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do Amaral M, Freitas ACO, Santos AS, Dos Santos EC, Ferreira MM, da Silva Gesteira A, Gramacho KP, Marinho-Prado JS, Pirovani CP. TcTI, a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor from cocoa associated with defense against pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:698. [PMID: 35027639 PMCID: PMC8758671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are important biotechnological tools of interest in agriculture. Usually they are the first proteins to be activated in plant-induced resistance against pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize a Theobroma cacao trypsin inhibitor called TcTI. The ORF has 740 bp encoding a protein with 219 amino acids, molecular weight of approximately 23 kDa. rTcTI was expressed in the soluble fraction of Escherichia coli strain Rosetta [DE3]. The purified His-Tag rTcTI showed inhibitory activity against commercial porcine trypsin. The kinetic model demonstrated that rTcTI is a competitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 4.08 × 10-7 mol L-1. The thermostability analysis of rTcTI showed that 100% inhibitory activity was retained up to 60 °C and that at 70-80 °C, inhibitory activity remained above 50%. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the protein is rich in loop structures and β-conformations. Furthermore, in vivo assays against Helicoverpa armigera larvae were also performed with rTcTI in 0.1 mg mL-1 spray solutions on leaf surfaces, which reduced larval growth by 70% compared to the control treatment. Trials with cocoa plants infected with Mp showed a greater accumulation of TcTI in resistant varieties of T. cacao, so this regulation may be associated with different isoforms of TcTI. This inhibitor has biochemical characteristics suitable for biotechnological applications as well as in resistance studies of T. cacao and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena do Amaral
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Freitas
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Everton Cruz Dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau [CEPEC/CEPLAC] Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
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Song S, Chen A, Zhu J, Yan Z, An Q, Zhou J, Liao H, Yu Y. Structure basis of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Ligusiticum chuanxiong to understand its selective mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:317-330. [PMID: 34838855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Ligusticum chuanxiong (LcCOMT) showed strict regiospecificity despite a relative degree of preference. Compared with caffeic acid, methyl caffeate was the preferential substrate by its low Km and high Kcat. In this study, we obtained the SAM binary (1.80 Å) and SAH binary (1.95 Å) complex LcCOMT crystal structures, and established the ternary complex structure with methyl caffeate by molecular docking. The active site of LcCOMT included phenolic substrate pocket, SAM/SAH ligand pocket and conserved catalytic residues as well. The regiospecificity of LcCOMT that permitted only 3-hydroxyl group to be methylated arise from the interactions between the active site and the phenyl ring. However, the propanoid tail governed the relative preference of LcCOMT. The ester group in methyl caffeate stabilized the anionic intermediate caused by His268-Asp269 pair, whereas caffeic acid was unable to stabilize the anionic intermediate due to the adjacent carboxylate anion in the propanoid tail. Ser183 residue formed an additional hydrogen bond with SAH and its role was identified by S183A mutation. Ile318 residue might be a potential site for determination of substrate preference, and its mutation led to the change of tertiary conformation. The results supported the selective mechanism of LcCOMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Zicheng Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Qiuju An
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Yamei Yu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Ali MY, Park S, Chang M. Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacological Uses, Biological Activities, and Therapeutic Applications of Cassia obtusifolia L.: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206252. [PMID: 34684833 PMCID: PMC8538231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia L., of the Leguminosae family, is used as a diuretic, laxative, tonic, purgative, and natural remedy for treating headache, dizziness, constipation, tophobia, and lacrimation and for improving eyesight. It is commonly used in tea in Korea. Various anthraquinone derivatives make up its main chemical constituents: emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, obtusifolin, obtusin, au rantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin, alaternin, questin, aloe-emodin, gluco-aurantio-obtusin, gluco-obtusifolin, naphthopyrone glycosides, toralactone-9-β-gentiobioside, toralactone gentiobioside, and cassiaside. C. obtusifolia L. possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties (e.g., antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties) and may be used to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. In addition, C. obtusifolia L. contributes to histamine release and antiplatelet aggregation. This review summarizes the botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological features of C. obtusifolia and its therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Seongkyu Park
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Munseog Chang
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Qgenetics, Seoul Bio Corporation Center, 504, 23 Kyunghee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9443
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Abstract
At present, chemical pesticides remain the main approach for controlling Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). This research proposes a novel laser irradiation method for managing P. rapae larvae as an alternative to chemical control. The effectiveness of controlling larvae and the influencing factors of lasers were studied to estimate optimal parameter combinations. Tests using the antifeedant effect and mortality of the larvae as dependent variables showed that the laser power, irradiation area, laser opening time and irradiation position were positively correlated with the P. rapae controlling effect. The optimal parameters for each factor were the following: laser power, 7.5 W; irradiation area, 6.189 mm2; laser opening time, 1.177 s; and irradiation position, middle of the abdomen. Based on these observations, a validation experiment was performed using the optimal combination of parameters, and the results showed that the antifeedant percentage of P. rapae larvae within 24 h posttreatment was 98.49%, whereas the mortality rate was 100%. The optimal parameter combination identified in the study was suitable for P. rapae larvae from the first- to fifth-instar stages, and a more effective controlling effect was observed with the younger larvae. These results can provide a theoretical basis for future pest control using laser pest-killing robots.
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Zhou J, Li C, Chen A, Zhu J, Zou M, Liao H, Yu Y. Structural and functional relationship of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor to understand its digestive resistance against Pieris rapae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:908-920. [PMID: 31981663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although digestive resistance of Kunitz protease inhibitors has been reported extensively, the molecular mechanism is not well established. In the present study, the first X-ray structure of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor (COTI), a member of Kunitz protease inhibitors, was solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structure adopted a classic β-trefoil fold with the inhibitory loop protruding from the hydrophobic core. The role of Phe139, a unique residue in Kunitz protease inhibitors, and Arg63 in the COTI structure was verified by F139A and R63E mutants. COTI was a specific inhibitor of bovine trypsin and the result was also verified by COTI-trypsin complex formation. Meanwhile, COTI showed equivalent inhibitory activity with that of soybean trypsin inhibitor against bovine trypsin and midgut trypsin from Pieris rapae. The F139 and R63E mutants further indicated that inhibitory specificity and efficiency of COTI were closely related to the global framework, the conformation and the amino acid composition of reactive loop. Finally, a midgut trypsin from P. rapae (PrSP40), which might be involve in the food digestion, was proposed to be a potential target of COTI and might be a promising target for future crop-protection strategy. The results supported the digestive resistance of COTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Chaolin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Meng Zou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Yamei Yu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Cotabarren J, Lufrano D, Parisi MG, Obregón WD. Biotechnological, biomedical, and agronomical applications of plant protease inhibitors with high stability: A systematic review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110398. [PMID: 32005400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are regulatory proteins found in numerous animal tissues and fluids, plants, and microorganisms that reduce and inhibit the exacerbated and uncontrolled activity of the target proteases. Specific PIs are also effective tools for inactivating proteases involved in human diseases like arthritis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS, thrombosis, emphysema, hypertension, and muscular dystrophy among others. Plant PIs-small peptides with a high content of cystine residues in disulfide bridges-possess a remarkable resistance to heat treatment and a high stability against shifts in pH, denaturing agents, ionic strength, and proteolysis. In recent years, novel biologic activities have been reported for plant PIs, including antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antioxidant action plus inhibition of tumor-cell growth; thus pointing to possible applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In this review, we provide a comparative overview of plant-PIs classifying them in four groups according of their thermal and pH stability (high stability and hyperstable -to temperature and to pHs-, respectively), then emphasizing the relevance of the physicochemical characteristics of these proteins for potential biotechnological and industrial applications. Finally, we analyze the biologic activities of the stable protease inhibitors previously characterized that are the most relevant to potential applications in biomedicine, the food industry, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cotabarren
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Lufrano
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mónica Graciela Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján, 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Walter David Obregón
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
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7
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Xiang M, Zhang X, Deng Y, Li Y, Yu J, Zhu J, Huang X, Zhou J, Liao H. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights of anti-insect molecular mechanism of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor against Pieris rapae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21427. [PMID: 29193258 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pieris rapae, a serious Lepidoptera pest of cultivated crucifers, utilizes midgut enzymes to digest food and detoxify secondary metabolites from host plants. A recombinant trypsin inhibitor (COTI) from nonhost plant, Cassia obtusifolia, significantly decreased activities of trypsin-like proteases in the larval midgut on Pieris rapae and could suppress the growth of larvae. In order to know how COTI took effect, transcriptional profiles of P. rapae midgut in response to COTI was studied. A total of 51,544 unigenes were generated and 45.86% of which had homologs in public databases. Most of the regulated genes associated with digestion, detoxification, homeostasis, and resistance were downregulated after ingestion of COTI. Meanwhile, several unigenes in the integrin signaling pathway might be involved in response to COTI. Furthermore, using comparative transcriptome analysis, we detected differently expressing genes and identified a new reference gene, UPF3, by qRT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Therefore, it was suggested that not only proteolysis inhibition, but also suppression of expression of genes involved in metabolism, development, signaling, and defense might account for the anti-insect resistance of COTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Deng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Bhattacharyya A, Babu C. Caesalpinia bonduc serine proteinase inhibitor CbTI–2: Exploring the conformational features and antimalarial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Swathi M, Mishra PK, Lokya V, Swaroop V, Mallikarjuna N, Dutta-Gupta A, Padmasree K. Purification and Partial Characterization of Trypsin-Specific Proteinase Inhibitors from Pigeonpea Wild Relative Cajanus platycarpus L. (Fabaceae) Active against Gut Proteases of Lepidopteran Pest Helicoverpa armigera. Front Physiol 2016; 7:388. [PMID: 27656149 PMCID: PMC5013044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are natural defense proteins of plants found to be active against gut proteases of various insects. A pigeonpea wild relative Cajanus platycarpus was identified as a source of resistance against Helicoverpa armigera, a most devastating pest of several crops including pigeonpea. In the light of earlier studies, trypsin-specific PIs (CpPI 63) were purified from mature dry seeds of C. platycarpus (ICPW-63) and characterized their biochemical properties in contributing to H. armigera resistance. CpPI 63 possessed significant H. armigera gut trypsin-like proteinase inhibitor (HGPI) activity than trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity. Analysis of CpPI 63 using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry revealed that it contained several isoinhibitors and small oligomers with masses ranging between 6 and 58 kDa. The gelatin activity staining studies suggest that these isoinhibitors and oligomers possessed strong inhibitory activity against H. armigera gut trypsin-like proteases (HGPs). The N-terminal sequence of the isoinhibitors (pI 6.6 and pI 5.6) of CpPI 63 exhibited 80% homology with several Kunitz trypsin inhibitors (KTIs) as well as miraculin-like proteins (MLPs). Further, modification of lysine residue(s) lead to 80% loss in both TI and HGPI activities of CpPI 63. In contrast, the TI and HGPI activities of CpPI 63 were stable over a wide range of temperature and pH conditions. The reported results provide a biochemical basis for pod borer resistance in C. platycarpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marri Swathi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Prashant K Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Vadthya Lokya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Vanka Swaroop
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
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Liu Z, Zhu Q, Li J, Yu J, Li Y, Huang X, Wang W, Tan R, Zhou J, Liao H. Selection and evaluation of reference genes for expression analysis of Cassi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1818-26. [PMID: 26076901 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia, belonging to legume family, is important in many fields with high pharmaceutical, economic, and ecological values. These interests of C. obtusifolia triggered in-depth and fundamental genetic and molecular research. Therefore, the stable reference gene is necessary for normalization of the gene expression studies. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were subjected to expression analysis in 12 different tissues and under different stresses by qRT-PCR. The expression stability was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software. In conclusion, different suitable reference genes were selected in different tissues and under different stress. CYP1, EF1α2, ACT2, UBQ1 were the most stable reference genes in all samples. The relative expression levels of WRKY gene were detected to confirm the reliability of the selected reference genes. These results provided suitable reference genes that could be used for normalization in C. obtusifolia tissues and under different stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubi Liu
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Qiankun Zhu
- b College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jihua Yu
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yangyang Li
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Rui Tan
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hai Liao
- a School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
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11
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Kumar R, Bhardwaj U, Kumar P, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Midgut serine proteases and alternative host plant utilization in Pieris brassicae L. Front Physiol 2015; 6:95. [PMID: 25873901 PMCID: PMC4379908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pieris brassicae L. is a serious pest of cultivated crucifers in several parts of the world. Larvae of P. brassicae also feed prolifically on garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L., of the family Tropaeolaceae). Proteolytic digestion was studied in larvae feeding on multiple hosts. Fourth instars were collected from cauliflower fields before transfer onto detached, aerial tissues of selected host plants in the lab. Variable levels of midgut proteases were detected in larvae fed on different hosts using protein substrates (casein and recombinant RBCL cloned from cauliflower) and diagnostic, synthetic substrates. Qualitative changes in midgut trypsin activities and quantitative changes in midgut chymotrypsin activities were implicated in physiological adaptation of larvae transferred to T. majus. Midgut proteolytic activities were inhibited to different extents by serine protease inhibitors, including putative trypsin inhibitors isolated from herbivore-attacked and herbivore-free leaves of cauliflower (CfTI) and T. majus (TpTI). Transfer of larvae to T. majus significantly influenced feeding parameters but not necessarily when transferred to different tissues of the same host. Results obtained are relevant for devising sustainable pest management strategies, including transgenic approaches using genes encoding plant protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
| | - Usha Bhardwaj
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Insect-Plant Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University Delhi, India
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12
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Liu Z, Zhu Q, Li J, Zhang G, Jiamahate A, Zhou J, Liao H. Isolation, structure modeling and function characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Cassia obtusifolia. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:863-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Maloney KP, Truong VD, Allen JC. Susceptibility of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel proteins to digestive enzymes. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:351-60. [PMID: 25473492 PMCID: PMC4221833 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato proteins have been shown to possess antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in vivo. The ability of a protein to exhibit systemic effects is somewhat unusual as proteins are typically susceptible to digestive enzymes. This study was undertaken to better understand how digestive enzymes affect sweet potato proteins. Two fractions of industrially processed sweet potato peel, containing 6.8% and 8.5% protein and 80.5% and 83.3% carbohydrate, were used as a source of protein. Sweet potato proteins were incubated with pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin and protein breakdown was visualized with SDS-PAGE. After pepsin digestion, samples were assayed for amylase inhibitory activity. Sporamin, the major storage protein in sweet potatoes, which functions as a trypsin inhibitor as well, exhibited resistance to pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Sporamin from blanched peel of orange sweet potatoes was less resistant to pepsin digestion than sporamin from outer peel and from extract of the white-skinned Caiapo sweet potato. Trypsin inhibitory activity remained after simulated gastric digestion, with the Caiapo potato protein and peel samples exhibiting higher inhibitory activity compared to the blanched peel sample. Amylase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was not present in any of the samples after digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Maloney
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Van-Den Truong
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina ; USDA-ARS, SAA Food Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan C Allen
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
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Oddepally R, Sriram G, Guruprasad L. Purification and characterization of a stable Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:26-36. [PMID: 24094275 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor was purified from the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TfgKTI) belonging to fabaceae family by ammonium sulphate precipitation, cation exchange, gel filtration and hydrophobic chromatography. Purity of the protein was analyzed by RP-HPLC and native-PAGE. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing and non-reducing conditions showed that protein consists of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the intact mass of purified inhibitor is 19,842.154 Da. One dimensional SDS gel was tryptically digested, resulting peptides were subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis of TfgKTI shows sequence similarity with Kunitz trypsin inhibitor in database search. Two dimensional electrophoresis identified presence of four isoinhibitors (pI values of 5.1, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.1). Kinetic studies showed that the protein is a competitive inhibitor and has high binding affinity with trypsin (Ki 3.01×10(-9)M) and chymotrypsin (Ki 0.52×10(-9)M). The TfgKTI retained the inhibitory activity over a broad range of pH (pH 3-10), temperature (37-100°C) and salt concentration (up to 3.5%). Far-UV circular dichroism measurements revealed that TfgKTI is predominantly composed of β-sheets (39%) and unordered structures (48%) with slight helical content (13%). TfgKTI retained over 90% trypsin inhibition upon storage at 4°C for over a period of six months.
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Sriket C, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Hara K. Effect of legume seed extracts on the inhibition of proteolytic activity and muscle degradation of fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Food Chem 2011; 129:1093-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Biolarvicidal compound gymnemagenol isolated from leaf extract of miracle fruit plant, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1373-86. [PMID: 21537987 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that the application of synthetic larvicide has envenomed the surroundings as well as non-target organisms, natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been tried as an indigenous method for the control of a variety of insect pests and vectors in the recent past. Insecticides of plant origin have been extensively used on agricultural pests and, to a very limited extent, against insect vectors of public health importance, which deserve careful and thorough screening. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous and a rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activities. Moreover, herbal sources give a lead for discovering new insecticides. Therefore, biologically active plant materials have attracted considerable interest in mosquito control study in recent times. The crude leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and purified gymnemagenol compound were studied against the early fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation of petroleum ether leaf extract of G. sylvestre led to the separation and identification of gymnemagenol as a potential new antiparasitic compound. Phytochemical analysis of G. sylvestre leaves revealed the presence of active constituents such as carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. However, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins are absent in the plant extracts. Quantitative analysis results suggested that saponin (5%) was present in a high concentration followed by tannins (1.0%). The 50 g powder was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-water as eluents. From that, 16 mg pure saponin compound was isolated and analysed by thin layer chromatography using chloroform and methanol as the solvent systems. The structure of the purified triterpenoid fraction was established from infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. The carbon skeleton of the compound was obtained by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift assignments obtained for gymnemagenol from (1)H NMR correspond to the molecular formula C(30)H(50)O(4). The compound was identified as 3β, 16β, 28, 29-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene (gymnemagenol sapogenin). Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of purified compound gymnemagenol for 24 h. The results suggested that the larval mortality effects of the compound were 28%, 69%, 100% and 31%, 63%, 100% at 6, 12 and 24 h against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the present study, the per cent mortality were 100, 86, 67, 36, 21 and 100, 78, 59, 38 and 19 observed in the concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.75 ppm against the fourth-instar larvae of A. subpitcus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The purified compound gymnemagenol was tested in concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10 and 5 ppm, and the per cent mortality were 100, 72, 53, 30 and 15 against A. subpitcus and 100, 89, 61, 42 and 30 against C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The larvicidal crude leaf extract of G. sylvestre showed the highest mortality in the concentration of 1,000 ppm against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 166.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.807) and against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 186.55 ppm, r (2) = 0.884), respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in gymnemagenol compound with LC(50) and r (2) values against the larvae of A. subpictus (22.99 ppm, 0.922) and against C. quinquefasciatus (15.92 ppm, 0.854), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay.
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Oliva MLV, Silva MC, Sallai RC, Brito MV, Sampaio MU. A novel subclassification for Kunitz proteinase inhibitors from leguminous seeds. Biochimie 2010; 92:1667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lim JI, Lim KJ, Na YC, Lee YK. Simple polyacrylamide affinity gel electrophoresis using oleic acid for the isolation of chymotrypsin inhibitor. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Silva-Lucca RA, Faneca HMS, de Lima MCP, De Caroli FP, Assis ML, Sampaio MU, Oliva MLV. Interaction of proteinase inhibitors with phospholipid vesicles is modulated by pH. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:551-7. [PMID: 20692285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
rBbKI and rBbCI, plant recombinant inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinioides, and BpuTI from Bauhinia purpurea seeds distinctly and specifically block proteolytic enzymes. The secondary structures of those inhibitors were compared and their interactions with phospholipid vesicles were evaluated by the release of calcein and by intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan residues. The results show that rBbKI, rBbCI and BpuTI are able to interact with phospholipd vesicles and induce membrane permeabilization in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. The leakage was rapid and extensive at pH 4.5, but at physiological pH, no calcein release was observed. These results may suggest that upon inflammation or microorganism invasion accompanied by lowering of pH, appropriate conditions may occur for the inhibitors to interact with cell membrane and act on specific proteolytic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemeire A Silva-Lucca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Três de Maio, 100 Vila Clementino, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wati RK, Theppakorn T, Benjakul S, Rawdkuen S. Trypsin Inhibitor from 3 Legume Seeds: Fractionation and Proteolytic Inhibition Study. J Food Sci 2010; 75:C223-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhattacharyya A, Babu CR. Purification and biochemical characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor from Derris trifoliata Lour. seeds: insight into structural and antimalarial features. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:703-712. [PMID: 19409579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A potent serine proteinase inhibitor was isolated and characterized from the seeds of the tropical legume liana, Derris trifoliata (DtTCI) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE as well as MALDI-TOF analysis showed that DtTCI is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. DtTCI has three isoinhibitors (pI: 4.55, 5.34 and 5.72) and, inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin in a 1:1 molar ratio. Both Dixon plots and Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots revealed a competitive inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity, with inhibition constants (K(i)) of 1.7x10(-10) and 1.25x10(-10) M, respectively. N-terminal sequence of DtTCI showed over 50% similarity with numerous Kunitz-type inhibitors of the Papilionoideae subfamily. High pH amplitude and broad temperature optima were noted for DtTCI, and time course experiments indicated a gradual loss in inhibitory potency on treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). Circular Dichroism (CD) spectrum of native DtTCI revealed an unordered structure whereas exposure to thermal-pH extremes, DTT and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn HCl) suggested that an abundance of beta-sheets along with intramolecular disulfide bonds provide conformational stability to the active site of DtTCI, and that severity of denaturants cause structural modifications promoting inhibitory inactivity. Antimalarial studies of DtTCI indicate it to be a potent antiparasitic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems, School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Kang Z, Jiang JH, Wang D, Liu K, Du LF. Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor with high stability from Spinacia oleracea L. seeds. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:102-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G. Larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2008; 104:1163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou JY, Liao H, Zhang NH, Tang L, Xu Y, Chen F. Identification of a Kunitz inhibitor from Albizzia kalkora and its inhibitory effect against pest midgut proteases. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1495-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oliveira AS, Migliolo L, Aquino RO, Ribeiro JKC, Macedo LLP, Andrade LBS, Bemquerer MP, Santos EA, Kiyota S, de Sales MP. Purification and characterization of a trypsin-papain inhibitor from Pithecelobium dumosum seeds and its in vitro effects towards digestive enzymes from insect pests. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:858-65. [PMID: 17888672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel trypsin-papain inhibitor, named PdKI-2, was purified from the seeds of Pithecelobium dumosum seeds by TCA precipitation, Trypsin-Sepharose chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. PdKI-2 had an M(r) of 18.1 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and was composed of a single polypeptide chain. The inhibition on trypsin was stable at pH range 2-10, temperature of 50 degrees C and had a K(i) value of 1.65 x 10(-8)M, with a competitive inhibition mechanism. PdKI-2 was also active to papain, a cysteine proteinase, and showed a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism and K(i) value of 5.1 x 10(-7)M. PdKI-2 was effective against digestive proteinase from bruchids Zabrotes subfasciatus and Callosobruchus maculatus; Dipteran Ceratitis capitata; Lepidopterans Plodia interpunctella and Alabama argillacea, with 74.5%, 70.0%, 70.3%, 48.7%, and 13.6% inhibition, respectively. Results support that PdKI-2 is a member of Kunitz-inhibitor family and its effect on digestive enzyme larvae from diverse orders indicated this protein as a potent insect antifeedant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeliana S Oliveira
- Departamento Bioquímica, Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas, Centro de Biociências, Campus UFRN, Av. Salgado Filho s/n, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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Oliveira AS, Migliolo L, Aquino RO, Ribeiro JKC, Macedo LLP, Andrade LBS, Bemquerer MP, Santos EA, Kiyota S, Sales MP. Identification of a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds with insecticidal properties and double activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:7342-9. [PMID: 17672477 DOI: 10.1021/jf071107+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A trypsin inhibitor, PdKI, was purified from Pithecellobium dumosum seeds by TCA precipitation, trypsin-sepharose chromatography, and reversed-phase-HPLC. PdKI was purified 217.6-fold and recovered 4.7%. SDS-PAGE showed that PdKI is a single polypeptide chain of 18.9 kDa and 19.7 kDa by MALDI-TOF. The inhibition on trypsin was stable in the pH range 2-10 and at a temperature of 50 degrees C. The Ki values were 3.56 x 10(-8)and 7.61 x 10(-7) M with competitive and noncompetitive inhibition mechanisms for trypsin and papain, respectively. The N-terminal sequence identified with members of Kunitz-type inhibitors from the Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae subfamilies. PdKI was effective against digestive proteinase from Zabrotes subfasciatus, Ceratitis capitata, Plodia interpunctella, Alabama argillaceae, and Callosobruchus maculatus, with 69, 66, 44, 38, and 29% inhibition, respectively. Results support that PdKI is a member of the Kunitz inhibitor family and its insecticidal properties indicate a potent insect antifeedant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Oliveira
- Departamento Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Norte, Natal, Brazil
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