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Ma J, Yan Q, Yi P, Yang S, Liu H, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a truncated β-agarase from Microbulbifer sp. suitable for efficient production of neoagarotetraose. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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2
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Characterization of a novel alkaline β-agarase and its hydrolysates of agar. Food Chem 2019; 295:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Abstract
A simple method for obtaining pure and well-defined oligosaccharides was established by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase from Vibrio natriegens. The conditions for enzymolysis were optimized as follows: a temperature of 45 °C, a pH of 8.5, a substrate concentration of 0.3%, an enzyme amount of 100 U/g and an enzymolysis time of 20 h. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were obtained by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase for different lengths of time. After removing pigments using activated carbon and salts by dialyzing, the enzyme hydrolysis solution was separated with Bio-Gel P2 column chromatography. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were acquired. By comparing with authentic standard substances, along with further confirmation by FTIR, MS and NMR, structures of the purified neoagaro-oligosaccharides were identified as neoagarobiose (NA2), neoagaroteraose (NA4), neoagarohexaose (NA6), neoagarooctaose (NA8), neoagaro-decaose (NA10) and neoagarododecaose (NA12) with purities of more than 97.0%. The present study established a method for the preparation of various neoagaro-oligosaccharides that may be of great significance for further study of their bioactivities.
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Veerakumar S, Manian RP. Recombinant β-agarases: insights into molecular, biochemical, and physiochemical characteristics. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:445. [PMID: 30333947 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarases (agarose 4-glycanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.81) are class of enzymes that belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family capable of hydrolyzing agar. Their classification depends on hydrolysis pattern and product formation. Among all the agarases, β-agarases and the oligosaccharides formed by its action have fascinated quite a lot of industries. Ample of β-agarase genes have been endowed from marine sources such as algae, sea water, and marine sediments, and the expression of these genes into suitable host gives rise to recombinant β-agarases. These recombinant β-agarases have wide range of industrial applications due to its improved catalytic efficiency and stability in tough environments with ease of production on large scale. In this review, we have perused different types of recombinant β-agarases in consort with their molecular, physiochemical, and kinetic properties in detail and the significant features of those agarases are spotlighted. From the literature reviewed after 2010, we have found that the recombinant β-agarases belonged to the families GH16, GH39, GH50, GH86, and GH118. Among that, GH39, GH50, and GH86 belonged to clan GH-A, while the GH16 family belonged to clan GH-B. It was observed that GH16 is the largest polyspecific glycoside hydrolase family with ample number of β-agarases and the families GH50 and GH118 were found to be monospecific with only β-agarase activity. And, out of 84 non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), only CBM6 and CBM13 were professed in β-agarases. We witnessed a larger heterogeneity in molecular, physiochemical, and catalytic characteristics of the recombinant β-agarases including molecular mass: 32-132 kDa, optimum pH: 4.5-9, optimum temperature 16-60 °C, K M: 0.68-59.8 mg/ml, and V max: 0.781-11,400 U/mg. Owing to this extensive range of heterogeneity, they have lion's share in the multibillion dollar enzyme market. This review provides a holistic insight to a few aspects of recombinant β-agarases which can be referred by the upcoming explorers to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneeha Veerakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014 India
| | - Ramesh Pathy Manian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014 India
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Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable and Detergent-Tolerant β-Agarase, PdAgaC, from Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:770-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Future direction in marine bacterial agarases for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6847-6863. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Wang Y, Liu T, Guo S, Zhang P, Sun P, Chen M, Ming H. Characterization and overexpression of a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 β-agarase Aga0917 from Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea YTW1-15-1. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:276-283. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Shuai Guo
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Peng Zhang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Pengyang Sun
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Hong Ming
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University
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Yoon SY, Lee HM, Kong JN, Kong KH. Secretory expression and enzymatic characterization of recombinant Agarivorans albus β-agarase in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:1037-1042. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1373292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sug-Young Yoon
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Lee
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Hoon Kong
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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An K, Shi X, Cui F, Cheng J, Liu N, Zhao X, Zhang XH. Characterization and overexpression of a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 beta-agarase YM01-1 from marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01 T. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 143:1-8. [PMID: 28986239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Agar, usually extracted from seaweed, has a wide variety of industrial applications due to its gelling and stabilizing characteristics. Agarases are the enzymes which hydrolyze agar into agar oligosaccharides. The produced agar oligosaccharides have been widely used in cosmetic, food, and medical fields due to their biological functions. A beta-agarase gene, YM01-1, was cloned and expressed from a marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01T. The encoding agarase of YM01-1 consisted of 331 amino acids with an apparent molecular mass of 37.7 kDa and a 23-amino-acids signal peptide. YM01-1 belongs to glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) family based on the amino acid sequence homology. The optimum pH and temperature for its activity was 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. YM01-1 was stable at a pH of pH 6.0-9.0 and temperatures below 45 °C. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ion trap mass spectrometer of the YM01-1 hydrolysis products displayed that YM01-1 was an endo-type β-agarase and degrades agarose, neoagarohexaose, neoagarotetraose into neoagarobiose. The Km, Vmax, Kcat and Kcat/Km values of the YM01-1 for agarose were 8.69 mg/ml, 4.35 × 103 U/mg, 2.4 × 103 s-1 and 2.7 × 106 s-1 M-1, respectively. Hence, the enzyme with high agarolytic activity and single end product was different from other GH16 agarases, which has potential applications for the production of oligosaccharides with remarkable activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaochong Shi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Fangyuan Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingguang Cheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Swain MR, Natarajan V, Krishnan C. Marine Enzymes and Microorganisms for Bioethanol Production. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 80:181-197. [PMID: 28215326 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bioethanol is a potential alternative fuel to fossil fuels. Bioethanol as a fuel has several economic and environmental benefits. Though bioethanol is produced using starch and sugarcane juice, these materials are in conflict with food availability. To avoid food-fuel conflict, the second-generation bioethanol production by utilizing nonfood lignocellulosic materials has been extensively investigated. However, due to the complexity of lignocellulose architecture, the process is complicated and not economically competitive. The cultivation of lignocellulosic energy crops indirectly affects the food supplies by extensive land use. Marine algae have attracted attention to replace the lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production, since the algae grow fast, do not use land, avoid food-fuel conflict and have several varieties to suit the cultivation environment. The composition of algae is not as complex as lignocellulose due to the absence of lignin, which renders easy hydrolysis of polysaccharides to fermentable sugars. Marine organisms also produce cold-active enzymes for hydrolysis of starch, cellulose, and algal polysaccharides, which can be employed in bioethanol process. Marine microoorganisms are also capable of fermenting sugars under high salt environment. Therefore, marine biocatalysts are promising for development of efficient processes for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Swain
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - V Natarajan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - C Krishnan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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Furusawa G, Lau NS, Suganthi A, Amirul AAA. Agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth involving galactose utilization pathway. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27987272 PMCID: PMC5300873 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The agarolytic bacterium Persicobacter sp. CCB‐QB2 was isolated from seaweed (genus Ulva) collected from a coastal area of Malaysia. Here, we report a high‐quality draft genome sequence for QB2. The Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) annotation server identified four β‐agarases (PdAgaA, PdAgaB, PdAgaC, and PdAgaD) as well as galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase, which are related to the Leloir pathway. Interestingly, QB2 exhibited a diauxic growth in the presence of two kinds of nutrients, such as tryptone and agar. In cells grown with agar, the profiles of agarase activity and growth rate were very similar. galK, galE, and phosphoglucomutase genes were highly expressed in the second growth phase of diauxic growth, indicating that QB2 cells use galactose hydrolyzed from agar by its agarases and exhibit nutrient prioritization. This is the first report describing diauxic growth for agarolytic bacteria. QB2 is a potential novel model organism for studying diauxic growth in environmental bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Appalasamy Suganthi
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia.,Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al-Ashraf Amirul
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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12
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Chen XL, Hou YP, Jin M, Zeng RY, Lin HT. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable and pH-Stable β-Agarase from Deep-Sea Bacterium Flammeovirga Sp. OC4. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7251-7258. [PMID: 27594377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel gene (aga4436), encoding a potential agarase of 456 amino acids, was identified in the genome of deep-sea bacterium Flammeovirga sp. OC4. Aga4436 belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 16 β-agarase family. Aga4436 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein and purified. Recombinant Aga4436 showed an optimum agarase activity at 50-55 °C and pH 6.5, with a wide active range of temperatures (30-80 °C) and pHs (5.0-10.0). Notably, Aga4436 retained more than 90%, 80%, and 35% of its maximum activity after incubation at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C for 144 h, respectively, which exhibited an excellent thermostability in medium-high temperatures. Besides, Aga4436 displayed a remarkable tolerance to acid and alkaline environments, as it retained more than 70% of its maximum activity at a wide range of pHs from 3.0 to 10.0 after incubation in tested pHs for 60 min. These desirable properties of Aga4436 could make Aga4436 attractive in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lin Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yan-Ping Hou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Run-Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - He-Tong Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Isolation and Characterization of a Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 16 β-Agarase from a Mangrove Soil Metagenomic Library. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081360. [PMID: 27548158 PMCID: PMC5000755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A mangrove soil metagenomic library was constructed and a β-agarase gene designated as AgaML was isolated by functional screening. The gene encoded for a 659-amino-acids polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 71.6 kDa. The deduced polypeptide sequences of AgaML showed the highest identity of 73% with the glycoside hydrolase family 16 β-agarase from Microbulbifer agarilyticus in the GenBank database. AgaML was cloned and highly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified recombinant protein, AgaML, showed optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0. The kinetic parameters of Km and Vmax values toward agarose were 4.6 mg·mL(-1) and 967.5 μM·min(-1)·mg(-1), respectively. AgaML hydrolyzed the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agar to generate neoagarotetraose (NA4) and neoagarohexaose (NA6) as the main products. These characteristics suggest that AgaML has potential application in cosmetic, pharmaceuticals and food industries.
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Hou Y, Chen X, Chan Z, Zeng R. Expression and characterization of a thermostable and pH-stable β-agarase encoded by a new gene from Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Cui F, Dong S, Shi X, Zhao X, Zhang XH. Overexpression and characterization of a novel thermostable β-agarase YM01-3, from marine bacterium Catenovulum agarivorans YM01(T). Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2731-47. [PMID: 24824021 PMCID: PMC4052312 DOI: 10.3390/md12052731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of Catenovulum agarivorans YM01T reveals 15 open-reading frames (ORFs) encoding various agarases. In this study, extracellular proteins of YM01T were precipitated by ammonium sulfate and separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results of in-gel agarase activity assay and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the protein, YM01-3, was an agarase with the most evident agarolytic activity. Agarase YM01-3, encoded by the YM01-3 gene, consisted of 420 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 46.9 kDa and contained a glycoside hydrolase family 16 β-agarase module followed by a RICIN superfamily in the C-terminal region. The YM01-3 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant agarase, YM01-3, showed optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 60 °C and had a K(m) of 3.78 mg mL⁻¹ for agarose and a Vmax of 1.14 × 10⁴ U mg⁻¹. YM01-3 hydrolyzed the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose, yielding neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose as the main products. Notably, YM01-3 was stable below 50 °C and retained 13% activity after incubation at 80 °C for 1 h, characteristics much different from other agarases. The present study highlights a thermostable agarase with great potential application value in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cui
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Sujie Dong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaochong Shi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Heterologous expression of a newly screened β-agarase from Alteromonas sp. GNUM1 in Escherichia coli and its application for agarose degradation. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Chi WJ, Chang YK, Hong SK. Agar degradation by microorganisms and agar-degrading enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:917-30. [PMID: 22526785 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Agar is a mixture of heterogeneous galactans, mainly composed of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactoses (or L-galactose-6-sulfates) D-galactoses and L-galactoses (routinely in the forms of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactoses or L-galactose-6-sulfates) alternately linked by β-(1,4) and α-(1,3) linkages. It is a major component of the cell walls of red algae and has been used in a variety of laboratory and industrial applications, owing to its jellifying properties. Many microorganisms that can hydrolyze and metabolize agar as a carbon and energy source have been identified in seawater and marine sediments. Agarolytic microorganisms commonly produce agarases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of agar. Numerous agarases have been identified in microorganisms of various genera. They are classified according to their cleavage pattern into three types-α-agarase, β-agarase, and β-porphyranase. Although, in a broad sense, many other agarases are involved in complete hydrolysis of agar, most of those identified are β-agarases. In this article we review agarolytic microorganisms and their agar-hydrolyzing systems, covering β-agarases as well as α-agarases, α-neoagarobiose hydrolases, and β-porphyranases, with emphasis on the recent discoveries. We also present an overview of the biochemical and structural characteristics of the various types of agarases. Further, we summarize and compare the agar-hydrolyzing systems of two specific microorganisms: Gram-negative Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 and Gram-positive Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). We conclude with a brief discussion of the importance of agarases and their possible future application in producing oligosaccharides with various nutraceutical activities and in sustainably generating stock chemicals for biorefinement and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jae Chi
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of a new beta-agarase from Vibrio sp. strain CN41. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7077-9. [PMID: 21821738 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05364-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new agarase, AgaA(CN41), cloned from Vibrio sp. strain CN41, consists of 990 amino acids, with only 49% amino acid sequence identity with known β-agarases. AgaA(CN41) belongs to the GH50 (glycoside hydrolase 50) family but yields neoagarotetraose as the end product. AgaA(CN41) was expressed and characterized.
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