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Jiang X, Zhang Z, Wu X, Li C, Sun X, Li Y, Chang A, Yang A, Yang C. Multiplex Expression Cassette Assembly: A flexible and versatile method for building complex genetic circuits in conventional vectors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 39175411 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of multiple transcription units for simultaneous and coordinated expression is not only key to building complex genetic circuits to accomplish diverse functions in synthetic biology, but is also important in crop breeding for significantly improved productivity and overall performance. However, building constructs with multiple independent transcription units for fine-tuned and coordinated regulation is complicated and time-consuming. Here, we introduce the Multiplex Expression Cassette Assembly (MECA) method, which modifies canonical vectors compatible with Golden Gate Assembly, and then uses them to produce multi-cassette constructs. By embedding the junction syntax in primers that are used to amplify functional elements, MECA is able to make complex constructs using only one intermediate vector and one destination vector via two rounds of one-pot Golden Gate assembly reactions, without the need for dedicated vectors and a coherent library of standardized modules. As a proof-of-concept, we modified eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors to generate constructs for transient expression of green fluorescent protein and β-glucuronidase in Nicotiana benthamiana, genome editing to block monoterpene metabolism in tomato glandular trichomes, production of betanin in tobacco and synthesis of β-carotene in Escherichia coli. Additionally, we engineered the stable production of thymol and carvacrol, bioactive compounds from Lamiaceae family plants, in glandular trichomes of tobacco. These results demonstrate that MECA is a flexible, efficient and versatile method for building complex genetic circuits, which will not only play a critical role in plant synthetic biology, but also facilitate improving agronomic traits and pyramiding traits for the development of next-generation elite crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuoxiang Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuming Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Changmei Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Aixia Chang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Jing Y, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang J, Li J, Sun J, Feng Y, Xin F, Zhang W. Advances in the synthesis of three typical tetraterpenoids including β-carotene, lycopene and astaxanthin. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108033. [PMID: 36096404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments that widely exist in nature. Due to their excellent antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, carotenoids are commonly used in food, medicine, cosmetic and other fields. At present, natural carotenoids are mainly extracted from plants, algae and microorganisms. With the rapid development of metabolic engineering and molecular biology as well as the continuous in-depth study of carotenoids synthesis pathways, industrial microorganisms have showed promising applications in the synthesis of carotenoids. In this review, we introduced the properties of several carotenoids and their biosynthetic metabolism process. Then, the microorganisms synthesizing carotenoids through the natural and non-natural pathways and the extraction methods of carotenoids were summarized and compared. Meanwhile, the influence of substrates on the carotenoids production was also listed. The methods and strategies for achieving high carotenoid production are categorized to help with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiawen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yifan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
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3
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Singh RV, Sambyal K. An overview of β-carotene production: Current status and future prospects. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang Z, Sun J, Yang Q, Yang J. Metabolic Engineering Escherichia coli for the Production of Lycopene. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143136. [PMID: 32659911 PMCID: PMC7397254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene, a potent antioxidant, has been widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. However, the production of lycopene extracted from natural sources is far from meeting the demand. Consequently, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have been employed to develop microbial cell factories for lycopene production. Due to the advantages of rapid growth, complete genetic background, and a reliable genetic operation technique, Escherichia coli has become the preferred host cell for microbial biochemicals production. In this review, the recent advances in biological lycopene production using engineered E. coli strains are summarized: First, modification of the endogenous MEP pathway and introduction of the heterogeneous MVA pathway for lycopene production are outlined. Second, the common challenges and strategies for lycopene biosynthesis are also presented, such as the optimization of other metabolic pathways, modulation of regulatory networks, and optimization of auxiliary carbon sources and the fermentation process. Finally, the future prospects for the improvement of lycopene biosynthesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - JingXin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-131-4543-1413 (Q.Y.); +86-135-8938-5827 (J.Y.); Fax: +86-532-589-57640 (J.Y.)
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-131-4543-1413 (Q.Y.); +86-135-8938-5827 (J.Y.); Fax: +86-532-589-57640 (J.Y.)
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6
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Qiang S, Wang J, Xiong XC, Qu YL, Liu L, Hu CY, Meng YH. Promoting the Synthesis of Precursor Substances by Overexpressing Hexokinase (Hxk) and Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase (Erg13) to Elevate β-Carotene Production in Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1346. [PMID: 32636824 PMCID: PMC7316989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a valuable carotenoid, β-carotene is commercially used in food, cosmetics, animal feeds, and other industries. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms has been widely explored to improve the production of β-carotene. Compared with the traditional genetic modifications mainly focused on the pathways of mevalonate (MVA) and β-carotene biosynthesis, this study aims to increase the β-carotene production through promoting the synthesis of precursor substances by overexpressing hexokinase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase in an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. In this study, we investigated the effect of the unique hexokinase gene (Hxk) overexpression on β-carotene accumulation and glucose consumption. The Hxk gene was introduced into a β-carotene producing strain Y.L-1 to generate strain Y.L-2, and this increased the β-carotene content by 98%. Overexpression of the Hxk gene led to increasing in hexokinase activity (329% higher), glucose-6-phosphate content (92% higher), and improvement of the transcriptional level of Hxk (315% higher) compared to the control Y.L-1 strain. Moreover, Hxk overexpression accelerated the utilization rate of glucose. The gene erg13 encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase was also overexpressed to increase the precursor supply for β-carotene biosynthesis. Recombinant Y.L-4 harboring two copies of erg13 produced 8.41 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) of β-carotene, which was 259% higher than Y.L-1. The β-carotene content of 9.56 mg/g DCW was achieved in strain Y.L-6 by integrating erg13 into the chromosome and Hxk overexpression. The 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA content in the cells was increased by overexpressing two copies of the erg13 gene. Finally, the titer of β-carotene reached 2.4 g/L using a 50 L bioreactor by the engineered strain, and the fermentation cycle was shortened from 144 to 120 h. Overall, overexpression of Hxk and erg13 could improve β-carotene production and successfully overcoming the bottleneck of precursor generation to support a more efficient pathway for the production of the target product. Our results revealed a novel strategy to engineer the pathway of β-carotene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiang
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Healthful Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Chao Xiong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yu Ling Qu
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Yong Hong Meng
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Borkowski O, Bricio C, Murgiano M, Rothschild-Mancinelli B, Stan GB, Ellis T. Cell-free prediction of protein expression costs for growing cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1457. [PMID: 29654285 PMCID: PMC5899134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Translating heterologous proteins places significant burden on host cells, consuming expression resources leading to slower cell growth and productivity. Yet predicting the cost of protein production for any given gene is a major challenge, as multiple processes and factors combine to determine translation efficiency. To enable prediction of the cost of gene expression in bacteria, we describe here a standard cell-free lysate assay that provides a relative measure of resource consumption when a protein coding sequence is expressed. These lysate measurements can then be used with a computational model of translation to predict the in vivo burden placed on growing E. coli cells for a variety of proteins of different functions and lengths. Using this approach, we can predict the burden of expressing multigene operons of different designs and differentiate between the fraction of burden related to gene expression compared to action of a metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Borkowski
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos Bricio
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michela Murgiano
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Brooke Rothschild-Mancinelli
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guy-Bart Stan
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tom Ellis
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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8
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Jiao X, Sun W, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhao ZK. Exchanging the order of carotenogenic genes linked by porcine teschovirus-1 2A peptide enable to optimize carotenoid metabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34967-34972. [PMID: 35547038 PMCID: PMC9087642 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as a promising host for the production of a wide range of chemical compounds and fuels. Currently, simultaneous expression of several genes could be achieved via the use of 2A viral peptides, yet detailed characterizations to assess the discrepancy of different orders of genes linked by 2A peptides are rarely sufficient. In this study, we investigated the effects of the order of genes linked by porcine teschovirus-1 2A (P2A) peptide on the metabolic pathway in S. cerevisiae. A heterologous carotenoid biosynthetic system involving nine kinds of polycistronic expression of codon-optimized carotenogenic genes GGPPS, CARB and CARRP from Blakeslea trispora was introduced into S. cerevisiae. The order of genes in the polycistronic segment was exchanged; β-carotene production by engineered yeasts was significantly different. The highest β-carotene yield was achieved in transformants carrying the plasmid, with CARB as the first gene in the polycistronic construct regardless of the location of GGPPS, CARRP. In addition, we found that β-carotene production was coupled with the growth in engineered strain with the highest β-carotene content during the shake flask fermentation and fed-batch fermentation. A novel microbial heterologous carotenoid production system was established by optimizing the order of genes linked by P2A peptide sequences in a polycistronic expression construct. The observation of the importance of the order in a polycistronic construct may be used to increase yields in other P2A peptide-containing expression systems. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as a promising host for the production of a wide range of chemical compounds and fuels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jiao
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Wenyi Sun
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Xiangjian Liu
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- CAS
- Dalian 116023
- PR China
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9
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Guleria S, Zhou J, Koffas MA. Nutraceuticals (Vitamin C, Carotenoids, Resveratrol). Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807833.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Guleria
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology; Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences; Main Campus Chatha Jammu 180 009 India
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Jiangnan University; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Mattheos A.G. Koffas
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; 110 8th Street Troy NY 12180 USA
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López J, Essus K, Kim IK, Pereira R, Herzog J, Siewers V, Nielsen J, Agosin E. Production of β-ionone by combined expression of carotenogenic and plant CCD1 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:84. [PMID: 26063466 PMCID: PMC4464609 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apocarotenoids, like the C13-norisoprenoids, are natural compounds that contribute to the flavor and/or aroma of flowers and foods. They are produced in aromatic plants-like raspberries and roses-by the enzymatic cleavage of carotenes. Due to their pleasant aroma and flavour, apocarotenoids have high commercial value for the cosmetic and food industry, but currently their production is mainly assured by chemical synthesis. In the present study, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that synthesizes the apocarotenoid β-ionone was constructed by combining integrative vectors and high copy number episomal vectors, in an engineered strain that accumulates FPP. RESULTS Integration of an extra copy of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (BTS1), together with the carotenogenic genes crtYB and crtI from the ascomycete Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, resulted in carotenoid producing cells. The additional integration of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene from the plant Petunia hybrida (PhCCD1) let to the production of low amounts of β-ionone (0.073 ± 0.01 mg/g DCW) and changed the color of the strain from orange to yellow. The expression of the crtYB gene from a high copy number plasmid in this former strain increased β-ionone concentration fivefold (0.34 ± 0.06 mg/g DCW). Additionally, the episomal expression of crtYB together with the PhCCD1 gene in the same vector resulted in a final 8.5-fold increase of β-ionone concentration (0.63 ± 0.02 mg/g DCW). Batch fermentations with this strain resulted in a final specific concentration of 1 mg/g DCW at 50 h, which represents a 15-fold increase. CONCLUSIONS An efficient β-ionone producing yeast platform was constructed by combining integrative and episomal constructs. By combined expression of the genes BTS1, the carotenogenic crtYB, crtI genes and the plant PhCCD1 gene-the highest β-ionone concentration reported to date by a cell factory was achieved. This microbial cell factory represents a starting point for flavor production by a sustainable and efficient process that could replace current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera López
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Karen Essus
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Il-kwon Kim
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Bio R&D Center, Paikkwang Industrial Co. Ltd., 57 Oehang-4 gil, Gunsan, Korea.
| | - Rui Pereira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Jan Herzog
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Khan NE, Nybo SE, Chappell J, Curtis WR. Triterpene hydrocarbon production engineered into a metabolically versatile host--Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1523-32. [PMID: 25728701 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triterpene hydrocarbon biosynthesis of the ancient algae Botryococcus braunii was installed into Rhodobacter capsulatus to explore the production of C30 hydrocarbon in a host capable of diverse growth habits-utilizing carbohydrate, sunlight or hydrogen (with CO2 fixation) as alternative energy feedstocks. Engineering an enhanced MEP pathway was also used to augment triterpene accumulation. Despite dramatically different sources of carbon and reducing power, nearly the same level of botryococcene or squalene (∼5 mg oil/g-dry-weight [gDW]) was achieved in small-scale aerobic heterotrophic, anaerobic photoheterotrophic, and aerobic chemoautotrophic growth conditions. A glucose fed-batch bioreactor reached 40 mg botryococcene/L (∼12 mg/gDW), while autotrophic bioreactor performance with CO2 , H2 , and O2 reached 110 mg/L (16.7 mg/gDW) during batch and 60 mg/L (23 mg/gDW) during continuous operation at a dilution rate corresponding to about 10% of μ(max). Batch and continuous autotrophic specific productivity was found to reach 0.5 and 0.32 mg triterpene/g DW/h, comparable to prior reports for terpene production driven by heterotrophic growth conditions. This demonstrates the feasibility of alternative feedstocks and trophic modes to provide comparable routes to biochemicals that do not rely on sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nymul E Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802
| | - S Eric Nybo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536
| | - Wayne R Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802.
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Khan NE, Myers JA, Tuerk AL, Curtis WR. A process economic assessment of hydrocarbon biofuels production using chemoautotrophic organisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 172:201-211. [PMID: 25262429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Economic analysis of an ARPA-e Electrofuels (http://arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=arpa-e-programs/electrofuels) process is presented, utilizing metabolically engineered Rhodobacter capsulatus or Ralstonia eutropha to produce the C30+ hydrocarbon fuel, botryococcene, from hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. The analysis is based on an Aspen plus® bioreactor model taking into account experimentally determined Rba. capsulatus and Rls. eutropha growth and maintenance requirements, reactor residence time, correlations for gas-liquid mass-transfer coefficient, gas composition, and specific cellular fuel productivity. Based on reactor simulation results encompassing technically relevant parameter ranges, the capital and operating costs of the process were estimated for 5000 bbl-fuel/day plant and used to predict fuel cost. Under the assumptions used in this analysis and crude oil prices, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) required for economic feasibility must be less than 2¢/kWh. While not feasible under current market prices and costs, this work identifies key variables impacting process cost and discusses potential alternative paths toward economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nymul E Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John A Myers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Amalie L Tuerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wayne R Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Mata-Gómez LC, Montañez JC, Méndez-Zavala A, Aguilar CN. Biotechnological production of carotenoids by yeasts: an overview. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:12. [PMID: 24443802 PMCID: PMC3922794 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, carotenoids are valuable molecules in different industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, poultry, food and cosmetics. These pigments not only can act as vitamin A precursors, but also they have coloring and antioxidant properties, which have attracted the attention of the industries and researchers. The carotenoid production through chemical synthesis or extraction from plants is limited by low yields that results in high production costs. This leads to research of microbial production of carotenoids, as an alternative that has shown better yields than other aforementioned. In addition, the microbial production of carotenoids could be a better option about costs, looking for alternatives like the use of low-cost substrates as agro-industrials wastes. Yeasts have demonstrated to be carotenoid producer showing an important growing capacity in several agro-industrial wastes producing high levels of carotenoids. Agro-industrial wastes provide carbon and nitrogen source necessary, and others elements to carry out the microbial metabolism diminishing the production costs and avoiding pollution from these agro-industrial wastes to the environmental. Herein, we discuss the general and applied concepts regarding yeasts carotenoid production and the factors influencing carotenogenesis using agro-industrial wastes as low-cost substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio César Montañez
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico.
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14
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Li Q, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang Y. Enhancing beta-carotene production inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeby metabolic engineering. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 345:94-101. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan; China
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15
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Production of β-carotene and acetate in recombinant Escherichia coli with or without mevalonate pathway at different culture temperature or pH. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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17
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Nam HK, Choi JG, Lee JH, Kim SW, Oh DK. Increase in the production of β-carotene in recombinant Escherichia coli cultured in a chemically defined medium supplemented with amino acids. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:265-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Rad SA, Zahiri HS, Noghabi KA, Rajaei S, Heidari R, Mojallali L. Type 2 IDI performs better than type 1 for improving lycopene production in metabolically engineered E. coli strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Cao Y, Xian M. Production of phloroglucinol by Escherichia coli using a stationary-phase promoter. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1853-8. [PMID: 21544607 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered using a new host-vector system to produce phloroglucinol. The key biosynthetic gene phlD (encoding a type III polyketide synthase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens was expressed in E. coli using the stationary-phase promoter of the fic gene and a high-copy plasmid. In shake-flasks, the engineered strain produced phloroglucinol up to 0.28 g/l with a productivity of 0.014 g/l h. About 9.2% of the glucose consumed was converted to phloroglucinol after 20 h. Compared with the widely used inducible T7 promoter system, this strain did not require IPTG induction and the final titer of phloroglucinol was 22% higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Cao
- Key Lab of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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20
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21
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Sense and nonsense from a systems biology approach to microbial recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:9-28. [PMID: 20044926 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The 'Holy Grail' of recombinant protein production remains the availability of generic protocols and hosts for the production of even the most difficult target products. The present review provides first an explanation why the shock imposed on bacteria using a standard induction protocol not only arrests growth, but also decreases the number of colony-forming units by several orders of magnitude. Particular emphasis is placed on findings of numerous genome-wide transcriptomic studies that highlight cellular stress, in which the general stress, heat-shock and stringent responses are the underlying basis for the manifestation of the deterioration of cell physiology. We then review common approaches used to solve bottlenecks in protein folding and post-translational modification that result in recombinant protein deposition in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Finally, we suggest a generic approach to process design that minimizes stress on the production host and a strategy for isolating improved hosts.
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22
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Kim JH, Kim SW, Nguyen DQA, Li H, Kim SB, Seo YG, Yang JK, Chung IY, Kim DH, Kim CJ. Production of β-carotene by recombinant Escherichia coli with engineered whole mevalonate pathway in batch and fed-batch cultures. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Kim SW, Kim JB, Ryu JM, Jung JK, Kim JH. High-level production of lycopene in metabolically engineered E. coli. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Yoon SH, Lee SH, Das A, Ryu HK, Jang HJ, Kim JY, Oh DK, Keasling JD, Kim SW. Combinatorial expression of bacterial whole mevalonate pathway for the production of beta-carotene in E. coli. J Biotechnol 2009; 140:218-26. [PMID: 19428716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increased synthesis of building blocks of IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) and DMAPP (dimethylallyl diphosphate) through metabolic engineering is a way to enhance the production of carotenoids. Using E. coli as a host, IPP and DMAPP supply can be increased significantly through the introduction of foreign MVA (mevalonate) pathway into it. The MVA pathway is split into two parts with the top and bottom portions supplying mevalonate from acetyl-CoA, and IPP and DMAPP from mevalonate, respectively. The bottom portions of MVA pathway from Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared with exogenous mevalonate supplementation for beta-carotene production in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring beta-carotene synthesis genes. The E. coli harboring the bottom MVA pathway of S. pneumoniae produced the highest amount of beta-carotene. The top portions of MVA pathway were also compared and the top MVA pathway of E. faecalis was found out to be the most efficient for mevalonate production in E. coli. The whole MVA pathway was constructed by combining the bottom and top portions of MVA pathway of S. pneumoniae and E. faecalis, respectively. The recombinant E. coli harboring the whole MVA pathway and beta-carotene synthesis genes produced high amount of beta-carotene even without exogenous mevalonate supplementation. When comparing various E. coli strains - MG1655, DH5alpha, S17-1, XL1-Blue and BL21 - the DH5alpha was found to be the best beta-carotene producer. Using glycerol as the carbon source for beta-carotene production was found to be superior to glucose, galactose, xylose and maltose. The recombinant E. coli DH5alpha harboring the whole MVA pathway and beta-carotene synthesis genes produced beta-carotene of 465mg/L at glycerol concentration of 2% (w/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwal Yoon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), EB-NCRC and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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25
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The production of beta-carotene by recombinant Escherichia coli engineered with whole mevalonate pathway in batch and fed-batch cultures. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Yoon SH, Park HM, Kim JE, Lee SH, Choi MS, Kim JY, Oh DK, Keasling JD, Kim SW. Increased β-Carotene Production in Recombinant Escherichia coli Harboring an Engineered Isoprenoid Precursor Pathway with Mevalonate Addition. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:599-605. [PMID: 17500531 DOI: 10.1021/bp070012p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When pT-LYCm4 containing lycopene synthetic genes was co-transformed with pSUcrtY or pSHcrtY containing crtY gene of Pantoea ananatis (P. ananatis) or Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans), beta-carotene productions of 36 and 35 mg/L were obtained, respectively. No lycopene was detected in the beta-carotene production culture. pT-HB, constructed by addition of P. ananatis crtY gene into pT-LYCm4, was used for co-transformation with pSdxs and pSSN12Didi, which increased isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate synthesis. beta-Carotene production significantly increased 1.5-fold (51 mg/L) with the amplification of the dxs gene through pSdxs and 4-fold (135 mg/L) with the mevalonate bottom pathway of pSSN12Didi in the presence of 3.3 mM mevalonate. The pT-DHB, constructed by integrating the dxs gene into pT-HB, was used for cotransformation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) harboring pSSN12Didi, resulting in beta-carotene production of 141 mg/L. Recombinant E. coli harboring pT-DHB and pSSN12Didi was used to maximize beta-carotene production by adjusting the available amounts of glycerol, a carbon source, and mevalonate, the precursor of the mevalonate bottom pathway. When recombinant E. coli was given 16.5 mM mevalonate and 2.5% (w/v) glycerol, beta-carotene production of 503 mg/L in concentration and 49.3 mg/g DCW in content was obtained at 144 h, which was the highest level of carotenoid production in E. coli ever reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwal Yoon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), EB-NCRC and PMBBRC, and Division of Forest Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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27
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Zhu YH, Jiang JG, Chen Q. Influence of daily collection and culture medium recycling on the growth and beta-carotene yield of Dunaliella salina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4027-4031. [PMID: 18461967 DOI: 10.1021/jf8004417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The halophilic green alga Dunaliella salina has the potential to be cultivated for beta-carotene-rich biomass, however, open-air systems need to be further improved in order to become more competitive and more economical, rather than leave the major beta-carotene consuming market derived from artificially synthesis. A set of daily collection ratios was designed and scaled up with the aim to harvest cell biomass and beta-carotene from D. salina at logarithmic phase; the yields were comparable to the normal culture without daily removal of culture. Daily collection of 1/7.5 volume of algal culture was found to be appropriate to keep the balance between the cell biomass and beta-carotene accumulation. Light intensity as one of the important factors would affect both cell growth and beta-carotene content synchronously. Further, the method of recycling 1/7.5 volume of culture after removal of algae cells was developed in order to decrease input cost for the effective production of beta-carotene, and both the resulting yields of the cell biomass and beta-carotene gained an advantage over those from the normal D. salina culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hui Zhu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Identification of an alternative translation initiation site for the Pantoea ananatis lycopene cyclase (crtY) gene in E. coli and its evolutionary conservation. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 58:23-31. [PMID: 18096401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous sequence analyses of the lycopene cyclase gene (crt Y) from Pantoea ananatis revealed that translation of its protein product in Escherichia coli began at the ATG start codon. We found, however, that this enzyme could also be produced in E. coli without the ATG start codon present. Results of experiments using crt Y mutants revealed that a GTG (Val) sequence, located in-frame and 24 bp downstream of the ATG, could act as a potential start codon. Additionally, a point-mutated GTA (Val), replaced from alternative GTG start codon, also displayed its potential as a start codon although the strength as a translation initiation codon was considerably weak. This finding suggests that non-ATG codons, especially one base pairing with the anticodon (3'-UAC-5') in fMet-tRNA, might be also able to function as start codon in translation process. Furthermore, amino acid sequence alignment of lycopene cyclases from different sources suggested that a Val residue located within the N-terminus of these enzymes might be used as an alternative translation initiation site. In particular, presence of a conserved Asp, located in-frame and 12 bp upstream of potential start codon, supports this assumption in view of the fact that Asp (GAT or GAC) can function as part of the Shine-Dalgano sequence (AGGAGG).
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29
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Das A, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Oh DK, Kim SW. An update on microbial carotenoid production: application of recent metabolic engineering tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:505-12. [PMID: 17912511 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitous pigments synthesized by plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. Industrially, carotenoids are used in pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals, and animal feed additives, as well as colorants in cosmetics and foods. Scientific interest in dietary carotenoids has increased in recent years because of their beneficial effects on human health, such as lowering the risk of cancer and enhancement of immune system function, which are attributed to their antioxidant potential. The availability of carotenoid genes from carotenogenic microbes has made possible the synthesis of carotenoids in non-carotenogenic microbes. The increasing interest in microbial sources of carotenoid is related to consumer preferences for natural additives and the potential cost effectiveness of creating carotenoids via microbial biotechnology. In this review, we will describe the recent progress made in metabolic engineering of non-carotenogenic microorganisms with particular focus on the potential of Escherichia coli for improved carotenoid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Das
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), EB-NCRC and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
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30
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Verwaal R, Wang J, Meijnen JP, Visser H, Sandmann G, van den Berg JA, van Ooyen AJJ. High-level production of beta-carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by successive transformation with carotenogenic genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4342-50. [PMID: 17496128 PMCID: PMC1932764 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02759-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae can serve as a host for efficient carotenoid and especially beta-carotene production, carotenogenic genes from the carotenoid-producing yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous were introduced and overexpressed in S. cerevisiae. Because overexpression of these genes from an episomal expression vector resulted in unstable strains, the genes were integrated into genomic DNA to yield stable, carotenoid-producing S. cerevisiae cells. Furthermore, carotenoid production levels were higher in strains containing integrated carotenogenic genes. Overexpression of crtYB (which encodes a bifunctional phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase) and crtI (phytoene desaturase) from X. dendrorhous was sufficient to enable carotenoid production. Carotenoid production levels were increased by additional overexpression of a homologous geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase from S. cerevisiae that is encoded by BTS1. Combined overexpression of crtE (heterologous GGPP synthase) from X. dendrorhous with crtYB and crtI and introduction of an additional copy of a truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase gene (tHMG1) into carotenoid-producing cells resulted in a successive increase in carotenoid production levels. The strains mentioned produced high levels of intermediates of the carotenogenic pathway and comparable low levels of the preferred end product beta-carotene, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. We finally succeeded in constructing an S. cerevisiae strain capable of producing high levels of beta-carotene, up to 5.9 mg/g (dry weight), which was accomplished by the introduction of an additional copy of crtI and tHMG1 into carotenoid-producing yeast cells. This transformant is promising for further development toward the biotechnological production of beta-carotene by S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Verwaal
- Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Raja R, Hemaiswarya S, Rengasamy R. Exploitation of Dunaliella for beta-carotene production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:517-23. [PMID: 17225103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Halotolerant microalga Dunaliella, which is exploited for the production of dried biomass or cell extract, is used as a medicinal food. With the advancement in this field in recent years, the production of bio-organic compounds such as beta-carotene is established in many countries. Large-scale production of beta-carotene is controlled by numerous stress factors like high light intensity, high salinity, temperature and availability of nutrients. The state-of-the-art strategies in industries in closed systems under new set of inductive factors will additionally promote the ease of commercial production of beta-carotene. This review mainly focuses on the different methodologies employed recently for the optimum production of beta-carotene from Dunaliella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raja
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India.
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