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Abstract
Microbial whole cells are efficient, ecological, and low-cost catalysts that have been successfully applied in the pharmaceutical, environmental, and alimentary industries, among others.Microorganism immobilization is a good way to carry out the bioprocess under preparative conditions. The main advantages of this methodology lie in their high operational stability, easy upstream separation, and bioprocess scale-up feasibility.Cell entrapment is the most widely used technique for whole cell immobilization. This technique-in which the cells are included within a rigid network-is porous enough to allow the diffusion of substrates and products, protects the selected microorganism from the reaction medium, and has high immobilization efficiency (100% in most cases).
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2
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Del Arco J, Fernández-Lucas J. Purine and pyrimidine salvage pathway in thermophiles: a valuable source of biocatalysts for the industrial production of nucleic acid derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7805-7820. [PMID: 30027492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their similarity to natural counterparts, nucleic acid derivatives (nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides, among others) are interesting molecules for pharmaceutical, biomedical, or food industries. For this reason, there is increasing worldwide demand for the development of efficient synthetic processes for these compounds. Chemical synthetic methodologies require numerous protection-deprotection steps and often lead to the presence of undesirable by-products or enantiomeric mixtures. These methods also require harsh operating conditions, such as the use of organic solvents and hazard reagents. Conversely, enzymatic production by whole cells or enzymes improves regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivity and provides an eco-friendly alternative. Because of their essential role in purine and pyrimidine scavenging, enzymes from purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways are valuable candidates for the synthesis of many different nucleic acid components. In recent years, many different enzymes from these routes, such as nucleoside phosphorylases, nucleoside kinases, 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases, phosphoribosyl transferases, or deaminases, have been successfully employed as biocatalysts in the production of nucleobase, nucleoside, or nucleotide analogs. Due to their great activity and stability at extremely high temperatures, the use of enzymes from thermophiles in industrial biocatalysis is gaining momentum. Thermophilic enzymes not only display unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability but also provide many different advantages from an industrial perspective. This mini-review aims to cover the most representative enzymatic approaches for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives. In this regard, we provide detailed comments about enzymes involved in crucial steps of purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways in thermophiles, as well as their biological role, biochemical characterization, active site mechanism, and substrate specificity. In addition, the most interesting synthetic examples reported in the literature are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Rivero CW, De Benedetti EC, Lozano ME, Trelles JA. Bioproduction of ribavirin by green microbial biotransformation. Process Biochem 2015; 50:935-940. [PMID: 32288593 PMCID: PMC7108421 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of ribavirin was performed by E. coli ATCC 12407, reaching yields of 86%. This mesophile microorganism was successfully stabilized in agarose and polyacrylamide. Biocatalyst immobilized in agarose could be reused during 270 h without activity loss. Packed-bed bioreactor prototype was able to produce 95 mg ribavirin.
Ribavirin is an antiviral compound widely used in Hepatitis C Virus therapy. Biotransformation of this nucleoside analogue using Escherichia coli ATCC 12407 as biocatalyst is herein reported. Reaction parameters such as microorganism amounts, substrate ratio and temperature were optimized reaching conversion yields of 86%. Biocatalyst stability was enhanced by immobilization in agarose matrix. This immobilized biocatalyst was able to be reused for more than 270 h and could be stored during more than 4 months without activity loss. Batch and packed-bed reactors based on a stabilized biocatalyst were assayed for bioprocess scale-up. A continuous sustainable bioprocess was evaluated using a prototype packed-bed reactor, which allowed to produce 95 mg of ribavirin. Finally, in this work an efficient green bioprocess for ribavirin bioproduction using a stabilized biocatalyst was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia W Rivero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal (B1876BXD), Argentina
| | - Eliana C De Benedetti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal (B1876BXD), Argentina
| | - Mario E Lozano
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal (B1876BXD), Argentina
| | - Jorge A Trelles
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal (B1876BXD), Argentina
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Calleri E, Ubiali D, Serra I, Temporini C, Cattaneo G, Speranza G, Morelli CF, Massolini G. Immobilized purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila as an on-line enzyme reactor for biocatalytic applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 968:79-86. [PMID: 24461935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We described the development of a biochromatographic system which uses a purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) for the evaluation of the substrate specificity on nucleoside libraries. AhPNP has been covalently immobilized on a fused silica Open Tubular Capillary (OTC) via Schiff base chemistry. The resulting bioreactor has been characterized by the determination of kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) for a natural substrate (inosine) and then assayed versus all natural purine (deoxy)ribonucleosides and a small library of 6-substituted purine ribosides. Characterization of the bioreactor has been carried out through a bidimensional chromatographic system with the sample on-line transfer from the bioreactor to the analytical column for the separation and quantification of substrate and product. Comparison with the soluble enzyme showed that the AhPNP-based bioreactor is reliable as the same ranking order, with respect to the standard activity assay, was obtained. The stability of the IMER was also assessed and the system was found to be stable up to 60 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy.
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5
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Abstract
Microbial whole cells are efficient, ecological, and low-cost catalysts that have been successfully applied in the pharmaceutical, environmental, and alimentary industries, among others. Microorganism immobilization is a good way to carry out the bioprocess under preparative conditions. The main advantages of this methodology lie in their high operational stability, easy upstream separation and bioprocess scale-up feasibility. Cell entrapment is the most widely used technique for whole cell immobilization. This technique-in which the cells are included within a rigid network-is porous enough to allow the diffusion of substrates and products, protects the selected microorganism from the reaction medium, and has high immobilization efficiency (100 % in most cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Trelles
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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De Benedetti EC, Rivero CW, Britos CN, Lozano ME, Trelles JA. Biotransformation of 2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides by immobilized Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1251-6. [PMID: 22837142 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and green bioprocess to obtain 2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides using thermophilic bacteria is herein reported. Geobacillus stearothermophilus CECT 43 showed a conversion rate of 90 and 83% at 2 h to obtain 2,6-diaminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside and 2,6-diaminopurine riboside, respectively. The selected biocatalyst was successfully stabilized in an agarose matrix and used to produce up to 23.4 g of 2,6-diaminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside in 240 h of process. These nucleoside analogues can be used as prodrug precursors or in antisense oligonucleotide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C De Benedetti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1868BXD, Argentina
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Rivero CW, De Benedetti EC, Sambeth JE, Lozano ME, Trelles JA. Biosynthesis of anti-HCV compounds using thermophilic microorganisms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6059-62. [PMID: 22959520 PMCID: PMC7125738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application of thermophilic microorganisms for obtaining 6-halogenated purine nucleosides. Biosynthesis of 6-chloropurine-2′-deoxyriboside and 6-chloropurine riboside was achieved by Geobacillus stearothermophilus CECT 43 with a conversion of 90% and 68%, respectively. Furthermore, the selected microorganism was satisfactorily stabilized by immobilization in an agarose matrix. This biocatalyst can be reused at least 70 times without significant loss of activity, obtaining 379 mg/L of 6-chloropurine-2′-deoxyriboside. The obtained compounds can be used as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia W Rivero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal (B1868BXD), Argentina
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Britos CN, Cappa VA, Rivero CW, Sambeth JE, Lozano ME, Trelles JA. Biotransformation of halogenated 2′-deoxyribosides by immobilized lactic acid bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rivero CW, Britos CN, Lozano ME, Sinisterra JV, Trelles JA. Green biosynthesis of floxuridine by immobilized microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 331:31-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia W. Rivero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS); Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal; Argentina
| | - Claudia N. Britos
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS); Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal; Argentina
| | - Mario E. Lozano
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS); Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal; Argentina
| | - Jose V. Sinisterra
- Servicio de Biotransformaciones Industriales (SBI); Parque Científico de Madrid, C/Santiago Grisolía; Madrid; España
| | - Jorge A. Trelles
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Sustentable (LIBioS); Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal; Argentina
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Ubiali D, Serra CD, Serra I, Morelli CF, Terreni M, Albertini AM, Manitto P, Speranza G. Production, Characterization and Synthetic Application of a Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase fromAeromonas hydrophila. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ubiali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
- Italian Biocatalysis Center, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla D. Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, I‐20133 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4072; phone: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4097
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo F. Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, I‐20133 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4072; phone: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4097
| | - Marco Terreni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
- Italian Biocatalysis Center, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra M. Albertini
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Manitto
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, I‐20133 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4072; phone: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4097
- Italian Biocatalysis Center, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, I‐20133 Milano, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4072; phone: (+39)‐02‐5031‐4097
- Italian Biocatalysis Center, via Taramelli 12, I‐27100 Pavia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, CNR, via Golgi 19, I‐20133 Milano, Italy
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Panero J, Trelles J, Rodano V, Montserrat JM, Iglesias LE, Lewkowicz ES, Iribarren AM. Microbial Hydrolysis of Acetylated Nucleosides. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1077-81. [PMID: 16788739 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylated nucleosides using microbial whole cells has been carried out for the first time. Unlike Candida antarctica B lipase-catalysed alcoholysis, none of the tested microorganisms displayed a common deacetylation profile. Depending on the substrate and the biocatalyst used, 5'-selective deprotection or mixtures of mono O-acetylated products were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Panero
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, RS Peña 352 (1876), Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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