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Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Ross EM, Raza A, Nguyen L, Hayes BJ, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Expression network analysis of bovine skin infested with Rhipicephalus australis identifies pro-inflammatory genes contributing to tick susceptibility. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4419. [PMID: 38388834 PMCID: PMC10884027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the primary feeding site of ticks that infest livestock animals such as cattle. The highly specialised functions of skin at the molecular level may be a factor contributing to variation in susceptibility to tick infestation; but these remain to be well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the bovine skin transcriptomic profiles of tick-naïve and tick-infested cattle and to uncover the gene expression networks that influence contrasting phenotypes of host resistance to ticks. RNA-Seq data was obtained from skin of Brangus cattle with high (n = 5) and low (n = 6) host resistance at 0 and 12 weeks following artificial tick challenge with Rhipicephalus australis larvae. No differentially expressed genes were detected pre-infestation between high and low resistance groups, but at 12-weeks there were 229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; FDR < 0.05), of which 212 were the target of at least 1866 transcription factors (TFs) expressed in skin. Regulatory impact factor (RIF) analysis identified 158 significant TFs (P < 0.05) of which GRHL3, and DTX1 were also DEGs in the experiment. Gene term enrichment showed the significant TFs and DEGs were enriched in processes related to immune response and biological pathways related to host response to infectious diseases. Interferon Type 1-stimulated genes, including MX2, ISG15, MX1, OAS2 were upregulated in low host resistance steers after repeated tick challenge, suggesting dysregulated wound healing and chronic inflammatory skin processes contributing to host susceptibility to ticks. The present study provides an assessment of the bovine skin transcriptome before and after repeated tick challenge and shows that the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes is a prominent feature in the skin of tick-susceptible animals. In addition, the identification of transcription factors with high regulatory impact provides insights into the potentially meaningful gene-gene interactions involved in the variation of phenotypes of bovine host resistance to ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ali Raza
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Loan Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Hayes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter James
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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2
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Huang Y, Jonsson NN, McLaughlin M, Burchmore R, Johnson PCD, Jones RO, McGill S, Brady N, Weidt S, Eckersall PD. Quantitative TMT-based proteomics revealing host, dietary and microbial proteins in bovine faeces including barley serpin Z4, a prominent component in the head of beer. J Proteomics 2023; 285:104941. [PMID: 37285906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been little information about the proteome of bovine faeces or about the contribution to the faecal proteome of proteins from the host, the feed or the intestinal microbiome. Here, the bovine faecal proteome and the origin of its component proteins was assessed, while also determining the effect of treating barley, the major carbohydrate in the feed, with either ammonia (ATB) or sodium propionate (PTB) preservative. Healthy continental crossbreed steers were allocated to two groups and fed on either of the barley-based diets. Five faecal samples from each group were collected on Day 81 of the trial and analysed by quantitative proteomics using nLC-ESI-MS/MS after tandem mass tag labelling. In total, 281 bovine proteins, 199 barley proteins, 176 bacterial proteins and 190 archaeal proteins were identified in the faeces. Mucosal pentraxin, albumin and digestive enzymes were among bovine proteins identified. Serpin Z4 a protease inhibitor was the most abundant barley protein identified which is also found in barley-based beer, while numerous microbial proteins were identified, many originating bacteria from Clostridium, while Methanobrevibacter was the dominant archaeal genus. Thirty-nine proteins were differentially abundant between groups, the majority being more abundant in the PTB group compared to the ATB group. SIGNIFICANCE: Proteomic examination of faeces is becoming a valuable means to assess the health of the gastro-intestinal tract in several species, but knowledge on the proteins present in bovine faeces is limited. This investigation aimed to characterise the proteome of bovine faecal extracts in order to evaluate the potential for investigations of the proteome as a means to assess the health, disease and welfare of cattle in the future. The investigation was able to identify proteins in bovine faeces that had been (i) produced by the individual cattle, (ii) present in the barley-based feed eaten by the cattle or (iii) produced by bacteria and other microbes in the rumen or intestines. Bovine proteins identified included mucosal pentraxin, serum albumin and a variety of digestive enzymes. Barley proteins found in the faeces included serpin Z4, a protease inhibitor that is also found in beer having survived the brewing process. Bacterial and archaeal proteins in the faecal extracts were related to several pathways related to the metabolism of carbohydrates. The recognition of the range of proteins that can be identified in bovine faeces raises the possibility that non-invasive sample collection of this material could provide a novel diagnostic approach to cattle health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - N N Jonsson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - R Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - P C D Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - R O Jones
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - S McGill
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - N Brady
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - S Weidt
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - P D Eckersall
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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3
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Bartley PM, Thomson S, Jonsson NN, Taroda A, Elisabeth AI, Katzer F. Differences in virulence and oocyst shedding profiles in lambs experimentally infected with different isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100127. [PMID: 37456556 PMCID: PMC10344821 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of disease severity associated with cryptosporidiosis has been described, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal in both human and animal hosts. The reasons for the variations in severity are likely to be multifactorial, involving environmental, host and parasite factors. This paper describes two experimental infection trials in lambs, a symptomatic host for the parasite, to investigate variation in the clinical manifestations following infection with two distinct isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. In the first experiment, groups of naïve lambs were challenged with one of two isolates (CP1 or CP2) at < 1 week of age, to test the effect of the isolates on disease outcome. In a second experiment one group of lambs challenged at < 1 week of age (CP1) was then re-challenged with the same isolate at 6 weeks of age (CP1), while a second group was challenged for the first time at 6 weeks of age (CP1). This experiment examined age-related disease symptoms, oocyst shedding and the effect of prior exposure to the parasite on a subsequent homologous challenge. The two isolates were associated with significant differences in the demeanour of the animals and in the numbers of oocysts shed in the faeces. There were also differences in the duration and severity of diarrhoea, though these were not significant. The age of the lamb, at the time of a primary challenge (<1 week or 6 weeks), also resulted in differences in clinical outcomes, with younger lambs showing more severe clinical disease than the older lambs (feeding profiles and presentation of diarrhoea), while older lambs showed virtually no signs of infection but still produced large numbers of oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas N. Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Taroda
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
- Protozoology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid – PR-445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná State, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - A. Innes Elisabeth
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Capuzzello G, Viora L, Borelli E, Jonsson NN. Evaluation of an indwelling bolus equipped with a triaxial accelerometer for the characterisation of the diurnal pattern of bovine reticuloruminal contractions. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:1-7. [PMID: 36803671 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This observational study aimed to describe the diurnal pattern of reticuloruminal contraction rate (RRCR) and the proportion of time spent ruminating by cattle, using two commercial devices equipped with triaxial accelerometers: an indwelling bolus (placed in the reticulum) and a neck collar. The three objectives of this study were firstly to determine whether the indwelling bolus provided observations consistent with RRCR as determined by clinical examination using auscultation and ultrasound, secondly to compare estimates of time spent ruminating using the indwelling bolus and a collar-based accelerometer, and finally to describe the diurnal pattern of RRCR using the indwelling bolus data. Six rumen-fistulated, non-lactating Jersey cows were fitted with an indwelling bolus (SmaXtec Animal Care GmbH, Graz, Austria) and a neck collar (Silent Herdsman, Afimilk Ltd. Kibbutz Afikim, Israel), and data were collected over two weeks. Cattle were housed together in a single straw-bedded pen and fed ad libitum hay. To assess the agreement between the indwelling bolus and traditional methods of assessing reticuloruminal contractility in the first week, the RRCR was determined over 10 min, twice a day, by ultrasound and auscultation. Mean inter-contraction intervals (ICI) derived from bolus and ultrasound, and from auscultation were 40.4 ± 4.7, 40.1 ± 4.0 and 38.4 ± 3.3 s. Bland-Altmann plots showed similar performance of the methods with small biases. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the time spent ruminating derived from neck collars and indwelling boluses was 0.72 (highly significant, P < 0.001). The indwelling boluses generated a consistent diurnal pattern for all the cows. In conclusion, a robust relationship was observed between clinical observation and the indwelling boluses for estimation of ICI and, similarly, between the indwelling bolus and neck collar for estimating rumination time. The indwelling boluses showed a clear diurnal pattern for RRCR and time spent ruminating, indicating that they should be useful for assessing reticuloruminal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Capuzzello
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elena Borelli
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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5
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Raza A, Schulz BL, Nouwens A, Naseem MN, Kamran M, Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Kerr ED, Constantinoiu C, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Application of quantitative proteomics to discover biomarkers for tick resistance in cattle. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091066. [PMID: 36793724 PMCID: PMC9924087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breeding for tick resistance is a sustainable alternative to control cattle ticks due to widespread resistance to acaricidal drugs and the lack of a protective vaccine. The most accurate method used to characterise the phenotype for tick resistance in field studies is the standard tick count, but this is labour-intensive and can be hazardous to the operator. Efficient genetic selection requires reliable phenotyping or biomarker(s) for accurately identifying tick-resistant cattle. Although breed-specific genes associated with tick resistance have been identified, the mechanisms behind tick resistance have not yet been fully characterised. Methods This study applied quantitative proteomics to examine the differential abundance of serum and skin proteins using samples from naïve tick-resistant and -susceptible Brangus cattle at two-time points following tick exposure. The proteins were digested into peptides, followed by identification and quantification using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry. Results Resistant naïve cattle had a suite of proteins associated with immune response, blood coagulation and wound healing that were significantly (adjusted P < 10- 5) more abundant compared with susceptible naïve cattle. These proteins included complement factors (C3, C4, C4a), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), beta-2-glycoprotein-1, keratins (KRT1 & KRT3) and fibrinogens (alpha & beta). The mass spectrometry findings were validated by identifying differences in the relative abundance of selected serum proteins with ELISA. The proteins showing a significantly different abundance in resistant cattle following early and prolonged tick exposures (compared to resistant naïve) were associated with immune response, blood coagulation, homeostasis, and wound healing. In contrast, susceptible cattle developed some of these responses only after prolonged tick exposure. Discussion Resistant cattle were able to transmigrate immune-response related proteins towards the tick bite sites, which may prevent tick feeding. Significantly differentially abundant proteins identified in this research in resistant naïve cattle may provide a rapid and efficient protective response to tick infestation. Physical barrier (skin integrity and wound healing) mechanisms and systemic immune responses were key contributors to resistance. Immune response-related proteins such as C4, C4a, AGP and CGN1 (naïve samples), CD14, GC and AGP (post-infestation) should be further investigated as potential biomarkers for tick resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Muhammad Noman Naseem
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Edward D Kerr
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Constantin Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter James
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Capuzzello G, Jacinto JGP, Häfliger IM, Chapman GE, Martin SS, Viora L, Jonsson NN, Drögemüller C. A large deletion encompassing exon 2 of the ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene in a British blue crossbred calf with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:23. [PMID: 36068608 PMCID: PMC9446731 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital syndrome of mammals affecting organs and tissues of ectodermal origin characterized by absence or hypoplasia of hair, teeth, and eccrine glands. The disorder has been reported in several species, including humans, mice, dogs and cattle, associated with variants in genes affecting the ectodysplasin pathway, including the X-linked ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene. Until now, nine pathogenic variants have been found in the bovine EDA gene. Here we report a novel variant in EDA in a crossbreed male Belgian Blue calf with HED, and provide an overview of the phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity of EDA-related forms of HED in cattle. Case presentation A 45-day-old male crossbreed British Blue calf was referred with congenital hypotrichosis, oligodontia and omphalitis. On histopathological examination of the nasal planum, nasolabial glands and ducts were not observed. The density of hair follicles was low, and they were small, with a predominance of telogen-phase hairs, and some serocellular crusts. The phenotype of the calf resembled that of HED. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and revealed a 21,899 base-pair deletion encompassing the coding exon 2 of EDA, predicted to result in an altered transcript and aberrant protein. Conclusions The clinicopathological and genetic findings were consistent with a case of X-linked HED. A very similar EDA deletion has been previously reported in a family of Holstein cattle with HED. The newly identified hemizygous EDA loss-of-function variant is certainly pathogenic and therefore is the genetic cause for the observed phenotype. This case report provides an additional example of the potential of WGS-based precise diagnostics in livestock species such as cattle to increase the diagnostic yield in rare diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13028-022-00641-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Capuzzello
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joana Gonçalves Pontes Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Monika Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gail E Chapman
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sara Soto Martin
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Borelli E, Jonsson NN, Denholm KS. Associations between putative risk factors and poor colostrum yield in Holstein Friesian cattle. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:74-81. [PMID: 35777282 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When dairy cows produce little or no colostrum, calves are likely to suffer from failure of passive transfer (FPT). Volume of colostrum produced by the dam may be affected by: nutrition; environmental conditions; time from calving to milking; parity; dry period length; calving difficulty; calf weight; calf sex; calf viability; cow BCS / body weight; milk production in previous lactation and dam health. While risk factors for poor IgG concentration in colostrum have been extensively studied, there is little published literature on low colostrum yields and associated risk factors. The aim of this observational study was to identify risk factors for poor colostrum yield in dairy cows and to quantify the effect of variation in those variables that the farmer can directly control (length of dry period, and close-up transition period nutrition) using inverse probability modelling. 439 animals from a single Scottish dairy farm were used as a convenience sample. First milking colostrum yield was measured by farmers using a graduated bucket. For each animal, risk factor data and meteorological data from the nearest weather were obtained. Decreased colostrum yield was associated with increasing daily temperature range, while increasing UV index, lactation number and number of days dry increased colostrum yield. Marginal effect models revealed that for each additional day of dry period, colostrum yield increased. Higher UV indices the month before calving were positively associated with colostrum yield, particularly in primiparous cows, and higher temperatures in the months before calving were positively associated with colostrum yield in all cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borelli
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine S Denholm
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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8
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Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Ross EM, Raza A, Naseem MN, Kamran M, Hayes BJ, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Transcriptional changes in the peripheral blood leukocytes from Brangus cattle before and after tick challenge with Rhipicephalus australis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:454. [PMID: 35725367 PMCID: PMC9208207 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease emergence and production loss caused by cattle tick infestations have focused attention on genetic selection strategies to breed beef cattle with increased tick resistance. However, the mechanisms behind host responses to tick infestation have not been fully characterised. Hence, this study examined gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes from tick-naive Brangus steers (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) at 0, 3, and 12 weeks following artificial tick challenge experiments with Rhipicephalus australis larvae. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tick infestation on host leukocyte response to explore genes associated with the expression of high and low host resistance to ticks. Results Animals with high (HR, n = 5) and low (LR, n = 5) host resistance were identified after repeated tick challenge. A total of 3644 unique differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) were identified in the comparison of tick-exposed (both HR and LR) and tick-naive steers for the 3-week and 12-week infestation period. Enrichment analyses showed genes were involved in leukocyte chemotaxis, coagulation, and inflammatory response. The IL-17 signalling, and cytokine-cytokine interactions pathways appeared to be relevant in protection and immunopathology to tick challenge. Comparison of HR and LR phenotypes at timepoints of weeks 0, 3, and 12 showed there were 69, 8, and 4 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Most of these genes were related to immune, tissue remodelling, and angiogenesis functions, suggesting this is relevant in the development of resistance or susceptibility to tick challenge. Conclusions This study showed the effect of tick infestation on Brangus cattle with variable phenotypes of host resistance to R. australis ticks. Steers responded to infestation by expressing leukocyte genes related to chemotaxis, cytokine secretion, and inflammatory response. The altered expression of genes from the bovine MHC complex in highly resistant animals at pre- and post- infestation stages also supports the relevance of this genomic region for disease resilience. Overall, this study offers a resource of leukocyte gene expression data on matched tick-naive and tick-infested steers relevant for the improvement of tick resistance in composite cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08686-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Raza
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad Noman Naseem
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Hayes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter James
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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9
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Ferguson HJ, Koh-Tan HHC, Johnston PEJ, Wallace RJ, Andonovic I, Michie C, McCartney CA, Strachan EM, Snelling TJ, Harvey CD, Thomson W, Jonsson NN. Light microscopic observations of the ruminal papillae of cattle on diets with divergent forage to cereal ratios. Animal 2022; 16:100462. [PMID: 35180682 PMCID: PMC8934251 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristic histological change is associated with dietary cereal proportion. Immune-related cells are found in higher densities in cattle on lower cereal diets. Cereal proportion is associated with cell layer thickness, integrity, and sloughing. No benefit of Elastin Martius Scarlet Blue stain use over Haematoxylin and Eosin. Novel scoring system can differentiate groups by approximate dietary cereal level.
High levels of supplementation with cereal increases production rates in cattle but can increase incidence of disease, ranging from mild indigestion to acute ruminal acidosis and death. Therefore, there is motivation to determine biological markers which can be used to identify whether animals have been, or are being fed, sufficient or excessive cereals. This study aimed to describe light microscopic findings from animals being fed diverse dietary cereal proportions and to test the performance of a novel rumen epithelial scoring system. Rumen wall tissue samples were obtained from the abattoir from 195 cattle from 11 Scottish farms and processed for histological examination. Light microscopic examination was used to characterise ruminal epithelial response to dietary challenge. Secondary objectives included describing the distribution of immune-related cells in bovine ruminal epithelium and assessing the use of a modified Elastin Martius Scarlet Blue stain (EMSB) for histological examination of the rumen epithelium. Cells staining positive for cluster of differentiation 3 were distributed mainly in the lower layers of the stratum basale and were found in higher densities in animals offered lower cereal proportion diets. Cells staining positive for major histocompatibility complex class 2 (MHCII) were most common in perivascular locations and in the junction between the lower stratum basale and the propria-submucosa. The density of MHCII positive staining cells was higher in animals on lower cereal diets. The level of supplementation with cereal was also associated with the thickness of the stratum corneum (SCT) and stratum granulosum (SGT), the integrity of the stratum corneum and sloughing of cornified cells. There were no advantages in using EMSB stain over haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) in this scoring system. We concluded that a scoring system that included only SCT, SGT and a measure of the loss of appearance of intercellular space allowed differentiation of groups of animals according to the level of cereal supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - H H C Koh-Tan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - P E J Johnston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - R J Wallace
- Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, Ashgrove Road West, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - I Andonovic
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - C Michie
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - C A McCartney
- Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, Ashgrove Road West, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - E M Strachan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - T J Snelling
- Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, Ashgrove Road West, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - C D Harvey
- Harbro Ltd., Turriff, Aberdeenshire AB53 4PA, UK
| | - W Thomson
- Harbro Ltd., Turriff, Aberdeenshire AB53 4PA, UK
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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10
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Belanche A, Martín‐García I, Jiménez E, Jonsson NN, Yañez‐Ruiz DR. A novel ammoniation treatment of barley as a strategy to optimize rumen pH, feed degradability and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5541-5549. [PMID: 33709464 PMCID: PMC8451892 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meeting the energy and nitrogen (N) requirements of high-performing ruminants at the same time as avoiding digestive disturbances (i.e. rumen acidosis) is a key priority in ruminant nutrition. The present study evaluated the effect of a cereal ammoniation treatment, in which barley grains are combined with urea and enzymes that catalyze the conversion of urea to ammonia to optimize rumen function. Twelve rumen cannulated sheep were randomly divided into two groups and fed a diet containing 60% of ammoniated barley (AMM) or untreated barley supplemented with urea (CTL) to investigate the impact on rumen fermentation and feed utilization. RESULTS AMM had higher total N content and effective rumen degradable N than untreated barely. AMM sheep had a consistently higher rumen pH throughout the day (6.31 versus 6.03) and tended to have a lower post-prandial ammonia peak and higher acetate molar proportion (+5.1%) than CTL sheep. The rumen environment in AMM sheep favored the colonization and utilization of agro-industrial by-products (i.e. orange pulp) by the rumen microbes leading to a higher feed degradability. AMM sheep also had higher total tract apparent N digestibility (+21.7%) and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (+34%), suggesting a higher N uptake and microbial protein synthesis than CTL sheep. CONCLUSION The inclusion of AMM in the diet of ruminants represents a valid strategy for maintaining rumen pH within a physiological range and improving N utilization by the rumen microbes, which could have positive effects on the health and productivity of animals in intensive production systems. These findings warrant further studies under conventional farm conditions. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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11
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Jonsson NN, Cox DK, Piper EK, Valdivieso EFM, Constantinoiu C, Jackson LA, Stear MJ, Ross EM, Tabor AE. Allelic Variation in Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type-C in Cattle Influences Erythrocyte, Leukocyte and Humoral Responses to Infestation With the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus australis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675979. [PMID: 34305905 PMCID: PMC8300432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type-C (PTPRC) gene encodes the common leukocyte antigen (CD45) receptor. CD45 affects cell adhesion, migration, cytokine signalling, cell development, and activation state. Four families of the gene have been identified in cattle: a taurine group (Family 1), two indicine groups (Families 2 and 4) and an African “taurindicine” group (Family 3). Host resistance in cattle to infestation with ticks is moderately heritable and primarily manifests as prevention of attachment and feeding by larvae. This study was conducted to describe the effects of PTPRC genotype on immune-response phenotypes in cattle that display a variable immune responsiveness to ticks. Thirty tick-naïve Santa-Gertrudis cattle (a stabilized composite of 5/8 taurine and 3/8 indicine) were artificially infested with ticks weekly for 13 weeks and ranked according to their tick counts. Blood samples were taken from control and tick-challenged cattle immediately before, then at 21 d after infestation and each subsequent week for 9 weeks. Assays included erythrocyte profiles, white blood cell counts, the percentage of cellular subsets comprising the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population, and the ability of PBMC to recognize and proliferate in response to stimulation with tick antigens in vitro. The cattle were PTPRC genotyped using a RFLP assay that differentiated Family 1 and 3 together (220 bp), from Family 2 (462 bp), and from Family 4 (486 bp). The PTPRC allele frequencies were Family 1/3 = 0.34; Family 2 = 0.47; Family 4 = 0.19. There was no significant association between PTPRC genotype and tick count. Each copy of the Family 1/3 allele significantly decreased total leucocyte count (WCC) and CD8+ cells. Increasing dosage of Family 2 alleles significantly increased red blood cell count (RCC), haematocrit (PCV), and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood. Increasing dosage of the Family 4 allele was associated with increased WCC, reduced RCC, reduced PCV and reduced Hb. Homozygote Family 1/3 animals had consistently lower IgG1 in response to tick Ag than homozygote Family 2 animals. The PTPRC genotype influences the bovine immune response to ticks but was not associated with the observed variation in resistance to tick infestation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cox
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily K Piper
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Constantin Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise A Jackson
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael J Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Raza A, Schulz BL, Nouwens A, Jackson LA, Piper EK, James P, Jonsson NN, Tabor AE. Serum proteomes of Santa Gertrudis cattle before and after infestation with Rhipicephalus australis ticks. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12836. [PMID: 33843060 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have applied genomics and transcriptomics to identify immune and genetic markers as key indicator traits for cattle tick susceptibility/resistance; however, results differed between breeds, and there is lack of information on the use of host proteomics. Serum samples from Santa Gertrudis cattle (naïve and phenotyped over 105 days as tick-resistant [TR] or tick-susceptible [TS]) were used to conduct differential abundance analyses of protein profiles. Serum proteins were digested into peptides followed by identification and quantification using sequential window acquisition of all instances of theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry. Before tick infestation, abundance of 28 proteins differed significantly (adjusted P < 10-5 ) between TR and TS. These differences were also observed following tick infestation (TR vs TS) with a further eight differentially abundant proteins in TR cattle, suggesting possible roles in adaptive responses. The intragroup comparisons (TS-0 vs TS and TR-0 vs TR) showed that tick infestation elicited quite similar responses in both groups of cattle, but with relatively stronger responses in TR cattle. Many of the significantly differentially abundant proteins in TR Santa Gertrudis cattle (before and after tick infestation) were associated with immune responses including complement factors, chemotaxis for immune cells and acute-phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Lousie A Jackson
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Emily K Piper
- Global Genetics Laboratory Operations and Customer Support, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Peter James
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- The University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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13
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Marima JK, Nel CL, Marufu MC, Jonsson NN, Dube B, Dzama K. A genetic and immunological comparison of tick-resistance in beef cattle following artificial infestation with Rhipicephalus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 80:569-590. [PMID: 32185559 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance to ticks can be explored as a possible approach of combating tick infestations to complement the existing unsustainable tick control methods. Thirty-six beef cattle animals were used, consisting of Angus, Brahman and Nguni breeds, with each breed contributing 12 animals. Half of the animals per breed were artificially challenged with Rhipicephalus microplus and the other half with R. decoloratus unfed larvae per animal. Skin biopsies and blood samples were collected pre-infestation and 12 h post-infestation from the feeding sites of visibly engorging ticks. The success rate of the ticks was high and had an influence even at the early time point. Increased lymphocytes and blood urea nitrogen levels as well as decreased levels of segmented neutrophils were observed in the Angus, which were the opposite of those in the Brahman and Nguni. The increase in cholesterol, which was highest in the Angus and lowest in the Nguni, may be due to altered protein metabolism. The expression profiles of genes TRAF6, TBP, LUM and B2M were significantly different among breeds. Five genes (CCR1, TLR5, TRAF6, TBP, BDA20) had increased or constant expression post-infestation, whereas the expression of CXCL8, IL-10 and TNF-α decreased or remained the same after tick challenge. Genes that showed variation are involved in discouraging long-term supply of blood meal to the tick and those associated with immune responses. The gene LUM is a potential biomarker for tick resistance in cattle. The response to infestation by the breeds was consistent across the tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Marima
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - C L Nel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - M C Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - N N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1QH, UK
| | - B Dube
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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14
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Purisotayo T, Jonsson NN, Mable BK, Verreynne FJ. Combining molecular and incomplete observational data to inform management of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Jonsson NN, Kleen JL, Wallace RJ, Andonovic I, Michie C, Farish M, Mitchell M, Duthie CA, Jensen DB, Denwood MJ. Evaluation of reticuloruminal pH measurements from individual cattle: Sampling strategies for the assessment of herd status. Vet J 2018; 243:26-32. [PMID: 30606436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of pH observations to clinical practice in dairy cattle is based on criteria derived primarily from single time-point observations more than 20 years ago. The aims of this study were to evaluate these criteria using data collected using continuous recording methods; to make recommendations that might improve their interpretation; and to determine the relationship between the number of devices deployed in a herd and the accuracy of the resulting estimate of the herd-mean reticuloruminal pH. The study made use of 815,475 observations of reticuloruminal pH values obtained from 75 cattle in three herds (one beef and two twice-daily milking herds) to assess sampling strategies for the diagnosis of sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA), and to evaluate the ability of different numbers of bolus devices to accurately estimate the true herd-mean reticuloruminal pH value at any time. The traditional criteria for SARA provide low diagnostic utility, the probability of detection of animals with pH values below specified thresholds being affected by a strong effect of time of day and herd. The analysis suggests that regardless of time of feeding, sampling should be carried out in the late afternoon or evening to obtain a reasonable probability of detection of animals with pH values below the threshold level. The among-cow variation varied strongly between herds, but for a typical herd, if using reticuloruminal pH boluses to detect a predisposition to fermentation disorders while feeding a diet that is high in rapidly fermentable carbohydrates, it is recommended to use a minimum of nine boluses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1QH, UK; Harbro Ltd, Turriff, Aberdeenshire, AB53 4PA, UK.
| | | | | | - Ivan Andonovic
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - Craig Michie
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - Marianne Farish
- Animal and Veterinary Science, SRUC, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Malcolm Mitchell
- Animal and Veterinary Science, SRUC, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carol-Anne Duthie
- Animal and Veterinary Science, SRUC, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Dan B Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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16
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Constantinoiu CC, Lew-Tabor A, Jackson LA, Jorgensen WK, Piper EK, Mayer DG, Johnson L, Venus B, Jonsson NN. Local immune response to larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus in Santa Gertrudis cattle. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12515. [PMID: 29314141 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the local immune response at larval attachment sites in Santa Gertrudis cattle with low and high levels of tick resistance. Skin samples with tick larvae attached were collected from Santa Gertrudis cattle at the end of a period of 25 weekly infestations, when the animals manifested highly divergent tick-resistant phenotypes. There was a tendency for more CD3+ , CD4+ , CD8+ , CD25+ , γδ T cells and neutrophils to concentrate at larval tick attachment site in susceptible cattle than in resistant cattle but the differences were significant only for γδ T cells and CD4+ cells. Most of the cattle developed intra-epidermal vesicles at the larval attachment site but the predominant cell within or around the vesicles was the neutrophil in susceptible animals and eosinophil in the resistant animals. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for CD45 and CD45 RO antigens reacted with skin leucocytes from a higher number of susceptible cattle than resistant cattle. Our data suggest that some of the cellular responses mounted at larval attachment site are not involved in tick protection. The mAbs specific for CD45 and CD45 RO directly, or a test for CD45 genotype might be developed as markers of tick susceptibility or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - A Lew-Tabor
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L A Jackson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - W K Jorgensen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - E K Piper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - D G Mayer
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L Johnson
- College of Public Health, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - B Venus
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - N N Jonsson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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17
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Turnbull F, Jonsson NN, Kenyon F, Skuce PJ, Bisset SA. P-glycoprotein-9 and macrocyclic lactone resistance status in selected strains of the ovine gastrointestinal nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:70-80. [PMID: 29414109 PMCID: PMC6114102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The Teladorsagia circumcincta P-glycoprotein-9 (Tci-pgp-9) gene has previously been implicated in multiple-anthelmintic resistance in this parasite. Here we further characterise genetic diversity in Tci-pgp-9 and its possible role in ivermectin (IVM) and multi-drug resistance using two UK field isolates of T. circumcincta, one susceptible to anthelmintics (MTci2) and the other resistant to most available anthelmintics including IVM (MTci5). A comparison of full-length Tci-pgp-9 cDNA transcripts from the MTci2 and MTci5 isolates (∼3.8 kb in both cases) indicated that they shared 95.6% and 99.5% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Nine non-synonymous SNPs were found in the MTci5 sequences relative to their MTci2 counterparts. Twelve genomic sequence variants of the first internucleotide binding domain of Tci-pgp-9 were identified and up to 10 of these were present in some individual worms, strongly supporting previous evidence that amplification of this gene has occurred in T. circumcincta. On average, fewer distinct sequence variants of Tci-pgp-9 were present in individual worms of the MTci5 isolate than in those of the MTci2 isolate. A further reduction in the number of sequence variants was observed in individuals derived from an IVM-treated sub-population of MTci5. These findings suggest that Tci-pgp-9 was under purifying selection in the face of IVM treatment in T. circumcincta, with some sequence variants being selected against. Tci-pgp-9 cDNA sequences from the MTci2 and MTci5 isolates shared 95.6% identity. Comparison of Tci-pgp-9 sequences from MTci5 and MTci2 showed 9 non-synonymous SNPs. Multiple Tci-pgp-9-IBDA sequence variants occurred in the majority of individual larvae. Tci-pgp-9 appears to be under purifying selection after anthelmintics are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Turnbull
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart A Bisset
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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18
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Jonsson NN, Klafke G, Corley SW, Tidwell J, Berry CM, Koh-Tan HC. Molecular biology of amitraz resistance in cattle ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2018; 23:796-810. [PMID: 28930573 DOI: 10.2741/4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is an important product for the control of cattle ticks around the world. In comparison with other products for the control of ticks, it is quite affordable and it has a rapid knock-down effect. It binds with and activates adrenergic neuro-receptors of animals and it inhibits the action of monoamine oxidases (MAO). Resistance to amitraz has been documented in Rhipicephalus microplus, R. decoloratus and R. appendiculatus. Four mechanisms of resistance have been proposed, each of which is supported by evidence but none of which has been definitively confirmed as the cause of resistance in the field. The proposed mechanisms include genetic target site insensitivity in two G protein-coupled receptors, the beta-adrenergic octopamine receptor (BAOR) and the octopamine/tyramine receptor (OCT/Tyr), increased expression or activity of monoamine oxidases and increased expression or activity of the ATP binding cassette transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jonsson
- University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine 464 Bearsden Rd Bearsden G61 1QH Scotland UK,
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinarias "Desiderio Finamor". Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estrada do Conde, 6000. Eldorado do Sul, Brasil, 92990-000
| | - Sean W Corley
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton QLD 4343 Australia, 4USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Jason Tidwell
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Christina M Berry
- University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine 464 Bearsden Rd Bearsden G61 1QH Scotland UK
| | - Hh Caline Koh-Tan
- University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine 464 Bearsden Rd Bearsden G61 1QH Scotland UK
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Jonsson NN, Bhushan C. Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3-29. [PMID: 29152691 PMCID: PMC5748392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Alee 10, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
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Tabor AE, Ali A, Rehman G, Rocha Garcia G, Zangirolamo AF, Malardo T, Jonsson NN. Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus-Host Interface: A Review of Resistant and Susceptible Host Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29322033 PMCID: PMC5732177 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are able to transmit tick-borne infectious agents to vertebrate hosts which cause major constraints to public and livestock health. The costs associated with mortality, relapse, treatments, and decreased production yields are economically significant. Ticks adapted to a hematophagous existence after the vertebrate hemostatic system evolved into a multi-layered defense system against foreign invasion (pathogens and ectoparasites), blood loss, and immune responses. Subsequently, ticks evolved by developing an ability to suppress the vertebrate host immune system with a devastating impact particularly for exotic and crossbred cattle. Host genetics defines the immune responsiveness against ticks and tick-borne pathogens. To gain an insight into the naturally acquired resistant and susceptible cattle breed against ticks, studies have been conducted comparing the incidence of tick infestation on bovine hosts from divergent genetic backgrounds. It is well-documented that purebred and crossbred Bos taurus indicus cattle are more resistant to ticks and tick-borne pathogens compared to purebred European Bos taurus taurus cattle. Genetic studies identifying Quantitative Trait Loci markers using microsatellites and SNPs have been inconsistent with very low percentages relating phenotypic variation with tick infestation. Several skin gene expression and immunological studies have been undertaken using different breeds, different samples (peripheral blood, skin with tick feeding), infestation protocols and geographic environments. Susceptible breeds were commonly found to be associated with the increased expression of toll like receptors, MHC Class II, calcium binding proteins, and complement factors with an increased presence of neutrophils in the skin following tick feeding. Resistant breeds had higher levels of T cells present in the skin prior to tick infestation and thus seem to respond to ticks more efficiently. The skin of resistant breeds also contained higher numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils with up-regulated proteases, cathepsins, keratins, collagens and extracellular matrix proteins in response to feeding ticks. Here we review immunological and molecular determinants that explore the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus-host resistance phenomenon as well as contemplating new insights and future directions to study tick resistance and susceptibility, in order to facilitate interventions for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.,Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Malardo
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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21
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Denwood MJ, Kleen JL, Jensen DB, Jonsson NN. Describing temporal variation in reticuloruminal pH using continuous monitoring data. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:233-245. [PMID: 29055552 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloruminal pH has been linked to subclinical disease in dairy cattle, leading to considerable interest in identifying pH observations below a given threshold. The relatively recent availability of continuously monitored data from pH boluses gives new opportunities for characterizing the normal patterns of pH over time and distinguishing these from abnormal patterns using more sensitive and specific methods than simple thresholds. We fitted a series of statistical models to continuously monitored data from 93 animals on 13 farms to characterize normal variation within and between animals. We used a subset of the data to relate deviations from the normal pattern to the productivity of 24 dairy cows from a single herd. Our findings show substantial variation in pH characteristics between animals, although animals within the same farm tended to show more consistent patterns. There was strong evidence for a predictable diurnal variation in all animals, and up to 70% of the observed variation in pH could be explained using a simple statistical model. For the 24 animals with available production information, there was also a strong association between productivity (as measured by both milk yield and dry matter intake) and deviations from the expected diurnal pattern of pH 2 d before the productivity observation. In contrast, there was no association between productivity and the occurrence of observations below a threshold pH. We conclude that statistical models can be used to account for a substantial proportion of the observed variability in pH and that future work with continuously monitored pH data should focus on deviations from a predictable pattern rather than the frequency of observations below an arbitrary pH threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - J L Kleen
- CowConsult, Coldinne, 26532, Germany
| | - D B Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Harbro Ltd., Birkhill Mill, Lanarkshire, ML11 0NJ, United Kingdom
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Piper EK, Jonsson NN, Gondro C, Vance ME, Lew-Tabor A, Jackson LA. Peripheral cellular and humoral responses to infestation with the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Santa Gertrudis cattle. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27862028 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to cattle tick infestation in single-host ticks is primarily manifested against the larval stage and results in the immature tick failing to attach successfully and obtain a meal. This study was conducted to identify immune responses that characterize the tick-resistant phenotype in cattle. Thirty-five tick-naïve Santa Gertrudis heifers were used in this study, thirty of which were artificially infested for thirteen weeks with tick larvae while five animals remained at a tick-free quarantine property to serve as a control group. Following thirteen weeks of tick infestation, the animals in this trial exhibited highly divergent tick-resistant phenotypes. Blood samples collected throughout the trial were used to measure peripheral immune parameters: haematology, the percentage of cellular subsets comprising the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population, tick-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody titres, IgG1 avidity for tick antigens and the ability of PBMC to recognize and proliferate in response to stimulation with tick antigens in vitro. The tick-susceptible cattle developed significantly higher tick-specific IgG1 antibody titres compared to the tick-resistant animals. These results suggest that the heightened antibody response either does not play a role in resistance or might contribute to increased susceptibility to infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Piper
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - N N Jonsson
- The University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - C Gondro
- The University of New England, The Centre for Genetic Analysis and Applications, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - M E Vance
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Science Laboratories, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - A Lew-Tabor
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Science Laboratories, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L A Jackson
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Science Laboratories, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Jackson A, Ellis KA, McGoldrick J, Jonsson NN, Stear MJ, Forbes AB. Targeted anthelmintic treatment of parasitic gastroenteritis in first grazing season dairy calves using daily live weight gain as an indicator. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:85-90. [PMID: 28917324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Control of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle is typically based on group treatments with anthelmintics, complemented by grazing management, where feasible. However, the almost inevitable evolution of resistance in parasitic nematodes to anthelmintics over time necessitates a reappraisal of their use in order to reduce selection pressure. One such approach is targeted selective treatment (TST), in which only individual animals that will most benefit are treated, rather than whole groups of at-risk cattle. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of implementing TST on three commercial farms, two of which were organic. A total of 104 first-grazing season (FGS), weaned dairy calves were enrolled in the study; each was weighed at monthly intervals from the start of the grazing season using scales or weigh-bands. At the same time dung and blood samples were collected in order to measure faecal egg counts (FEC) and plasma pepsinogen, respectively. A pre-determined threshhold weight gain of 0.75kg/day was used to determine those animals that would be treated; the anthelmintic used was eprinomectin. No individual animal received more than one treatment during the grazing season and all treatments were given in July or August; five animals were not treated at all because their growth rates consistently exceeded the threshold. Mean daily live weight gain over the entire grazing season ranged between 0.69 and 0.82kg/day on the three farms. Neither FEC nor pepsinogen values were significantly associated with live weight gain. Implementation of TST at farm level requires regular (monthly) handling of the animals and the use of weigh scales or tape, but can be integrated into farm management practices. This study has shown that acceptable growth rates can be achieved in FGS cattle with modest levels of treatment and correspondingly less exposure of their nematode populations to anthelmintics, which should mitigate selection pressure for resistance by increasing the size of the refugia in both hosts and pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jackson
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1Q, United Kingdom
| | - K A Ellis
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1Q, United Kingdom
| | - J McGoldrick
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1Q, United Kingdom
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1Q, United Kingdom
| | - M J Stear
- La Trobe University, Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A B Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1Q, United Kingdom.
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Davison TM, Jonsson NN, Mayer DG, Gaughan JB, Ehrlich WK, McGowan MR. Comparison of the impact of six heat-load management strategies on thermal responses and milk production of feed-pad and pasture fed dairy cows in a subtropical environment. Int J Biometeorol 2016; 60:1961-1968. [PMID: 27174414 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to hot environments affects milk yield (MY) and milk composition of pasture and feed-pad fed dairy cows in subtropical regions. This study was undertaken during summer to compare MY and physiology of cows exposed to six heat-load management treatments. Seventy-eight Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked by season of calving, parity, milk yield, BW, and milk protein (%) and milk fat (%) measured in 2 weeks prior to the start of the study. Within blocks, cows were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: open-sided iron roofed day pen adjacent to dairy (CID) + sprinklers (SP); CID only; non-shaded pen adjacent to dairy + SP (NSD + SP); open-sided shade cloth roofed day pen adjacent to dairy (SCD); NSD + sprinkler (sprinkler on for 45 min at 1100 h if mean respiration rate >80 breaths per minute (NSD + WSP)); open-sided shade cloth roofed structure over feed bunk in paddock + 1 km walk to and from the dairy (SCP + WLK). Sprinklers for CID + SP and NSD + SP cycled 2 min on, 12 min off when ambient temperature >26°C. The highest milk yields were in the CID + SP and CID treatments (23.9 L cow-1 day-1), intermediate for NSD + SP, SCD and SCP + WLK (22.4 L cow-1 day-1), and lowest for NSD + WSP (21.3 L cow-1 day-1) (P < 0.05). The highest (P < 0.05) feed intakes occurred in the CID + SP and CID treatments while intake was lowest (P < 0.05) for NSD + WSP and SCP + WLK. Weather data were collected on site at 10-min intervals, and from these, THI was calculated. Nonlinear regression modelling of MY × THI and heat-load management treatment demonstrated that cows in CID + SP showed no decline in MY out to a THI break point value of 83.2, whereas the pooled MY of the other treatments declined when THI >80.7. A combination of iron roof shade plus water sprinkling throughout the day provided the most effective control of heat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Davison
- Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - N N Jonsson
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, Glasgow, UK
| | - D G Mayer
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
| | - W K Ehrlich
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M R McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Stevenson TJ, Visser ME, Arnold W, Barrett P, Biello S, Dawson A, Denlinger DL, Dominoni D, Ebling FJ, Elton S, Evans N, Ferguson HM, Foster RG, Hau M, Haydon DT, Hazlerigg DG, Heideman P, Hopcraft JGC, Jonsson NN, Kronfeld-Schor N, Kumar V, Lincoln GA, MacLeod R, Martin SAM, Martinez-Bakker M, Nelson RJ, Reed T, Robinson JE, Rock D, Schwartz WJ, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tauber E, Thackeray SJ, Umstatter C, Yoshimura T, Helm B. Disrupted seasonal biology impacts health, food security and ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151453. [PMID: 26468242 PMCID: PMC4633868 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhythm of life on earth is shaped by seasonal changes in the environment. Plants and animals show profound annual cycles in physiology, health, morphology, behaviour and demography in response to environmental cues. Seasonal biology impacts ecosystems and agriculture, with consequences for humans and biodiversity. Human populations show robust annual rhythms in health and well-being, and the birth month can have lasting effects that persist throughout life. This review emphasizes the need for a better understanding of seasonal biology against the backdrop of its rapidly progressing disruption through climate change, human lifestyles and other anthropogenic impact. Climate change is modifying annual rhythms to which numerous organisms have adapted, with potential consequences for industries relating to health, ecosystems and food security. Disconcertingly, human lifestyles under artificial conditions of eternal summer provide the most extreme example for disconnect from natural seasons, making humans vulnerable to increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we introduce scenarios of seasonal disruption, highlight key aspects of seasonal biology and summarize from biomedical, anthropological, veterinary, agricultural and environmental perspectives the recent evidence for seasonal desynchronization between environmental factors and internal rhythms. Because annual rhythms are pervasive across biological systems, they provide a common framework for trans-disciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Stevenson
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Arnold
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Barrett
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Biello
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Dawson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - D L Denlinger
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - F J Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Elton
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - N Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Hau
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - D T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - P Heideman
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - J G C Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - V Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - G A Lincoln
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R MacLeod
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology, Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Martinez-Bakker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R J Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Reed
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University of College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J E Robinson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Rock
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - W J Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - I Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - E Tauber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S J Thackeray
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Umstatter
- Agroscope, Tanikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - T Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Nagoya, Nagoya, Japan
| | - B Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Koh-Tan HHC, Strachan E, Cooper K, Bell-Sakyi L, Jonsson NN. Identification of a novel β-adrenergic octopamine receptor-like gene (βAOR-like) and increased ATP-binding cassette B10 (ABCB10) expression in a Rhipicephalus microplus cell line derived from acaricide-resistant ticks. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:425. [PMID: 27484910 PMCID: PMC4970269 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an economically important parasite of livestock. Effective control of ticks using acaricides is threatened by the emergence of resistance to many existing compounds. Several continuous R. microplus cell lines have been established and provide an under-utilised resource for studies into acaricide targets and potential genetic mutations associated with resistance. As a first step to genetic studies using these resources, this study aimed to determine the presence or absence of two genes and their transcripts that have been linked with acaricide function in cattle ticks: β-adrenergic octopamine receptor (βAOR, associated with amitraz resistance) and ATP-binding cassette B10 (ABCB10, associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance) in six R. microplus cell lines, five other Rhipicephalus spp. cell lines and three cell lines representing other tick genera (Amblyomma variegatum, Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma anatolicum). Methods End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of the βAOR gene and transcripts in DNA and RNA extracted from the tick cell lines, followed by capillary sequencing of amplicons. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to determine the levels of expression of ABCB10. Results βAOR gene expression was detected in all Rhipicephalus spp. cell lines. We observed a second amplicon of approximately 220 bp for the βAOR gene in the R. microplus cell line BME/CTVM6, derived from acaricide-resistant ticks. Sequencing of this transcript variant identified a 36 bp insertion in the βAOR gene, leading to a 12-amino acid insertion (LLKTLALVTIIS) in the first transmembrane domain of the protein. In addition, nine synonymous SNPs were also discovered in R. appendiculatus, R. evertsi and R. sanguineus cell lines. Some of these SNPs appear to be unique to each species, providing potential tools for differentiating the tick species. The BME/CTVM6 cell line had significantly higher ABCB10 (P = 0.002) expression than the other R. microplus cell lines. Conclusions The present study has identified a new βAOR gene and demonstrated a higher ABCB10 expression level in the BME/CTVM6 cell line, indicating that tick cell lines provide a useful experimental tool for acaricide resistance studies and further elucidation of tick genetics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1708-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Caline Koh-Tan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, McCall Building, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Erin Strachan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Katherine Cooper
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, McCall Building, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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Mellanby RJ, Price J, Wooldridge L, Jonsson NN, Clegg PD, Emes RD, England G, Corr SA, Piercy RJ, Mulcahy G, Wood JL, Walker BR, Argyle DJ. Clinical research: developing an appropriate career structure. Vet Rec 2015; 177:544-7. [PMID: 26612910 DOI: 10.1136/vr.h6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG,
| | - J Price
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - L Wooldridge
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - P D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - G England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - S A Corr
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - R J Piercy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - G Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J L Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES
| | - B R Walker
- Edinburgh Clinical Academic Track Programme, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ
| | - D J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG,
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Hotchkiss EJ, Gilray JA, Brennan ML, Christley RM, Morrison LJ, Jonsson NN, Innes EA, Katzer F. Development of a framework for genotyping bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum, using a multilocus fragment typing tool. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:500. [PMID: 26427625 PMCID: PMC4591062 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for an integrated genotyping approach for C. parvum; no sufficiently discriminatory scheme to date has been fully validated or widely adopted by veterinary or public health researchers. Multilocus fragment typing (MLFT) can provide good differentiation and is relatively quick and cheap to perform. A MLFT tool was assessed in terms of its typeability, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), accuracy and ability to genotypically discriminate bovine-derived Cryptosporidium parvum. Methods With the aim of working towards a consensus, six markers were selected for inclusion based on their successful application in previous studies: MM5, MM18, MM19, TP14, MS1 and MS9. Alleles were assigned according to the fragment sizes of repeat regions amplified, as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In addition, a region of the GP60 gene was amplified and sequenced to determine gp60 subtype and this was added to the allelic profiles of the 6 markers to determine the multilocus genotype (MLG). The MLFT tool was applied to 140 C. parvum samples collected in two cross-sectional studies of UK calves, conducted in Cheshire in 2004 (principally dairy animals) and Aberdeenshire/Caithness in 2011 (beef animals). Results Typeability was 84 %. The primers did not amplify tested non-parvum species frequently detected in cattle. In terms of repeatability, within- and between-run fragment sizes showed little variability. Between laboratories, fragment sizes differed but allele calling was reproducible. The MLFT had good discriminatory ability (Simpson’s Index of Diversity, SID, was 0.92), compared to gp60 sequencing alone (SID 0.44). Some markers were more informative than others, with MS1 and MS9 proving monoallelic in tested samples. Conclusions Further inter-laboratory trials are now warranted with the inclusion of human-derived C. parvum samples, allowing progress towards an integrated, standardised typing scheme to enable source attribution and to determine the role of livestock in future outbreaks of human C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hotchkiss
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Janice A Gilray
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Robert M Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Leahurst Campus CH64 7TE, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Kaewmongkol S, Kaewmongkol G, Inthong N, Lakkitjaroen N, Sirinarumitr T, Berry CM, Jonsson NN, Stich RW, Jittapalapong S. Variation among Bm86 sequences in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from cattle across Thailand. Exp Appl Acarol 2015; 66:247-256. [PMID: 25777941 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tick vaccines based on recombinant homologues Bm86 and Bm95 have become a more cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides commonly used to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. However, Bm86 polymorphism among geographically separate ticks is reportedly associated with reduced effectiveness of these vaccines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variation of Bm86 among cattle ticks collected from Northern, Northeastern, Central and Southern areas across Thailand. Bm86 cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences representing 29 female tick midgut samples were 95.6-97.0 and 91.5-93.5 % identical to the nucleotide and amino acid reference sequences, respectively, of the Australian Yeerongpilly vaccine strain. Multiple sequence analyses of these Bm86 variants indicated geographical relationships and polymorphism among Thai cattle ticks. Two larger groups of cattle tick strains were discernable based on this phylogenetic analysis of Bm86, a Thai group and a Latin American group. Thai female and male cattle ticks (50 pairs) were also subjected to detailed morphological characterization to confirm their identity. The majority of female ticks had morphological features consistent with those described for R. (B.) microplus, whereas, curiously, the majority of male ticks were more consistent with the recently re-instated R. (B.) australis. A number of these ticks had features consistent with both species. Further investigations are warranted to test the efficacies of rBm86-based vaccines to homologous and heterologous challenge infestations with Thai tick strains and for in-depth study of the phylogeny of Thai cattle ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaewmongkol
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Sean Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Jonsson NN, Piper EK, Constantinoiu CC. Host resistance in cattle to infestation with the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:553-9. [PMID: 25313455 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle has many effector mechanisms, each of which is likely to be modulated by complex, interacting factors. Some of the mechanisms of host resistance and their modulating factors have been identified and quantified, although much remains to be explained. The variation in resistance to tick infestation is most marked between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle, taurine cattle given the same exposure carrying between five and 10 times as many ticks as indicine cattle. Tick resistance is mostly manifest against attaching larvae, which attempt to feed often and without success, death occurring mostly within 24 h of finding a host. There is evidence of innate and adaptive immune response to tick infestation, and it appears that the relative importance of each differs between indicine and taurine cattle. There is conflicting information regarding the role of humoral immunity in tick resistance, and recent studies indicate that strong IgG responses to tick antigens are not protective. A strong T-cell-mediated response directed against larval stages, as mounted by indicine cattle, seems to be protective. Variation in the extracellular matrix of skin (epidermal growth factors, collagens and other matrix components such as lumican) also contributes to variation in host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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31
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Ghazali MF, Koh-Tan HHC, McLaughlin M, Montague P, Jonsson NN, Eckersall PD. Alkaline phosphatase in nasal secretion of cattle: biochemical and molecular characterisation. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:204. [PMID: 25927913 PMCID: PMC4173004 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasal secretion (NS) was investigated as a source of information regarding the mucosal and systemic immune status of cattle challenged by respiratory disease. A method for the collection of substantial volumes (~12 ml) of NS from cattle was developed to establish a reference range of analytes that are present in the NS of healthy cattle. Biochemical profiles of NS from a group of 38 healthy Holstein-Friesian cows revealed high alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity of up to 2392 IU/L. The character and source of the high activity of AP in bovine NS was investigated. Results Histochemical analysis confirmed the localization of the AP enzyme activity to epithelial cells and serous glands of the nasal respiratory mucosa. Analysis of mRNA levels from nasal mucosa by end point RT-PCR and PCR product sequencing confirmed that the AP was locally produced and is identical at the nucleotide level to the non-specific AP splice variant found in bovine liver, bone and kidney. Analysis by isoelectric focussing confirmed that AP was produced locally at a high level in nasal epithelium demonstrating that AP from nasal secretion and nasal mucosa had similar pI bands, though differing from those of the liver, kidney, bone and intestine, suggesting different post-translational modification (PTM) of AP in these tissues. Conclusions A nasal isozyme of AP has been identified that is present at a high activity in NS, resulting from local production and showing distinctive PTM and may be active in NS as an anti-endotoxin mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faizal Ghazali
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - H H Caline Koh-Tan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Paul Montague
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - P David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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Constantinoiu CC, Jonsson NN, Jorgensen WK, Jackson LA, Piper EK, Lew-Tabor AE. Immuno-fluorescence staining patterns of leukocyte subsets in the skin of taurine and indicine cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:854-60. [PMID: 24011596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immuno-staining patterns of skin leukocytes were investigated in three breeds of cattle: Holstein-Friesian, Brahman and Santa Gertrudis of similar age before and after tick infestation. The antibodies specific for CD45 and CD45RO reacted with cells in the skin of all Holstein-Friesian cattle but did not react with cells in the skin of any Brahman cattle. The same antibodies reacted with cells from the skin of four (CD45) and seven (CD45RO) of twelve Santa Gertrudis cattle. The antibodies specific for T cells and γδ subset of T cells recognized cells from all three breeds of cattle. The antibody specific for MHC class II molecules labelled cells of mostly irregular shape, presumably dermal dendritic cells and/or macrophages and Langerhans cells. The antibody specific for granulocytes (mAb CH138) reacted with cells only in sections cut from skin with lesions. The antibody specific for CD25(+) cells labelled regularly shaped cells that showed a wide range of intensities of staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale 2351, Australia; Queensland Government, Department of Employment Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) Yeerongpilly, Queensland 4105, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Jonsson NN, Fortes MRS, Piper EK, Vankan DM, de Cisneros JPJ, Wittek T. Comparison of metabolic, hematological, and peripheral blood leukocyte cytokine profiles of dairy cows and heifers during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2283-2292. [PMID: 23462170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The periparturient period presents major physiological challenges for the dairy cow. It is a period that is affected by metabolic stressors, major changes in endocrine status, and altered immune function, which together result in an increased risk of disease. Immunological, hematological, and metabolic profiles from the periparturient period of heifers (primipara) were compared with those of cows (pluripara) to test the hypothesis that at the time of calving they have qualitatively different peripheral blood profiles. Blood samples were collected from 22 Holstein-Friesian animals on 3 occasions: approximately 2 wk before calving, within 24h after calving, and approximately 2 wk after calving. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of a selected set of cytokines and receptors by peripheral blood leukocytes. Additional analyses included hemoglobin concentration, red cell, platelet and white cell counts (total and differentiated), and clinical diagnostic biochemical profiles. Total leukocyte counts, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were higher in heifers than cows before calving and within 24h after calving. Alkaline phosphatase was consistently higher in heifers than cows and several significant differences were observed between the 2 groups with regards to cytokine and cytokine-receptor mRNA expression. The results warrant further investigation from the perspective of identifying risk factors for metabolic and parturient disease in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jonsson
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Medicine, Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - M R S Fortes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - E K Piper
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - D M Vankan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - J Prada J de Cisneros
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - T Wittek
- Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Klinik für Wiederkäuer, A 1210 Wien, Austria
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Sindhu ZUD, Jonsson NN, Iqbal Z. Syringe test (modified larval immersion test): a new bioassay for testing acaricidal activity of plant extracts against Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:362-7. [PMID: 22516644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a new bioassay "syringe test" (modified larval immersion test) for in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of crude plant extracts. Prepared syringes, containing eggs of tick, were incubated until 14 d after hatching of eggs, when the bioassay was performed on the larvae. Lethal concentrations for 50% of larvae (LC(50)), LC(90) and LC(99) values were calculated for each tested product. 95% confidence intervals for LC(50) were very narrow, indicating a high degree of repeatability for the new bioassay on larvae of R. microplus. Bioassays were applied to six crude aqueous-methanol extracts from five plants (Acacia nilotica, Buxus papillosa, Fumaria parviflora, Juniperus excelsa, and Operculina turpethum), of which three showed discernible effects. Twenty-four hours post exposure, LC(99) values were 11.9% (w/v) for F. parviflora, 20.8% (w/v) and 29.2% (w/v) for B. papillosa and A. nilotica, respectively. After six days of exposure these values were; 9.1% (w/v), 9.2% (w/v) and 15.5 (w/v) for F. parviflora, A. nilotica and B. papillosa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia-ud-Din Sindhu
- Chemotherapy Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
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35
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Corley SW, Piper EK, Jonsson NN. Generation of full-length cDNAs for eight putative GPCnR from the cattle tick, R. microplus using a targeted degenerate PCR and sequencing strategy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32480. [PMID: 22403662 PMCID: PMC3293813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here a rapid and efficient method for the targeted isolation of specific members of gene families without the need for cloning. Using this strategy we isolated full length cDNAs for eight putative G-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors (GPCnR) from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Gene specific degenerate primers were designed using aligned amino acid sequences of similar receptor types from several insect and arachnid species. These primers were used to amplify and sequence a section of the target gene. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR was used to generate full length cDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed 7 of these sequences into Class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) (Rm_α2AOR, Rm_β2AOR, Rm_Dop1R, Rm_Dop2R, Rm_INDR, Rm_5-HT7R and Rm_mAchR), and one into Class C GPCR (Rm_GABABR). Of the 7 Class A sequences, only Rm_mAchR is not a member of the biogenic amine receptor family. The isolation of these putative receptor sequences provides an opportunity to gain an understanding of acaricide resistance mechanisms such as amitraz resistance and might suggest possibilities for the development of new acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Corley
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
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Jonsson NN, Bock RE, Jorgensen WK, Morton JM, Stear MJ. Is endemic stability of tick-borne disease in cattle a useful concept? Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Magona JW, Walubengo J, Olaho-Mukani W, Jonsson NN, Welburn SW, Eisler MC. Spatial variation of tick abundance and seroconversion rates of indigenous cattle to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Theileria parva infections in Uganda. Exp Appl Acarol 2011; 55:203-213. [PMID: 21499913 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tick abundance and seroconversion rates of 640 indigenous cattle in a mixed crop-livestock system in Uganda were investigated in a 14 months longitudinal study. Up to 100% of the cattle in Buyimini, Kubo, Nanjeho, Ojilai and Sitengo villages (high tick challenge zone) were consistently infested with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, whereas on average 50% of the cattle in Bunghaji, Hitunga and Magoje villages (low tick challenge zone) were inconsistently infested. Likewise, up to 50% of the cattle in Buyimini, Kubo, Nanjeho, Ojilai and Sitengo villages were consistently infested with R. (Boophilus) decoloratus ticks, while on average 30% of the cattle in Bunghaji, Hitunga and Magoje were inconsistently infested. Seroconversion rates of cattle to Anaplasma marginale infection under low tick challenge were higher than those under high tick challenge, but the reverse was true for Babesia bigemina infection. For Theileria parva infection, seroconversion rates of cattle older than 6 months under low tick challenge were significantly higher than those under high tick challenge (P < 0.05). However, the likelihood of occurrence of theileriosis cases among calves (0-6 m) under high tick challenge was 6 times (Odds ratio = 5.82 [1.30-36.37]) higher than under low tick challenge. The high density of anti-tick plants Lantana camara and Ocimum suave that were widespread in villages with low tick challenge, among other factors, was probably the cause for unfavourable tick survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Magona
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda.
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Jonsson NN, Piper EK, Gray CP, Deniz A, Constantinoiu CC. Efficacy of Toltrazuril 5 % Suspension against Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in Calves and Observations on the Associated Immunopathology. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S113-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Porto Neto LR, Jonsson NN, D'Occhio MJ, Barendse W. Molecular genetic approaches for identifying the basis of variation in resistance to tick infestation in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:165-72. [PMID: 21700395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been renewed interest in the adaptation of cattle to challenging environments, largely driven by advances in genomic methods. The current interest in tick resistance is understandable given the major production and welfare implications of tick infestation in tropical and subtropical zones where around 70% of beef cattle are located. Heritability for tick burden in cattle has been shown to range about 0.30, which is sufficient to result in the success of some programs of selection for tick resistance in cattle. Gene-expression studies strongly indicate that both immune and non-immune mechanisms are associated with tick resistance in cattle. Recent quantitative-trait mapping studies have identified chromosome segments and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with tick burden, but no causal variant has been identified so far. Most of the genetic markers identified for tick burden explain a relatively small proportion of the variance, which is typical of markers for quantitative traits. This leads to the conclusion that panels of multiple markers for tick resistance rather than a single marker will most likely be developed, possibly involving specific panels for zebu or taurine breeds, which could be used for future selection and breeding programs in cattle.
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Fortes MRS, Reverter A, Nagaraj SH, Zhang Y, Jonsson NN, Barris W, Lehnert S, Boe-Hansen GB, Hawken RJ. A single nucleotide polymorphism-derived regulatory gene network underlying puberty in 2 tropical breeds of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1669-83. [PMID: 21357453 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harsh tropical environments impose serious challenges on poorly adapted species. In beef cattle, tropical adaptation in the form of temperature and disease resistance, coupled with acclimatization to seasonal and limited forage, comes at a cost to production efficiency. Prominent among these costs is delayed onset of puberty, a challenging phenotype to manipulate through traditional breeding mechanisms. Recently, system biology approaches, including gene networks, have been applied to the genetic dissection of complex phenotypes. We aimed at developing and studying gene networks underlying cattle puberty. Our starting material comprises the association results of ~50,000 SNP on 22 traits, including age at puberty, and 2 cattle breed populations: Brahman (n = 843) and Tropical Composite (n = 866). We defined age at puberty as the age at first corpus luteum (AGECL). By capturing the genes harboring mutations minimally associated (P < 0.05) to AGECL or to a set of traits related with AGECL, we derived a gene network for each breed separately and a third network for the combined data set. At the intersection of the 3 networks, we identified candidate genes and pathways that were common to both breeds. Resulting from these analyses, we identified an enrichment of genes involved in axon guidance, cell adhesion, ErbB signaling, and glutamate activity, pathways that are known to affect pulsatile release of GnRH, which is necessary for the onset of puberty. Furthermore, we employed network connectivity and centrality parameters along with a regulatory impact factor metric to identify the key transcription factors (TF) responsible for the molecular regulation of puberty. As a novel finding, we report 5 TF (HIVEP3, TOX, EYA1, NCOA2, and ZFHX4) located in the network intersecting both breeds and interacting with other TF, forming a regulatory network that harmonizes with the recent literature of puberty. Finally, we support our network predictions with evidence derived from gene expression in hypothalamic tissue of adult cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R S Fortes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland 4343, Australia
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41
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Constantinoiu CC, Jackson LA, Jorgensen WK, Lew-Tabor AE, Piper EK, Mayer DG, Venus B, Jonsson NN. Local immune response against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus cattle. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:865-75. [PMID: 20109460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bos taurus indicus cattle are less susceptible to infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus than Bos taurus taurus cattle but the immunological basis of this difference is not understood. We compared the dynamics of leukocyte infiltrations (T cell subsets, B cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing cells, granulocytes) in the skin near the mouthparts of larvae of R. microplus in B. t. indicus and B. t. taurus cattle. Previously naïve cattle were infested with 50,000 larvae (B. t. indicus) or 10,000 larvae (B. t. taurus) weekly for 6 weeks. One week after the last infestation all of the animals were infested with 20,000 larvae of R. microplus. Skin punch biopsies were taken from all animals on the day before the primary infestation and from sites of larval attachment on the day after the first, second, fourth and final infestations. Infiltrations with CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and gammadelta T cells followed the same pattern in both breeds, showing relatively little change during the first four weekly infestations, followed by substantial increases at 7 weeks post-primary infestation. There was a tendency for more of all cell types except granulocytes to be observed in the skin of B. t. indicus cattle but the differences between the two breeds were consistently significant only for gammadelta T cells. Granulocyte infiltrations increased more rapidly from the day after infestation and were higher in B. t. taurus cattle than in B. t. indicus. Granulocytes and MHC class II-expressing cells infiltrated the areas closest to the mouthparts of larvae. A large volume of granulocyte antigens was seen in the gut of attached, feeding larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale 2351, Australia.
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Cutullé C, Jonsson NN, Seddon JM. Multiple paternity in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus confirmed by microsatellite analysis. Exp Appl Acarol 2010; 50:51-58. [PMID: 19693678 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if individual ticks among the progeny of a single female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick removed from cattle under natural conditions are the result of mating with one or several males. To this end, simulations were run using an existing dataset of genotypes from 8 microsatellite loci to predict the number of samples required and the best locus. Subsequently, 14-22 progeny from each of 15 engorged female ticks removed from three cows, and the engorged females themselves, were genotyped for the BmM1 locus and the minimum number of potential male parents was determined for each progeny group. Of the 15 progeny groups, 10 must have been sired by more than one male, as indicated by the presence of five unique alleles among the progeny or three unique alleles that could not have been contributed by the female. This finding demonstrates multiple paternity in R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cutullé
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Jonsson NN, Miller RJ, Kemp DH, Knowles A, Ardila AE, Verrall RG, Rothwell JT. Rotation of treatments between spinosad and amitraz for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations with amitraz resistance. Vet Parasitol 2009; 169:157-64. [PMID: 20079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A farmlet study was conducted over 4 years in which three treatments were applied to six groups of Holstein dairy calves. Calves in each group were infested with equal numbers of N-strain (susceptible) and Ultimo strain (amitraz and synthetic pyrethroid resistant) tick larvae to establish self-sustaining populations with an initial, measurable level of resistance to amitraz. Standard counts of all ticks between 4.5 and 8.0mm diameter on one side of each animal were made each week and treatment was applied when tick numbers exceeded a threshold of 25 engorged adults per side. The three treatments were: 1, spinosad spray whenever tick numbers exceeded the threshold; 2, amitraz spray whenever tick numbers exceeded the threshold; 3, spinosad whenever tick numbers exceeded the threshold for the first 2 months, then amitraz for 2 months, with alternation every subsequent 2 months. Engorged adult female ticks were collected from each treatment group on 10 or 11 occasions during the study and tested using the larval packet test bioassay (LPT) for acaricide resistance. Spinosad 250ppm provided effective control of amitraz-resistant tick populations in the field, using a similar number of treatments as in the amitraz and rotation groups. The initial infestations of all of the groups resulted in the establishment of populations with in vitro evidence of resistance to amitraz using the LPT. Treatment with spinosad or with a rotation between spinosad and amitraz every 2 months resulted in reduced levels of resistance to amitraz according to the LPT. The animals treated with amitraz alone showed increasing resistance to amitraz according to the LPT each summer and autumn with a return to full or almost full susceptibility to amitraz in early spring in all years. This pattern suggests a relative lack of fitness of amitraz-resistant ticks that might be exploited by using an acaricide rotation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jonsson
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Qld, Australia.
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Piper EK, Jackson LA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Gondro C, Lew-Tabor AE, Jonsson NN. Tick-susceptible Bos taurus cattle display an increased cellular response at the site of larval Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus attachment, compared with tick-resistant Bos indicus cattle. Int J Parasitol 2009; 40:431-41. [PMID: 19852965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cattle demonstrate divergent and heritable phenotypes of resistance and susceptibility to infestation with the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Bos indicus cattle are generally more resistant to tick infestation than Bos taurus breeds although large variations in resistance can occur within subspecies and within breed. Increased tick resistance has been previously associated with an intense hypersensitivity response in B. taurus breeds; however, the mechanism by which highly resistant B. indicus cattle acquire and sustain high levels of tick resistance remains to be elucidated. Using the commercially available Affymetrix microarray gene expression platform, together with histological examination of the larval attachment site, this study aimed to describe those processes responsible for high levels of tick resistance in Brahman (B. indicus) cattle that differ from those in low-resistance Holstein-Friesian (B. taurus) cattle. We found that genes involved in inflammatory processes and immune responsiveness to infestation by ticks, although up-regulated in tick-infested Holstein-Friesian cattle, were not up-regulated in Brahman cattle. In contrast, genes encoding constituents of the extracellular matrix were up-regulated in Brahmans. Furthermore, the susceptible Holstein-Friesian animals displayed a much greater cellular inflammatory response at the site of larval R. microplus attachment compared with the tick-resistant Brahman cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Piper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale 2351, Australia
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Morgan JA, Corley SW, Jackson LA, Lew-Tabor AE, Moolhuijzen PM, Jonsson NN. Identification of a mutation in the para-sodium channel gene of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus associated with resistance to synthetic pyrethroid acaricides. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:775-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leemon DM, Turner LB, Jonsson NN. Pen studies on the control of cattle tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Sorokin). Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:248-60. [PMID: 18639382 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three field trials were conducted over 12 months to assess the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae to parasitic stages of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus on dairy heifers under different environmental conditions. Two isolates were selected based on their high optimal growth temperature (30 degrees C), good spore production characteristics and ability to quickly kill adult engorged ticks in the laboratory. Spores were formulated in an oil emulsion and applied using a motor driven spray unit. Surface temperatures of selected animals were monitored, as were the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Unengorged ticks sampled from each animal immediately after treatment were incubated in the laboratory to assess the efficacy of the formulation and application. Egg production by engorged ticks collected in the first 3 days after treatment was monitored. Side counts of standard adult female ticks were conducted daily, before and after treatment to assess the performance of the fungus against all tick stages on the animals. In each trial the formulation rapidly caused 100% mortality in unengorged ticks that were removed from cattle and cultured in the laboratory. A significant reduction in egg production was recorded for engorged ticks collected in the 3 days post-treatment. However, there was little effect of the formulation on the survival of ticks on cattle, indicating that there is an interaction between the environment of the ticks on the cattle and the biopesticide, which reduces its efficacy against ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Leemon
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland. Animal Research Institute, Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia.
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Kongsuwan K, Piper EK, Bagnall NH, Ryan K, Moolhuijzen P, Bellgard M, Lew A, Jackson L, Jonsson NN. Identification of genes involved with tick infestation in Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Dev Biol (Basel) 2008; 132:77-88. [PMID: 18817288 DOI: 10.1159/000317146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tick resistant cattle could provide a potentially sustainable and environmentally sound method of controlling cattle ticks. Advances in genomics and the availability of the bovine genome sequence open up opportunities to identify useful and selectable genes controlling cattle tick resistance. Using quantitative real-time PCR and theAffymetrix bovine array platform, differences in gene expression of skin biopsies from tick resistant Bos indicus (Brahman) and tick susceptible Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian) cattle following tick challenge were examined. We identified 138 significant differentially-expressed genes, including several immunologicallhost defence genes, extracellularmatrix proteins, and transcription factors as well as genes involved in lipid metabolism. Three key pathways, represented by genes differentially expressed in resistant Brahmans, were identified; the development of the cell-mediated immune response, structural integrity of the dermis and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Ca2+, which is implicated in host responses to microbial stimuli, may be required for the enhancement or fine-tuning of transcriptional activation of Ca2+ -dependant host defence signalling pathways.
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Leemon DM, Jonsson NN. Laboratory studies on Australian isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae as a biopesticide for the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 97:40-9. [PMID: 17764687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-one isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae were bioassayed against the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). More than half of the isolates showed a high degree of virulence to ticks. Radial growth curves for growth between 20 degrees C and 40 degrees C were obtained for all isolates. This information together with information on virulence will be important for the selection of isolates suitable to kill ticks on the surface of cattle. A biopesticide for cattle ticks must kill ticks rapidly at temperatures within the upper end of most isolates' growth curves. It was also found that the time taken to achieve 100% tick mortality in vitro using a virulent isolate could be halved by applying conidia in a 10% oil emulsion. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were used to investigate and compare the germination and penetration of conidia formulated in aqueous and oil formulations. It was found that conidia in both formulations were able to germinate and produce appressoria on the surface of ticks in less than 11h. Marked weakness within 26h, followed by extensive hyphal growth on the cuticle characterised the invasion of ticks by M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Leemon
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland. Animal Research Institute, Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia.
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Jonsson NN, Hope M. Progress in the epidemiology and diagnosis of amitraz resistance in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2007; 146:193-8. [PMID: 17448604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is a rapidly acting acaricide that has been in use for the control of cattle ticks for more than 30 years. Resistance against amitraz was first reported in Boophilus microplus in Australia in 1980 but has been slow to spread in comparison to resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. The most recent estimate of prevalence of amitraz resistance in Australia is 10.8%. In Mexico, the development and distribution of amitraz appears to have been more rapid and the prevalence has been estimated to be 19.4% in Yucatan state. In New Caledonia, about 10% of properties were confirmed to have amitraz resistance. There is little reliable information on the prevalence of amitraz resistance in southern Africa. Risk factors have been identified, but the small sample sizes in the studies that have attempted to identify risk factors using survey data suggest caution in their interpretation. Regional variation in prevalence has been reported, as has a positive relationship with frequency of acaricide application. There is evidence to suggest that in Australia, amitraz resistance might have emerged on a small number of properties and been disseminated by cattle movements. There is also some evidence to suggest that amitraz resistance can diminish in the field when selection pressure is not applied. The mode of inheritance of amitraz resistance is uncertain and it has been suggested that it is a polygenic trait. The mechanism of amitraz resistance is unknown. Two possibilities have been proposed: octopamine receptor and monoamine oxidase. There is some equivocal support for both possibilities. The larval packet test bioassay is the most reliable method of diagnosing amitraz resistance in B. microplus, and this test has been modified by Miller to provide more accuracy and repeatability. Molecular tests are in development but will not eliminate the need for the bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jonsson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia.
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50
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Morton JM, Tranter WP, Mayer DG, Jonsson NN. Effects of Environmental Heat on Conception Rates in Lactating Dairy Cows: Critical Periods of Exposure. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2271-8. [PMID: 17430927 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heat can reduce conception rates (the proportion of services that result in pregnancy) in lactating dairy cows. The study objectives were to identify periods of exposure relative to the service date in which environmental heat is most closely associated with conception rates, and to assess whether the total time cows are exposed to high environmental heat within each 24-h period is more closely associated with conception rates than is the maximum environmental heat for each 24-h period. A retrospective observational study was conducted in 25 predominantly Holstein-Friesian commercial dairy herds located in Australia. Associations between weather and conception rates were assessed using 16,878 services performed over a 21-mo period. Services were classified as successful based on rectal palpation. Two measures of heat load were defined for each 24-h period: the maximum temperature-humidity index (THI) for the period, and the number of hours in the 24-h period when the THI was >72. Conception rates were reduced when cows were exposed to a high heat load from the day of service to 6 d after service, and in wk -1. Heat loads in wk -3 to -5 were also associated with reduced conception rates. Thus, management interventions to ameliorate the effects of heat load on conception rates should be implemented at least 5 wk before anticipated service and should continue until at least 1 wk after service. High autocorrelations existed between successive daily values in both measures, and associations between day of heat load relative to service day and conception rates differed substantially when ridge regression was used to account for this autocorrelation. This indicates that when assessing the effects of heat load on conception rates, the autocorrelation in heat load between days should be accounted for in analyses. The results suggest that either weekly averages or totals summarizing the daily heat load are adequate to describe heat load when assessing effects on conception rates in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Morton
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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