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Luo C, Ampomah-Wireko M, Wang H, Wu C, Wang Q, Zhang H, Cao Y. Isoquinolines: Important Cores in Many Marketed and Clinical Drugs. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:811-824. [PMID: 32329698 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200424132248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoquinoline analogs are an important, structurally diverse class of compounds that are extensively used as pharmaceuticals. Derivatives containing the isoquinoline scaffold have become a focus of therapeutic research because of their wide range of biological characteristics. Examples of these drugs, many of which are in clinical application or at the pre-clinical stage, are used to treat a broad swathe of ailments, such as tumors, respiratory diseases, infections, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine and metabolic diseases. METHODS Data were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFinder, through searches of drug names. RESULTS At least 38 isoquinoline-based therapeutic drugs are in clinical application or clinical trials, and their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics are described in detail. CONCLUSION The isoquinoline ring is a privileged scaffold which is often preferred as a structural basis for drug design, and plays an important role in drug discovery. This review provides a guide for pharmacologists to find effective preclinical/clinical drugs and examines recent progress in the application of the isoquinoline scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaquan Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Heidari R, Mohammadi H, Ghanbarinejad V, Ahmadi A, Ommati MM, Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Azarpira N, Abdoli N. Proline supplementation mitigates the early stage of liver injury in bile duct ligated rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:91-101. [PMID: 30205645 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Proline is a proteinogenic amino acid with multiple biological functions. Several investigations have been supposed that cellular proline accumulation is a stress response mechanism. This amino acid acts as an osmoregulator, scavenges free radical species, boosts cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, protects mitochondria, and promotes energy production. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of proline treatment on the liver in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats as an animal model of cholestasis/cirrhosis. Methods BDL rats were supplemented with proline-containing drinking water (0.25% and 0.5% w:v), and samples were collected at scheduled time intervals (3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after BDL surgery). Results Drastic elevation in the serum level of liver injury biomarkers and significant tissue histopathological changes were evident in BDL rats. Markers of oxidative stress were also higher in the liver of BDL animals. It was found that proline supplementation attenuated BDL-induced alteration in serum biomarkers of liver injury, mitigated liver histopathological changes, and alleviated markers of oxidative stress at the early stage of BDL operation (3, 7, and 14 days after BDL surgery). Conclusions The hepatoprotection provided by proline in BDL animals might be associated with its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 1583; 71345, Roknabad, Karafarin St., Shiraz, Fars, Iran, Phone: 07131242627-282, Fax: 07131242626, E-mail:
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Vahid Ghanbarinejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Asrin Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144133111, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7146864685,Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Iran Ministry of Health, Fakhr-e Razi Street, Tehran Province, District 11, Tehran 1314715311, Iran, Phone: +98-216-1927429, Fax: +98-216-6427965
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3
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Mirea AM, Tack CJ, Chavakis T, Joosten LAB, Toonen EJM. IL-1 Family Cytokine Pathways Underlying NAFLD: Towards New Treatment Strategies. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:458-471. [PMID: 29665983 PMCID: PMC5939989 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. Pathways responsible for the activation of IL-1 family cytokines are key in the development of NAFLD but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Many studies have focused on the inflammasome-caspase-1 pathway and have shown that this pathway is an important inducer of inflammation in NAFLD. However, this pathway is not solely responsible for the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Also, neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) are capable of activating cytokines and recent studies reported that these proteases also contribute to NAFLD. These studies provided, for the first time, evidence that this inflammasome-independent pathway is involved in NAFLD. In our opinion, these new insights open up new approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Manuela Mirea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J M Toonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; R&D Department, Hycult Biotech, Uden, The Netherlands.
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Heidari R, Ghanbarinejad V, Mohammadi H, Ahmadi A, Esfandiari A, Azarpira N, Niknahad H. Dithiothreitol supplementation mitigates hepatic and renal injury in bile duct ligated mice: Potential application in the treatment of cholestasis-associated complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:1022-1032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Circulating exosomal microRNAs reveal the mechanism of Fructus Meliae Toosendan-induced liver injury in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2832. [PMID: 29434260 PMCID: PMC5809479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicological mechanisms of liver injury caused by most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain largely unknown. Due to the unique features, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are currently attracting major interests to provide further insights into toxicological mechanisms. Thus, taking Fructus Meliae Toosendan as an example of hepatoxic TCM, this study aimed to elucidate its hepatotoxicity mechanisms through profiling miRNAs in circulating exosomes of Fructus Meliae Toosendan water extract (FMT)-exposed mice. Biological pathway analysis of the 64 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs (DEMs) showed that hepatic dysfunction induced by FMT likely related to apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle dysregulation. Integrated analysis of serum exosomal DEMs and hepatic differentially expressed mRNAs further enriched oxidative stress and apoptosis related pathways. In vitro validation studies for omics results suggested that FMT-induced DNA damage was mediated by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species, leading to cell apoptosis through p53-dependent mitochondrial damage and S-phase arrest. Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response was activated to protect liver cells. Moreover, serum exosomal miR-370-3p, the most down-regulated miRNA involving in these pathways, might be the momentous event in aggravating cytotoxic effect of FMT by elevating p21 and Cyclin E. In conclusion, circulating exosomal miRNAs profiling could contribute to deepen the understanding of TCM-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R, Latifpour Z, Ommati MM, Abdoli N, Mousavi S, Azarpira N, Zarei A, Zarei M, Asadi B, Abasvali M, Yeganeh Y, Jafari F, Saeedi A, Najibi A, Mardani E. Carnosine ameliorates liver fibrosis and hyperammonemia in cirrhotic rats. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:424-434. [PMID: 28283328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronic liver injury and cirrhosis leads to liver failure. Hyperammonemia is a deleterious consequence of liver failure. On the other hand, oxidative stress seems to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis as well as in the cytotoxic mechanism of ammonia. There is no promising therapeutic agent against ammonia-induced complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of carnosine (CA) administration on liver pathological changes, elevated plasma ammonia, and its consequent events in cirrhotic rats. METHODS Bile duct ligated (BDL) rats were used as a model of cirrhosis. CA (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg, daily, i.p) was administered for 28 consecutive days to BDL animals. At the end of treatments, markers of oxidative stress and liver fibrosis was determined in liver and serum biomarkers of liver injury and plasma ammonia was assessed. Moreover, changes in animals' locomotor activity were monitored. RESULTS Severe bridging fibrosis, inflammation, and necrosis in liver, along with elevated serum biomarkers of liver injury were evident in BDL animals. Furthermore, plasma ammonia was drastically elevated in cirrhotic rats and animals' locomotor activity was suppressed. It was found that CA (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg, daily, i.p) significantly alleviated liver injury and its consequent events in cirrhotic rats. The data suggested that CA is not only a useful and safe agent to preserve liver function, but also prevented hyperammonemia and brain damage as a deleterious consequence of cirrhosis and liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1583, 71345 Roknabad, Karafarin Street, Shiraz, Fars, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1583, 71345 Roknabad, Karafarin Street, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
| | - Zahra Latifpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammed Mehdi Ommati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1583, 71345 Roknabad, Karafarin Street, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Iran Food and Drug Administration (IFDA), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azita Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Abasvali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yasaman Yeganeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Jafari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arastoo Saeedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Najibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Mardani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Hepatoprotective effect of boldine in a bile duct ligated rat model of cholestasis/cirrhosis. PHARMANUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li S, Wang Q, Tao Y, Liu C. Swertiamarin Attenuates Experimental Rat Hepatic Fibrosis by Suppressing Angiotensin II–Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor–Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:247-255. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wang P, Koyama Y, Liu X, Xu J, Ma HY, Liang S, Kim IH, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Promising Therapy Candidates for Liver Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 26909046 PMCID: PMC4754444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process in response to repeated and chronic injury to hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes. Ongoing hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis lead to increase in ROS production and decrease in antioxidant activity, which recruits inflammatory cells from the blood and activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) changing to myofibroblasts. Injury to cholangiocytes also recruits inflammatory cells to the liver and activates portal fibroblasts in the portal area, which release molecules to activate and amplify cholangiocytes. No matter what origin of myofibroblasts, either HSCs or portal fibroblasts, they share similar characteristics, including being positive for α-smooth muscle actin and producing extracellular matrix. Based on the extensive pathogenesis knowledge of liver fibrosis, therapeutic strategies have been designed to target each step of this process, including hepatocyte apoptosis, cholangiocyte proliferation, inflammation, and activation of myofibroblasts to deposit extracellular matrix, yet the current therapies are still in early-phase clinical development. There is an urgent need to translate the molecular mechanism of liver fibrosis to effective and potent reagents or therapies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - In H Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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Suyavaran A, Ramamurthy C, Mareeswaran R, Subastri A, Lokeswara Rao P, Thirunavukkarasu C. TNF-α suppression by glutathione preconditioning attenuates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in young and aged rats. Inflamm Res 2014; 64:71-81. [PMID: 25420731 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) stimulates Kupffer cells and initiates injury through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) upregulation. Aim of this study was to compare the variable effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) pre-treatment on I/R liver injury in young and aged rats. METHODS Wistar male rats were sorted into young (groups I-III) and aged (groups IV-VI). All groups except sham (groups I and IV) were subjected to 90-min ischemia and 2-h reperfusion. The treatment groups received 200 mg/kg bwt (groups III and VI) of GSH, 30 min prior to I/R. Variable effects of GSH were studied by transaminase activities, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), GSH level, GSH/oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio, TNF-α level, apoptotic markers and confirmed by histopathological observations. RESULTS Our findings revealed that I/R inflicted more liver damage in aged rats than young rats. The GSH treatment prior to surgery significantly lowered the serum transaminase activities, hepatic TBARS level and effectively restored the GSH/GSSG ratio in both young and aged rats more remarkably in the mitochondria. Western analysis depicted that the GSH treatment effectively suppressed TNF-α expression and apoptotic markers in both young and aged rats. These findings were further confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and histopathological observations of liver sections of young and aged rats. CONCLUSION Restoration of GSH/GSSG ratio through GSH pre-conditioning inhibits TNF-α and apoptosis in hepatic I/R injury. Hence, GSH pre-conditioning may be utilized in both young and aged individuals during liver transplantation/surgery for better post-operative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Suyavaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
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Wang XR, Lu YH. Role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:609-614. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i5.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis refers to a pathological state in which a variety of pathogenic factors lead to hepatocyte inflammation and necrosis, the imbalance between degradation and deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, and the abnormal proliferation of liver connective tissue. In the process of the formation of hepatic fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells are the major contributor. Activated hepatic stellate cells secrete extracellular matrix components, and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix is the central event in liver fibrosis. Currently, there have been many articles reporting that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in organ fibrosis and liver fibrosis, but the underlying mechanism has not been clearly clarified. Some studies have also confirmed that there is a certain relationship between the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and activation of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis.
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