Cloning and expression of a highly active recombinant alkaline phosphatase from psychrotrophic Cobetia marina

Expression and Characterization of Alkaline Phosphatase from Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 in Transiently Transformed Tobacco Leaves and Transgenic Calli

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the PhoA family is an important enzyme in mammals, microalgae, and certain marine bacteria. It plays a crucial role in the dephosphorylation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and nucleotides, which overstimulate cell signaling pathways and cause tissue inflammation in animals and humans. Insufficient ALP activity and expression levels have been linked to various disorders. This study aims to produce recombinant ALP from the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CmAP) in transformed leaves and calli of Nicotiana tabacum and to elucidate the influence of the plant host on its physical and chemical properties. N. tabacum has proven to be versatile and is extensively used as a heterologous host in molecular farming. The alp gene encoding for CmAP was cloned into the binary vectors pEff and pHREAC and transformed into N. tabacum leaves through agroinfiltration and the leaf disc method for callus induction using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Transformed plants were screened for recombinant CmAP (rCmAP) production by its enzymatic activity and protein electrophoresis, corresponding to 55 kDa of mature CmAP. A higher rCmAP activity (14.6 U/mg) was detected in a homogenate of leaves bearing the pEFF-CmAP construct, which was further purified 150-fold using metal affinity, followed by anion exchange chromatography. Enzymatic activity and stability were assessed at different temperatures (15-75 °C) and exposure times (≤1 h), with different buffers, pHs, divalent metal ions, and salt concentrations. The results show that rCmAP is relatively thermostable, retaining its activity at 15-45 °C for up to 1 h. Its activity is highest in Tris HCl (pH 9.0-11.0) at 35 °C for 40 min. rCmAP shows higher salt-tolerance and divalent metal-dependence than obtained in Escherichia coli. This can be further explored for cost-effective and massively scalable production of LPS-free CmAP for possible biomedical and agricultural applications.

Rapid and sensitive immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in serum by fabricating primary antibody-enzyme complexes using protein self-assembly

Primary antibody-enzyme complexes (PAECs) are ideal immunosensing elements that simplify the immunoassay process and improve the uniformity of results due to their ability to both recognize antigens and catalyze substrates. However, the conventional fabrication methods of PAECs, such as direct gene fusion expression, chemical conjugation, enzymatic conjugation, etc., have low efficiency, poor reliability, and other defects, which limit the widespread application of PAECs. Therefore, we developed a convenient method for the fabrication of homogeneous multivalent PAECs using protein self-assembly and validated it using anti-alpha-fetoprotein nanobody (A1) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as models. Heptavalent PAECs showed a 4-fold enhancement in enzymatic catalytic activity compared to monovalent PAECs. Further, to verify the application of developed heptavalent PAECs in immunoassay, heptavalent PAECs were used as bifunctional probes to construct a double-antibody sandwich ELISA to detect AFP. The detection limit of the developed heptavalent PAEC-based ELISA is 0.69 ng mL^-1, which is about 3 times higher than that of monovalent PAECs, and the whole detection process can be completed within 3 hours. In short, the proposed protein self-assembling method is a promising technology for developing high-performance heptavalent PACEs, which can simplify the detection process and improve detection sensitivity in various immunoassays.

Complete genome sequencing and comparison of two nitrogen-metabolizing bacteria isolated from Antarctic deep-sea sediment

BACKGROUND

Bacteria are an essential component of the earth`s biota and affect circulation of matters through their metabolic activity. They also play an important role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in the deep-sea environment. In this paper, two strains from deep-sea sediments were investigated in order to understand nitrogen cycling involved in the deep-sea environment.

RESULTS

In this paper, the basic genomic information of two strains was obtained by whole genome sequencing. The Cobetia amphilecti N-80 and Halomonas profundus 13 genome sizes are 4,160,095 bp with a GC content of 62.5% and 5,251,450 bp with a GC content of 54.84%. Through a comparison of functional analyses, we predicted the possible C and N metabolic pathways of the two strains and determined that Halomonas profundus 13 could use more carbon sources than Cobetia amphilecti N-80. The main genes associated with N metabolism in Halomonas profundus 13 are narG, narY, narI, nirS, norB, norC, nosZ, and nirD. On the contrast, nirD, using NH₄⁺ for energy, plays a main role in Cobetia amphilecti N-80. Both of them have the same genes for fixing inorganic carbon: icd, ppc, fdhA, accC, accB, accD, and accA.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the whole genomes of two strains were sequenced to clarify the basic characteristics of their genomes, laying the foundation for further studying nitrogen-metabolizing bacteria. Halomonas profundus 13 can utilize more carbon sources than Cobetia amphilecti N-80, as indicated by API as well as COG and KEGG prediction results. Finally, through the analysis of the nitrification and denitrification abilities as well as the inorganic carbon fixation ability of the two strains, the related genes were identified, and the possible metabolic pathways were predicted. Together, these results provide molecular markers and theoretical support for the mechanisms of inorganic carbon fixation by deep-sea microorganisms.

A Novel Alkaline Phosphatase/Phosphodiesterase, CamPhoD, from Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296

A novel extracellular alkaline phosphatase/phosphodiesterase from the structural protein family PhoD that encoded by the genome sequence of the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamPhoD) has been expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, the number of amino acids, and the isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein’s subunit are equal to 54832.98 Da, 492, and 5.08, respectively. The salt-tolerant, bimetal-dependent enzyme CamPhoD has a molecular weight of approximately 110 kDa in its native state. CamPhoD is activated by Co²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Fe³⁺ at a concentration of 2 mM and exhibits maximum activity in the presence of both Co²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in the incubation medium at pH 9.2. The exogenous ions, such as Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Mn²⁺, as well as chelating agents EDTA and EGTA, do not have an appreciable effect on the CamPhoD activity. The temperature optimum for the CamPhoD activity is 45 °C. The enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of phosphate mono- and diester bonds in nucleotides, releasing inorganic phosphorus from p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), as determined by the Chen method, with rate approximately 150- and 250-fold higher than those of bis-pNPP and 5′-pNP-TMP, respectively. The Michaelis–Menten constant (K_m), V_max, and efficiency (k_cat/K_m) of CamPhoD were 4.2 mM, 0.203 mM/min, and 7988.6 S⁻¹/mM; and 6.71 mM, 0.023 mM/min, and 1133.0 S⁻¹/mM for pNPP and bis-pNPP as the chromogenic substrates, respectively. Among the 3D structures currently available, in this study we found only the low identical structure of the Bacillus subtilis enzyme as a homologous template for modeling CamPhoD, with a new architecture of the phosphatase active site containing Fe³⁺ and two Ca²⁺ ions. It is evident that the marine bacterial phosphatase/phosphidiesterase CamPhoD is a new structural member of the PhoD family.

Over-expression, characterization, and modification of highly active alkaline phosphatase from a Shewanella genus bacterium

We isolated a Shewanella sp. T3-3 bacterium that yielded highly active alkaline phosphatase (APase). We then cloned the APase gene from Shewanella sp. T3-3 (T3-3AP), and expressed and purified the enzyme from Escherichia coli. Recombinant T3-3AP showed high comparative reactivity on colorimetric (pNPP) and luminescent substrates (PPD and ASP-5). Subsequently, we improved the residual activity after maleimide activation by introducing amino acid substitutions of two Lys residues that were located near the active site. The double mutant enzyme (K161S + K184S) showed much higher residual specific activity after maleimide activation than the wild type enzyme, and had approximately twofold increased sensitivity on sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) compared with calf intestinal APase (CIAP), which is routinely used as a labeling enzyme for ELISA.

Recombinant production and characterization of a highly active alkaline phosphatase from marine bacterium Cobetia marina

The psychrophilic marine bacterium, Cobetia marina, recovered from the mantle tissue of the marine mussel, Crenomytilus grayanus, which contained a gene encoding alkaline phosphatase (AP) with apparent biotechnology advantages. The enzyme was found to be more efficient than its counterparts and showed k cat value 10- to 100-fold higher than those of all known commercial APs. The enzyme did not require the presence of exogenous divalent cations and dimeric state of its molecule for activity. The recombinant enzyme (CmAP) production and purification were optimized with a final recovery of 2 mg of the homogenous protein from 1 L of the transgenic Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)/Pho40 cells culture. CmAP displayed a half-life of 16 min at 45 °C and 27 min at 40 °C in the presence of 2 mM EDTA, thus suggesting its relative thermostability in comparison with the known cold-adapted analogues. A high concentration of EDTA in the incubation mixture did not appreciably inhibit CmAP. The enzyme was stable in a wide range of pH (6.0-11.0). CmAP exhibited its highest activity at the reaction temperature of 40-50 °C and pH 9.5-10.3. The structural features of CmAP could be the reason for the increase in its stability and catalytic turnover. We have modeled the CmAP 3D structure on the base of the high-quality experimental structure of the close homologue Vibrio sp. AP (VAP) and mutated essential residues predicted to break Mg(2+) bonds in CmAP. It seems probable that the intrinsically tight binding of catalytic and structural metal ions together with the flexibility of intermolecular and intramolecular links in CmAP could be attributed to the adapted mutualistic lifestyle in oceanic waters.

Metal-binding activity of the soluble recombinant pig metallothionein 1A expressed in Escherichia coli

Full-length cDNA for the pig metallothionein 1A (pMT1A) gene was synthesized based on the pig MT1A gene sequence in Genbank and cloned into the pMD18-T vector. After sequence analysis and structure prediction, the pMT1A gene was cloned into vector pET-32a (+) containing a His-tag. The recombinant pMT1A (rpMT1A) was expressed in a soluble form using Escherichia coli Rosetta™ (DE3) plysS cells. Western blotting showed that the purified rpMT1A protein bound an anti-His-tag monoclonal antibody. Further investigation revealed that the rpMT1A protein showed high metal-binding activity with the divalent metal ions copper (Cu²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), and cadmium (Cd²⁺).