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Bakhtyukov AA, Derkach KV, Sorokoumov VN, Stepochkina AM, Romanova IV, Morina IY, Zakharova IO, Bayunova LV, Shpakov AO. The Effects of Separate and Combined Treatment of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes with Metformin and Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor on Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:198. [PMID: 35008624 PMCID: PMC8745465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis are impaired. Metformin and the agonists of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)-receptor (LH/hCG-R) (hCG, low-molecular-weight allosteric LH/hCG-R-agonists) can be used to restore them. The aim was to study effectiveness of separate and combined administration of metformin, hCG and 5-amino-N-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)-4-(3-(nicotinamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (TP3) on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in male rats with T2DM. hCG (15 IU/rat/day) and TP3 (15 mg/kg/day) were injected in the last five days of five-week metformin treatment (120 mg/kg/day). Metformin improved testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis and restored LH/hCG-R-expression. Compared to control, in T2DM, hCG stimulated steroidogenesis and StAR-gene expression less effectively and, after five-day administration, reduced LH/hCG-R-expression, while TP3 effects changed weaker. In co-administration of metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists, on the first day, stimulating effects of LH/hCG-R-agonists on testosterone levels and hCG-stimulated expression of StAR- and CYP17A1-genes were increased, but on the 3-5th day, they disappeared. This was due to reduced LH/hCG-R-gene expression and increased aromatase-catalyzed estradiol production. With co-administration, LH/hCG-R-agonists did not contribute to improving spermatogenesis, induced by metformin. Thus, in T2DM, metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists restore steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, with metformin being more effective in restoring spermatogenesis, and their co-administration improves LH/hCG-R-agonist-stimulating testicular steroidogenesis in acute but not chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Bakhtyukov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Kira V. Derkach
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Viktor N. Sorokoumov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M. Stepochkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina V. Romanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina Yu. Morina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina O. Zakharova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Liubov V. Bayunova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
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Abstract
Androgens are potent drugs requiring prescription for valid medical indications but are misused for invalid, unproven, or off-label reasons as well as being abused without prescription for illicit nonmedical application for performance or image enhancement. Following discovery and first clinical application of testosterone in the 1930s, commercialization of testosterone and synthetic androgens proliferated in the decades after World War II. It remains among the oldest marketed drugs in therapeutic use, yet after 8 decades of clinical use, the sole unequivocal indication for testosterone remains in replacement therapy for pathological hypogonadism, organic disorders of the male reproductive system. Nevertheless, wider claims assert unproven, unsafe, or implausible benefits for testosterone, mostly representing wishful thinking about rejuvenation. Over recent decades, this created an epidemic of testosterone misuse involving prescription as a revitalizing tonic for anti-aging, sexual dysfunction and/or obesity, where efficacy and safety remains unproven and doubtful. Androgen abuse originated during the Cold War as an epidemic of androgen doping among elite athletes for performance enhancement before the 1980s when it crossed over into the general community to become an endemic variant of drug abuse in sufficiently affluent communities that support an illicit drug industry geared to bodybuilding and aiming to create a hypermasculine body physique and image. This review focuses on the misuse of testosterone, defined as prescribing without valid clinical indications, and abuse of testosterone or synthetic androgens (androgen abuse), defined as the illicit use of androgens without prescription or valid indications, typically by athletes, bodybuilders and others for image-oriented, cosmetic, or occupational reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Ferragut Cardoso AP, Gomide LMM, Souza NP, de Jesus CMN, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, de Camargo JLV, Nascimento e Pontes MG. Time response of rat testicular alterations induced by cryptorchidism and orchiopexy. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:57-69. [PMID: 33502821 PMCID: PMC7839953 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is one of the main risk factors for infertility and testicular cancer. Orchiopexy surgery corrects cryptorchidism effects. Different models of cryptorchidism developed in the rat include surgery. We assessed testicular alterations in rats submitted to surgical cryptorchidism and examined their potential for reversibility at different time points in order to verify time dependency effect(s) on the recovery of the undescended testes. Cryptorchidism was induced in 3-week-old rats. Animals were euthanized 3, 6 or 11 weeks after surgery to evaluate the morphological progression of cryptorchidism-induced germinative epithelial alterations. Other groups underwent orchiopexy 3, 5 or 9 weeks after surgical cryptorchidism, before or after puberty. Animals were euthanized 3 or 8 weeks after orchiopexy. Controls underwent sham surgery at the same time points as the surgical groups. Cryptorchid testes showed decreased weight, germinative epithelial degeneration, apoptosis and vacuolation, corresponding to impairment of spermatogenesis and of Sertoli cells. Some tubules has a Sertoli cell-only pattern and atrophy. The intensity of damage was related to the duration of cryptorchidism. After orchiopexy, spermatogenesis completely recovered only when testicular relocation occurred before puberty and the interval for recovery was extended. These results indicate that age, sexual maturity and extension of germ cell damage were relevant for producing germ cell restoration and normal spermatogenesis. We provide original observations on the time dependency of testicular alterations induced by cryptorchidism and their restoration using morphologic, morphometric and immunohistochemical approaches. It may be useful to study germ cell impairment, progression and recovery in different experimental settings, including exposure to exogenous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Ferragut Cardoso
- Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Humans Health (TOXICAM)Department of PathologyBotucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
- Present address:
Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Lígia M. M. Gomide
- Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Humans Health (TOXICAM)Department of PathologyBotucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
- Present address:
Southwestern University Center of São PauloItapetiningaBrazil
| | - Nathalia P. Souza
- Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Humans Health (TOXICAM)Department of PathologyBotucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
| | | | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
- Havlik‐Wall Professor of OncologyDepartment of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA‘Sertoli cells
| | - João Lauro V. de Camargo
- Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Humans Health (TOXICAM)Department of PathologyBotucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
| | - Merielen G. Nascimento e Pontes
- Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Humans Health (TOXICAM)Department of PathologyBotucatu Medical SchoolSão Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
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Pirinççi N, Yildirim S, Taş A, Kuşcu Y, Ozan T, Fırdolaş F, Demir H, Karakeci A. Evaluation of Prolidase Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Enzyme Levels in Testicular and Penile Tissues after Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment in Rats by Predicting Infertility and Erectile Dysfunction. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:217-221. [PMID: 29506009 PMCID: PMC6062733 DOI: 10.1159/000488109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prolidase plays a vital role in collagen turnover, matrix remodeling, and cell growth. We aimed to evaluate the association between treatment with chorionic gonadotropin and infertility and erectile dysfunction by investigating tissue prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and levels of antioxidant enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 16 male Wistar albino rats used in this study were randomly divided into 2 groups: rats treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and control rats (n = 8 in each group). The rats in the hCG group were subcutaneously injected with 50 IU hCG daily for 15 days, while the rats in the control group were subcutaneously injected isotonic saline. All of the rats were sacrificed by a lethal overdose of sodium pentobarbital at the first month after hCG administration. Prolidase activity and levels of malonyl aldehyde, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were estimated in the testicular and penile tissue. The testicles and penis were transversely dissected and placed in formalin. RESULTS Levels of prolidase and malonyl aldehyde in the testicular and penile tissues were significantly higher in the hCG group than in the control group (p < 0.001), while levels of glutathione reductase, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT were significantly lower in the hCG group than in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that treatment with hCG increased prolidase activity and oxidative stress and decreased the antioxidant capacity of penile and testicular tissues; therefore, this may affect fertility and erectile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necip Pirinççi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abuzer Taş
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Kuşcu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Tunç Ozan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Fırdolaş
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Halit Demir
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karakeci
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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Asadi N, Bahmani M, Kheradmand A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Testicular Function and the Role of Antioxidants in Improving it: A Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:IE01-IE05. [PMID: 28658802 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23927.9886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important factor for development of male infertility because of very high rate of cell division and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in testicular tissue as well as comparably higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in this tissue than in other tissues. Moreover, the level of oxygen pressure is low due to the weakness of testicular artery; therefore, there is a severe cell competition for oxygen. Therefore, the testicular tissue and male reproductive system are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. On the other hand, exposure to X-ray, toxins and chemicals found in the environment as well as specific physical conditions such as varicocele can exacerbate the oxidative stress and induce apoptosis of germ cells and subsequently spermatogenesis. However, under normal conditions, the body's capacity to produce antioxidants for inhibiting adverse effects of oxidative stress is affected by metabolic process and genetic structure. Besides that, environmental factors such as diet, pollutants, and chemicals can affect this capacity. Thus, the body's antioxidant system alone is not able to neutralize all free radicals and prevent harmful complications of oxidative stress. Therefore, use of antioxidants and development of antioxidant therapy can break down the oxidative chain reaction and play a very significant role in increasing the body's capacity to fight free radical-induced oxidative stress, and therefore improve the process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nematollah Asadi
- Student Research Committee of Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran: Biotechnology laboratory of ASRI, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Bahmani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Arash Kheradmand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Leptin level and oxidative stress contribute to obesity-induced low testosterone in murine testicular tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:190945. [PMID: 24829619 PMCID: PMC4009340 DOI: 10.1155/2014/190945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study evaluated the effects of obesity on the function of reproductive organs in male mice and the possible mechanism of male secondary hypogonadism (SH) in obesity. Methods. Ninety-six mice were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group, diet-induced obesity group, and diet-induced obesity resistant group for 8 weeks and 19 weeks. The effects of short- and long-term high-fat diet on the reproductive organs were determined by measuring sperm count and motility, relative testis weight, testosterone level, pathological changes and apoptosis of Leydig cells. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde, H2O2, NO levels, and GSH in testis tissues. CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and Nrf2 mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Results. Short- and long-term high-fat diet decreased sperm count and motility, relative testis weight, testosterone level; decreased CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and Nrf2 mRNA expression; increased MDA, H2O2, NO and leptin levels; inhibited the activity of CAT and GSH-Px enzymes. Pathological injury and apoptosis of Leydig cells were found in testis tissue. Conclusions. Pathological damage of Leydig cells, oxidative stress in testis tissue, and high level of leptin may provide some evidence to clarify the mechanisms of male SH in obesity.
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Park SJ, Kim TS, Park CK, Lee SH, Kim JM, Lee KS, Lee IK, Park JW, Lawson MA, Lee DS. hCG-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers apoptosis and reduces steroidogenic enzyme expression through activating transcription factor 6 in Leydig cells of the testis. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:151-66. [PMID: 23256993 PMCID: PMC4111658 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress generally occurs in secretory cell types. It has been reported that Leydig cells, which produce testosterone in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), express key steroidogenic enzymes for the regulation of testosterone synthesis. In this study, we analyzed whether hCG induces ER stress via three unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in mouse Leydig tumor (mLTC-1) cells and the testis. Treatment with hCG induced ER stress in mLTC-1 cells via the ATF6, IRE1a/XBP1, and eIF2α/GADD34/ATF4 UPR pathways, and transient expression of 50 kDa protein activating transcription factor 6 (p50ATF6) reduced the expression level of steroidogenic 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Δ5-Δ4-isomerase (3β-HSD) enzyme. In an in vivo model, high-level hCG treatment induced expression of p50ATF6 while that of steroidogenic enzymes, especially 3β-HSD, 17α-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (CYP17), and 17β-hydrozysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), was reduced. Expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes were restored by the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Furthermore, lentivirus-mediated transient expression of p50ATF6 reduced the expression level of 3β-HSD in the testis. Protein expression levels of phospho-JNK, CHOP, and cleaved caspases-12 and -3 as markers of ER stress-mediated apoptosis markedly increased in response to high-level hCG treatment in mLTC-1 cells and the testis. Based on transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining of the testis, it was shown that abnormal ER morphology and destruction of testicular histology induced by high-level hCG treatment were reversed by the addition of TUDCA. These findings suggest that hCG-induced ER stress plays important roles in steroidogenic enzyme expression via modulation of the ATF6 pathway as well as ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ji Park
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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N-acetyl-l-cysteine modulates multiple signaling pathways to rescue male germ cells from apoptosis induced by chronic hCG administration to rats. Apoptosis 2012; 17:551-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aggarwal A, Misro MM, Maheshwari A, Sehgal N. Differential modulation of apoptotic gene expression by N-acetyl-L-cysteine in Leydig cells stimulated persistently with hCG in vivo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:155-64. [PMID: 21856376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of NAC (150 mg/kg bw twice/week) action in vivo under repeated hCG (100 IU/rat/day) stimulation to adult rats. Leydig cell refractoriness led to a significant decline in serum testosterone and intracellular cAMP by day 30 of chronic hCG intervention which improved significantly following NAC co-administration. It inhibited the rise in lipid peroxidation, improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes along with intracellular glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in the target cells. Leydig cell apoptosis declined significantly (P<0.001) with down-regulation of upstream, Fas, FasL, caspase-8, Bax and caspase-9, JNK/pJNK and downstream caspase-3 and PARP. On the other hand, anti-apoptotic Bcl2, NF-kβ, and Akt were up-regulated. Taken together, the above findings indicate that the specificity of NAC action was not restricted to regulating marker proteins in the extrinsic and JNK pathways as seen in vitro but extended to include intrinsic pathway of metazoan apoptosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Aggarwal
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
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Ferreira M, Matos RC, Oliveira H, Nunes B, Pereira MDL. Impairment of mice spermatogenesis by sodium arsenite. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:290-302. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111405862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, CICECO, Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Cerejeira Matos
- Departamento de Biologia, CICECO, Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, CICECO, Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Centro de Estudos Ambientais e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- CIAGEB, FCS-UFP - Global Change, Energy Environment and Bioengineering Unit, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, CICECO, Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Aggarwal A, Misro MM, Maheshwari A, Sehgal N, Nandan D. N-acetylcysteine counteracts oxidative stress and prevents hCG-induced apoptosis in rat Leydig cells through down regulation of caspase-8 and JNK. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 77:900-9. [PMID: 20824644 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier reported that following persistent stimulation with hCG, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in rat Leydig cells was mainly achieved through the extrinsic pathway. In the present study, the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in counteracting the oxidative stress and the mechanisms of inhibition of apoptosis under such conditions were investigated. NAC (1 mM) intervention with repeated hCG stimulation (50 ng/ml, four times, each with 30 min challenge) prevented the decline in Leydig cell viability and the rise in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species. Simultaneously, the activities of the enzymes glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and the intracellular glutathione and antioxidant capacity of the treated cells improved significantly. Apoptotic markers Fas, FasL, and caspase-8, up-regulated following repeated hCG exposure, were significantly down-regulated following NAC co-incubation. While Bcl-2 expression was fully restored, Bax and caspase-9 remained unchanged. NAC treatment induced down-regulation of upstream JNK/pJNK and down-stream caspase-3 in the target cells. Taken together, the above findings indicate that NAC counteracted the oxidative stress in Leydig cells induced as a result of repeated hCG stimulation, and inhibited apoptosis by mainly regulating the extrinsic and JNK pathways of metazoan apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Aggarwal
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi, India
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Aitken RJ, Roman SD. Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 1:15-24. [PMID: 19794904 PMCID: PMC2715191 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R John Aitken
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Metcalfe NB, Alonso-Alvarez C. Oxidative stress as a life-history constraint: the role of reactive oxygen species in shaping phenotypes from conception to death. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shrivastava V, Pekar M, Grosser E, Im J, Vigodner M. SUMO proteins are involved in the stress response during spermatogenesis and are localized to DNA double-strand breaks in germ cells. Reproduction 2010; 139:999-1010. [PMID: 20385780 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) proteins have been implicated in cellular stress response in different tissues, but whether sumoylation has a similar role during spermatogenesis is currently unknown. In this study, changes in the levels of both free SUMO isoforms and high-molecular weight (HMW) SUMO conjugates were monitored before and after the induction of different types of cellular stresses. Using cell lines and primary cells freshly isolated from mouse testes, significant changes were detected in the levels of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 conjugates following short exposure of the cells to heat stress and oxidative stress. While high concentrations of H(2)O(2) caused an increase in protein sumoylation, low concentrations of H(2)O(2) mostly caused protein desumoylation. Immunofluorescence studies localized SUMO to the sites of DNA double-strand breaks in stressed germ cells and during meiotic recombination. To study the effect of oxidative stress in vivo, animals exposed to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks were used. Changes in sumoylation of HMW proteins were consistent with their oxidative damage in the tobacco-exposed mice. Our results are consistent with the important roles of different SUMO isoforms in stress responses in germ cells. Furthermore, this study identified topoisomerase 2 alpha as one of the targets of sumoylation during normal spermatogenesis and under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shrivastava
- Department of Biology, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, 245 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Aggarwal A, Misro MM, Maheshwari A, Sehgal N, Nandan D. Adverse effects associated with persistent stimulation of Leydig cells with hCG in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 76:1076-83. [PMID: 19575391 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of persistent stimulation with hCG were investigated in rat Leydig cells in vitro. Significant rise in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with concomitant attenuation in the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase was observed. Transcripts for catalase and superoxide dismutase were also depleted. Subsequent to each hCG challenge, the total antioxidant capacity in the target cells also declined significantly (P < 0.05). There was an increase in cell apoptosis (23%), which was associated with a rise in caspase-3 activity, PARP cleavage, and Fas, FasL, caspase-8 expression. While Bax and Caspase-9 expression remained unchanged, Bcl-2 demonstrated a marked decline. Taken together, the above data indicate that persistent hCG stimulation of Leydig cells induced adverse effects leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis which was channeled primarily through the extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Aggarwal
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Maheshwari A, Misro MM, Aggarwal A, Sharma RK, Nandan D. Pathways involved in testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by H2O2in vitro. FEBS J 2009; 276:870-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 636:154-71. [PMID: 19856167 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09597-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Inhibitory effects of mono-ethylhexyl phthalate on steroidogenesis in immature and adult rat Leydig cells in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 25:485-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sukhotnik I, Meyer G, Nativ O, Coran AG, Voskoboinik K, Shiloni E, Mogilner JG. Effect of allopurinol on germ cell apoptosis following testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:61-6. [PMID: 17985141 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-007-2042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that apoptosis is involved in germ cell loss following testicular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Allopurinol (Allo) is as a free radical scavenger which prevents tissue damage caused by reperfusion and oxygenation after ischemia; however, its effect on apoptosis in this type of injury has not been studied. To examine the effect of allopurinol on germ cell apoptosis following testicular IR in a rat. Forty rats were divided randomly into 4 experimental groups of 10 rats each: group A (Sham)-Sham operated animals; group B (Sham-Allo)-Sham operated rats treated with allopurinol given PO (by gavage) at a dose of 200 mg/kg, once daily, immediately before and 24 h following operation; group C (IR)-rats underwent 90 min of unilateral testicular ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion; group D (IR-Allo)-rats underwent IR and were treated with allopurinol similar to group B. The ipsilateral and contralateral testes were harvested 48 h following operation. Johnsen's criteria and the number of germinal cell layers were used to categorize spermatogenesis. TUNEL assay was used to determine germ cell apoptosis. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Testicular ischemia in rats led to histological damage in the ipsilateral testis. In the contralateral testis minimal damage was observed. Treatment with allopurinol increased significantly Johnsen's score in both the ischemic (7.3 +/- 0.5 vs 5.6 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05) and contralateral (8.9 +/- 0.1 vs 8.3 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05) testis, compared to IR-animals. Germ cell apoptosis in both the ischemic and the contralateral testis increased significantly after IR. Treatment with allopurinol resulted in a significant decrease in germ cell apoptosis in the ipsilateral testis, expressed as the number of positive tubules per 100 tubules (AI-1, (apoptotic index) threefold decrease, P < 0.005) and the number of apoptotic cells per 100 tubules (AI-2, fivefold decrease, P < 0.005) as well as a significant decrease in germ cell apoptosis in the contralateral testis (AI-1, 3.5-fold decrease, P < 0.05, AI-2- sixfold decrease, P < 0.005) compared to IR animals. In a rat model of testicular IR, treatment with allopurinol decreases germ cell apoptosis in both ischemic and contralateral testes and improves spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sukhotnik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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