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Melo SMP, Santos IR, Almeida BA, Sonne L, Panziera W, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Characterization of cutaneous lesions caused by natural tick infestation in cattle. Vet Pathol 2023:3009858231217207. [PMID: 38146917 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231217207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Although tick infestation is a significant health problem in livestock, there are limited studies on the dermatopathological aspects of natural tick infestation in cattle. This study aimed to describe the gross and histologic aspects of cutaneous lesions caused by tick infestation in cattle. Thirteen cases were selected based on necropsy data from a 10-year retrospective study. Predispositions were observed in beef cattle (P = .049) and the Angus breed (P = .012), and lesions occurred mainly in the fall (P = .007). Gross lesions included hypotrichosis (13/13; 100%), scales (12/13; 92%), alopecia (11/13; 85%), ulcers (7/13; 54%), crusts (7/13; 54%), and erosions (2/13; 15%). These gross lesions were mainly located in the thorax (12/13; 92%), head (11/13; 85%), abdomen (10/13; 77%), neck (9/13; 69%), limbs (9/13; 69%), and perineum (9/13; 69%). Histologically, all cases had ticks adhered to the epidermis with erosions (13/13; 100%), ulcers (11/13; 85%), orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (13/13; 100%), irregular acanthosis (13/13; 100%), intraepidermal pustules (13/13; 100%), crusts (10/13; 77%), and ballooning degeneration (4/13; 31%). In the dermis, just below the tick insertion site, there was coagulation necrosis, fibrin deposition, and inflammatory infiltrate composed of mixed cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and few eosinophils) (9/13; 69%), neutrophils (3/13; 23%), or eosinophils (1/13; 8%). This study reinforces the different patterns of cutaneous lesions caused by tick infestation in cattle, which should be considered as a potential cause of dermatitis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor R Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Welden Panziera
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ngetich C, Kamau L, Simbauni J, Mwendia C, Owido M, Kiio I, Matika O, Foster S, Birkett M, Djikeng A, Watson KA, Githaka N. The potential for use of haematological and anti-IgE humoral responses as phenotypic markers for tick resistance in cattle. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 5:100159. [PMID: 38179546 PMCID: PMC10764256 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of the global cattle population is at risk of infestation and infection by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs). The economic losses from animal mortality, reduced production, vector control costs and animal treatment are very substantial, hence there is an urgent need to develop and deploy alternative vector control strategies. Breeding for host tick resistance has the potential for sustainable large-scale TTBD control especially in cattle. The gold standard method for phenotyping tick resistance in cattle is by counting ticks on the body but is very laborious and subjective. Better methods for phenotyping tick resistance more objectively, faster and at scale, are essential for selecting host genetic resistance to ticks. This study investigated the correlation between haematological cellular profiles and immunological responses (immunoglobulin E, IgE) and full body tick counts in herds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus following artificial tick challenge with Rhipicephalus decoloratus larvae. Fifty-four Friesian and Ayrshire (Bos taurus) and 52 East African Zebu (Bos indicus) calves were each infested with ∼2500 larvae. Near-replete adult female ticks (≥ 4.5 mm) were counted daily from Day 20-25. Blood and serum samples were obtained from each animal on Days 0 and 23 for cellular blood and IgE titre analysis, respectively. The indicine cattle were refractory to R. decoloratus infestation in comparison with the taurine breed (P < 0.0001). Repeated measurements of blood components pre-infestation revealed a significant (P < 0.05) association with tick count in IgE and red blood cells, haematocrit, and haemoglobin post-infestation. There was also a strong positive correlation between the tick counts and red blood cell numbers, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and IgE concentration (P < 0.0001) following tick challenge. The application of this approach to phenotype host resistance needs to be assessed using higher cattle numbers and with different tick species or genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Ngetich
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lucy Kamau
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Jemimah Simbauni
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Charles Mwendia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Milton Owido
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Irene Kiio
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Foster
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michael Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kellie Anne Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Nogueira BCF, Orozco AMO, Argumedo AK, de Oliveira Faustino A, de Oliveira LL, da Fonseca LA, Campos AK. Circulating oxidative stress and acute phase protein levels in horses infested with ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00798-z. [PMID: 37285109 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks have saliva rich in immunoregulatory molecules that interfere with the host's physiology in order to feed. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of acute phase proteins and circulating oxidative stress in response to infestation by Amblyomma sculptum and Dermacentor nitens in two breed horses, Mangalarga Marchador and Breton Postier, to define resistance or susceptibility to ticks. Among the oxidative stress markers, we observed lower malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in horses with tick infestation, consequently not altering the antioxidant enzymes. Breton Postier with tick infestation showed a reduction in the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), which may be due to lower feeding of the host due to the stress caused by the infestation or even to sequestration of components induced by the tick during blood feeding. The alpha-1-antitrypsin, an acute phase protein, showed an increase in Mangalarga Marchador with tick infestation; curiously it is related to a protective action against tissue damage, pathogens and parasites. We could assume that Mangalarga Marchador showed a better response to ticks when compared to Breton Postier. However, it is still early to define the resistance or susceptibility to ticks, as we did not observe significant changes in most of the analyzed variables. Further studies are needed to understand the compounds and mechanisms of action of the tick saliva in the acute phase proteins and the possible relationships of oxidative stress in the host and the tick during blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Karina Argumedo
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Vargas-Hernandez M, Montero-Espinosa C, Sánchez-Villaurrutia D, Duarte CA, Bechara GH, Fuentes-Castillo A, Ancisar J, Suárez-Alba J, Mosqueda-Lobaina O, Suárez-Pedroso M. Infestation of rabbits with just-molted adults of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus: biological parameters and efficiency. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e016122. [PMID: 36722683 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report for the first time the successful infestation of rabbits with just-molted, unfed adults of Rhipicephalus microplus. Six New Zealand White rabbits were experimentally infested with 20 female and 20 male unfed adult ticks released into plastic chambers fixed on the shaved backs of each host. The attachment and feeding processes were successful. The biological characteristics of the ticks and the occurrence of adverse events in the tick-attachment area were studied. The average engorgement period was 10.7 days, and 33.3% of the engorged females completed the parasitic phase. The average weight of the recovered engorged females was 149.8 mg, with an average egg mass weight of 70.9 mg, a conversion efficiency index of 47.3%, and a hatching percentage of 88.31%. The adverse reactions found in the tick-attachment area were the usual inflammatory responses of the organism to infestation by these ectoparasites; however, it did not prevent the ticks from feeding and completing their life cycle. These data indicate that the infestation of rabbits with just-molted, unfed adult ticks could be a valuable, alternative animal model for rapid and economical evaluation of vaccine candidates and new molecules with acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Vargas-Hernandez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Montero-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Carlos Antonio Duarte
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Gervasio Henrique Bechara
- Escola de Ciências da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - PUC-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Julio Ancisar
- Departamento de Investigaciones Preclínicas y Experimentación Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - José Suárez-Alba
- Departamento de Investigaciones Preclínicas y Experimentación Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Omar Mosqueda-Lobaina
- Departamento de Investigaciones Preclínicas y Experimentación Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Marisela Suárez-Pedroso
- Departamento de Biotecnología Animal, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
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Maito CD, Melo ADB, Oliveira ACDFD, Genova JL, Filho JRE, Macedo REFD, Monteiro KM, Weber SH, Koppenol A, Costa LB. Simultaneous feeding of calcium butyrate and tannin extract decreased the incidence of diarrhea and proinflammatory markers in weaned piglets. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:87-95. [PMID: 34237915 PMCID: PMC8738937 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets. METHODS Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate-and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum. CONCLUSION Association between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Demarco Maito
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Antonio Diego Brandão Melo
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | | | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Jair Rodini Engracia Filho
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Renata Ernlund Freitas de Macedo
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mazutti Monteiro
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
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Nogueira BCF, Campos AK, Alves RS, de Cássia Vieira Faria R, Sarandy MM, Fonseca E Silva F, Gonçalves RV. Oxidative and local histopathological response on skin wound of horses due to Amblyomma sculptum tick parasitism. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:550-560. [PMID: 33892365 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is frequently observed parasitizing horses, responsible for economic losses, damage to the host''s skin and transmission of pathogens. The oxidative stress profile and inflammatory mechanisms involved in this parasitism remain poorly studied. Thus, this study aimed to assess the histopathological changes and oxidative profile responses of horses in the attachment site of A. sculptum to find variations that indicate resistance and susceptibility between the breeds to this tick, based on the hypothesis that resistant animals have a greater inflammatory response and lesser number of attached ticks. We analyzed female horses of two breeds, Mangalarga Marchador and Breton Postier, naturally infested by Amblyomma sculptum. The ticks were counted and full-thickness excisional skin wounds of 10 mm were made on the perineal region on the attachment site of partially engorged females for histological and biochemical analyzes. The occurrence of the tick on the skin caused an increase in cellularity, inflammatory infiltrate, mast cells, pyknotic nuclei, and changes in the fibrous components of the matrix. The negative correlation observed between tick infestation and inflammatory response indicated that animals with greater inflammatory response tend to have less tick infestation. The oxidative stress markers, MDA, PCN and NO not present great variation; however, between the antioxidant enzymes levels, SOD was higher in tick attachment of Breton Postier skin, this may mean that these animals had higher oxidative enzymatic activity and consequently less tissue damage, while the GST dropped in the attachment sites compared to the control, which may indicate that animals were in a state of significant oxidative stress or raises the question of the possibility of enzymatic sequestration by ticks. No significant differences were found in the resistance of the two breeds since most of the analyzes varied due to the presence or absence of the tick attached to the skin. We draw attention to the importance of studying characteristics of the animal's antioxidant responses to the tick and the action of tick saliva on antioxidant enzymes and ROS because these characteristics are interdependent with the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Raul Santos Alves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Dendritic Cells as a Disputed Fortress on the Tick-Host Battlefield. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:340-354. [PMID: 33303363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From seminal publications in the early 1970s, the world learned that dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful and versatile antigen-presenting cells. It took a few years until the first studies expanded our understanding of the pivotal role of these immune 'soldiers' against ticks. Advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics have shed light on the identification of key salivary molecules that modulate the biology of DCs in favor of tick parasitism. Here, we present a critical overview of the discoveries accumulated on the tick-host battlefield from a DC perspective. Moreover, the clinical significance of DC-targeted tick salivary components is discussed, not only as facilitators of the transmission of tick-borne pathogens or vaccine candidates, but also as potential immunobiologics to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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de Araújo FF, Ronda JB, Bittar ER, Venturini GC, Garcia GC, Martins-Filho OA, Silva Araújo MS, Figueiredo Bittar JF. Distinct immune response profile during rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestations of guzerat dairy herd according to the maternal lineage ancestry (mitochondrial DNA). Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:36-44. [PMID: 31442891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks cause major constraints to public and livestock health, and serious economic losses. It is well known that the immune response to infestations with cattle ticks is influenced by the host genetic background leading to distinct immunological profiles between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant. The influence of Bos indicus (Bi) and Bos taurus (Bt) maternal lineage ancestry of mitochondrial DNA in the profile of the immune response of Zebu cattle to ticks remains unknown. The present work evaluated the hematological parameters and the immune response profile in the peripheral blood of a Guzerat dairy herd, further categorized into two maternal lineage ancestry subgroups (Bi-mtDNA and Bt-mtDNA) after experimental infestation with larvae of R. microplus. Our data demonstrated that although hematological and erythrogram analysis showed a similar profile throughout, some cell populations present a distinct profile between the groups. Especially MON, CD335+ and CD8+ T-cells are predominant in Bi-mtDNA. Moreover, an overall picture of R. microplus infestation demonstrated that Bi-mtDNA presented a more efficient and earlier innate immune response. Bi-mtDNA showed a greater number of connections with R. microplus counts and also with the CD25+ activation marker of the immune response. Bi-mtDNA showed greater number of connections, with an important participation of the innate immune while Bt-mtDNA showed a delay in the immune response. Elucidating the mechanisms by which resistant animals prevent heavy tick infestation is a crucial step in the development of predictive biomarkers for tick resistance for use in selective breeding programs, and is also potentially useful for the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bergamo Ronda
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Eustáquio Resende Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Costa Venturini
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Caetano Garcia
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Joely Ferreira Figueiredo Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Tabor AE, Ali A, Rehman G, Rocha Garcia G, Zangirolamo AF, Malardo T, Jonsson NN. Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus-Host Interface: A Review of Resistant and Susceptible Host Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29322033 PMCID: PMC5732177 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are able to transmit tick-borne infectious agents to vertebrate hosts which cause major constraints to public and livestock health. The costs associated with mortality, relapse, treatments, and decreased production yields are economically significant. Ticks adapted to a hematophagous existence after the vertebrate hemostatic system evolved into a multi-layered defense system against foreign invasion (pathogens and ectoparasites), blood loss, and immune responses. Subsequently, ticks evolved by developing an ability to suppress the vertebrate host immune system with a devastating impact particularly for exotic and crossbred cattle. Host genetics defines the immune responsiveness against ticks and tick-borne pathogens. To gain an insight into the naturally acquired resistant and susceptible cattle breed against ticks, studies have been conducted comparing the incidence of tick infestation on bovine hosts from divergent genetic backgrounds. It is well-documented that purebred and crossbred Bos taurus indicus cattle are more resistant to ticks and tick-borne pathogens compared to purebred European Bos taurus taurus cattle. Genetic studies identifying Quantitative Trait Loci markers using microsatellites and SNPs have been inconsistent with very low percentages relating phenotypic variation with tick infestation. Several skin gene expression and immunological studies have been undertaken using different breeds, different samples (peripheral blood, skin with tick feeding), infestation protocols and geographic environments. Susceptible breeds were commonly found to be associated with the increased expression of toll like receptors, MHC Class II, calcium binding proteins, and complement factors with an increased presence of neutrophils in the skin following tick feeding. Resistant breeds had higher levels of T cells present in the skin prior to tick infestation and thus seem to respond to ticks more efficiently. The skin of resistant breeds also contained higher numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils with up-regulated proteases, cathepsins, keratins, collagens and extracellular matrix proteins in response to feeding ticks. Here we review immunological and molecular determinants that explore the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus-host resistance phenomenon as well as contemplating new insights and future directions to study tick resistance and susceptibility, in order to facilitate interventions for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.,Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Malardo
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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