Goel), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Crouse), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Department of Family Medicine (Crouse), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Medicine (Wang, Kaur, Hashmi), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Mott), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Piggott, Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; scholar in residence (Arya), Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Arya), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Kozloff, Stergiopoulos); Department of Psychiatry, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kozloff), University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry (Beder), University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Guenter), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Muckle), Ottawa, Ont.; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Tugwell), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
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Fowler PJ, Marcal KE, Chung S, Brown DS, Jonson-Reid M, Hovmand PS. Scaling Up Housing Services Within the Child Welfare System: Policy Insights From Simulation Modeling. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2020; 25:51-60. [PMID: 31096774 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519846431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Housing insecurity and homelessness contribute to risk of maltreatment among one in five of the nearly 3.5 million children annually investigated for maltreatment in the United States. The Family Unification Program (FUP)-a federal initiative-connects inadequately housed families involved in child welfare with long-term rental subsidies to avoid foster placement. However, FUP remains understudied and underutilized with funding levels that serve only a fraction of eligible households. The present study uses system dynamics modeling to inform decision-making by testing policies for scaling FUP. METHOD Simulations model delivery of FUP within child welfare from a feedback perspective. Calibrated on national data, models replicate trends in child welfare involvement from 2013 through 2016, and analyses forecast rates through 2019. Experiments test policies that enhance FUP. Outcomes track system-wide rates of family separation and returns on investment of expanded housing interventions. RESULTS Dramatic expansions of FUP benefit more families and improve marginal return on investment. Yet, scale-up fails to reduce system-wide rates of family separation or generates substantial cost-savings. CONCLUSIONS Simulations demonstrate structural challenges for scaling FUP. Constant demand for affordable housing constrains sustainable improvements in child protection. Child welfare responses to homelessness require innovations that reduce demand for housing services through prevention and earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saras Chung
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Derek S Brown
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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23
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Castillo EG, Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Shadravan S, Moore E, Mensah MO, Docherty M, Aguilera Nunez MG, Barcelo N, Goodsmith N, Halpin LE, Morton I, Mango J, Montero AE, Koushkaki SR, Bromley E, Chung B, Jones F, Gabrielian S, Gelberg L, Greenberg JM, Kalofonos I, Kataoka SH, Miranda J, Pincus HA, Zima BT, Wells KB. Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2020; 18:60-70. [PMID: 32015729 PMCID: PMC6996071 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
(Reprinted with permission from Current Psychiatry Reports (2020) 21: 35).
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24
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Castillo EG, Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Shadravan S, Moore E, Mensah MO, Docherty M, Aguilera Nunez MG, Barcelo N, Goodsmith N, Halpin LE, Morton I, Mango J, Montero AE, Rahmanian Koushkaki S, Bromley E, Chung B, Jones F, Gabrielian S, Gelberg L, Greenberg JM, Kalofonos I, Kataoka SH, Miranda J, Pincus HA, Zima BT, Wells KB. Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:35. [PMID: 30927093 PMCID: PMC6440941 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent community interventions to promote mental health and social equity. We define community interventions as those that involve multi-sector partnerships, emphasize community members as integral to the intervention, and/or deliver services in community settings. We examine literature in seven topic areas: collaborative care, early psychosis, school-based interventions, homelessness, criminal justice, global mental health, and mental health promotion/prevention. We adapt the social-ecological model for health promotion and provide a framework for understanding the actions of community interventions. RECENT FINDINGS There are recent examples of effective interventions in each topic area. The majority of interventions focus on individual, family/interpersonal, and program/institutional social-ecological levels, with few intervening on whole communities or involving multiple non-healthcare sectors. Findings from many studies reinforce the interplay among mental health, interpersonal relationships, and social determinants of health. There is evidence for the effectiveness of community interventions for improving mental health and some social outcomes across social-ecological levels. Studies indicate the importance of ongoing resources and training to maintain long-term outcomes, explicit attention to ethics and processes to foster equitable partnerships, and policy reform to support sustainable healthcare-community collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico G Castillo
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Social Medicine and Humanities, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Population Behavioral Health, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Shadravan
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Moore
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael O Mensah
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Docherty
- Harkness Fellow in Healthcare Policy and Practice, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Aguilera Nunez
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolás Barcelo
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nichole Goodsmith
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Halpin
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Morton
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Mango
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alanna E Montero
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Rahmanian Koushkaki
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bromley
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Department of Anthropology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bowen Chung
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Healthy African American Families II, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felica Jones
- Healthy African American Families II, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Gabrielian
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lillian Gelberg
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jared M Greenberg
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Health Service Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ippolytos Kalofonos
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Social Medicine and Humanities, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA International Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sheryl H Kataoka
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Miranda
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harold A Pincus
- Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bonnie T Zima
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth B Wells
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Health Services and Society, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- UCLA Jonathan Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Fowler PJ, Brown DS, Schoeny M, Chung S. Homelessness in the child welfare system: A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of housing subsidies on foster care placements and costs. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 83:52-61. [PMID: 30021178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate housing and homelessness among families represent a substantial challenge for child and adolescent well-being. Child welfare services confront housing that threatens placement into foster care with little resources and evidence to guide practice. The present study provides the first rigorous test of the Family Unification Program (FUP) - a federal program that offers housing subsidies for inadequately housed families under investigation for child maltreatment. A randomized controlled trial assesses program impact on foster care placement and costs. The experiment referred intact child welfare-involved families whose inadequate housing threatened foster placement in Chicago, IL to FUP plus housing advocacy (n = 89 families with 257 children) or housing advocacy alone (n = 89 families with 257 children). Families were referred from 2011 to 2013, and administrative data recorded dates and costs of foster placements over a 3-year follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses suggested families randomly assigned for FUP exhibited slower increases in rates of foster placement following housing intervention compared with families referred for housing advocacy alone. The program generates average savings of nearly $500 per family per year to the foster care system. Housing subsidies provide the foster care system small but significant benefits for keeping homeless families together. Findings inform the design of a coordinated child welfare response to housing insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Fowler
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Derek S Brown
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michael Schoeny
- Rush University, 600 S. Paulina St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Saras Chung
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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26
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Clark RE, Weinreb L, Flahive JM, Seifert RW. Health Care Utilization and Expenditures of Homeless Family Members Before and After Emergency Housing. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:808-814. [PMID: 29672141 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe longitudinal health service utilization and expenditures for homeless family members before and after entering an emergency shelter. METHODS We linked Massachusetts emergency housing assistance data with Medicaid claims between July 2008 and June 2015, constructing episodes of health care 12 months before and 12 months after families entered a shelter. We modeled emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and expenditures over the 24-month period separately for children and adults. RESULTS Emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and expenditures rose steadily before shelter entry and declined gradually afterward, ending, in most cases, near the starting point. Infants, pregnant women, and individuals with depression, anxiety, or substance use disorder had significantly higher rates of all outcomes. Many children's emergency department visits were potentially preventable. CONCLUSIONS Increased service utilization and expenditures begin months before families become homeless and are potentially preventable with early intervention. Infants are at greater risk. Public Health Implications. Early identification and intervention to prevent homeless episodes, focusing on family members with behavioral health disorders, who are pregnant, or who have young children, may save money and improve family health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Clark
- Robin E. Clark and Linda Weinreb are with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. Robin E. Clark and Julie M. Flahive are with the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Robert W. Seifert is with the Center for Health Law and Economics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Linda Weinreb
- Robin E. Clark and Linda Weinreb are with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. Robin E. Clark and Julie M. Flahive are with the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Robert W. Seifert is with the Center for Health Law and Economics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Julie M Flahive
- Robin E. Clark and Linda Weinreb are with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. Robin E. Clark and Julie M. Flahive are with the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Robert W. Seifert is with the Center for Health Law and Economics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Robert W Seifert
- Robin E. Clark and Linda Weinreb are with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. Robin E. Clark and Julie M. Flahive are with the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Robert W. Seifert is with the Center for Health Law and Economics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
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27
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Long-term housing subsidies and SSI/SSDI income: Creating health-promoting contexts for families experiencing housing instability with disabilities. Disabil Health J 2018; 11:214-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lako DAM, Beijersbergen MD, Jonker IE, de Vet R, Herman DB, van Hemert AM, Wolf JRLM. The effectiveness of critical time intervention for abused women leaving women's shelters: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Public Health 2018; 63:513-523. [PMID: 29299613 PMCID: PMC5938300 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-1067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the effectiveness of critical time intervention (CTI)—an evidence-based intervention—for abused women transitioning from women’s shelters to community living. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted in nine women’s shelters across the Netherlands. 136 women were assigned to CTI (n = 70) or care-as-usual (n = 66). Data were analyzed using intention-to-treat three-level mixed-effects models. Results Women in the CTI group had significant fewer symptoms of post-traumatic stress (secondary outcome) (adjusted mean difference − 7.27, 95% CI − 14.31 to − 0.22) and a significant fourfold reduction in unmet care needs (intermediate outcome) (95% CI 0.06–0.94) compared to women in the care-as-usual group. No differences were found for quality of life (primary outcome), re-abuse, symptoms of depression, psychological distress, self-esteem (secondary outcomes), family support, and social support (intermediate outcomes). Conclusions This study shows that CTI is effective in a population of abused women in terms of a reduction of post-traumatic stress symptoms and unmet care needs. Because follow-up ended after the prescribed intervention period, further research is needed to determine the full long-term effects of CTI in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00038-017-1067-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A M Lako
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle D Beijersbergen
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene E Jonker
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Vet
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B Herman
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert M van Hemert
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R L M Wolf
- Impuls - Netherlands Center for Social Care Research, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gubits D, Shinn M, Wood M, Brown SR, Dastrup SR, Bell SH. What Interventions Work Best for Families Who Experience Homelessness? Impact Estimates from the Family Options Study. JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT : [THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT] 2018; 37:735-766. [PMID: 30272428 PMCID: PMC6168747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
What housing and service interventions work best to reduce homelessness for families in the United States? The Family Options Study randomly assigned 2,282 families recruited in homeless shelters across 12 sites to priority access to one of three active interventions or to usual care in their communities. The interventions were long-term rent subsidies, short-term rent subsidies, and transitional housing in supervised programs with intensive psychosocial services. In two waves of follow-up data collected 20and 37 months later, priority access to long-term rent subsidies reduced homelessness sand food insecurity and improved other aspects of adult and child well-being relative to usual care, at a cost 9 percent higher. The other interventions had little effect. The study provides support for the view that homelessness for most families is an economic problem that long-term rent subsidies resolve and does not support the view that families must address psychosocial problems to succeed in housing. It has implications for focusing government resources on this important social problem.
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Fowler PJ, Schoeny M. Permanent Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families: Impact on Child Maltreatment Overview. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 60:91-102. [PMID: 28718910 PMCID: PMC5610614 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A longitudinal randomized controlled trial tested whether access to permanent housing reduces child maltreatment among inadequately housed families under investigation for child abuse and neglect. The study followed homeless and child welfare-involved families randomly assigned to receive a referral for housing subsidies plus housing case management (n = 75, 196 children) or housing case management alone (n = 75, 186 children). Latent growth models examined change in caregiver-reported frequencies of psychological aggression, physical abuse, and neglect toward children at five time points across 2.5 years. Intent-to-treat analyses suggested treatment differences for minor assault and neglect that approached significance; families randomly assigned to permanent housing plus case management exhibited marginally greater declines compared to families referred for housing case management only. Caregiver psychological aggression remained high over time, regardless of treatment condition. No evidence indicated higher risk families benefitted more from permanent housing. Results show some promise of permanent housing and highlight the complex needs of homeless families under investigation for child maltreatment. Findings emphasize the importance of continued involvement from the child welfare system to connect families with important resources.
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Shinn M, Brown SR, Gubits D. Can Housing and Service Interventions Reduce Family Separations for Families Who Experience Homelessness? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 60:79-90. [PMID: 28012168 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Family break-up is common in families experiencing homelessness. This paper examines the extent of separations of children from parents and of partners from each other and whether housing and service interventions reduced separations and their precursors among 1,857 families across 12 sites who participated in the Family Options Study. Families in shelters were randomized to offers of one of three interventions: permanent housing subsidies that reduce expenditures for rent to 30% of families' income, temporary rapid re-housing subsidies with some services directed at housing and employment, and transitional housing in supervised facilities with extensive psychosocial services. Each group was compared to usual care families who were eligible for that intervention but received no special offer. Twenty months later, permanent housing subsidies almost halved rates of child separation and more than halved rates of foster care placements; the other interventions did not affect separations significantly. Predictors of separation were primarily homelessness and drug abuse (all comparisons), and alcohol dependence (one comparison). Although housing subsidies reduced homelessness, alcohol dependence, intimate partner violence, and economic stressors, the last three variables had no association with child separations in the subsidy comparison; thus subsidies had indirect effects via reductions in homelessness. No intervention reduced partner separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Shinn
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott R Brown
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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de Vet R, Beijersbergen MD, Jonker IE, Lako DA, van Hemert AM, Herman DB, Wolf JR. Critical Time Intervention for Homeless People Making the Transition to Community Living: A Randomized Controlled Trial. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 60:175-186. [PMID: 28872196 PMCID: PMC5639358 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To help create an evidence base in Europe for effective interventions that improve the well-being of homeless people, we tested whether critical time intervention (CTI), a time-limited intervention developed to support vulnerable people during times of transition, is effective outside the United States. For this multicenter, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 183 adults who were moving from shelters in the Netherlands to supported or independent housing were allocated to CTI or care-as-usual. The primary outcome was number of days rehoused, which was assessed by interviewing participants four times during a 9-month follow-up. Outcomes were analyzed with three-level mixed-effects models. The primary outcome did not differ between groups. CTI had a significant effect on family support and, for people experiencing less social support, psychological distress. Groups did not differ significantly on social support, fulfillment of care needs, quality of life, self-esteem, excessive alcohol use, or cannabis use. Because few participants were homeless at 9 months, more research is needed to establish whether CTI can prevent long-term recurrent homelessness. Given recent emphasis on informal support in public services and positive effects of CTI on family support and psychological distress, CTI is a fitting intervention for Dutch shelter services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée de Vet
- Impuls ‐ Netherlands Center for Social Care ResearchDepartment of Primary and Community CareRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle D. Beijersbergen
- Impuls ‐ Netherlands Center for Social Care ResearchDepartment of Primary and Community CareRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Irene E. Jonker
- Impuls ‐ Netherlands Center for Social Care ResearchDepartment of Primary and Community CareRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Danielle A.M. Lako
- Impuls ‐ Netherlands Center for Social Care ResearchDepartment of Primary and Community CareRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel B. Herman
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter CollegeCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Judith R.L.M. Wolf
- Impuls ‐ Netherlands Center for Social Care ResearchDepartment of Primary and Community CareRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Fowler PJ, Farrell AF, Marcal KE, Chung S, Hovmand PS. Housing and Child Welfare: Emerging Evidence and Implications for Scaling up Services. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 60:134-144. [PMID: 28815623 PMCID: PMC5975075 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate housing threatens family stability in communities across the United States. This study reviews emerging evidence on housing interventions in the context of scale-up for the child welfare system. In child welfare, scale-up refers to the extent to which fully implemented interventions sustainably alleviate family separations associated with housing instability. It incorporates multiple aspects beyond traditional measures of effectiveness including costs, potential reach, local capacities for implementation, and fit within broader social services. The framework further encompasses everyday circumstances faced by service providers, program administrators, and policymakers who allocate resources under conditions of scarcity and uncertainty. The review of current housing interventions reveals a number of systemic constraints for scale-up in child welfare. Reliance on rental assistance programs limits capacity to address demand, while current practices that target the most vulnerable families may inadvertently diminish effectiveness of the intervention and increase overall demand. Alternative approaches that focus on homelessness prevention and early intervention must be tested in conjunction with community initiatives to increase accessibility of affordable housing. By examining system performance over time, the scalability framework provides an opportunity for more efficient coordination of housing services within and outside of the child welfare system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saras Chung
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Alhusen JL, Norris-Shortle C, Cosgrove K, Marks L. "I'M OPENING MY ARMS RATHER THAN PUSHING AWAY:" PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF A MINDFULNESS-BASED INTERVENTION AMONG HOMELESS WOMEN AND YOUNG CHILDREN. Infant Ment Health J 2017; 38:434-442. [PMID: 28464306 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Family homelessness is associated with adverse outcomes in mothers and their young children. Evidence-based programs are needed to support the socioemotional needs of these families. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceived benefits of participating in a mindfulness program in mother-child dyads receiving services at a therapeutic nursery serving homeless children under the age of 3 years. A convenience sample of 17 predominantly African American mothers participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. Four themes were derived from the data regarding the perceived benefits of the mindfulness program: "me" time, maternal self-regulation, dyadic connectedness, and child well-being. Results demonstrate the perceived benefits of mindfulness on the parent-child relationship and have important implications for families at an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Because homelessness and residential instability confer considerable risk for young children, interventions to support effective parenting are critical.
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Beharie N, Jessell L, Osuji H, McKay MM. The Association Between Shelter Rules and Psychosocial Outcomes Among Homeless Youth Residing in Family Shelters. FAMILIES IN SOCIETY : THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HUMAN SERVICES 2017; 98:113-120. [PMID: 30002568 PMCID: PMC6039122 DOI: 10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing numbers of homeless youth living in shelters with caregivers, little research has explored the impact of the shelter environment on emotional well-being. As such, this study assesses the relationship between shelter rules and two psychosocial outcomes among youth in New York City family shelters. Additionally, the direct effect of trauma and the moderating effect of difficulty following shelter rules on psychosocial outcomes was assessed. Youth with difficulty following shelter rules reported significantly more depressive symptoms, but less substance use. Trauma was found to be associated with increased depression and substance use. Difficulty following shelter rules was found to moderate the association between trauma and substance use. Recommendations for future interventions and the creation of shelter policies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Beharie
- Postdoctoral research fellow, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing
| | | | - Hadiza Osuji
- Postdoctoral research fellow, New York University
| | - Mary M McKay
- Neidorff Family and Centene Corporation Dean of the Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, and Senior Research Scientist, New York University
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Gleason K, Barile JP, Baker CK. Describing Trajectories of Homeless Service Use in Hawai'i Using Latent Class Growth Analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 59:158-171. [PMID: 28295354 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The State of Hawai'i, like many other areas across the United States, has large numbers of individuals and families experiencing homelessness, many of whom seek support through statewide shelters and services. This study explored the diversity of ways in which individuals and families moved through Hawai'i's homeless service system. Using administrative data, a cohort of new service users was tracked across time to trace the developmental trajectories of their homeless service use. The sample consisted of adults who had entered the service system for the first time in the fiscal year (FY) of 2010 (N = 4655). These individuals were then tracked through the end of FY 2014, as they used emergency shelter, transitional shelter, and outreach services. A latent class growth analysis was conducted and identified four distinct patterns of service use: low service use (n = 3966, 85.2%); typical transitional shelter use (n = 452, 9.7%); atypical transitional use (n = 127, 2.7%), and potential chronic service use (n = 110, 2.4%). Multinomial logistic regression models were then used to determine if select demographic, family, background experience (e.g., education, employment), or health variables were associated with class membership. The distinct profiles for class membership are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Gleason
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Olivet J, Zerger S, Greene RN, Kenney RR, Herman DB. Online Versus Face-To-Face Training of Critical Time Intervention: A Matching Cluster Randomized Trial. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION 2016; 30:237-249. [PMID: 28919668 PMCID: PMC5596928 DOI: 10.1080/08923647.2016.1232107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of online education to providers who serve people experiencing homelessness, comparing online and face-to-face training of Critical Time Intervention (CTI), an evidence-based case management model. The authors recruited 184 staff from 19 homeless service agencies to participate in one of two training conditions: (a) Online Training + Community of Practice or (b) Face-to-Face Training + Telephone Consultation. Each group received 24 hours of instruction and support. Through baseline, follow-up, and nine-month post-training surveys, the authors examined satisfaction, knowledge gains, knowledge retention, and readiness to implement CTI. While satisfaction rates were higher among participants in the face-to-face group, the two training conditions produced comparable pre/post knowledge gains. Furthermore, both groups showed increased knowledge retention scores at nine-month follow up, with the online group scoring higher than the face-to-face group.
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