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Schneid SD, Blumer JB, Hong JY, Brandl K. Using fourth-year medical students as academic coaches. Med Educ 2023; 57:1144-1145. [PMID: 37712362 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
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Schneid SD, Best BM, Evans SJ, Brandl K. Modified team-based learning to promote collaboration in an online prematriculation course. Med Educ 2023; 57:470-471. [PMID: 36866840 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most U.S. medical schools acutely transitioned from regimented in-person learning to highly flexible virtual asynchronous learning. This transition at our medical school provided a unique opportunity to evaluate if and how students adapted their academic and personal lives in response. METHODS Medical students in a single class that made this transition were retrospectively provided with 24-hour diaries for three periods - one shortly before the transition, a second early in the transition, and third several months into the transition - and asked to select the academic or personal activities done in each hour. The percentage of medical students performing each activity each hour was analyzed, as was the time spent on each activity per day, and per morning, afternoon, per evening within the day. RESULTS Overall study time did not change in either virtual period but shifted significantly to the morning (6 AM to 12 PM). Time spent studying in groups fell significantly during both virtual periods, concordant with a significant increase in alone study time in the early virtual period. Early in the transition to virtual learning, students replaced in-person didactics with online faculty lectures; several months later in virtual learning, they had replaced online faculty lectures with commercial products. There was no significant change in time spent on specific personal activities. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with extensive constraints imposed by the heavy cognitive load of a medical school curriculum, students did not significantly change their overall study time and any self-care-related activities in the transition to virtual learning. However, transitioning to virtual learning allowed our students to adapt their study strategies, i.e. reducing group study time and increasing lone studying time. Furthermore, students shifted studying time to the morning to optimize the management of the cognitive task-load they faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kama Z Guluma
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Blumer JB, Kruidering M, Brandl K, McPhail B, Simmons MA. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Division for Pharmacology Education at EB2022-Meeting report. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e01014. [PMID: 36210650 PMCID: PMC9549069 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) held its annual meeting at the Experimental Biology 2022 conference in Philadelphia, PA on April 2-5, 2022. The authors provide a synopsis and discussion of each of the four sessions presented at the meeting under the ASPET Division for Pharmacology Education (DPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe B. Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Marieke Kruidering
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brooks McPhail
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville CampusGreenvilleSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mark A. Simmons
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess AnneMarylandUSA
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5
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Schneid SD, Kelly CJ, Brandl K. Relationships between preadmission variables and academic outcomes for postbaccalaureate students in medical school. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2022; 27:1033-1048. [PMID: 35753003 PMCID: PMC9606013 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently little guidance for medical school admissions committees regarding how to weigh postbaccalaureate program grades relative to undergraduate grades. This study was designed to address this issue. Admissions data, preclerkship course performance and United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 results were analyzed over three years for University of California, San Diego (UCSD) postbaccalaureate premedical (PBPM) students (n = 25), students who participated in other postbaccalaureate programs (n = 34), and for the remainder of the medical students who did not participate in any postbaccalaureate programs (n = 329). UCSD PBPM program alumni did not significantly differ in their cumulative academic performance on exams in preclerkship courses and USMLE Step 1 pass rates compared to the rest of the class despite their significantly lower GPA, lower Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Math (BCPM) GPA, and Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) percentiles. For students who participated in the PBPM programs, PBPM program GPA was a significant predictor of preclerkship academic performance and USMLE Step 1 performance. When assessing academic readiness of applicants who have completed postbaccalaureate programs, admissions committees might closely consider the postbaccalaureate program GPA in addition to other academic metrices such as BCPM GPA and MCAT score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0675), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0675, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Carolyn J Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0675), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0675, USA
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6
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Brandl K, Schneid S, Laiken N. A small‐group activity to enhance learning of cardiovascular drugs for health science students. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e01006. [PMID: 36111706 PMCID: PMC9479160 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This small‐group activity provides two cases in cardiovascular pharmacology to engage students in a medical or other health professions curriculum. The goal of this activity is to apply students' basic knowledge of physiology and pharmacology to clinical case scenarios. Students were provided with the cases 1 week in advance and were encouraged to use their lecture notes and/or other references of their choosing to answer as many of the questions as possible and prepare to discuss the answers with their classmates at the session. Facilitators were provided with detailed notes and a video that explain the answers and provide suggestions for engaging and challenging the students. For the 2021 academic year, 201 students (139 first‐year medical students and 62 second‐year pharmacy students) at UC San Diego participated in the small‐group activity. Eighteen facilitators were recruited to lead this 110‐min session. Students' performance was assessed on the final exam of their integrated cardiovascular physiology‐pharmacology course. Students achieved 84% (SD 17.54) on questions related to the small‐group session compared to 78% (SD 15.60) on other cardiovascular pharmacology questions not related to the activity. Student perceptions of the facilitators leading the small‐group activity were very positive (average of 4.7 on a 5‐point Likert Scale). Using this approach, we demonstrate that a small‐group activity with clinical scenarios helps students master the pharmacology content related to cardiovascular drugs. The small‐group activity included constructed response questions to foster conceptual understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Stephen Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Nora Laiken
- School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
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Duan Y, Chu H, Brandl K, Jiang L, Zeng S, Meshgin N, Papachristoforou E, Argemi J, Mendes BG, Wang Y, Su H, Sun W, Llorente C, Hendrikx T, Liu X, Hosseini M, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Bataller R, Ramachandran P, Karin M, Fu W, Schnabl B. CRIg on liver macrophages clears pathobionts and protects against alcoholic liver disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7172. [PMID: 34887405 PMCID: PMC8660815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor of immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) is expressed on liver macrophages and directly binds complement component C3b or Gram-positive bacteria to mediate phagocytosis. CRIg plays important roles in several immune-mediated diseases, but it is not clear how its pathogen recognition and phagocytic functions maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. We previously associated cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis with severity of alcohol-related liver disease. Here, we demonstrate that CRIg is reduced in liver tissues from patients with alcohol-related liver disease. CRIg-deficient mice developed more severe ethanol-induced liver disease than wild-type mice; disease severity was reduced with loss of toll-like receptor 2. CRIg-deficient mice were less efficient than wild-type mice at clearing Gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis that had translocated from gut to liver. Administration of the soluble extracellular domain CRIg-Ig protein protected mice from ethanol-induced steatohepatitis. Our findings indicate that ethanol impairs hepatic clearance of translocated pathobionts, via decreased hepatic CRIg, which facilitates progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Katharina Brandl
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Suling Zeng
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Nairika Meshgin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Eleni Papachristoforou
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.5924.a0000000419370271Hepatology Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), Instituto de Investigacion de Navarra (IdisNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Mendes
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yanhan Wang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hua Su
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Weizhong Sun
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- grid.511172.10000 0004 0613 128XUniversity of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Karin
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Brandl K, Kelly C. Evaluation of a combined bachelor's (Bach)/MD program at UC San Diego School of Medicine. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brandl K. Using a “favorite figure” to help students learn challenging pharmacology topics. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Mnatzaganian CL, Atayee RS, Namba JM, Brandl K, Lee KC. The effect of sleep quality, sleep components, and environmental sleep factors on core curriculum exam scores among pharmacy students. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2020; 12:119-126. [PMID: 32147152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep deprivation is associated with poor academic performance, although the impact on pharmacy students has been minimally reported. This study examined sleep quality in pharmacy students in the first (P1), second (P2), and third (P3) professional years during perceived low and high stress periods in a course. Individual sleep and environmental factors were also explored. METHODS This prospective cohort study used an 18-item survey adapted from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) that included demographics, individual sleep components, and factors affecting sleep. Surveys were administered at the beginning of the quarter (low stress) and the week before final exams (high stress). Chi-square tests compared categorical variables; ANOVA/ANCOVA tests compared continuous variables. RESULTS During high stress, PSQI scores worsened among all classes and was significant for the P3s. Average sleep duration was 6.64 (SD 1.18) and 6.8 (SD 1.18) hours per night for P1s and P3s, respectively, at the beginning of the quarter; both groups had significant reduction in sleep duration at the end of the quarter. There were no significant correlations between PSQI and exam scores. Factors impacting sleep such as exercise, use of technology at bedtime, and work hours outside of school decreased during high times of stress, for P1s, P2s, and P3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Students demonstrated worsening sleep quality during high stress periods and less sleep than recommended. Academic performance was not adversely affected. Future research should use sleep logs and other performance measures to determine the impact of sleep quality on academic success and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Mnatzaganian
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 E Gilman Drive MC #0657, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Rabia S Atayee
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 E Gilman Drive MC #0657, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Jennifer M Namba
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 E Gilman Drive MC #0657, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Katharina Brandl
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 E Gilman Drive MC #0657, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Kelly C Lee
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 E Gilman Drive MC #0657, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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Duan Y, Llorente C, Lang S, Brandl K, Chu H, Jiang L, White RC, Clarke TH, Nguyen K, Torralba M, Shao Y, Liu J, Hernandez-Morales A, Lessor L, Rahman IR, Miyamoto Y, Ly M, Gao B, Sun W, Kiesel R, Hutmacher F, Lee S, Ventura-Cots M, Bosques-Padilla F, Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross DL, Ho SB, Louvet A, Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Garcia-Tsao G, Bataller R, Tu XM, Eckmann L, van der Donk WA, Young R, Lawley TD, Stärkel P, Pride D, Fouts DE, Schnabl B. Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature 2019; 575:505-511. [PMID: 31723265 PMCID: PMC6872939 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease due to alcohol use disorder contributes markedly to the global burden of disease and mortality1–3. Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe and life-threatening form of alcohol-associated liver disease. The gut microbiota promotes ethanol-induced liver disease in mice4, but little is known about microbial factors responsible for this process. We identified cytolysin, a two-subunit exotoxin secreted by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis)5,6, to cause hepatocyte death and liver injury. Compared with controls, patients with alcoholic hepatitis have increased fecal numbers of E. faecalis. The presence of cytolysin-positive (cytolytic) E. faecalis correlated with liver disease severity and mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Using humanized mice colonized with bacteria from feces of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the therapeutic effects of bacteriophages that target cytolytic E. faecalis. We found these phages to decrease cytolysin in the liver and abolish ethanol-induced liver disease in humanized mice. Our findings link cytolysin-positive E. faecalis with worse clinical outcomes and mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. We show that bacteriophages can specifically target cytolytic E. faecalis, providing a method to precisely edit the intestinal microbiota. A prospective clinical trial with a larger cohort is required to validate human relevance of our findings and to test whether this new therapeutic approach is effective for patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Shao
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Lessor
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A & M AgriLife Research and Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Imran R Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roman Kiesel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Felix Hutmacher
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suhan Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco Bosques-Padilla
- Hospital Universitario, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Verna
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan G Abraldes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Caballería
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Liver Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de L'appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Michael R Lucey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de L'appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Section of Digestive Diseases, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ry Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A & M AgriLife Research and Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pride
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Brandl K, Schneid SD, Tsunoda SM, Awdishu L. Assessing Students' Satisfaction with a Redesigned Pharmacology Course Series. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:6971. [PMID: 31619818 PMCID: PMC6788159 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To describe the revision of a pharmacology course series taught over three quarters within a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum and assess changes in students' attitudes toward and performance after the revision. Methods. Based in part on students' dissatisfaction regarding a pharmacology course series, a course director was hired and tasked with teaching a major portion of the course content, rewriting course examinations, and facilitating active learning in the course series. Course evaluations and examination scores of students who completed the course series after the implementation of the redesigned curriculum (classes of 2015 and 2016) were assessed and compared with those of students who completed the course before the revisions were made (classes of 2013 and 2014). Results. Qualitative analysis of second-year pharmacy student evaluations identified a lack of integration and coordination within the pharmacology course sequence. Poor examination quality and the absence of active teaching methods were other frequently described shortcomings of the pharmacology curriculum. Course evaluations dramatically improved after shortcomings were addressed and students' performance in the subsequent therapeutics course also increased significantly. Conclusion. Adding additional structure to and oversight for a pharmacology course series by adding a course director improved student satisfaction with the course and improved performance in the subsequent therapeutics course. This study highlights the importance of a well-designed pharmacology curriculum for continued success in core courses in the PharmD curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen D Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shirley M Tsunoda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Linda Awdishu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Wang L, Mazagova M, Pan C, Yang S, Brandl K, Liu J, Reilly SM, Wang Y, Miao Z, Loomba R, Lu N, Guo Q, Liu J, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM, Brenner DA, Saltiel AR, Beutler B, Schnabl B. YIPF6 controls sorting of FGF21 into COPII vesicles and promotes obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15184-15193. [PMID: 31289229 PMCID: PMC6660779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904360116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. While gene expression of FGF21 is regulated by the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the fasted state, little is known about the regulation of trafficking and secretion of FGF21. We show that mice with a mutation in the Yip1 domain family, member 6 gene (Klein-Zschocher [KLZ]; Yipf6KLZ/Y ) on a high-fat diet (HFD) have higher plasma levels of FGF21 than mice that do not carry this mutation (controls) and hepatocytes from Yipf6KLZ/Y mice secrete more FGF21 than hepatocytes from wild-type mice. Consequently, Yipf6KLZ/Y mice are resistant to HFD-induced features of the metabolic syndrome and have increased lipolysis, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis, with an increase in core body temperature. Yipf6KLZ/Y mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of FGF21 were no longer protected from diet-induced obesity. We show that YIPF6 binds FGF21 in the endoplasmic reticulum to limit its secretion and specifies packaging of FGF21 into coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles during development of obesity in mice. Levels of YIPF6 protein in human liver correlate with hepatic steatosis and correlate inversely with levels of FGF21 in serum from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). YIPF6 is therefore a newly identified regulator of FGF21 secretion during development of obesity and could be a target for treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Magdalena Mazagova
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chuyue Pan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, 100015 Beijing, China
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yanhan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Zhaorui Miao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Na Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
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14
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Brandl K, Mandel J, Kelly CJ. Dean's Perspective on Academic Communities at UC San Diego, School of Medicine. J Med Educ Curric Dev 2019; 6:2382120519848048. [PMID: 31206030 PMCID: PMC6537246 DOI: 10.1177/2382120519848048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND In 2010, the UC San Diego School of Medicine launched a new curriculum, the integrated scientific curriculum. As part of this curricular redesign, the school instituted academic communities. This perspective article outlines our experience with the first 8 years of these academic communities. SINGLE-INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE We initiated academic communities with the hope that this structure would cultivate enhanced student-student and student-faculty engagement, improve faculty-student mentoring, and create additional service-learning and student leadership opportunities. The communities would also provide an environment for small group learning throughout the 4-year curriculum. After 8 years of experience, a comparison of student survey data pre- and post establishment of academic communities demonstrated enhanced connectedness between students and faculty and higher scores for faculty mentoring and for career planning. Our own lived experience with the communities revealed several unanticipated outcomes. The community directors became a source of support and advice for one another. Some faculty and administrators whose previous roles were affected by start of the academic communities needed to adjust expectations. CONCLUSIONS The establishment of academic communities was associated with improvement in student-faculty engagement, student assessment of faculty mentoring, and career planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jess Mandel
- School of Medicine, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Brandl K, Hartmann P, Jih LJ, Pizzo DP, Schnabl B. Reply to: "Finding fibroblast growth factor 19 during cholestasis: Does x mark the spot? J Hepatol 2018; 69:1400-1401. [PMID: 30301625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lily J Jih
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald P Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Brandl K, Rabadia SV, Chang A, Mandel J. Benefit of focus group discussion beyond online survey in course evaluations by medical students in the United States: A qualitative study. J Educ Eval Health Prof 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 30321914 PMCID: PMC6249141 DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2018.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to online questionnaires, many medical schools use supplemental evaluation tools such as focus groups to evaluate their courses. Although some benefits of using focus groups in program evaluation have been described, it is unknown whether these in-person data collection methods provide sufficient additional information beyond online evaluations to justify them. In this study we analyze recommendations gathered from student evaluation team (SET) focus group meetings and analyzed whether these items were captured in open-ended comments within the online evaluations. Our results indicate that online evaluations captured only 49% of the recommendations identified via SETs. Surveys to course directors identified that 74% of the recommendations exclusively identified via the SETs were implemented within their courses. Our results indicate that SET meetings can provide information not easily captured in online evaluations and that these recommendations result in actual course changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soniya V. Rabadia
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Chang
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jess Mandel
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Schneid SD, Apperson A, Laiken N, Mandel J, Kelly CJ, Brandl K. A summer prematriculation program to help students succeed in medical school. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2018; 23:499-511. [PMID: 29340892 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-017-9808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical schools with a diverse student body face the challenge of ensuring that all students succeed academically. Many medical schools have implemented prematriculation programs to prepare students from diverse backgrounds; however, evidence on their impact is largely lacking. In this study, we analyzed participants' demographics as well as the impact of the prematriculation program on Year 1 performance. Predictive validity of the program was assessed and compared to other traditional predictors, including grade point average (GPA) and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores and subscores. Linear mixed effect models determined the impact of the prematriculation program, and linear regression analysis assessed the predictive value of the overall score in the prematriculation program and other traditional predictors. Demographics of students participating in the prematriculation program from 2013 to 2015 (n = 75) revealed a significantly higher prevalence of academically disadvantaged students including older students, students with lower GPA and MCAT scores and students of racial and ethnic populations that are underrepresented in medicine, compared to non-participants (n = 293). Participants performed significantly better in Year 1 courses that were covered in the prematriculation program compared to courses that were not covered. The overall performance in the prematriculation program correlated significantly with Year 1 performance and was found to be a strong predictor for Year 1 performance. This study suggests that a prematriculation program can help students to succeed in the first year of medical school. The results have implications for medical schools seeking to implement or evaluate the effectiveness of their prematriculation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0657), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0675, USA
| | - April Apperson
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nora Laiken
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jess Mandel
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0657), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0675, USA.
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18
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Brandl K, Hartmann P, Jih LJ, Pizzo DP, Argemi J, Ventura-Cots M, Coulter S, Liddle C, Ling L, Rossi SJ, DePaoli AM, Loomba R, Mehal WZ, Fouts DE, Lucey MR, Bosques-Padilla F, Mathurin P, Louvet A, Garcia-Tsao G, Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross D, Stärkel P, Ho SB, Bataller R, Schnabl B. Dysregulation of serum bile acids and FGF19 in alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:396-405. [PMID: 29654817 PMCID: PMC6054564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The degree of cholestasis is an important disease driver in alcoholic hepatitis, a severe clinical condition that needs new biomarkers and targeted therapies. We aimed to identify the largely unknown mechanisms and biomarkers linked to cholestasis in alcoholic hepatitis. METHODS Herein, we analyzed a well characterized cohort of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and correlated clinical and histological parameters and outcomes with serum bile acids and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a major regulator of bile acid synthesis. RESULTS We found that total and conjugated bile acids were significantly increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis compared with controls. Serum FGF19 levels were strongly increased and gene expression of FGF19 was induced in biliary epithelial cells and ductular cells of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. De novo bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1 gene expression and C4 serum levels) was significantly decreased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Importantly, total and conjugated bile acids correlated positively with FGF19 and with disease severity (model for end-stage liver disease score). FGF19 correlated best with conjugated cholic acid, and model for end-stage liver disease score best with taurine-conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between FGF19 and bilirubin as well as gamma glutamyl transferase, and negative correlations between FGF19 and fibrosis stage as well as polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, in all patients with alcoholic hepatitis. CONCLUSION Serum FGF19 and bile acids are significantly increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, while de novo bile acid synthesis is suppressed. Modulation of bile acid metabolism or signaling could represent a promising target for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis in humans. LAY SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive alcoholic hepatitis is important for the development of new biomarkers and targeted therapies. Herein, we describe a molecule that is increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Modulating the molecular pathway of this molecule might lead to promising targets for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lily J. Jih
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Pathology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald P. Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Lei Ling
- NGM Bio, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and Section of Digestive Diseases, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Lucey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WI, USA
| | - Francisco Bosques-Padilla
- Hospital Universitario, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, México
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Alexander Louvet
- Service des Maladies de L’appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and Section of Digestive Diseases, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Verna
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan G. Abraldes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S. Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Caballería
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debbie Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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20
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Brandl K, Schneid S, Tsunoda S, Awdishu L. A redesigned pharmacology series increases students' satisfaction and is associated with improved performance in therapeutics. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.549.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesLa JollaCA
| | - Stephen Schneid
- UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesLa JollaCA
| | - Shirley Tsunoda
- UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesLa JollaCA
| | - Linda Awdishu
- UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesLa JollaCA
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21
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Brandl K. Response to: Further evidence for curricular influence on student connectedness. Med Teach 2017; 39:1104. [PMID: 28817354 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2017.1365807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- a Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Brandl K, Schneid SD, Smith S, Winegarden B, Mandel J, Kelly CJ. Small group activities within academic communities improve the connectedness of students and faculty. Med Teach 2017; 39:813-819. [PMID: 28440094 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2017.1317728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine implemented a curriculum change that included reduction of lectures, incorporation of problem-based learning and other small group activities. Six academic communities were introduced for teaching longitudinal curricular content and organizing extracurricular activities. METHODS Surveys were collected from 904 first- and second-year medical students over 6 years. Student satisfaction data with their sense of connectedness and community support were collected before and after the implementation of the new curriculum. In a follow-up survey, medical students rated factors that contributed to their sense of connectedness with faculty and students (n = 134). RESULTS Students' perception of connectedness to faculty significantly increased following implementation of a curriculum change that included academic communities. Students ranked small group clinical skills activities within academic communities significantly higher than other activities concerning their sense of connectedness with faculty. Students' perception of connectedness among each other was high at baseline and did not significantly change. Small group activities scored higher than extracurricular activities regarding students' connectedness among themselves. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a new curriculum with more small group educational activities including academic communities enhanced connectedness between students and faculty and resulted in an increased sense of community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- a Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Stephen D Schneid
- a Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Sunny Smith
- b School of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Babbi Winegarden
- b School of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Jess Mandel
- b School of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Carolyn J Kelly
- b School of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
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Brandl K, Kumar V, Eckmann L. Gut-liver axis at the frontier of host-microbial interactions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G413-G419. [PMID: 28232456 PMCID: PMC5451561 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00361.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver and intestine are tightly linked through the venous system of the portal circulation. Consequently, the liver is the primary recipient of gut-derived products, most prominently dietary nutrients and microbial components. It functions as a secondary "firewall" and protects the body from intestinal pathogens and other microbial products that have crossed the primary barrier of the intestinal tract. Disruption of the intestinal barrier enhances microbial exposure of the liver, which can have detrimental or beneficial effects in the organ depending on the specific circumstances. Conversely, the liver also exerts influence over intestinal microbial communities via secretion of bile acids and IgA antibodies. This mini-review highlights key findings and concepts in the area of host-microbial interactions as pertinent to the bilateral communication between liver and gut and highlights the concept of the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- 1Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Brandl K, Adler D, Kelly C, Taylor P, Best BM. Effect of a Dedicated Pharmacy Student Summer Research Program on Publication Rate. Am J Pharm Educ 2017; 81:48. [PMID: 28496268 PMCID: PMC5423064 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe81348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. This study investigated the impact of an optional 12-week summer research program on the publication outcomes and satisfaction with the required research projects of doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students at the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS) at the University of California San Diego. Methods. PubMed and Google searches provided student publications, and satisfaction surveys submitted by students provided their perceptions of the research project value. Results. Of the studied cohort, the 130 students who fulfilled the requirement through the optional summer research program provided 61 full-text manuscripts and 113 abstracts. The 305 students who chose the standard pathway provided 35 full-text manuscripts and 34 abstracts. Students in both pathways agreed or strongly agreed that the research project was a valuable experience. Conclusions. The 12-week intensive summer research program improved the publication rate of pharmacy students and provided a high overall satisfaction with this independent learning experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Adler
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carolyn Kelly
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Palmer Taylor
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brookie M. Best
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- University of California San Diego-Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Brandl K, Mandel J, Winegarden B. Student evaluation team focus groups increase students' satisfaction with the overall course evaluation process. Med Educ 2017; 51:215-227. [PMID: 27917517 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most medical schools use online systems to gather student feedback on the quality of their educational programmes and services. Online data may be limiting, however, as the course directors cannot question the students about written comments, nor can students engage in mutual problem-solving dialogue with course directors. We describe the implementation of a student evaluation team (SET) process to permit course directors and students to gather shortly after courses end to engage in feedback and problem solving regarding the course and course elements. METHODS Approximately 16 students were randomly selected to participate in each SET meeting, along with the course director, academic deans and other faculty members involved in the design and delivery of the course. An objective expert facilitates the SET meetings. SETs are scheduled for each of the core courses and threads that occur within the first 2 years of medical school, resulting in approximately 29 SETs annually. SET-specific satisfaction surveys submitted by students (n = 76) and course directors (n = 16) in 2015 were used to evaluate the SET process itself. Survey data were collected from 885 students (2010-2015), which measured student satisfaction with the overall evaluation process before and after the implementation of SETs. RESULTS Students and course directors valued the SET process itself as a positive experience. Students felt that SETs allowed their voices to be heard, and that the SET increased the probability of suggested changes being implemented. Students' satisfaction with the overall evaluation process significantly improved after implementation of the SET process. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the SET process is a valuable way to supplement online evaluation systems and to increase students' and faculty members' satisfaction with the evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jess Mandel
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Babbi Winegarden
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Abstract
The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is involved in the defense of an organism to microbial attack. TLR4-induced signaling is involved in infectious diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases and sepsis; therefore, we aimed at modulating TLR4-signaling via ligand-binding soluble receptors. Because recognition of microbial structures shows some species-specific traits, we specifically selected the mouse model for later in vivo studies. We first prepared the N-terminally Flag-tagged mouse (m) recombinant (r) soluble (s) fusion proteins mrsTLR4-IgGFc (T4Fc) and mrsMD-2 in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells. The function of these molecules was tested by inhibition of synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS). T4Fc alone had no inhibitory activity; however, a T4Fc/MD-2 complex blocked LPS activity. By analogy with `cytokine traps', we then prepared a designer molecule (LPS-Trap) by fusing MD-2 to the C-terminus of soluble TLR4 via a flexible linker. LPS-Trap significantly inhibited TNF production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, the T4Fc/MD-2 complex as well as the LPS-Trap blocked LPS activity in vitro and might thus represent a new therapeutic option in sepsis by neutralization of TLR4-activating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, -regensburg.de
| | - Thomas Glück
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pia Hartmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Salzberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Falk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Armour C, Schneid SD, Brandl K. Writing on the board as students' preferred teaching modality in a physiology course. Adv Physiol Educ 2016; 40:229-233. [PMID: 27105742 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00130.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of PowerPoint presentation software has generated a paradigm shift in the delivery of lectures. PowerPoint has now almost entirely replaced chalkboard or whiteboard teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels. This study investigated whether undergraduate biology students preferred to have lectures delivered by PowerPoint or written on the board as well as the reasons behind their preference. Two upper-division physiology courses were surveyed over a period of 7 yr. A total of 1,905 students (86.7%) indicated they preferred lectures delivered by "writing on the board" compared to 291 students (13.3%) who preferred PowerPoint. Common themes drawn from explanations reported by students in favor of writing on the board included: 1) more appropriate pace, 2) facilitation of note taking, and 3) greater alertness and attention. Common themes in favor of PowerPoint included 1) increased convenience, 2) focus on listening, and 3) more accurate and readable notes. Based on the students' very strong preference for writing on the board and the themes supporting that preference, we recommend that instructors incorporate elements of the writing on the board delivery style into whatever teaching modality is used. If instructors plan to use PowerPoint, the presentation should be paced, constructed, and delivered to provide the benefits of lectures written on the board. The advantages of writing on the board can be also incorporated into instruction intended to occur outside the classroom, such as animated narrated videos as part of the flipped classroom approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Armour
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen D Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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Hartmann P, Seebauer CT, Mazagova M, Horvath A, Wang L, Llorente C, Varki NM, Brandl K, Ho SB, Schnabl B. Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 protects mice from diet-induced fatty liver disease and obesity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G310-22. [PMID: 26702135 PMCID: PMC4773827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity are characterized by altered gut microbiota, inflammation, and gut barrier dysfunction. Here, we investigated the role of mucin-2 (Muc2) as the major component of the intestinal mucus layer in the development of fatty liver disease and obesity. We studied experimental fatty liver disease and obesity induced by feeding wild-type and Muc2-knockout mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 wk. Muc2 deficiency protected mice from HFD-induced fatty liver disease and obesity. Compared with wild-type mice, after a 16-wk HFD, Muc2-knockout mice exhibited better glucose homeostasis, reduced inflammation, and upregulated expression of genes involved in lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation in white adipose tissue. Compared with wild-type mice that were fed the HFD as well, Muc2-knockout mice also displayed higher intestinal and plasma levels of IL-22 and higher intestinal levels of the IL-22 target genes Reg3b and Reg3g. Our findings indicate that absence of the intestinal mucus layer activates the mucosal immune system. Higher IL-22 levels protect mice from diet-induced features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Caroline T Seebauer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Magdalena Mazagova
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angela Horvath
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California;
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Brandl K, Schneid S, Armour C. Writing on the Board versus PowerPoint: What do Students Prefer and Why? FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Schneid
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy UCSDLa JollaCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Chris Armour
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy UCSDLa JollaCaliforniaUnited States
- Division of Biological Sciences UCSDLa JollaCaliforniaUnited States
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Abstract
Changes in the intestinal microbiota composition contribute to the pathogenesis of many disorders including gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of the "gut-liver" axis. Dietary changes, other environmental and genetic factors can lead to alterations in the microbiota. Dysbiosis can further disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to pathological bacterial translocation and the initiation of an inflammatory response in the liver. In this article, the authors dissect the different steps involved in disease pathogenesis to further refine approaches for the medical management of liver diseases. The authors will specifically discuss the role of dysbiosis in inducing intestinal inflammation and increasing intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093-0675, 858-822-6853,
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0063, University of California San Diego, 858-534-9484,
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Moresco EMY, Brandl K. Linking membrane trafficking and intestinal homeostasis. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23119. [PMID: 24665373 PMCID: PMC3875636 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for the human body is to maintain symbiotic relationships with bacterial communities that colonize their intestines. Although several molecules important for intestinal homeostasis have been discovered, the vast array still needs to be identified. We approached this task using a forward genetic approach, which revealed several molecules essential for intestinal homeostasis. One recently identified molecule is Ypt1p-interacting protein 1 domain family, member 6 (Yipf6). Mice with a null mutation in Yipf6 are hypersensitive to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis and develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation. Members of the Yip1 family are believed to be involved in ER to Golgi membrane transport.
In this review we summarize recent advances in the understanding of genes involved in intestinal homeostasis with a specific focus on the Yip family members. We speculate on how deficiency or dysfunction of Yip molecules may dysregulate intestinal homeostasis leading to pathogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
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Hartmann P, Chen P, Wang HJ, Wang L, McCole DF, Brandl K, Stärkel P, Belzer C, Hellerbrand C, Tsukamoto H, Ho SB, Schnabl B. Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:108-19. [PMID: 23408358 PMCID: PMC3695050 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The intestinal mucus layer protects the epithelium from noxious agents, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract. It is composed of mucins, predominantly mucin (Muc) 2, secreted by goblet cells of the intestine. Experimental alcoholic liver disease requires translocation of bacterial products across the intestinal barrier into the systemic circulation, which induces an inflammatory response in the liver and contributes to steatohepatitis. We investigated the roles of the intestinal mucus layer, and in particular Muc2, in development of experimental alcohol-associated liver disease in mice. We studied experimental alcohol-induced liver disease, induced by the Tsukamoto-French method (which involves continuous intragastric feeding of an isocaloric diet or alcohol) in wild-type and Muc2(-/-) mice. Muc2(-/-) mice showed less alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis than developed in wild-type mice. Most notably, Muc2(-/-) mice had significantly lower plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide than wild-type mice after alcohol feeding. In contrast to wild-type mice, Muc2(-/-) mice were protected from alcohol-associated microbiome changes that are dependent on intestinal mucins. The antimicrobial proteins regenerating islet-derived 3 beta and gamma were expressed at significantly higher levels in the jejunum of Muc2(-/-) mice fed the isocaloric diet or alcohol compared with wild-type mice. Consequently, Muc2(-/-) mice showed increased killing of commensal bacteria and prevented intestinal bacterial overgrowth. CONCLUSION Muc2(-/-) mice are protected from intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis in response to alcohol feeding. Subsequently, lower amounts of bacterial products such as endotoxin translocate into the systemic circulation, decreasing liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hui J. Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Declan F. McCole
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology, Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Brandl K, Beutler B. Creating diseases to understand what prevents them: genetic analysis of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:678-85. [PMID: 23123276 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are extremely variable in severity and have strong genetic components. In mice, several mutations are known to favor or inhibit intestinal inflammation. But a comprehensive picture of the pathogenesis of IBD cannot be assembled based on the limited information so far available from mouse genetic analyses, nor can human IBD be stringently ascribed to mutations known to be influential in mice. This review highlights recent progress made using mouse models created through a forward genetic approach towards the understanding of genes that normally prevent intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Arnold CN, Barnes MJ, Berger M, Blasius AL, Brandl K, Croker B, Crozat K, Du X, Eidenschenk C, Georgel P, Hoebe K, Huang H, Jiang Z, Krebs P, La Vine D, Li X, Lyon S, Moresco EMY, Murray AR, Popkin DL, Rutschmann S, Siggs OM, Smart NG, Sun L, Tabeta K, Webster V, Tomisato W, Won S, Xia Y, Xiao N, Beutler B. ENU-induced phenovariance in mice: inferences from 587 mutations. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:577. [PMID: 23095377 PMCID: PMC3532239 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We present a compendium of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mouse mutations, identified in our laboratory over a period of 10 years either on the basis of phenotype or whole genome and/or whole exome sequencing, and archived in the Mutagenetix database. Our purpose is threefold: 1) to formally describe many point mutations, including those that were not previously disclosed in peer-reviewed publications; 2) to assess the characteristics of these mutations; and 3) to estimate the likelihood that a missense mutation induced by ENU will create a detectable phenotype. Findings In the context of an ENU mutagenesis program for C57BL/6J mice, a total of 185 phenotypes were tracked to mutations in 129 genes. In addition, 402 incidental mutations were identified and predicted to affect 390 genes. As previously reported, ENU shows strand asymmetry in its induction of mutations, particularly favoring T to A rather than A to T in the sense strand of coding regions and splice junctions. Some amino acid substitutions are far more likely to be damaging than others, and some are far more likely to be observed. Indeed, from among a total of 494 non-synonymous coding mutations, ENU was observed to create only 114 of the 182 possible amino acid substitutions that single base changes can achieve. Based on differences in overt null allele frequencies observed in phenotypic vs. non-phenotypic mutation sets, we infer that ENU-induced missense mutations create detectable phenotype only about 1 in 4.7 times. While the remaining mutations may not be functionally neutral, they are, on average, beneath the limits of detection of the phenotypic assays we applied. Conclusions Collectively, these mutations add to our understanding of the chemical specificity of ENU, the types of amino acid substitutions it creates, and its efficiency in causing phenovariance. Our data support the validity of computational algorithms for the prediction of damage caused by amino acid substitutions, and may lead to refined predictions as to whether specific amino acid changes are responsible for observed phenotypes. These data form the basis for closer in silico estimations of the number of genes mutated to a state of phenovariance by ENU within a population of G3 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie N Arnold
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gansera B, Botzenhardt F, Brandl K, Hapfelmeier A, Eichinger W. The mosaic bioprosthesis in the aortic position: 17 years' results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Xiao N, Eidenschenk C, Krebs P, Brandl K, Blasius AL, Xia Y, Khovananth K, Smart NG, Beutler B. The Tpl2 mutation Sluggish impairs type I IFN production and increases susceptibility to group B streptococcal disease. J Immunol 2010; 183:7975-83. [PMID: 19923465 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sluggish was identified in a population of third generation mice descended from N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenized sires. Macrophages from homozygotes exhibited impaired TNF-alpha production in response to all TLR ligands tested and displayed impaired type I IFN production in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulations. The phenotype was confined to a critical region on mouse chromosome 18 and then ascribed to a T to A transversion in the acceptor splice site of intron 4 at position 13346 of the Map3k8 gene, resulting in defective splicing. The Map3k8(Sluggish) mutation does not result in susceptibility to viral infections, but Sluggish mice displayed high susceptibility to group B streptococcus infection, with impaired TNF-alpha and type I IFN production in infected macrophages. Our data demonstrate that the encoded protein kinase Tpl2 plays an essential role in cell signaling in the immune response to certain pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengming Xiao
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Penack O, Smith OM, Cunningham-Bussel A, Liu X, Rao U, Yim N, Na IK, Holland AM, Ghosh A, Lu SX, Jenq RR, Liu C, Murphy GF, Brandl K, van den Brink MRM. NOD2 regulates hematopoietic cell function during graft-versus-host disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2101-10. [PMID: 19737867 PMCID: PMC2757869 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) polymorphisms are independent risk factors for Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In Crohn's disease, the proinflammatory state resulting from NOD2 mutations have been associated with a loss of antibacterial function of enterocytes such as paneth cells. NOD2 has not been studied in experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Using chimeric recipients with NOD2−/− hematopoietic cells, we demonstrate that NOD2 deficiency in host hematopoietic cells exacerbates GVHD. We found that proliferation and activation of donor T cells was enhanced in NOD-deficient allo-BMT recipients, suggesting that NOD2 plays a role in the regulation of host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Next, we used bone marrow chimeras in an experimental colitis model and observed again that NOD2 deficiency in the hematopoietic cells results in increased intestinal inflammation. We conclude that NOD2 regulates the development of GVHD through its inhibitory effect on host APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Penack
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Jia T, Leiner I, Dorothee G, Brandl K, Pamer EG. MyD88 and Type I interferon receptor-mediated chemokine induction and monocyte recruitment during Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol 2009; 183:1271-8. [PMID: 19553532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes play a central role in defense against infection, but the mechanisms promoting monocyte recruitment and activation remain incompletely defined. Defense against Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, requires in vivo MCP-1 induction and CCR2-dependent recruitment of Ly6C(high) monocytes from bone marrow to sites of infection. Herein, we demonstrate that infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with virulent L. monocytogenes induces MCP-1 expression in two phases. The first phase is rapid, induces low-level production of MCP-1, and is dependent on TLR/MyD88 signaling. The second phase promotes prolonged, higher level MCP-1 secretion and is dependent on signaling via the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). Although attenuated L. monocytogenes strains that remain confined to the phagosome trigger TLR/MyD88-mediated signals and induce low-level MCP-1 expression, only cytosol-invasive bacteria promote IFNAR-dependent MCP-1 expression. In vivo, deficiency of either MyD88 or IFNAR signaling does not impair early monocyte emigration from bone marrow and recruitment to infected spleen. Loss of both MyD88 and IFNAR-mediated MCP-1 induction, however, results in deficient Ly6C(high) monocyte recruitment and increased susceptibility to L. monocytogenes infection. Our studies demonstrate that distinct but partially overlapping signal transduction pathways provide redundancy that ensures optimal monocyte recruitment to sites of microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jia
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Blasius AL, Brandl K, Crozat K, Xia Y, Khovananth K, Krebs P, Smart NG, Zampolli A, Ruggeri ZM, Beutler BA. Mice with mutations of Dock7 have generalized hypopigmentation and white-spotting but show normal neurological function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:2706-11. [PMID: 19202056 PMCID: PMC2650330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813208106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical recessive coat color mutation misty (m) arose spontaneously on the DBA/J background and causes generalized hypopigmentation and localized white-spotting in mice, with a lack of pigment on the belly, tail tip, and paws. Here we describe moonlight (mnlt), a second hypopigmentation and white-spotting mutation identified on the C57BL/6J background, which yields a phenotypic copy of m/m coat color traits. We demonstrate that the 2 mutations are allelic. m/m and mnlt/mnlt phenotypes both result from mutations that truncate the dedicator of cytokinesis 7 protein (DOCK7), a widely expressed Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Although Dock7 is transcribed at high levels in the developing brain and has been implicated in both axon development and myelination by in vitro studies, we find no requirement for DOCK7 in neurobehavioral function in vivo. However, DOCK7 has non-redundant role(s) related to the distribution and function of dermal and follicular melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Xia
- Departments of Genetics and
| | | | | | | | - Antonella Zampolli
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zaverio M. Ruggeri
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Brandl K, Plitas G, Mihu CN, Ubeda C, Jia T, Fleisher M, Schnabl B, DeMatteo RP, Pamer EG. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci exploit antibiotic-induced innate immune deficits. Nature 2008; 455:804-7. [PMID: 18724361 DOI: 10.1038/nature07250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), is a dangerous and costly complication of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. How antibiotic-mediated elimination of commensal bacteria promotes infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a fertile area for speculation with few defined mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that antibiotic treatment of mice notably downregulates intestinal expression of RegIIIgamma (also known as Reg3g), a secreted C-type lectin that kills Gram-positive bacteria, including VRE. Downregulation of RegIIIgamma markedly decreases in vivo killing of VRE in the intestine of antibiotic-treated mice. Stimulation of intestinal Toll-like receptor 4 by oral administration of lipopolysaccharide re-induces RegIIIgamma, thereby boosting innate immune resistance of antibiotic-treated mice against VRE. Compromised mucosal innate immune defence, as induced by broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, can be corrected by selectively stimulating mucosal epithelial Toll-like receptors, providing a potential therapeutic approach to reduce colonization and infection by antibiotic-resistant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA
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Jia T, Serbina NV, Brandl K, Zhong MX, Leiner IM, Charo IF, Pamer EG. Additive roles for MCP-1 and MCP-3 in CCR2-mediated recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol 2008; 180:6846-53. [PMID: 18453605 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor-mediated recruitment of inflammatory cells is essential for innate immune defense against microbial infection. Recruitment of Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocytes from bone marrow to sites of microbial infection is dependent on CCR2, a chemokine receptor that responds to MCP-1 and MCP-3. Although CCR2(-/-) mice are markedly more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection than are wild-type mice, MCP-1(-/-) mice have an intermediate phenotype, suggesting that other CCR2 ligands contribute to antimicrobial defense. Herein, we show that L. monocytogenes infection rapidly induces MCP-3 in tissue culture macrophages and in serum, spleen, liver, and kidney following in vivo infection. Only cytosol invasive L. monocytogenes induce MCP-3, suggesting that cytosolic innate immune detection mechanisms trigger chemokine production. MCP-3(-/-) mice clear bacteria less effectively from the spleen than do wild-type mice, a defect that correlates with diminished inflammatory monocyte recruitment. MCP-3(-/-) mice have significantly fewer Ly6C(high) monocytes in the spleen and bloodstream, and increased monocyte numbers in bone marrow. MCP-3(-/-) mice, like MCP-1(-/-) mice, have fewer TNF- and inducible NO synthase-producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) in the spleen following L. monocytogenes infection. Our data demonstrate that MCP-3 and MCP-1 provide parallel contributions to CCR2-mediated inflammatory monocyte recruitment and that both chemokines are required for optimal innate immune defense against L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jia
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Brandl K, Plitas G, Schnabl B, DeMatteo RP, Pamer EG. MyD88-mediated signals induce the bactericidal lectin RegIII gamma and protect mice against intestinal Listeria monocytogenes infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1891-900. [PMID: 17635956 PMCID: PMC2118673 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne bacterial pathogen that causes systemic infection by traversing the intestinal mucosa. Although MyD88-mediated signals are essential for defense against systemic L. monocytogenes infection, the role of Toll-like receptor and MyD88 signaling in intestinal immunity against this pathogen has not been defined. We show that clearance of L. monocytogenes from the lumen of the distal small intestine is impaired in MyD88−/− mice. The distal ileum of wild-type (wt) mice expresses high levels of RegIIIγ, which is a bactericidal lectin that is secreted into the bowel lumen, whereas RegIIIγ expression in MyD88−/− mice is nearly undetectable. In vivo depletion of RegIIIγ from the small intestine of wt mice diminishes killing of luminal L. monocytogenes, whereas reconstitution of MyD88-deficient mice with recombinant RegIIIγ enhances intestinal bacterial clearance. Experiments with bone marrow chimeric mice reveal that MyD88-mediated signals in nonhematopoietic cells induce RegIIIγ expression in the small intestine, thereby enhancing bacterial killing. Our findings support a model of MyD88-mediated epithelial conditioning that protects the intestinal mucosa against bacterial invasion by inducing RegIIIγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Brandl K, Plitas G, DeMatteo RP, Hooper LV, Pamer EG. MyD88-mediated signals induce in vivo production of the bactericidal lectin RegIIIγ and protect against intestinal Listeria monocytogenes infection (44.4). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.44.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is an intracellular bacterium that causes systemic infections after traversing the intestinal mucosa. To test the hypothesis that the Toll-like receptor pathway is involved in defense against intestinal L. monocytogenes infection, we analyzed the role of the common intracellular adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88) following oral infection with L. monocytogenes. We found that MyD88 deficient mice have increased susceptibility to intestinal L. monocytogenes infection with higher bacterial burden in spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal lumen, and small intestine (lamina propria and intestinal epithelium). Further in vitro and in vivo studies showed that MyD88 mediated protection primarily occurs in the distal small intestine. Recently, it was shown that the intestinal bactericidal lectin RegIIIγ has antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes. RT-PCR and Western Blot analysis of distal small intestines showed that RegIIIγ is significantly diminished in MyD88 deficient mice. Since optimal expression of RegIIIγ requires MyD88-mediated signals, our findings suggest that increased susceptibility to intestinal L. monocytogenes infection in MyD88-deficient mice results from diminished levels of this bactericidal lectin in the distal small bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Plitas
- 2Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10021,
| | - Ronald P. DeMatteo
- 2Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10021,
| | - Laura V. Hooper
- 3Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Eric G. Pamer
- 1Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine,
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Abstract
The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is involved in the defense of an organism to microbial attack. TLR4-induced signaling is involved in infectious diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases and sepsis; therefore, we aimed at modulating TLR4-signaling via ligand-binding soluble receptors. Because recognition of microbial structures shows some species-specific traits, we specifically selected the mouse model for later in vivo studies. We first prepared the N-terminally Flag-tagged mouse (m) recombinant (r) soluble (s) fusion proteins mrsTLR4-IgGFc (T4Fc) and mrsMD-2 in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells. The function of these molecules was tested by inhibition of synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS). T4Fc alone had no inhibitory activity; however, a T4Fc/MD-2 complex blocked LPS activity. By analogy with 'cytokine traps', we then prepared a designer molecule (LPS-Trap) by fusing MD-2 to the C-terminus of soluble TLR4 via a flexible linker. LPS-Trap significantly inhibited TNF production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, the T4Fc/MD-2 complex as well as the LPS-Trap blocked LPS activity in vitro and might thus represent a new therapeutic option in sepsis by neutralization of TLR4-activating ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Brandl K, Glück T, Huber C, Salzberger B, Falk W, Hartmann P. TLR-4 surface display on human monocytes is increased in septic patients. Eur J Med Res 2005; 10:319-24. [PMID: 16131472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a serious condition, most often occurring as a complication of bacterial infections. The Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 have been identified as key molecules in response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to assess possible alterations of the surface display of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on monocytes and granulocytes derived from patients with sepsis in comparison with healthy controls. - METHODS We have utilized flow-cytometry to determine the presence of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on the cell surface at baseline and in response to LPS (40 ng/ml) in vitro. - RESULTS We found no significant differences of TLR-2 display on monocytes and granulocytes from septic patients compared to controls. Surface display of TLR-4 on monocytes from septic patients at baseline was significantly higher than in healthy controls but there was no further response to LPS, whereas controls showed a significant increase of TLR-4 display on the cell surface after LPS stimulation. In contrast, TLR-4 baseline cell surface display on granulocytes was significantly lower in septic patients than in controls and there was no response to LPS in both groups. - CONCLUSION Our data suggest a complex relationship between TLR-4 display and bacterial challenge in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brandl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Winterhalter M, Rahe-Meyer N, Gras C, Brandl K, Hagl C, Zuk J, Piepenbrock S. Prospektive Untersuchung zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei kardiochirurgischen Patienten – „High dose opioid“ vs. „fast track“-Anästhesieverfahren. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-837345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the incidence and specify the types of medication administration errors from a list of error-prone medications and to determine if patient harm resulted from these errors. DESIGN An observational evaluation. SETTING Five intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred fifty-one patients who were at least 18 years of age and admitted to surgical, medical or mixed ICUs during a 3 month period were included. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A list of error-prone medications was adapted from the literature and evaluated for medication errors and patient harm. Of 5,744 observations in 851 patients, 187 (3.3%) medication administration errors were detected. the therapeutic classes most commonly associated with errors were vasoactive drugs 61 (32.6%) and sedative/analgesics 48 (25.7%). The most common type of error was wrong infusion rate with 71 (40.1%) errors. Twenty-one errors did not reach the patient and 159 reached the patient but did not result in harm, increased monitoring or intervention. Five errors required increased patient monitoring and two required intervention. None of the errors resulted in patient death. CONCLUSIONS This multicenter evaluation found fewer medication administration errors than the published literature, possibly due to the varying observational techniques and pharmacist involvement. Lorazepam and wrong infusion rates are associated with errors that occurred frequently, resulted in the greatest potential for harm and were common oversights in the system. These errors should be considered potential areas for betterment in the medication use process to improve patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacy, VA Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85012, USA
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Nechwatal W, Berger J, Blumrich W, Bouzo H, Brandl K, Braun S, Laukaitis A, Müller G, Ryba W, Schreiegg J. A double-blind comparative study of doxazosin and nitrendipine in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Am Heart J 1988; 116:1806-14. [PMID: 2904755 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, were compared with nitrendipine. Seventy-two hypertensive patients were entered into the 18-week, double-blind parallel group study, which involved three phases: a 4-week baseline period, a 10-week period in which patients received 1 to 8 mg of doxazosin or 10 and 20 mg of nitrendipine once daily, and a 4-week maintenance period. For all patients, the mean final daily doses were 2.5 mg for doxazosin and 13.9 mg for nitrendipine. In efficacy evaluable patients the percentages of therapy successes (standing diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg with greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg reduction or greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg decrease) were comparable for doxazosin (94%) and nitrendipine (91%), as was the proportion in whom blood pressure was "normalized" (standing diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg), 91% and 85, respectively. Blood pressures (diastolic and systolic in supine and standing positions) were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) at all visits in both treatment groups. Ten patients (28%) in each treatment group experienced at least one adverse event. No clinically significant laboratory changes were apparent in either the doxazosin or nitrendipine groups, and no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or duration of treatments. The investigators' global assessment of efficacy was rated excellent or good for all doxazosin-treated patients and excellent or good for 32 and fair for four in the nitrendipine group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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