1
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Osna NA, Tikhanovich I, Ortega-Ribera M, Mueller S, Zheng C, Mueller J, Li S, Sakane S, Weber RCG, Kim HY, Lee W, Ganguly S, Kimura Y, Liu X, Dhar D, Diggle K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T, Attal N, McKillop IH, Chokshi S, Mahato R, Rasineni K, Szabo G, Kharbanda KK. Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Outcomes: Critical Mechanisms of Liver Injury Progression. Biomolecules 2024; 14:404. [PMID: 38672422 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and represents a spectrum of liver injury beginning with hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) progressing to inflammation and culminating in cirrhosis. Multiple factors contribute to ALD progression and disease severity. Here, we overview several crucial mechanisms related to ALD end-stage outcome development, such as epigenetic changes, cell death, hemolysis, hepatic stellate cells activation, and hepatic fatty acid binding protein 4. Additionally, in this review, we also present two clinically relevant models using human precision-cut liver slices and hepatic organoids to examine ALD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Osna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Viscera AG Bauchmedizin, 83011 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chaowen Zheng
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siyuan Li
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raquel Carvalho Gontijo Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neha Attal
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Iain H McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE59NT, UK
- School of Microbial Sciences, King's College, London SE59NT, UK
| | - Ram Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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2
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Tan PK, Ostertag T, Rosenthal SB, Chilin-Fuentes D, Aidnik H, Linker S, Murphy K, Miner JN, Brenner DA. Role of Hepatic Stellate and Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in a Human Primary Cell Three-Dimensional Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Am J Pathol 2024; 194:353-368. [PMID: 38158078 PMCID: PMC10913759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory and fibrotic liver disease that has reached epidemic proportions and has no approved pharmacologic therapies. Research and drug development efforts are hampered by inadequate preclinical models. This research describes a three-dimensional bioprinted liver tissue model of NASH built using primary human hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells (hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells) from either healthy or NASH donors. Three-dimensional tissues bioprinted with cells sourced from diseased patients showed a NASH phenotype, including fibrosis. More importantly, this NASH phenotype occurred without the addition of disease-inducing agents. Bioprinted tissues composed entirely of healthy cells exhibited significantly less evidence of disease. The role of individual cell types in driving the NASH phenotype was examined by producing chimeric bioprinted tissues composed of healthy cells together with the addition of one or more diseased nonparenchymal cell types. These experiments reveal a role for both hepatic stellate and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in the disease process. This model represents a fully human system with potential to detect clinically active targets and eventually therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Brenner
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
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3
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Li N, Li X, Ding Y, Liu X, Diggle K, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. SREBP Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in Liver Disease, and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3280. [PMID: 38137501 PMCID: PMC10740981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are master transcription factors that play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in the biogenesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides. As such, they are implicated in several serious liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SREBPs are subject to regulation by multiple cofactors and critical signaling pathways, making them an important target for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we first introduce the structure and activation of SREBPs, before focusing on their function in liver disease. We examine the mechanisms by which SREBPs regulate lipogenesis, explore how alterations in these processes are associated with liver disease, and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies using small molecules, natural products, or herb extracts that target these pathways. Through this analysis, we provide new insights into the versatility and multitargets of SREBPs as factors in the modulation of different physiological stages of liver disease, highlighting their potential targets for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yifu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.K.)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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4
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Brenner DA. Alternatives to animal testing to assess MASH drugs and hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00632. [PMID: 37934631 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act 2.0 "allows for alternatives to animal testing for purposes of drug and biological product applications." This provides an opportunity to develop and improve alternatives to animal studies to assess drugs in the liver. Two-dimensional cultures of liver cells fail to maintain their differentiated state and fail to reproduce liver disease phenotypes. Therefore, several platforms using human liver cells are being developed either to (1) assess hepatotoxicity of drugs or (2) create "diseases in a dish" to assess the effectiveness of drugs in treating liver diseases, primarily focused on treating MASH. The technological approaches include precision cut liver slices, human liver spheroids, human liver organoids, bioprinted human liver tissues, and microphysiological systems. This review evaluates each of these technologies and their role in providing alternatives to testing in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brenner
- Sanford Burnham Prebys and UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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5
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Kim HY, Sakane S, Eguileor A, Carvalho Gontijo Weber R, Lee W, Liu X, Lam K, Ishizuka K, Rosenthal SB, Diggle K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. The Origin and Fate of Liver Myofibroblasts. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:93-106. [PMID: 37743012 PMCID: PMC10665929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis of different etiologies is a serious health problem worldwide. There is no effective therapy available for liver fibrosis except the removal of the underlying cause of injury or liver transplantation. Development of liver fibrosis is caused by fibrogenic myofibroblasts that are not present in the normal liver, but rather activate from liver resident mesenchymal cells in response to chronic toxic or cholestatic injury. Many studies indicate that liver fibrosis is reversible when the causative agent is removed. Regression of liver fibrosis is associated with the disappearance of activated myofibroblasts and resorption of the fibrous scar. In this review, we discuss the results of genetic tracing and cell fate mapping of hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts, their specific characteristics, and potential phenotypes. We summarize research progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and reversibility of liver fibrosis, including activation, apoptosis, and inactivation of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Raquel Carvalho Gontijo Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kei Ishizuka
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
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6
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Liu X, Lam K, Zhao H, Sakane S, Kim HY, Eguileor A, Diggle K, Wu S, Gontijo Weber RC, Soroosh P, Hosseini M, Mekeel K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Isolation of primary human liver cells from normal and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis livers. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102391. [PMID: 37405925 PMCID: PMC10345194 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for isolating human hepatocytes and neural progenitor cells from normal and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis livers. We describe steps for perfusion for scaled-up liver cell isolation and optimization of chemical digestion to achieve maximal yield and cell viability. We then detail a liver cell cryopreservation and potential applications, such as the use of human liver cells as a tool to link experimental and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huayi Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Raquel Carvalho Gontijo Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pejman Soroosh
- Janssen Pharmaceutical R&D, Immunometabolism Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Mekeel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Zeng S, Rosati E, Saggau C, Messner B, Chu H, Duan Y, Hartmann P, Wang Y, Ma S, Huang WJM, Lee J, Lee SM, Carvalho-Gontijo R, Zhang V, Hoffmann JP, Kolls JK, Raz E, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Bacher P, Stärkel P, Schnabl B. Candida albicans-specific Th17 cell-mediated response contributes to alcohol-associated liver disease. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:389-404.e7. [PMID: 36893735 PMCID: PMC10039706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease is accompanied by intestinal mycobiome dysbiosis, yet the impacts on liver disease are unclear. We demonstrate that Candida albicans-specific T helper 17 (Th17) cells are increased in circulation and present in the liver of patients with alcohol-associated liver disease. Chronic ethanol administration in mice causes migration of Candida albicans (C. albicans)-reactive Th17 cells from the intestine to the liver. The antifungal agent nystatin decreased C. albicans-specific Th17 cells in the liver and reduced ethanol-induced liver disease in mice. Transgenic mice expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) reactive to Candida antigens developed more severe ethanol-induced liver disease than transgene-negative littermates. Adoptively transferring Candida-specific TCR transgenic T cells or polyclonal C. albicans-primed T cells exacerbated ethanol-induced liver disease in wild-type mice. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) receptor A signaling in Kupffer cells was required for the effects of polyclonal C. albicans-primed T cells. Our findings indicate that ethanol increases C. albicans-specific Th17 cells, which contribute to alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Zeng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Immunology & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berith Messner
- Institute of Immunology & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shengyun Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Jia Men Huang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jihyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sung Min Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Vivian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Hoffmann
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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8
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Liu X, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Human Hepatic Stellate Cells: Isolation and Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:221-232. [PMID: 37247063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis of different etiologies is characterized by activation of hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) into collagen type I secreting myofibroblasts, which produce fibrous scar and make the liver fibrotic. aHSCs are the major source of myofibroblasts and, therefore, the primary targets of anti-fibrotic therapy. Despite extensive studies, targeting of aHSCs in patients provides challenges. The progress in anti-fibrotic drug development relies on translational studies but is limited by the availability of primary human HSCs. Here we describe a perfusion/gradient centrifugation-based method of the large-scale isolation of highly purified and viable human HSCs (hHSCs) from normal and diseased human livers and the strategies of hHSC cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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9
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Nishio T, Koyama Y, Fuji H, Ishizuka K, Iwaisako K, Taura K, Hatano E, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. The Role of Mesothelin in Activation of Portal Fibroblasts in Cholestatic Liver Injury. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:1589. [PMID: 36358290 PMCID: PMC9687690 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common consequence of abnormal wound healing, which is characterized by infiltration of myofibroblasts and formation of fibrous scar. In liver fibrosis, activated Hepatic Stellate Cells (aHSCs) and activated Portal Fibroblasts (aPFs) are the major contributors to the origin of hepatic myofibroblasts. aPFs are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of cholestatic fibrosis, suggesting that aPFs may be a primary target for anti-fibrotic therapy in cholestatic injury. aPFs are distinguishable from aHSCs by specific markers including mesothelin (Msln), Mucin 16 (Muc16), and Thymus cell antigen 1 (Thy1, CD90) as well as fibulin 2, elastin, Gremlin 1, ecto-ATPase nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2. Msln plays a critical role in activation of PFs, via formation of Msln-Muc16-Thy1 complex that regulates TGFβ1/TGFβRI-mediated fibrogenic signaling. The opposing pro- and anti-fibrogenic effects of Msln and Thy1 are key components of the TGFβ1-induced activation pathway in aPFs. In addition, aPFs and activated lung and kidney fibroblasts share similarities across different organs with expression of common markers and activation cascade including Msln-Thy1 interaction. Here, we summarize the potential function of Msln in activation of PFs and development of cholestatic fibrosis, offering a novel perspective for anti-fibrotic therapy targeting Msln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fuji
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kei Ishizuka
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Oncology, Kitano Hospital Medical Research Institute, 2-4-20 Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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El‐Kareh R, Brenner DA, Longhurst CA. Developing a
highly‐reliable
learning health system. Learn Health Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/lrh2.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert El‐Kareh
- Department of Medicine UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Office of the Vice Chancellor UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Office of the President and CEO Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute La Jolla California USA
| | - Christopher A. Longhurst
- Department of Medicine UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer UC San Diego Health San Diego California USA
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11
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Meurer SK, Brenner DA, Weiskirchen R. Multiplex short tandem repeat profiling of immortalized hepatic stellate cell line Col-GFP HSC. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274219. [PMID: 36067186 PMCID: PMC9447916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Misidentification, cross-contamination and genetic drift of continuous animal cell lines are persistent problems in biomedical research, leading to erroneous results and inconsistent or invalidated studies. The establishment of immortalized hepatic stellate cell line Col-GFP HSC was reported in PLoS One in the year 2013. In the present study a multi loci short tandem repeat signature for this cell line was established that allows for unique cell line authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen K. Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Gao H, Jin Z, Bandyopadhyay G, Wang G, Zhang D, Rocha KCE, Liu X, Zhao H, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Karin M, Ying W. Aberrant iron distribution via hepatocyte-stellate cell axis drives liver lipogenesis and fibrosis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1201-1213.e5. [PMID: 35921818 PMCID: PMC9365100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes have important roles in liver iron homeostasis, abnormalities in which are tightly associated with liver steatosis and fibrosis. Here, we show that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are characterized by iron-deficient hepatocytes and iron overload in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Iron deficiency enhances hepatocyte lipogenesis and insulin resistance through HIF2α-ATF4 signaling. Elevated secretion of iron-containing hepatocyte extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are normally cleared by Kupffer cells, accounts for hepatocyte iron deficiency and HSC iron overload in NAFLD/NASH livers. Iron accumulation results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species that promote HSC fibrogenic activation. Conversely, blocking hepatocyte EV secretion or depleting EV iron cargo restores liver iron homeostasis, concomitant with mitigation of NAFLD/NASH-associated liver steatosis and fibrosis. Taken together, these studies show that iron distribution disorders contribute to the development of liver metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Zhongmou Jin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dinghong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karina Cunha E Rocha
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huayi Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Carvalho-Gontijo R, Han C, Zhang L, Zhang V, Hosseini M, Mekeel K, Schnabl B, Loomba R, Karin M, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Metabolic Injury of Hepatocytes Promotes Progression of NAFLD and AALD. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:233-249. [PMID: 36001995 PMCID: PMC9662188 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic liver disease is a component of metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Excessive alcohol consumption may accelerate the progression of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. While simple steatosis is considered a benign condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with inflammation and fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular cancer. Studies in rodent experimental models and primary cell cultures have demonstrated several common cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis and regression of liver fibrosis. Chronic injury and death of hepatocytes cause the recruitment of myeloid cells, secretion of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, and activation of myofibroblasts, resulting in liver fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of metabolically injured hepatocytes in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol-associated liver disease. Specifically, the role of chemokine production and de novo lipogenesis in the development of steatotic hepatocytes and the pathways of steatosis regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho-Gontijo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Cuijuan Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Vivian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Kristin Mekeel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Corresponding author: Tatiana Kisseleva, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. Phone: 858.822.5339,
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14
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Gao H, Jin Z, Bandyopadhyay G, Cunha E Rocha K, Liu X, Zhao H, Zhang D, Jouihan H, Pourshahian S, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Ying W, Olefsky JM. MiR-690 treatment causes decreased fibrosis and steatosis and restores specific Kupffer cell functions in NASH. Cell Metab 2022; 34:978-990.e4. [PMID: 35700738 PMCID: PMC9262870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease associated with significant morbidity. Kupffer cells (KCs) produce endogenous miR-690 and, via exosome secretion, shuttle this miRNA to other liver cells, such as hepatocytes, recruited hepatic macrophages (RHMs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). miR-690 directly inhibits fibrogenesis in HSCs, inflammation in RHMs, and de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes. When an miR-690 mimic is administered to NASH mice in vivo, all the features of the NASH phenotype are robustly inhibited. During the development of NASH, KCs become miR-690 deficient, and miR-690 levels are markedly lower in mouse and human NASH livers than in controls. KC-specific KO of miR-690 promotes NASH pathogenesis. A primary target of miR-690 is NADK mRNA, and NADK levels are inversely proportional to the cellular miR-690 content. These studies show that KCs play a central role in the etiology of NASH and raise the possibility that miR-690 could emerge as a therapeutic for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhongmou Jin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karina Cunha E Rocha
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Huayi Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dinghong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hani Jouihan
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Soheil Pourshahian
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Ganguly S, German AM, Rosenthal B, Khader N, Irfan A, Castorena N, Soroosh P, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Dhar D. PCL22-187: Functional Role of TREM2 in NASH and HCC Development. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022. [DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brin Rosenthal
- 3 San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA
| | - Naser Khader
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Asra Irfan
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - David A Brenner
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- 1 School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA
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16
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Duan Y, Chu H, Brandl K, Jiang L, Zeng S, Meshgin N, Papachristoforou E, Argemi J, Mendes BG, Wang Y, Su H, Sun W, Llorente C, Hendrikx T, Liu X, Hosseini M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Bataller R, Ramachandran P, Karin M, Fu W, Schnabl B. CRIg on liver macrophages clears pathobionts and protects against alcoholic liver disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7172. [PMID: 34887405 PMCID: PMC8660815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor of immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) is expressed on liver macrophages and directly binds complement component C3b or Gram-positive bacteria to mediate phagocytosis. CRIg plays important roles in several immune-mediated diseases, but it is not clear how its pathogen recognition and phagocytic functions maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. We previously associated cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis with severity of alcohol-related liver disease. Here, we demonstrate that CRIg is reduced in liver tissues from patients with alcohol-related liver disease. CRIg-deficient mice developed more severe ethanol-induced liver disease than wild-type mice; disease severity was reduced with loss of toll-like receptor 2. CRIg-deficient mice were less efficient than wild-type mice at clearing Gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis that had translocated from gut to liver. Administration of the soluble extracellular domain CRIg-Ig protein protected mice from ethanol-induced steatohepatitis. Our findings indicate that ethanol impairs hepatic clearance of translocated pathobionts, via decreased hepatic CRIg, which facilitates progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Katharina Brandl
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Suling Zeng
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Nairika Meshgin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Eleni Papachristoforou
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.5924.a0000000419370271Hepatology Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Instituto de Investigacion de Navarra (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Mendes
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hua Su
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Weizhong Sun
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Karin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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17
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Rady B, Nishio T, Dhar D, Liu X, Erion M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Pocai A. PNPLA3 downregulation exacerbates the fibrotic response in human hepatic stellate cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260721. [PMID: 34879108 PMCID: PMC8654208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) results, in part, from the interaction of metabolic derangements with predisposing genetic variants, leading to liver-related complications and mortality. The strongest genetic determinant is a highly prevalent missense variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3 p.I148M). In human liver hepatocytes PNPLA3 localizes to the surface of lipid droplets where the mutant form is believed to enhance lipid accumulation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Less is known about the role of PNPLA3 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here we characterized HSC obtained from patients carrying the wild type (n = 8 C/C) and the heterozygous (n = 6, C/G) or homozygous (n = 6, G/G) PNPLA3 I148M and investigated the effect of genotype and PNPLA3 downregulation on baseline and TGF-β-stimulated fibrotic gene expression. HSCs from all genotypes showed comparable baseline levels of PNPLA3 and expression of the fibrotic genes α-SMA, COL1A1, TIMP1 and SMAD7. Treatment with TGF-β increased PNPLA3 expression in all 3 genotypes (~2-fold) and resulted in similar stimulation of the expression of several fibrogenic genes. In primary human HSCs carrying wild-type (WT) PNPLA3, siRNA treatment reduced PNPLA3 mRNA by 79% resulting in increased expression of α-SMA, Col1a1, TIMP1, and SMAD7 in cells stimulated with TGF-β. Similarly, knock-down of PNPLA3 in HSCs carrying either C/G or G/G genotypes resulted in potentiation of TGF-β induced expression of fibrotic genes. Knockdown of PNPLA3 did not impact fibrotic gene expression in the absence of TGF-β treatment. Together, these data indicate that the presence of the I148M PNPLA3 mutation in HSC has no effect on baseline activation and that downregulation of PNPLA3 exacerbates the fibrotic response irrespective of the genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rady
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, United States of America
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Erion
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, United States of America
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18
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Baglieri J, Zhang C, Liang S, Liu X, Nishio T, Rosenthal SB, Dhar D, Su H, Cong M, Jia J, Hosseini M, Karin M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Nondegradable Collagen Increases Liver Fibrosis but Not Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Am J Pathol 2021; 191:1564-1579. [PMID: 34119473 PMCID: PMC8406794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatocellular cancer (HCC) usually occurs in the setting of liver fibrosis, the causal relationship between liver fibrosis and HCC is unclear. in vivo and in vitro models of HCC involving Colr/r mice (that produce a collagenase-resistant type I collagen) or wild-type (WT) mice were used to assess the relationship between type I collagen, liver fibrosis, and experimental HCC. HCC was either chemically induced in WT and Colr/r mice or Hepa 1-6 cells were engrafted into WT and Colr/r livers. The effect of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) from WT and Colr/r mice on the growth of Hepa 1-6 cells was studied by using multicellular tumor spheroids and xenografts. Collagen type I deposition and fibrosis were increased in Colr/r mice, but they developed fewer and smaller tumors. Hepa 1-6 cells had reduced tumor growth in the livers of Colr/r mice. Although Colr/r HSCs exhibited a more activated phenotype, Hepa 1-6 growth and malignancy were suppressed in multicellular tumor spheroids and in xenografts containing Colr/r HSCs. Treatment with vitronectin, which mimics the presence of degraded collagen fragments, converted the Colr/r phenotype into a WT phenotype. Although Colr/r mice have increased liver fibrosis, they exhibited decreased HCC in several models. Thus, increased liver type I collagen does not produce increased experimental HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Min Cong
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
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19
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Rosenthal SB, Liu X, Ganguly S, Dhar D, Pasillas MP, Ricciardelli E, Li RZ, Troutman TD, Kisseleva T, Glass CK, Brenner DA. Heterogeneity of HSCs in a Mouse Model of NASH. Hepatology 2021; 74:667-685. [PMID: 33550587 PMCID: PMC8346581 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In clinical and experimental NASH, the origin of the scar-forming myofibroblast is the HSC. We used foz/foz mice on a Western diet to characterize in detail the phenotypic changes of HSCs in a NASH model. APPROACH AND RESULTS We examined the single-cell expression profiles (scRNA sequencing) of HSCs purified from the normal livers of foz/foz mice on a chow diet, in NASH with fibrosis of foz/foz mice on a Western diet, and in livers during regression of NASH after switching back to a chow diet. Selected genes were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and short hairpin RNA knockdown in primary mouse HSCs. Our analysis of the normal liver identified two distinct clusters of quiescent HSCs that correspond to their acinar position of either pericentral vein or periportal vein. The NASH livers had four distinct HSC clusters, including one representing the classic fibrogenic myofibroblast. The three other HSC clusters consisted of a proliferating cluster, an intermediate activated cluster, and an immune and inflammatory cluster. The livers with NASH regression had one cluster of inactivated HSCs, which was similar to, but distinct from, the quiescent HSCs. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing in combination with an interrogation of previous studies revealed an unanticipated heterogeneity of HSC phenotypes under normal and injured states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA.,Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA.,Department of SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | - Rick Z Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
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20
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Ramirez-Perez FI, Woodford ML, Morales-Quinones M, Grunewald ZI, Cabral-Amador FJ, Yoshida T, Brenner DA, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA, Chandrasekar B, Padilla J. Mutation of the 5'-untranslated region stem-loop mRNA structure reduces type I collagen deposition and arterial stiffness in male obese mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H435-H445. [PMID: 34242094 PMCID: PMC8526337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00076.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arterial stiffening, a characteristic feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes, contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Currently, no effective prophylaxis or therapeutics is available to prevent or treat arterial stiffening. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening is vital to identify newer targets and strategies to reduce CVD burden. A major contributor to arterial stiffening is increased collagen deposition. In the 5'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding for type I collagen, an evolutionally conserved stem-loop (SL) structure plays an essential role in its stability and post-transcriptional regulation. Here, we show that feeding a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 28 wk increases adiposity, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in male wild-type littermates. Moreover, arterial stiffness, assessed in vivo via aortic pulse wave velocity, and ex vivo using atomic force microscopy in aortic explants or pressure myography in isolated femoral and mesenteric arteries, was also increased in those mice. Notably, all these indices of arterial stiffness, along with collagen type I levels in the vasculature, were reduced in HFHS-fed mice harboring a mutation in the 5'SL structure, relative to wild-type littermates. This protective vascular phenotype in 5'SL-mutant mice did not associate with a reduction in insulin resistance or blood pressure. These findings implicate the 5'SL structure as a putative therapeutic target to prevent or reverse arterial stiffening and CVD associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the 5'-untranslated (UTR) regions of mRNAs encoding for type I collagen, an evolutionally conserved SL structure plays an essential role in its stability and posttranscriptional regulation. We demonstrate that a mutation of the SL mRNA structure in the 5'-UTR decreases collagen type I deposition and arterial stiffness in obese mice. Targeting this evolutionarily conserved SL structure may hold promise in the management of arterial stiffening and CVD associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David A Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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21
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Ganguly S, Muench GA, Shang L, Rosenthal SB, Rahman G, Wang R, Wang Y, Kwon HC, Diomino AM, Kisseleva T, Soorosh P, Hosseini M, Knight R, Schnabl B, Brenner DA, Dhar D. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and HCC in a Hyperphagic Mouse Accelerated by Western Diet. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:891-920. [PMID: 34062281 PMCID: PMC8342972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS How benign liver steatosis progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. NASH progression entails diverse pathogenic mechanisms and relies on complex cross-talk between multiple tissues such as the gut, adipose tissues, liver, and the brain. Using a hyperphagic mouse fed with a Western diet (WD), we aimed to elucidate the cross-talk and kinetics of hepatic and extrahepatic alterations during NASH-HCC progression, as well as regression. METHODS Hyperphagic mice lacking a functional Alms1 gene (Foz/Foz) and wild-type littermates were fed WD or standard chow for 12 weeks for NASH/fibrosis and for 24 weeks for HCC development. NASH regression was modeled by switching back to normal chow after NASH development. RESULTS Foz+WD mice were steatotic within 1 to 2 weeks, developed NASH by 4 weeks, and grade 3 fibrosis by 12 weeks, accompanied by chronic kidney injury. Foz+WD mice that continued on WD progressed to cirrhosis and HCC within 24 weeks and had reduced survival as a result of cardiac dysfunction. However, NASH mice that were switched to normal chow showed NASH regression, improved survival, and did not develop HCC. Transcriptomic and histologic analyses of Foz/Foz NASH liver showed strong concordance with human NASH. NASH was preceded by an early disruption of gut barrier, microbial dysbiosis, lipopolysaccharide leakage, and intestinal inflammation. This led to acute-phase liver inflammation in Foz+WD mice, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and increased levels of several chemokines/cytokines. The liver cytokine/chemokine profile evolved as NASH progressed, with subsequent predominance by monocyte recruitment. CONCLUSIONS The Foz+WD model closely mimics the pathobiology and gene signature of human NASH with fibrosis and subsequent HCC. Foz+WD mice provide a robust and relevant preclinical model of NASH, NASH-associated HCC, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Linshan Shang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gibraan Rahman
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyeok Choon Kwon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Medical Center, Jung-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony M. Diomino
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David A. Brenner, MD, or Debanjan Dhar, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 246-1788.
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David A. Brenner, MD, or Debanjan Dhar, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0063, La Jolla, California 92093. fax: (858) 246-1788.
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22
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Gratte FD, Pasic S, Abu Bakar NDB, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Liu X, Carlessi R, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Ramm GA, Olynyk JK, Tirnitz-Parker JEE. Previous liver regeneration induces fibro-protective mechanisms during thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105933. [PMID: 33540107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury is characterised by continuous or repeated epithelial cell loss and inflammation. Hepatic wound healing involves matrix deposition through activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the expansion of closely associated Ductular Reactions and liver progenitor cells (LPCs), which are thought to give rise to new epithelial cells. In this study, we used the murine thioacetamide (TAA) model to reliably mimic these injury and regeneration dynamics and assess the impact of a recovery phase on subsequent liver injury and fibrosis. Age-matched naïve or 6-week TAA-treated/4-week recovered mice (C57BL/6 J, n = 5-9) were administered TAA for six weeks (C57BL/6 J, n = 5-9). Sera and liver tissues were harvested at key time points to assess liver injury biochemically, by real-time PCR for fibrotic mediators, Sirius Red staining and hydroxyproline assessment for collagen deposition as well as immunofluorescence for inflammatory, HSC and LPC markers. In addition, primary HSCs and the HSC cell line LX-2 were co-cultured with the well-characterised LPC line BMOL and analysed for potential changes in expression of fibrogenic mediators. Our data demonstrate that recovery from a previous TAA insult, with LPCs still present on day 0 of the second treatment, led to a reduced TAA-induced disease progression with less severe fibrosis than in naïve TAA-treated animals. Importantly, primary activated HSCs significantly reduced pro-fibrogenic gene expression when co-cultured with LPCs. Taken together, previous TAA injury established a fibro-protective molecular and cellular microenvironment. Our proof-of principle HSC/LPC co-culture data demonstrate that LPCs communicate with HSCs to regulate fibrogenesis, highlighting a key role for LPCs as regulatory cells during chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D Gratte
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Sara Pasic
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - N Dianah B Abu Bakar
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - David A Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - John K Olynyk
- Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospital Group, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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23
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Zhou R, Llorente C, Cao J, Zaramela LS, Zeng S, Gao B, Li SZ, Welch RD, Huang FQ, Qi LW, Pan C, Huang Y, Zhou P, Beussen I, Zhang Y, Bryam G, Fiehn O, Wang L, Liu EH, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM, Goglin K, Fouts DE, Brenner DA, Bode L, Fan X, Zengler K, Schnabl B. Intestinal α1-2-Fucosylation Contributes to Obesity and Steatohepatitis in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:293-320. [PMID: 33631374 PMCID: PMC8166943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2)-mediated intestinal α1- 2-fucosylation is important for host-microbe interactions and has been associated with several diseases, but its role in obesity and hepatic steatohepatitis is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Fut2 in a Western-style diet-induced mouse model of obesity and steatohepatitis. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Fut2-deficient littermate mice were used and features of the metabolic syndrome and steatohepatitis were assessed after 20 weeks of Western diet feeding. RESULTS Intestinal α1-2-fucosylation was suppressed in WT mice after Western diet feeding, and supplementation of α1-2-fucosylated glycans exacerbated obesity and steatohepatitis in these mice. Fut2-deficient mice were protected from Western diet-induced features of obesity and steatohepatitis despite an increased caloric intake. These mice have increased energy expenditure and thermogenesis, as evidenced by a higher core body temperature. Protection from obesity and steatohepatitis associated with Fut2 deficiency is transmissible to WT mice via microbiota exchange; phenotypic differences between Western diet-fed WT and Fut2-deficient mice were reduced with antibiotic treatment. Fut2 deficiency attenuated diet-induced bile acid accumulation by altered relative abundance of bacterial enzyme 7-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases metabolizing bile acids and by increased fecal excretion of secondary bile acids. This also was associated with increased intestinal farnesoid X receptor/fibroblast growth factor 15 signaling, which inhibits hepatic synthesis of bile acids. Dietary supplementation of α1-2-fucosylated glycans abrogates the protective effects of Fut2 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS α1-2-fucosylation is an important host-derived regulator of intestinal microbiota and plays an important role for the pathogenesis of obesity and steatohepatitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan, Changsha, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jinling Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Livia S Zaramela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Suling Zeng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shang-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ryan D Welch
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
| | - Feng-Qing Huang
- The Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- The Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuyue Pan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Pengchen Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Iris Beussen
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gregory Bryam
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lirui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
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24
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Jiang L, Lang S, Duan Y, Zhang X, Gao B, Chopyk J, Schwanemann LK, Ventura-Cots M, Bataller R, Bosques-Padilla F, Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross DL, Ho SB, Louvet A, Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Garcia-Tsao G, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Tu XM, Stärkel P, Pride D, Fouts DE, Schnabl B. Intestinal Virome in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatology 2020; 72:2182-2196. [PMID: 32654263 PMCID: PMC8159727 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a severe manifestation of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) with high mortality. Although gut bacteria and fungi modulate disease severity, little is known about the effects of the viral microbiome (virome) in patients with ALD. APPROACH AND RESULTS We extracted virus-like particles from 89 patients with AH who were enrolled in a multicenter observational study, 36 with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and 17 persons without AUD (controls). Virus-like particles from fecal samples were fractionated using differential filtration techniques, and metagenomic sequencing was performed to characterize intestinal viromes. We observed an increased viral diversity in fecal samples from patients with ALD, with the most significant changes in samples from patients with AH. Escherichia-, Enterobacteria-, and Enterococcus phages were over-represented in fecal samples from patients with AH, along with significant increases in mammalian viruses such as Parvoviridae and Herpesviridae. Antibiotic treatment was associated with higher viral diversity. Specific viral taxa, such as Staphylococcus phages and Herpesviridae, were associated with increased disease severity, indicated by a higher median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and associated with increased 90-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, intestinal viral taxa are altered in fecal samples from patients with AH and associated with disease severity and mortality. Our study describes an intestinal virome signature associated with AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Chopyk
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco Bosques-Padilla
- Hospital Universitario, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, México
| | - Elizabeth C. Verna
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan G. Abraldes
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit). Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S. Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Caballería
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debbie L. Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Michael R. Lucey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WI, USA
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, and Section of Digestive Diseases, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pride
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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25
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Oh TG, Kim SM, Caussy C, Fu T, Guo J, Bassirian S, Singh S, Madamba EV, Bettencourt R, Richards L, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Huan T, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Downes M, Evans RM, Loomba R. A Universal Gut-Microbiome-Derived Signature Predicts Cirrhosis. Cell Metab 2020; 32:901. [PMID: 33147487 PMCID: PMC7891106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Jiang C, Iwaisako K, Cong M, Diggle K, Hassanein T, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzheng Huayu Prevents Development of Liver Fibrosis in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:561-580. [PMID: 33210080 PMCID: PMC7671588 DOI: 10.26502/acbr.50170125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the therapeutic effect of FZHY on hepatic fibrosis in mice and to determine the mechanism of its action. Methods: Wild type mice were subjected to toxic (carbon tetrachloride, CCl4) or cholestatic (bile duct ligation, BDL). Upon induction of liver fibrosis, mice were treated with FZHY (4.0g/kg, 2w, oral gavage) or vehicle (PBS). Livers were analyzed by Sirius Red staining, immunostaining and RT-PCR for profibrogenic and pro-inflammatory genes. The effect of FZHY on hepatocytes, inflammatory responses, activation of fibrogenic myofibroblasts, and ROS production was assessed. Results: FZHY strongly inhibited the development of CCl4- and BDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Liver fibrosis was significantly improved in FZHY-treated mice, as demonstrated by reduced content of hepatic hydroxyproline and Sirius Red positive area. Moreover, the number of SMA +and Desmin+ myofibroblasts was significantly reduced in the livers of FZHY-treated mice, and correlated with downregulation of the mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen-α1(I), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), TGF-β1 and its receptor TGF-βRI, and platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGF-β), suggesting that FZHY inhibits activation of fibrogenic myofibroblasts. Furthermore, administration of FZHY markedly decreased recruitment of F4/80+ inflammatory macrophages to the livers of CCl4- and BDL-injured mice, and this effect was associated with downregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) mRNA. In addition, the lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced, demonstrating that treatment with FZHY can effectively block ROS production in livers of CCl4- and BDL-injured mice. Conclusions: Traditional Chinese Medicine FZHY has a variety of anti-fibrotic effects, including strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects on myeloid cells and hepatocytes. Although FZHY compound does not seem to directly affect HSCs, it regulates HSC activation via inhibition of macrophage recruitment to fibrotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jiang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min Cong
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Tatiana Kisseleva, MD, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,
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Daniels LB, Antonini P, Marino R, Rizzo M, Navarin S, Lucibello SG, Maisel AS, Pizza V, Brenner DA, Jeste DV, Di Somma S. Cardiovascular health of nonagenarians in southern Italy: a cross-sectional, home-based pilot study of longevity. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2020; 21:89-98. [PMID: 31789688 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cilento region of southern Italy has a high prevalence of nonagenarians and centenarians. Few studies of the oldest old have included echocardiographic and/or electrocardiographic data, in a home-based setting. OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study was to delineate the key lifestyle, medical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic features of a sample of nonagenarians and centenarians and their younger cohabitants from Cilento, via a comprehensive, home-based cardiovascular assessment. The ultimate aim is to identify the cardiovascular profile and lifestyle factors associated with longevity. METHODS Twenty-six nonagenarians and centenarians (mean age 94 ± 3 years) and 48 younger cohabitants aged 50-75 years (mean 62 ± 5) underwent a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation in their homes. RESULTS In contrast to their younger cohabitants, nonagenarians and centenarians did not smoke, had lower fasting glucose levels, and lower LDL cholesterol despite being half as likely to be taking statins, and showing similar adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Over half of nonagenarians and centenarians (15/26) remained autonomous with their activities of daily living. Prevalence of self-reported coronary artery disease and stroke among nonagenarians and centenarians was low (11.5%), though a significant number had atrial fibrillation (31%) or congestive heart failure (27%). Although 62% of nonagenarians and centenarians had at least moderate valvular disease on echocardiography, less than 25% of those affected reported dyspnea. CONCLUSION Nonagenarians and centenarians in the Cilento region had a healthy metabolic profile and a low prevalence of clinical cardiovascular disease. Even among nonagenarians and centenarians with structural heart abnormalities, report of symptoms is low. Larger studies in the Cilento population may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular health in the oldest old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori B Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Navarin
- Great Network.,Department of Emergency Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alan S Maisel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, and Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- Great Network.,Department of Emergency Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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28
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Baeza-Raja B, Goodyear A, Liu X, Lam K, Yamamoto L, Li Y, Dodson GS, Takeuchi T, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Dabbagh K. Pharmacological inhibition of P2RX7 ameliorates liver injury by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234038. [PMID: 32492075 PMCID: PMC7269334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) released by damaged cells, and its purinergic receptors, comprise a crucial signaling network after injury. Purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7), a major driver of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing, has been shown to play a role in liver injury in murine diet- and chemically-induced liver injury models. It is unclear, however, whether P2RX7 plays a role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and which cell type is the main target of P2RX7 pharmacological inhibition. Here, we report that P2RX7 is expressed by infiltrating monocytes and resident Kupffer cells in livers from NASH-affected individuals. Using primary isolated human cells, we demonstrate that P2RX7 expression in CD14+ monocytes and Kupffer cells primarily mediates IL-1β release. In addition, we show that pharmacological inhibition of P2RX7 in monocytes and Kupffer cells, blocks IL-1β release, reducing hepatocyte caspase 3/7 activity, IL-1β-mediated CCL2 and CCL5 chemokine gene expression and secretion, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) procollagen secretion. Consequently, in a chemically-induced nonhuman primate model of liver fibrosis, treatment with a P2RX7 inhibitor improved histological characteristics of NASH, protecting from liver inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings underscore the critical role of P2RX7 in the pathogenesis of NASH and implicate P2RX7 as a promising therapeutic target for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Baeza-Raja
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Goodyear
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Yamamoto
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yingwu Li
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - G. Steven Dodson
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Toshi Takeuchi
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karim Dabbagh
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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29
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Ma HY, Yamamoto G, Xu J, Liu X, Karin D, Kim JY, Alexandrov LB, Koyama Y, Nishio T, Benner C, Heinz S, Rosenthal SB, Liang S, Sun M, Karin G, Zhao P, Brodt P, Mckillop IH, Quehenberger O, Dennis E, Saltiel A, Tsukamoto H, Gao B, Karin M, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. IL-17 signaling in steatotic hepatocytes and macrophages promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2020; 72:946-959. [PMID: 31899206 PMCID: PMC7167339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is associated with a marked increase in hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory IL-17A and its receptor IL-17RA. METHODS Genetic deletion and pharmacological blocking were used to characterize the role of IL-17A/IL-17RA signaling in the pathogenesis of HCC in mouse models and human specimens. RESULTS We demonstrate that the global deletion of the Il-17ra gene suppressed HCC in alcohol-fed diethylnitrosamine-challenged Il-17ra-/- and major urinary protein-urokinase-type plasminogen activator/Il-17ra-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. When the cell-specific role of IL-17RA signaling was examined, the development of HCC was decreased in both alcohol-fed Il-17raΔMΦ and Il-17raΔHep mice devoid of IL-17RA in myeloid cells and hepatocytes, but not in Il-17raΔHSC mice (deficient in IL-17RA in hepatic stellate cells). Deletion of Il-17ra in myeloid cells ameliorated tumorigenesis via suppression of pro-tumorigenic/inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic responses in alcohol-fed Il-17raΔMΦ mice. Remarkably, despite a normal inflammatory response, alcohol-fed Il-17raΔHep mice developed the fewest tumors (compared with Il-17raΔMΦ mice), with reduced steatosis and fibrosis. Steatotic IL-17RA-deficient hepatocytes downregulated the expression of Cxcl1 and other chemokines, exhibited a striking defect in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor 1-dependent caspase-2-SREBP1/2-DHCR7-mediated cholesterol synthesis, and upregulated the production of antioxidant vitamin D3. The pharmacological blocking of IL-17A/Th-17 cells using anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibodies suppressed the progression of HCC (by 70%) in alcohol-fed mice, indicating that targeting IL-17 signaling might provide novel strategies for the treatment of alcohol-induced HCC. CONCLUSIONS Overall, IL-17A is a tumor-promoting cytokine, which critically regulates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and HCC. LAY SUMMARY IL-17A is a tumor-promoting cytokine, which critically regulates inflammatory responses in macrophages (Kupffer cells and bone-marrow-derived monocytes) and cholesterol synthesis in steatotic hepatocytes in an experimental model of alcohol-induced HCC. Therefore, IL-17A may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with alcohol-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ludmil B. Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sven Heinz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mengxi Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Iain H. Mckillop
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ed Dennis
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan Saltiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD & Cirrhosis Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,University of Southern California, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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30
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Liu X, Xu J, Rosenthal S, Zhang LJ, McCubbin R, Meshgin N, Shang L, Koyama Y, Ma HY, Sharma S, Heinz S, Glass CK, Benner C, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Identification of Lineage-Specific Transcription Factors That Prevent Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Promote Fibrosis Resolution. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1728-1744.e14. [PMID: 31982409 PMCID: PMC7252905 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Development of liver fibrosis is associated with activation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into collagen type I-producing myofibroblasts (activated HSCs). Cessation of liver injury often results in fibrosis resolution and inactivation of activated HSCs/myofibroblasts into a quiescent-like state (inactivated HSCs). We aimed to identify molecular features of phenotypes of HSCs from mice and humans. METHODS We performed studies with LratCre, Ets1-floxed, Nf1-floxed, Pparγ-floxed, Gata6-floxed, Rag2-/-γc-/-, and C57/Bl6 (control) mice. Some mice were given carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce liver fibrosis, with or without a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist. Livers from mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Quiescent, activated, and inactivated HSCs were isolated from livers of Col1α1YFP mice and analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing. Human HSCs were isolated from livers denied for transplantation. We compared changes in gene expression patterns and epigenetic modifications (histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation) in primary mouse and human HSCs. Transcription factors were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs in mouse HSCs. RESULTS Motif enrichment identified E26 transcription-specific transcription factors (ETS) 1, ETS2, GATA4, GATA6, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1, and IRF2 transcription factors as regulators of the mouse and human HSC lineage. Small hairpin RNA-knockdown of these transcription factors resulted in increased expression of genes that promote fibrogenesis and inflammation, and loss of HSC phenotype. Disruption of Gata6 or Ets1, or Nf1 or Pparγ (which are regulated by ETS1), increased the severity of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice compared to control mice. Only mice with disruption of Gata6 or Pparγ had defects in fibrosis resolution after CCl4 administration was stopped, associated with persistent activation of HSCs. Administration of a PPARγ agonist accelerated regression of liver fibrosis after CCl4 administration in control mice but not in mice with disruption of Pparγ. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypes of HSCs from humans and mice are regulated by transcription factors, including ETS1, ETS2, GATA4, GATA6, IRF1, and IRF2. Activated mouse and human HSCs can revert to a quiescent-like, inactivated phenotype. We found GATA6 and PPARγ to be required for inactivation of human HSCs and regression of liver fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sara Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ryan McCubbin
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nairika Meshgin
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Linshan Shang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Sven Heinz
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chris K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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31
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Gao B, Emami A, Zhou R, Lang S, Duan Y, Wang Y, Jiang L, Loomba R, Brenner DA, Stärkel P, Schnabl B. Functional Microbial Responses to Alcohol Abstinence in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Physiol 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32390870 PMCID: PMC7193112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with hepatic steatosis and dysregulation of the gut microbiota in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, how gut microbiota responds when patients stop drinking has not been well studied. In this study, we use shotgun metagenomic sequencing to elucidate the alterations in the functional capacity of gut microbiota in patients with AUD when they stop drinking for 2-weeks. Sensitive microbial pathways to alcohol abstinence were identified in AUD patients. Further, we found the functional microbial responses to alcohol abstinence were different in AUD patients with different degree of hepatic steatosis. Our results provide insights into the link between functional alterations of the gut microbiota and steatosis associated with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Atoosa Emami
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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Zhang M, Haughey M, Wang NY, Blease K, Kapoun AM, Couto S, Belka I, Hoey T, Groza M, Hartke J, Bennett B, Cain J, Gurney A, Benish B, Castiglioni P, Drew C, Lachowicz J, Carayannopoulos L, Nathan SD, Distler J, Brenner DA, Hariharan K, Cho H, Xie W. Targeting the Wnt signaling pathway through R-spondin 3 identifies an anti-fibrosis treatment strategy for multiple organs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229445. [PMID: 32160239 PMCID: PMC7065809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in human proliferative diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. The functions of β-catenin and several other components of this pathway have been investigated in fibrosis. However, the potential role of R-spondin proteins (RSPOs), enhancers of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, has not been described. A specific interventional strategy targeting this pathway for fibrosis remains to be defined. We developed monoclonal antibodies against members of the RSPO family (RSPO1, 2, and 3) and probed their potential function in fibrosis in vivo. We demonstrated that RSPO3 plays a critical role in the development of fibrosis in multiple organs. Specifically, an anti-RSPO3 antibody, OMP-131R10, when dosed therapeutically, attenuated fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis, bleomycin-induced pulmonary and skin fibrosis models. Mechanistically, we showed that RSPO3 induces multiple pro-fibrotic chemokines and cytokines in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. We found that the anti-fibrotic activity of OMP-131R10 is associated with its inhibition of β-catenin activation in vivo. Finally, RSPO3 was found to be highly elevated in the active lesions of fibrotic tissues in mouse models of fibrosis and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Together these data provide an anti-fibrotic strategy for targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through RSPO3 blockade and support that OMP-131R10 could be an important therapeutic agent for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhang
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Haughey
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Nai-Yu Wang
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kate Blease
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Kapoun
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, CA, United States of America
| | - Suzana Couto
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Igor Belka
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy Hoey
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Groza
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - James Hartke
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Brydon Bennett
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cain
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, CA, United States of America
| | - Austin Gurney
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, CA, United States of America
| | - Brent Benish
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Clifton Drew
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jean Lachowicz
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, United States of America
| | | | - Steven D. Nathan
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States of America
| | - Jorg Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Ho Cho
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Weilin Xie
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu J, Ma HY, Liu X, Rosenthal S, Baglieri J, McCubbin R, Sun M, Koyama Y, Geoffroy CG, Saijo K, Shang L, Nishio T, Maricic I, Kreifeldt M, Kusumanchi P, Roberts A, Zheng B, Kumar V, Zengler K, Pizzo DP, Hosseini M, Contet C, Glass CK, Liangpunsakul S, Tsukamoto H, Gao B, Karin M, Brenner DA, Koob GF, Kisseleva T. Blockade of IL-17 signaling reverses alcohol-induced liver injury and excessive alcohol drinking in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131277. [PMID: 32051339 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse has a detrimental effect on the brain and liver. There is no effective treatment for these patients, and the mechanism underlying alcohol addiction and consequent alcohol-induced damage of the liver/brain axis remains unresolved. We compared experimental models of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and alcohol dependence in mice and demonstrated that genetic ablation of IL-17 receptor A (IL-17ra-/-) or pharmacological blockade of IL-17 signaling effectively suppressed the increased voluntary alcohol drinking in alcohol-dependent mice and blocked alcohol-induced hepatocellular and neurological damage. The level of circulating IL-17A positively correlated with the alcohol use in excessive drinkers and was further increased in patients with ALD as compared with healthy individuals. Our data suggest that IL-17A is a common mediator of excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced liver/brain injury, and targeting IL-17A may provide a novel strategy for treatment of alcohol-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Surgery, and
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Surgery, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cedric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Max Kreifeldt
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Candice Contet
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sun X, Seidman JS, Zhao P, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Que X, Zhou F, Liao Z, Pasillas M, Yang X, Magida JA, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR, Tsimikas S, Glass CK, Witztum JL. Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:189-206.e8. [PMID: 31761566 PMCID: PMC7028360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. Here, we show that OxPLs accumulate in human and mouse NASH. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses a functional single-chain variable fragment of E06, a natural antibody that neutralizes OxPLs, we demonstrate the causal role of OxPLs in NASH. Targeting OxPLs in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice improved multiple aspects of NASH, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocyte death, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that OxPLs promote ROS accumulation to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Neutralizing OxPLs in AMLN-diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, improved hepatic and adipose-tissue mitochondrial function, and fatty-acid oxidation. These results suggest targeting OxPLs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason A Magida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrogenesis is a pathophysiological outcome of chronic liver injury hallmarked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Fibrosis is a dynamic process that involves cross-talk between parenchymal cells (hepatocytes), hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and both resident and infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we focus on key cell-types that contribute to liver fibrosis, cytokines, and chemokines influencing this process and what it takes for fibrosis to regress. We discuss how mitochondria and metabolic changes in hepatic stellate cells modulate the fibrogenic process. We also briefly review how the presence of fibrosis affects development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Caussy C, Ajmera VH, Puri P, Li-Shin Hsu C, Bassirian S, Mgdsyan M, Singh S, Faulkner C, Valasek MA, Rizo E, Richards L, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R. Serum metabolites detect the presence of advanced fibrosis in derivation and validation cohorts of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2019; 68:1884-1892. [PMID: 30567742 PMCID: PMC8328048 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-invasive and accurate diagnostic tests for the screening of disease severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain a major unmet need. Therefore, we aimed to examine if a combination of serum metabolites can accurately predict the presence of advanced fibrosis. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective derivation cohort including 156 well-characterised patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and two validation cohorts, including (1) 142 patients assessed using MRI elastography (MRE) and(2) 59 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD with untargeted serum metabolome profiling. RESULTS In the derivation cohort, 23 participants (15%) had advanced fibrosis and 32 of 652 analysed metabolites were significantly associated with advanced fibrosis after false-discovery rate adjustment. Among the top 10 metabolites, 8 lipids (5alpha-androstan-3beta monosulfate, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, palmitoleate, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, 5alpha-androstan-3beta disulfate, glycocholate), one amino acid (taurine) and one carbohydrate (fucose) were identified. The combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the top 10 metabolite panel was higher than FIB--4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) for the detection of advanced fibrosis: 0.94 (95% CI 0.897 to 0.982) versus 0.78 (95% CI0.674 to 0.891), p=0.002 and versus 0.84 (95% CI 0.724 to 0.929), p=0.017, respectively. The AUROC of the top 10 metabolite panel remained excellent in the independent validation cohorts assessed by MRE or liver biopsy: c-statistic of 0.94 and 0.84, respectively. CONCLUSION A combination of 10 serum metabolites demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability for the detection of advanced fibrosis in an derivation and two independent validation cohorts with greater diagnostic accuracy than the FIB-4-index and NFS. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that a non-invasive blood-based diagnostic test can provide excellent performance characteristics for the detection of advanced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Caussy
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA,Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, California, France
| | - Veeral H Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Shirin Bassirian
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mania Mgdsyan
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark A Valasek
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily Rizo
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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37
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Loomba R, Seguritan V, Li W, Long T, Klitgord N, Bhatt A, Dulai PS, Caussy C, Bettencourt R, Highlander SK, Jones MB, Sirlin CB, Schnabl B, Brinkac L, Schork N, Chen CH, Brenner DA, Biggs W, Yooseph S, Venter JC, Nelson KE. Gut Microbiome-Based Metagenomic Signature for Non-invasive Detection of Advanced Fibrosis in Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Metab 2019; 30:607. [PMID: 31484056 PMCID: PMC8025688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Nishio T, Hu R, Koyama Y, Liang S, Rosenthal SB, Yamamoto G, Karin D, Baglieri J, Ma HY, Xu J, Liu X, Dhar D, Iwaisako K, Taura K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Activated hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts contribute to cholestatic liver fibrosis in MDR2 knockout mice. J Hepatol 2019; 71:573-585. [PMID: 31071368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver injury often results in the activation of hepatic myofibroblasts and the development of liver fibrosis. Hepatic myofibroblasts may originate from 3 major sources: hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal fibroblasts (PFs), and fibrocytes, with varying contributions depending on the etiology of liver injury. Here, we assessed the composition of hepatic myofibroblasts in multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice, a genetic model that resembles primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients. METHODS Mdr2-/- mice expressing a collagen-GFP reporter were analyzed at different ages. Hepatic non-parenchymal cells isolated from collagen-GFP Mdr2-/- mice were sorted based on collagen-GFP and vitamin A. An NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1/4 inhibitor was administrated to Mdr2-/- mice aged 12-16 weeks old to assess the therapeutic approach of targeting oxidative stress in cholestatic injury. RESULTS Thy1+ activated PFs accounted for 26%, 51%, and 54% of collagen-GFP+ myofibroblasts in Mdr2-/- mice at 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age, respectively. The remaining collagen-GFP+ myofibroblasts were composed of activated HSCs, suggesting that PFs and HSCs are both activated in Mdr2-/- mice. Bone-marrow-derived fibrocytes minimally contributed to liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice. The development of cholestatic liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice was associated with early recruitment of Gr1+ myeloid cells and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (4 weeks). Administration of a NOX inhibitor to 12-week-old Mdr2-/- mice suppressed the activation of myofibroblasts and attenuated the development of cholestatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Activated PFs and activated HSCs contribute to cholestatic fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice, and serve as targets for antifibrotic therapy. LAY SUMMARY Activated portal fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells, but not fibrocytes, contributed to the production of the fibrous scar in livers of Mdr2-/- mice, and these cells can serve as targets for antifibrotic therapy in cholestatic injury. Therapeutic inhibition of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) in Mdr2-/- mice reversed cholestatic fibrosis, suggesting that targeting NOXs may be an effective strategy for the treatment of cholestatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronglin Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Wang L, Mazagova M, Pan C, Yang S, Brandl K, Liu J, Reilly SM, Wang Y, Miao Z, Loomba R, Lu N, Guo Q, Liu J, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM, Brenner DA, Saltiel AR, Beutler B, Schnabl B. YIPF6 controls sorting of FGF21 into COPII vesicles and promotes obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15184-15193. [PMID: 31289229 PMCID: PMC6660779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904360116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. While gene expression of FGF21 is regulated by the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the fasted state, little is known about the regulation of trafficking and secretion of FGF21. We show that mice with a mutation in the Yip1 domain family, member 6 gene (Klein-Zschocher [KLZ]; Yipf6KLZ/Y ) on a high-fat diet (HFD) have higher plasma levels of FGF21 than mice that do not carry this mutation (controls) and hepatocytes from Yipf6KLZ/Y mice secrete more FGF21 than hepatocytes from wild-type mice. Consequently, Yipf6KLZ/Y mice are resistant to HFD-induced features of the metabolic syndrome and have increased lipolysis, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis, with an increase in core body temperature. Yipf6KLZ/Y mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of FGF21 were no longer protected from diet-induced obesity. We show that YIPF6 binds FGF21 in the endoplasmic reticulum to limit its secretion and specifies packaging of FGF21 into coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles during development of obesity in mice. Levels of YIPF6 protein in human liver correlate with hepatic steatosis and correlate inversely with levels of FGF21 in serum from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). YIPF6 is therefore a newly identified regulator of FGF21 secretion during development of obesity and could be a target for treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Magdalena Mazagova
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chuyue Pan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, 100015 Beijing, China
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Zhaorui Miao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Na Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
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40
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Caussy C, Bhargava M, Villesen IF, Gudmann NS, Leeming DJ, Karsdal MA, Faulkner C, Bao D, Liu A, Lo MT, Bettencourt R, Bassirian S, Richards L, Brenner DA, Chen CH, Sirlin CB, Loomba R. Collagen Formation Assessed by N-Terminal Propeptide of Type 3 Procollagen Is a Heritable Trait and Is Associated With Liver Fibrosis Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Elastography. Hepatology 2019; 70:127-141. [PMID: 30859582 PMCID: PMC6984974 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal propeptide of type 3 procollagen (PRO-C3) is a biomarker of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study examines the association between PRO-C3 concentration and liver fibrosis assessed by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE)-measured stiffness (MRE-stiffness) and the heritability of PRO-C3 concentration in a cohort of twins and families with and without NAFLD. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a well-characterized prospective cohort of 306 participants, including 44 probands with NAFLD-cirrhosis and their 72 first-degree relatives, 24 probands with NAFLD without advanced fibrosis and their 24 first-degree relatives, and 72 controls without NAFLD and their 72 first-degree relatives. Liver steatosis was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction, and liver fibrosis was assessed by MRE-stiffness. Serum PRO-C3 was assessed by competitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We assessed the familial correlation of PRO-C3 concentration, the shared gene effects between PRO-C3 concentration and liver steatosis and fibrosis, and the association between PRO-C3 concentration and genetic variants in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing (MBOAT), and glucokinase regulator (CGKR) genes. In multivariable-adjusted models including age, sex, body mass index, and ethnicity, serum PRO-C3 correlated strongly with liver fibrosis (r2 = 0.50, P < 0.001) and demonstrated robust heritability (h2 , 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07, 0.59; P = 0.016). PRO-C3 concentration and steatosis had a strong genetic correlation (shared genetic determination: 0.62; 95% CI, 0.236, 1.001; P = 0.002), whereas PRO-C3 concentration and fibrosis had a strong environmental correlation (shared environmental determination: 0.55; 95% CI, 0.317, 0.717; P < 0.001). PRO-C3 concentrations were higher in carriers of the TM6SF2 rs58542926-T allele compared with noncarriers: 15.7 (± 10.5) versus 10.8 (± 5.7) ng/L (P = 0.047). Conclusion: Serum PRO-C3 correlates with MRE-assessed fibrosis, is heritable, shares genetic correlation with liver steatosis and shares environmental correlation with liver fibrosis. PRO-C3 concentration appears to be linked to both fibrosis and steatosis and increased in carriers of the TM6SF2 rs58542926 risk allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Caussy
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Meera Bhargava
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Claire Faulkner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Denny Bao
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Amy Liu
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Min-Tzu Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shirin Bassirian
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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Baglieri J, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. The Role of Fibrosis and Liver-Associated Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071723. [PMID: 30959975 PMCID: PMC6479943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and lacks effective therapeutic approaches. Most HCC develops in the setting of chronic liver injury, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. CAFs, which probably derive from HSCs, activate into extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myofibroblasts and crosstalk with cancer cells to affect tumor growth and invasion. In this review, we describe the different components which form the HCC premalignant microenvironment (PME) and the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the liver fibrosis process and the biology of CAFs. We will describe the CAF-dependent mechanisms which have been suggested to promote hepatocarcinogenesis, such as the alteration of ECM, CAF-dependent production of cytokines and angiogenic factors, CAF-dependent reduction of immuno-surveillance, and CAF-dependent promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). New knowledge of the fibrosis process and the role of CAFs in HCC may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Liang S, Ma HY, Zhong Z, Dhar D, Liu X, Xu J, Koyama Y, Nishio T, Karin D, Karin G, Mccubbin R, Zhang C, Hu R, Yang G, Chen L, Ganguly S, Lan T, Karin M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. NADPH Oxidase 1 in Liver Macrophages Promotes Inflammation and Tumor Development in Mice. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1156-1172.e6. [PMID: 30445007 PMCID: PMC6409207 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although there are associations among oxidative stress, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activation, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, it is not clear how NOX contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis. We studied the functions of different NOX proteins in mice after administration of a liver carcinogen. METHODS Fourteen-day-old Nox1-/- mice, Nox4-/- mice, Nox1-/-Nox4-/- (double-knockout) mice, and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and liver tumors were examined at 9 months. We also studied the effects of DEN in mice with disruption of Nox1 specifically in hepatocytes (Nox1ΔHep), hepatic stellate cells (Nox1ΔHep), or macrophages (Nox1ΔMac). Some mice were also given injections of the NOX1-specific inhibitor ML171. To study the acute effects of DEN, 8-12-week-old mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection, and liver and serum were collected at 72 hours. Liver tissues were analyzed by histologic examination, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblots. Hepatocytes and macrophages were isolated from WT and knockout mice and analyzed by immunoblots. RESULTS Nox4-/- mice and WT mice developed liver tumors within 9 months after administration of DEN, whereas Nox1-/- mice developed 80% fewer tumors, which were 50% smaller than those of WT mice. Nox1ΔHep and Nox1ΔHSC mice developed liver tumors of the same number and size as WT mice, whereas Nox1ΔMac developed fewer and smaller tumors, similar to Nox1-/- mice. After DEN injection, levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6 (IL6), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were increased in livers from WT, but not Nox1-/- or Nox1ΔMac, mice. Conditioned medium from necrotic hepatocytes induced expression of NOX1 in cultured macrophages, followed by expression of tumor necrosis factor, IL6, and other inflammatory cytokines; this medium did not induce expression of IL6 or cytokines in Nox1ΔMac macrophages. WT mice given DEN followed by ML171 developed fewer and smaller liver tumors than mice given DEN followed by vehicle. CONCLUSIONS In mice given injections of a liver carcinogen (DEN), expression of NOX1 by macrophages promotes hepatic tumorigenesis by inducing the production of inflammatory cytokines. We propose that upon liver injury, damage-associated molecular patterns released from dying hepatocytes activate liver macrophages to produce cytokines that promote tumor development. Strategies to block NOX1 or these cytokines might be developed to slow hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Karin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Mccubbin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ronglin Hu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tian Lan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Correspondence: To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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Caussy C, Hsu C, Singh S, Bassirian S, Kolar J, Faulkner C, Sinha N, Bettencourt R, Gara N, Valasek MA, Schnabl B, Richards L, Brenner DA, Hofmann AF, Loomba R. Serum bile acid patterns are associated with the presence of NAFLD in twins, and dose-dependent changes with increase in fibrosis stage in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:183-193. [PMID: 30506692 PMCID: PMC6319963 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fasting-state serum bile acid profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported to differ when nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is compared to nonalcoholic fatty liver. However, there are few data comparing changes in NAFLD vs non-NAFLD, or whether the bile acid profile differs according to the degree of fibrosis. AIM To examine the serum bile acid profile across the entire spectrum of NAFLD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of two complementary cohorts: a Twin and Family cohort of 156 participants, and a biopsy-proven-NAFLD cohort of 156 participants with fasting bile acid profiling using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the Twin and Family cohort (mean age 46.3 years and body mass index (BMI) 26.6 kg/m2 ), 36 (23%) participants had NAFLD (magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction ≥ 5%). Higher chenodeoxycholyl conjugates (9.0% vs 6.5%, P = 0.019) and lower glycohyocholate (1.2% vs 3.6%, P < 0.001) were observed in NAFLD compared to non-NAFLD-controls. In the biopsy-proven-NAFLD cohort (mean age 49.8 years, BMI 32.0 kg/m2 ), no differences in total bile acid were seen between nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The total unconjugated bile acid significantly decreased across nonalcoholic steatohepatitis categories (P = 0.044). The distribution of stage of fibrosis was F0: 42.3%, F1: 32.7%, F2: 10.3%, F3: 8.3% and F4: 6.4%. The total serum bile acid increased with increase in fibrosis stage (P < 0.001). The primary conjugated bile acid proportion increased (P < 0.001) whereas unconjugated bile acid (P = 0.006), unconjugated cholyl (P < 0.001) and chenodeoxycholyl conjugates (P < 0.002) significantly decreased with increase in liver fibrosis stage. CONCLUSIONS Fasting-state serum bile acid profile alterations are seen across the entire spectrum of NAFLD. The total serum bile acids did not differ significantly between NAFLD vs non-NAFLD and nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but were significantly perturbed progressively as liver fibrosis increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Caussy
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cynthia Hsu
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Seema Singh
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shirin Bassirian
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James Kolar
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Claire Faulkner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nikhil Sinha
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Naveen Gara
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark A. Valasek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Alan F. Hofmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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44
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Allaband C, McDonald D, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Minich JJ, Tripathi A, Brenner DA, Loomba R, Smarr L, Sandborn WJ, Schnabl B, Dorrestein P, Zarrinpar A, Knight R. Microbiome 101: Studying, Analyzing, and Interpreting Gut Microbiome Data for Clinicians. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:218-230. [PMID: 30240894 PMCID: PMC6391518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technical capabilities for reading complex human microbiomes are leading to an explosion of microbiome research, leading in turn to intense interest among clinicians in applying these techniques to their patients. In this review, we discuss the content of the human microbiome, including intersubject and intrasubject variability, considerations of study design including important confounding factors, and different methods in the laboratory and on the computer to read the microbiome and its resulting gene products and metabolites. We highlight several common pitfalls for clinicians, including the expectation that an individual's microbiome will be stable, that diet can induce rapid changes that are large compared with the differences among subjects, that everyone has essentially the same core stool microbiome, and that different laboratory and computational methods will yield essentially the same results. We also highlight the current limitations and future promise of these techniques, with the expectation that an understanding of these considerations will help accelerate the path toward routine clinical application of these techniques developed in research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Allaband
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Jeremiah J. Minich
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Larry Smarr
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Administration San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Administration San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Pieter Dorrestein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Administration San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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45
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Chen L, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Combatting Fibrosis: Exosome-Based Therapies in the Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:180-192. [PMID: 30766956 PMCID: PMC6357832 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis results from chronic injury and inflammation in the liver and leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis has advanced the prospect of developing therapies for regression of the disease. Resolution of fibrosis requires a reduction of proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, a decrease in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production, an increase in collagenase activity, and finally, a disappearance of activated myofibroblasts. Exosomes are nanovesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types. They epigenetically reprogram and alter the phenotype of their recipient cells and hold great promise for the reversal of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that exosomes function as conduits for intercellular transfer and contain all the necessary components to induce resolution of fibrosis, including the ability to (1) inhibit macrophage activation and cytokine secretion, (2) remodel ECM production and decrease fibrous scars, and (3) inactivate hepatic stellate cells, a major myofibroblast population. Here, we discuss the research involving the regression of hepatic fibrosis. We focus on the newly discovered roles of exosomes during fibrogenesis and as a therapy for fibrosis reversal. We also emphasize the novel discoveries of exosome‐based antifibrotic treatments in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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47
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Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, Karin M, Loomba R, Schnabl B, Knight R. Publisher Correction: The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:785. [PMID: 29785003 PMCID: PMC7133393 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the original version of Table 1 published online, upward arrows to indicate increased translocation of PAMPs were missing from the row entitled 'Translocation' for both the column on alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This error has now been updated in the PDF and HTML version of the article.
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Krempen K, Grotkopp D, Hall K, Bache A, Gillan A, Rippe RA, Brenner DA, Breindl M. Far upstream regulatory elements enhance position-independent and uterus-specific expression of the murine alpha1(I) collagen promoter in transgenic mice. Gene Expr 2018; 8:151-63. [PMID: 10634317 PMCID: PMC6157370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The stage- and tissue-specific expression of many eukaryotic genes is regulated by cis-regulatory elements, some of which are located in proximity to the start site of transcription whereas others have been identified at considerable distances. In previous studies we have identified far upstream DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the murine alpha1(I) collagen (Col1a1) gene, which may play a role in the regulation of this abundantly expressed gene. Here we have cloned several of these sites into reporter gene constructs containing the Col1a1 promoter driving the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene and tested their possible functions in transfection experiments and transgenic mice. In transient and stable transfections none of the hypersensitive sites had a significant effect on Col1a1 promoter activity, indicating that they do not contain a classical transcriptional enhancer. In transgenic animals one element located at -18 to -19.5 kb enhanced the position-independent activity of the linked Col1a1 promoter and may be part of a locus control region. Another element located at -7 to -8 kb specifically enhanced reporter gene expression in the uteri of transgenic mice, suggesting that it contains a novel transcriptional enhancer that may be involved in the regulation of type I collagen expression in tissue remodeling in the uterus during the estrous cycle. Our studies also demonstrate the versatility of the GFP reporter gene for use in transgenic animals because it can be analyzed in live animals, whole mount embryos, histological thin sections, or primary cell cultures, and it can be quantified very sensitively in tissue or cell extracts using a fluorometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Krempen
- *Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Doris Grotkopp
- *Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Keith Hall
- *Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Alexandra Bache
- *Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Andrea Gillan
- †Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Richard A. Rippe
- †Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David A. Brenner
- †Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Breindl
- †Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Address correspondence to Michael Breindl, Ph.D., Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182. Tel: (619) 594-2983; Fax: (619) 594-5676; E-mail:
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49
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Caussy C, Hsu C, Lo MT, Liu A, Bettencourt R, Ajmera VH, Bassirian S, Hooker J, Sy E, Richards L, Schork N, Schnabl B, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Chen CH, Loomba R. Link between gut-microbiome derived metabolite and shared gene-effects with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD. Hepatology 2018; 68:918-932. [PMID: 29572891 PMCID: PMC6151296 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that gut-microbiome is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine if serum metabolites, especially those derived from the gut-microbiome, have a shared gene-effect with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. This is a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective discovery cohort including 156 well-characterized twins and families with untargeted metabolome profiling assessment. Hepatic steatosis was assessed using magnetic-resonance-imaging proton-density-fat-fraction (MRI-PDFF) and fibrosis using MR-elastography (MRE). A twin additive genetics and unique environment effects (AE) model was used to estimate the shared gene-effect between metabolites and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. The findings were validated in an independent prospective validation cohort of 156 participants with biopsy-proven NAFLD including shotgun metagenomics sequencing assessment in a subgroup of the cohort. In the discovery cohort, 56 metabolites including 6 microbial metabolites had a significant shared gene-effect with both hepatic steatosis and fibrosis after adjustment for age, sex and ethnicity. In the validation cohort, 6 metabolites were associated with advanced fibrosis. Among them, only one microbial metabolite, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate, remained consistent and statistically significantly associated with liver fibrosis in the discovery and validation cohort (fold-change of higher-MRE versus lower-MRE: 1.78, P < 0.001 and of advanced versus no advanced fibrosis: 1.26, P = 0.037, respectively). The share genetic determination of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate with hepatic steatosis was RG :0.57,95%CI:0.27-0.80, P < 0.001 and with fibrosis was RG :0.54,95%CI:0.036-1, P = 0.036. Pathway reconstruction linked 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate to several human gut-microbiome species. In the validation cohort, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate was significantly correlated with the abundance of several gut-microbiome species, belonging only to Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla, previously reported as associated with advanced fibrosis. Conclusion: This proof of concept study provides evidence of a link between the gut-microbiome and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate that shares gene-effect with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Caussy
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Université Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cynthia Hsu
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Min-Tzu Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amy Liu
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Veeral H. Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Shirin Bassirian
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Hooker
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ethan Sy
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Richards
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - David A. Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
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50
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Abstract
In the past decade, an exciting realization has been that diverse liver diseases - ranging from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma - fall along a spectrum. Work on the biology of the gut-liver axis has assisted in understanding the basic biology of both alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Of immense importance is the advancement in understanding the role of the microbiome, driven by high-throughput DNA sequencing and improved computational techniques that enable the complexity of the microbiome to be interrogated, together with improved experimental designs. Here, we review gut-liver communications in liver disease, exploring the molecular, genetic and microbiome relationships and discussing prospects for exploiting the microbiome to determine liver disease stage and to predict the effects of pharmaceutical, dietary and other interventions at a population and individual level. Although much work remains to be done in understanding the relationship between the microbiome and liver disease, rapid progress towards clinical applications is being made, especially in study designs that complement human intervention studies with mechanistic work in mice that have been humanized in multiple respects, including the genetic, immunological and microbiome characteristics of individual patients. These 'avatar mice' could be especially useful for guiding new microbiome-based or microbiome-informed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Tripathi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - David A. Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, CA
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