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Serano JM, Veale JF. Autogynephilia Is a Flawed Framework for Understanding Female Embodiment Fantasies: A Response to Bailey and Hsu (2022). ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:473-477. [PMID: 36066682 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaimie F Veale
- School of Psychology, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
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De Sousa A, Vora P. Gender identity and gender identity disorder: Issues for clinical practice. ANNALS OF INDIAN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aip.aip_2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Laube JS, Auer MK, Biedermann SV, Schröder J, Hildebrandt T, Nieder TO, Briken P, Fuss J. Sexual Behavior, Desire, and Psychosexual Experience in Gynephilic and Androphilic Trans Women: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Sex Med 2020; 17:1182-1194. [PMID: 32147311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most prominent etiological theories of gender incongruence in trans women proposes a paraphilic erotic target location error (ie, autogynephilia) as a causal factor in gynephilic (ie, exclusively gynephilic and bisexual) trans women. We hypothesized that a paraphilic erotic target location should manifest itself in various aspects of sexual behavior, solitary and dyadic sexual desire, and psychosexual experience. AIM To compare sexual behavior, sexual desire, and psychosexual experience of exclusively gynephilic and bisexual trans women with that of androphilic trans women to explore whether their sexuality differs substantially. METHODS Trans women diagnosed with gender dysphoria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5) were recruited at 4 transgender healthcare centers in Germany. The present study analyzed items on sexual behavior, desire, and experience of a self-report questionnaire, collected as part of a cross-sectional multicenter study. MAIN OUTCOMES Multiple aspects of sexuality were examined using self-constructed items. Sexual desire was measured using the Sexual Desire Inventory and psychosexual experience using the Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire. RESULTS Significantly more exclusively gynephilic than androphilic trans women reported a history of sexual arousal in relation to cross-dressing. However, little evidence was found that gynephilic and androphilic sexual desire, behavior, and psychosexual experience differ profoundly. Interestingly, a statistically non-significant trend indicated that gynephilic trans women who had not yet undergone gender affirming surgery showed the highest levels of sexual desire (solitary and dyadic), whereas the opposite was the case for androphilic trans women. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Data of this study indicate that sexual orientation does not appear to be a good predicator for sexual behavior, desire, and psychosexual experience in trans women. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS We investigated sexual desire and experience using standardized and evaluated measures such as the Sexual Desire Inventory and Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire. Future studies with a larger sample size should investigate how different gender affirming medical intervention might have diverging influences on sexual behavior, desire, and experience. CONCLUSION Ultimately, this study found little evidence for the hypothesis that sexual behavior, sexual desire, and psychosexual experience differ substantially in gynephilic (exclusively gynephilic and bisexual) and androphilic trans women. Laube JS, Auer M, Biedermann SV, et al. Sexual Behavior, Desire, and Psychosexual Experience in Gynephilic and Androphilic Trans Women: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Sex Med 2020;17:1182-1194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena S Laube
- Human Behaviour Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Centre, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias K Auer
- Research Group Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah V Biedermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schröder
- Human Behaviour Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Centre, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo O Nieder
- Human Behaviour Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Centre, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Human Behaviour Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Centre, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Human Behaviour Laboratory and Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Centre, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Grey BT. Furry Sexuality: Conditioned Fetishes a Better Explanation than Erotic Target Identity Inversion. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:49-52. [PMID: 31254129 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Zavlin D, Wassersug RJ, Chegireddy V, Schaff J, Papadopulos NA. Age-Related Differences for Male-to-Female Transgender Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Surgery. Sex Med 2019; 7:86-93. [PMID: 30638830 PMCID: PMC6377379 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been theorized that there are 2 subgroups within the male-to-female (MtF) transgender population: individuals who are predominantly androphilic and those who are predominantly gynephylic or interested in both male and female partners. Aim To explore the role of a dichotomous distribution of age at dysphoria onset in individuals diagnosed with MtF gender dysphoria. Methods 40 patients who presented to a surgical clinic in Germany for gender-affirming surgery (GAS) were included in this study. Their age distribution was plotted as a histogram and the population was then divided at the median self-reported age of onset of gender dysphoria—that is, those 17 years and younger and those 18 years and older. The 2 groups were then compared with regard to demographic data, partnership history, various quality of life parameters, as well as sexual orientation and sexual history. Main Outcome Measure Self-designed questionnaires for demographics and sexuality, Questions on Life Satisfaction and Body Image (FLZM), Freiburg Personality Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire were used. Results Early-onset, gender-dysphoric MtF patients underwent GAS at a much younger age (mean 32.7 vs 43.8 years, P = .004), but had similar characteristics regarding weight, height, body mass index, marital status, and living situation to individuals who reported later onset of gender dysphoria. Preoperatively, they showed greater depressive symptoms (4.6 vs 3.3 points, P = .045), which disappeared after GAS. Following surgery, the younger MtFs were predominantly attracted to men (52.6%), whereas individuals who were diagnosed with late-onset of gender dysphoria preferred women or both men and women (85.7%) as sexual partners (P = .010). Younger trans individuals were more frequently sexually active (73.7% vs 42.9%, P = .049). Conclusion Our findings suggest that there are 2 MtF populations that differ in age of dysphoria onset, sexual history, and multiple personal details including sexual orientation. These data may be used to improve care to transgender individuals by providing treatment reflecting their sexual interests. Zavlin D, Wassersug RJ, Chegireddy V, et al. Age-Related Differences for Male-to-Female Transgender Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Surgery. Sex Med 2019;7:86–93.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zavlin
- Department of Surgery, Easton Hospital, Drexel University College of Medicine, Easton, PA, USA; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Richard J Wassersug
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vishwanath Chegireddy
- Institute for Reconstructive Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jürgen Schaff
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos A Papadopulos
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Alexandroupoli University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
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Abstract
Abstract. Sexual scientists have recognized for over a century that biologic males who seek sex reassignment – male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals – are not a homogeneous clinical population but comprise two or more distinct subtypes with different symptoms and developmental trajectories. The most widely used typologies of MtF transsexualism have been based on sexual orientation and have distinguished between persons who are androphilic (exclusively sexually attracted to males) and those who are nonandrophilic (sexually attracted to females, both males and females, or neither gender). In 1989, psychologist Ray Blanchard proposed that most nonandrophilic MtF transsexuals display a paraphilic sexual orientation called autogynephilia, defined as the propensity to be sexually aroused by the thought or image of oneself as a woman. Studies conducted by Blanchard and colleagues provided empirical support for this proposal, leading to the hypothesis that almost all nonandrophilic MtF transsexuals are autogynephilic, whereas almost all androphilic MtF transsexuals are not. Blanchard’s ideas received increased attention in 2003 after they were discussed in a book by psychologist J. Michael Bailey. The concept of autogynephilia subsequently became intensely controversial among researchers, clinicians, and MtF transsexuals themselves, causing widespread repercussions. This article reviews the theory of autogynephilia, the evidence supporting it, the objections raised by its critics, and the implications of the resulting controversy for research and clinical care.
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Veale JF. Factorial Validity and Invariance Assessment of a Short Version of the Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Role Questionnaire. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:537-550. [PMID: 26864871 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recalled childhood gender role/identity is a construct that is related to sexual orientation, abuse, and psychological health. The purpose of this study was to assess the factorial validity of a short version of Zucker et al.'s (2006) "Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire" using confirmatory factor analysis and to test the stability of the factor structure across groups (measurement invariance). Six items of the questionnaire were completed online by 1929 participants from a variety of gender identity and sexual orientation groups. Models of the six items loading onto one factor had poor fit for the data. Items were removed for having a large proportion of error variance. Among birth-assigned females, a five-item model had good fit for the data, but there was evidence for differences in scale's factor structure across gender identity, age, level of education, and country groups. Among birth-assigned males, the resulting four-item model did not account for all of the relationship between variables, and modeling for this resulted in a model that was almost saturated. This model also had evidence of measurement variance across gender identity and sexual orientation groups. The models had good reliability and factor score determinacy. These findings suggest that results of previous studies that have assessed recalled childhood gender role/identity may have been susceptible to construct bias due to measurement variance across these groups. Future studies should assess measurement invariance between groups they are comparing, and if it is not found the issue can be addressed by removing variant indicators and/or applying a partial invariance model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie F Veale
- School of Psychology, Te Kura Kete Aronui: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Te Whare Wananga o Waikato: The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
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Veale JF. Comments on ethical reporting and interpretations of findings in Hsu, Rosenthal, and Bailey's (2014) "the psychometric structure of items assessing autogynephilia". ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:1743-1746. [PMID: 25964192 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie F Veale
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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Abstract
In the DSM-5, there has been a change in the diagnosis for transpeople of all ages from Gender Identity Disorder (GID) to Gender Dysphoria (GD), in part to better indicate the distress that transpeople may experience when their gender identity feels incongruent. The Workgroup for Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders, chaired by Kenneth J. Zucker, was employed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to update the DSM-5's GID diagnosis reflecting contemporary scientific knowledge. Additionally, in a pre-publication report to the APA, members of the Workgroup suggested that they would also be concerned with the destigmatization of transpeople while preserving a diagnosis that medical insurance companies would accept for issuing payments for transitioning treatments (Drescher, 2013). The aims of this article are, firstly, to question whether changing the diagnosis lessens the stigmatization of transpeople. I will suggest that the semantic change from GID to GD marks "inverted" gendered expressions as pathological and, thus, continues to stigmatize transpeople. Secondly, the article explores the development of the GD diagnosis, and illustrates how the scientific data this were founded on are contentious. The article then demonstrates how the trans anti-pathologization movement has challenged the perceived pathologizing effects of the DSM-5 classification of GD. The article examines a selection of Western transgender community advocates' websites, forums, and blogs. From these sources, the article then explores the different narratives of transpeople and political groups who offer details of their praxis, and evidences how the trans anti-pathologization advocates use the available science and human rights discourses to contest the role of psychiatry in the treatment of transpeople.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zowie Davy
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK,
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Reisner SL, Biello K, Rosenberger JG, Austin SB, Haneuse S, Perez-Brumer A, Novak DS, Mimiaga MJ. Using a two-step method to measure transgender identity in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1503-14. [PMID: 25030120 PMCID: PMC4199875 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Few comparative data are available internationally to examine health differences by transgender identity. A barrier to monitoring the health and well-being of transgender people is the lack of inclusion of measures to assess natal sex/gender identity status in surveys. Data were from a cross-sectional anonymous online survey of members (n > 36,000) of a sexual networking website targeting men who have sex with men in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries/territories in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Natal sex/gender identity status was assessed using a two-step method (Step 1: assigned birth sex, Step 2: current gender identity). Male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male (FTM) participants were compared to non-transgender males in age-adjusted regression models on socioeconomic status (SES) (education, income, sex work), masculine gender conformity, psychological health and well-being (lifetime suicidality, past-week depressive distress, positive self-worth, general self-rated health, gender related stressors), and sexual health (HIV-infection, past-year STIs, past-3 month unprotected anal or vaginal sex). The two-step method identified 190 transgender participants (0.54%; 158 MTF, 32 FTM). Of the 12 health-related variables, six showed significant differences between the three groups: SES, masculine gender conformity, lifetime suicidality, depressive distress, positive self-worth, and past-year genital herpes. A two-step approach is recommended for health surveillance efforts to assess natal sex/gender identity status. Cognitive testing to formally validate assigned birth sex and current gender identity survey items in Spanish and Portuguese is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari L Reisner
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Kresge 7th floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
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Veale JF. Evidence against a typology: a taxometric analysis of the sexuality of male-to-female transsexuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1177-1186. [PMID: 24619650 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous theories and research have suggested there are two distinct types of male-to-female (MF) transsexuals and these types can be distinguished by their sexuality. Using the scales Attraction to Femininity in Males, Core Autogynephilia, Autogynephilic Interpersonal Fanasy, and Attraction to Transgender Fiction as indicator variables, taxometric analysis was applied to an online-recruited sample of 308 MF transsexuals to investigate whether such a distinction is justified. In accordance with previous research findings, MF transsexuals categorized as "nonandrophilic" scored significantly higher on Core Autogynephilia than did those categorized as "androphilic"; they also scored significantly higher on Attraction to Femininity in Males and Attraction to Transgender Fiction. Results of one of the taxometric procedures, L-Mode, gave slightly more support for a dimensional, rather than taxonic (two-type), latent structure. Results of the two other taxometric procedures, MAMBAC and MAXCOV, showed greater support for a dimensional latent structure. Although these results require replication with a more representative sample, they show little support for a taxonomy, which contradicts previous theory that has suggested MF transsexuals' sexuality is typological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie F Veale
- Stigma and Resilience among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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Cerwenka S, Nieder TO, Cohen-Kettenis P, De Cuypere G, Haraldsen IRH, Kreukels BPC, Richter-Appelt H. Sexual behavior of gender-dysphoric individuals before gender-confirming interventions: a European multicenter study. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2014; 40:457-71. [PMID: 24846436 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2013.772550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A transsexual course of development that starts before puberty (early onset) or during or after puberty, respectively (late onset), may lead to diverse challenges in coping with sexual activity. The authors explored the sexual behavior of 380 adult male-to-female and female-to-male individuals diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria who had not yet undergone gender-confirming interventions. Data originated from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence Initiative, conducted in Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands, and Norway. Information on outcome variables was collected using self-administered questionnaires at first clinical presentation. Compared with late-onset male-to-females, early-onset individuals tended to show sexual attraction toward males more frequently (50.5%), involve genitals less frequently in partner-related sexual activity, and consider penile sensations and orgasm as more negative. Early-onset female-to-males predominantly reported sexual attraction toward females (84.0%), whereas those with a late-onset more frequently showed other sexual attractions (41.7%). The study (a) shows that early- and late-onset male-to-females differ considerably with regard to coping strategies involving their body during sexual relations and (b) reveals initial insights into developmental pathways of late-onset female-to-males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Cerwenka
- a University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Department of Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , Hamburg , Germany
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Hwahng SJ, Nuttbrock L. Adolescent gender-related abuse, androphilia, and HIV risk among transfeminine people of color in New York City. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2014; 61:691-713. [PMID: 24294927 PMCID: PMC5711521 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2014.870439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Public health research has indicated extremely high HIV seroprevalence (13%-63%) among low-income transfeminine people of color of African, Latina, and Asian descent living in the U.S. This article combines two data sets. One set is based on an ethnographic study (N = 50, 120 hours of participant observation). The other set is based on a longitudinal quantitative study (baseline N = 600, N = 275 followed for 3 years). Transfeminine people of color are much more likely to be androphilic and at high HIV risk. A greater understanding of adolescent gender-related abuse and trauma-impacted androphilia contributes toward a holistic conceptual model of HIV risk. A theoretical model is proposed that incorporates findings from both studies and integrates sociostructural, interpersonal, and intrapsychic levels of HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sel J Hwahng
- a Columbia University/Beth Israel Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
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Jackowich RA, Johnson TW, Brassard P, Bélanger M, Wassersug R. Age of sex reassignment surgery for male-to-female transsexuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:13-15. [PMID: 24277108 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Jackowich
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Doorduin T, van Berlo W. Trans people's experience of sexuality in the Netherlands: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2014; 61:654-672. [PMID: 24295055 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2014.865482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study explores the specificity of 12 Dutch trans people's experience of sexuality in order to provide new hypotheses and perspectives for future research. Emerging themes include the interconnection of sexual development with coming out and transition processes, the way incongruence between gender identity, gendered embodiment, and social perception of gender affected participants' experience of sexuality, and changes in physical sexual functioning after hormone therapy and/or various types of surgery. Our research design allowed for subjective accounts of trans people's experience of sexuality and detailed descriptions of changes in sexuality that occurred over time and throughout the coming out and transitioning processes.
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Steensma TD, Kreukels BPC, de Vries ALC, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Gender identity development in adolescence. Horm Behav 2013; 64:288-97. [PMID: 23998673 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence".This article aims to provide an outline of what is currently known on trajectories, and contributing factors to gender identity development in adolescence. We give a historical overview of the concept of gender identity, and describe general identity development in adolescence, gender identity development in the general population and in gender variant youth. Possible psychosocial (such as child and parental characteristics) and biological factors (such as the effects of prenatal exposure to gonadal hormones and the role of genetics) contributing to a gender variant identity are discussed. Studies focusing on a number of psychosocial and biological factors separately, indicate that each of these factors influence gender identity formation, but little is known about the complex interplay between the factors, nor about the way individuals themselves contribute to the process. Research into normative and gender variant identity development of adolescents is clearly lagging behind. However, studies on persons with gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development, show that the period of adolescence, with its changing social environment and the onset of physical puberty, seems to be crucial for the development of a non-normative gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Steensma
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Meier SC, Pardo ST, Labuski C, Babcock J. Measures of clinical health among female-to-male transgender persons as a function of sexual orientation. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:463-74. [PMID: 23307422 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-012-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the sexual orientation classification system that was used in the DSM-IV-TR for categorizing those who met the Gender Identity Disorder diagnostic criteria in order to determine the extent to which female-to-male transgender persons (FTMs) differ on psychological variables as a function of sexual orientation. Participants were 605 self-identified FTMs from 19 different countries (83 % U.S.) who completed an internet survey assessing their sexual orientation, sexual identity, symptoms of depression and anxiety, stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and health related quality of life (SF-36v2 Health Survey). Over half the sample (52 %) reported sexual attractions to both men and women. The most common sexual identity label reported was "queer." Forty percent of FTMs who had begun to transition reported a shift in sexual orientation; this shift was associated with testosterone use. Overall, FTMs ranged from normal to above average on all psychological measures. FTMs did not significantly differ by sexual attraction on any mental health variables, except for anxiety. FTMs attracted to both men and women reported more symptoms of anxiety than those attracted to men only. Results from the present study did not support a sexual orientation classification system in FTMs with regard to psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colton Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204-5022, USA.
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Meier SC, Labuski CM. The Demographics of the Transgender Population. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF SEXUALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5512-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Veale JF, Clarke DE, Lomax TC. Male-to-Female Transsexuals’ Impressions of Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory. Int J Transgend 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2011.669659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Owen-Anderson A, Kibblewhite SJ, Wood H, Singh D, Choi K. Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2012; 38:151-89. [PMID: 22390530 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2011.611219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for gender identity disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender identity disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, gender identity disorder patients had considerably greater cross-gender behavior and gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and male gender identity disorder patients with a nonhomosexual sexual orientation self-reported similar degrees of behaviors pertaining to transvestic fetishism. Last, male and female gender identity disorder patients with a homosexual sexual orientation had more recalled cross-gender behavior during childhood and more concurrent cross-gender behavior and gender dysphoria than did patients with a nonhomosexual sexual orientation. The authors discuss the clinical utility of their assessment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Zucker
- Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth, and Family Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Lawrence AA. Further validation of Blanchard's typology: a reply to Nuttbrock, Bockting, Rosenblum, Mason, and Hwahng (2010). ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2011; 40:1089-1096. [PMID: 21350913 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Lawrence AA. A Validation of Blanchard's typology: comment on Nuttbrock et al. (2010). ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2010; 39:1011-1015. [PMID: 20300958 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-010-9615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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