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Chumová Z, Havlíčková E, Zeisek V, Šemberová K, Mandáková T, Euston-Brown D, Trávníček P. Deciphering Pteronia's evolution in the Cape Floristic Region: A comprehensive study disputes polyploid deficiency and affirms diploid radiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:2236-2254. [PMID: 38981008 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) is renowned for its exceptional biodiversity, accommodating over 11 000 plant species, notable degree of endemism, and substantial diversification within limited plant lineages, a phenomenon ascribed to historical radiation events. While both abiotic and biotic factors contribute to this diversification, comprehensive genomic alterations, recognized as pivotal in the diversification of angiosperms, are perceived as uncommon. This investigation focuses on the genus Pteronia, a prominent representative of the Asteraceae family in the GCFR. Employing NGS-based HybSeq and RADSeq methodologies, flow cytometry, karyology, and ecological modeling, we scrutinize the intricacies of its polyploid evolution. Phylogenetic reconstructions using 951 low-copy nuclear genes confirm Pteronia as a well-supported, distinct clade within the tribe Astereae. The ingroup displays a structure indicative of rapid radiation likely antedating polyploid establishment, with the two main groups demarcated by their presence or absence in the fynbos biome. Genome size analysis encompasses 1293 individuals across 347 populations, elucidating significant variation ranging from 6.1 to 34.2 pg (2C-value). Pteronia demonstrates substantially large genome sizes within Astereae and phanerophytes. Polyploidy is identified in 31% of the studied species, with four discerned ploidy levels (2x, 4x, 6x, 8x). Cytotypes exhibit marked distinctions in environmental traits, influencing their distribution across biomes and augmenting their niche differentiation. These revelations challenge the presumed scarcity of polyploidy in the Cape flora, underscoring the imperative need for detailed population studies. The intricate evolutionary history of Pteronia, characterized by recent polyploidy and genome size variation, contributes substantially to the comprehension of diversification patterns within the GCFR biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Havlíčková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-12800, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Zeisek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-12800, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Šemberová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
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Vaz de Sousa D, Greve M, Oberlander KC. Friends without benefits: Extensive cytotype sympatry and polyploid persistence in an African geophyte. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16291. [PMID: 38439133 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Polyploidy is a major factor in plant adaptation and speciation. Multiple mechanisms contribute to autopolyploid frequency within populations, but uncertainties remain regarding mechanisms that facilitate polyploid establishment and persistence. Here we aimed to document and predict cytotype distributions of Oxalis obliquifolia Steud. ex A. Rich. across Gauteng, South Africa, and test for evidence of possible mechanisms, including morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits, that may potentially facilitate polyploid persistence. METHODS Over 320 O. obliquifolia plants from 25 sites were cytotyped using flow cytometry, and DNA ploidy was confirmed using meiotic chromosome squashes. Cytotypes were mapped and correlations with abiotic variables assessed using ordinations. To assess morphological and phenological associations with cytotype, we grew multiple cytotypes in a common garden, measured phenotypic traits and compared them using linear models and discriminant analyses. Intercytotype reproductive isolation was assessed using crossing experiments, and AMOVAs based on ITS DNA sequences tested for cytogeographic structure. RESULTS Six cytotypes were identified, and most sites had multiple cytotypes. Abiotic variables were not predictive of cytotype distribution. A clear gigas effect was present. Differences in flower size and phenology suggested pollinator interactions could play a role in polyploid persistence. Intercytotype crosses produced seed at low frequency. DNA data suggested diploids and polyploids were largely reproductively isolated in situ, and polyploidization events were not frequent enough to explain high cytotype sympatry. CONCLUSIONS Diploids and polyploids are behaving as separate species, despite little observable niche differentiation and non-zero potential intercytotype seed set. Tests on biotic interactions and intercytotype F1 fitness may provide insights into diploid and polyploid coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Vaz de Sousa
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michelle Greve
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kenneth C Oberlander
- H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Chumová Z, Monier Z, Šemberová K, Havlíčková E, Euston-Brown D, Muasya AM, Bergh NG, Trávníček P. Diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of the flagship Cape species Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (Asteraceae): variation in distribution, ecological niche, morphology and genetics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:851-870. [PMID: 37410810 PMCID: PMC11082512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Greater Cape Floristic Region is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and is considered poor in polyploids. To test this assumption, ploidy variation was investigated in a widespread Cape shrub, Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (renosterbos, Asteraceae). The aim was to elucidate the cytotype distribution and population composition across the species range, and to assess differences in morphology, environmental niches and genetics. METHODS Ploidy level and genome size were determined via flow cytometry and cytotype assignment was confirmed by chromosome counting. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) analyses were used to infer genetic relationships. Cytotype climatic and environmental niches were compared using a range of environmental layers and a soil model, while morphological differences were examined using multivariate methods. KEY RESULTS The survey of 171 populations and 2370 individuals showed that the species comprises diploid and tetraploid cytotypes, no intermediates and only 16.8 % of mixed populations. Mean 2C values were 1.80-2.06 pg for diploids and 3.48-3.80 pg for tetraploids, with very similar monoploid genome sizes. Intra-cytotype variation showed a significant positive correlation with altitude and longitude in both cytotypes and with latitude in diploids. Although niches of both cytotypes were highly equivalent and similar, their optima and breadth were shifted due to differences mainly in isothermality and available water capacity. Morphometric analyses showed significant differences in the leaves and corolla traits, the number of florets per capitulum, and cypsela dimensions between the two cytotypes. Genetic analyses revealed four groups, three of them including both cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis includes two distinct cytotypes that are genetically similar. While tetraploids arise several times independently within different genetic groups, morphological and ecological differences are evident between cytotypes. Our results open up new avenues for questions regarding the importance of ploidy in the megadiverse Cape flora, and exemplify the need for population-based studies focused on ploidy variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Zafar Monier
- Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7707, South Africa
| | - Kristýna Šemberová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Havlíčková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - A Muthama Muasya
- Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7707, South Africa
| | - Nicola G Bergh
- Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7707, South Africa
- The Compton Herbarium, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
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Walczyk AM, Hersch-Green EI. Genome-material costs and functional trade-offs in the autopolyploid Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) series. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16218. [PMID: 37551707 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Increased genome-material costs of N and P atoms inherent to organisms with larger genomes have been proposed to limit growth under nutrient scarcities and to promote growth under nutrient enrichments. Such responsiveness may reflect a nutrient-dependent diploid versus polyploid advantage that could have vast ecological and evolutionary implications, but direct evidence that material costs increase with ploidy level and/or influence cytotype-dependent growth, metabolic, and/or resource-use trade-offs is limited. METHODS We grew diploid, autotetraploid, and autohexaploid Solidago gigantea plants with one of four ambient or enriched N:P ratios and measured traits related to material costs, primary and secondary metabolism, and resource-use. RESULTS Relative to diploids, polyploids invested more N and P into cells, and tetraploids grew more with N enrichments, suggesting that material costs increase with ploidy level. Polyploids also generally exhibited strategies that could minimize material-cost constraints over both long (reduced monoploid genome size) and short (more extreme transcriptome downsizing, reduced photosynthesis rates and terpene concentrations, enhanced N-use efficiencies) evolutionary time periods. Furthermore, polyploids had lower transpiration rates but higher water-use efficiencies than diploids, both of which were more pronounced under nutrient-limiting conditions. CONCLUSIONS N and P material costs increase with ploidy level, but material-cost constraints might be lessened by resource allocation/investment mechanisms that can also alter ecological dynamics and selection. Our results enhance mechanistic understanding of how global increases in nutrients might provide a release from material-cost constraints in polyploids that could impact ploidy (or genome-size)-specific performances, cytogeographic patterning, and multispecies community structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Walczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Biology Department, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, St. Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Erika I Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Becker FW, Oberlander KC, Trávníček P, Dreyer LL. Inconsistent expression of the gigas effect in polyploid Oxalis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1607-1621. [PMID: 36193941 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE It is well-known that whole genome duplication (WGD) has played a significant role in the evolution of plants. The best-known phenotypic effect of WGD is the gigas effect, or the enlargement of polyploid plant traits. WGD is often linked with increased weediness, which could be a result of fitness advantages conferred by the gigas effect. As a result, the gigas effect could potentially explain polyploid persistence and abundance. We test whether a gigas effect is present in the polyploid-rich geophyte Oxalis, at both organ and cellular scales. METHODS We measured traits in conspecific diploid and polyploid accessions of 24 species across the genus. In addition, we measured the same and additional traits in 20 populations of the weedy and highly ploidy-variable species Oxalis purpurea L., including measures of clonality and selfing as a proxy for weediness. Ploidy level was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS We found substantial variation and no consistent ploidy-related size difference, both between and within species, and across traits. Oxalis purpurea polyploids did, however, produce significantly more underground biomass and more bulbils than diploids, consistent with a potential role of WGD in the weediness of this species. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a more nuanced role for the gigas effect, at least in Oxalis. It may be temporary, short-lived, and inconsistently expressed and retained on evolutionary time scales, but in the short term can contribute to lineage success via increased vegetative reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik W Becker
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Kenneth C Oberlander
- H. G. W. J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic, and Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Léanne L Dreyer
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Tavares D, Loureiro J, Martins A, Castro M, Roiloa S, Castro S. Genetically based phenotypic differentiation between native and introduced tetraploids of Oxalis pes-caprae. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Papini A, Signorini MA, Foggi B, Della Giovampaola E, Ongaro L, Vivona L, Santosuosso U, Tani C, Bruschi P. History vs. legend: Retracing invasion and spread of Oxalis pes-caprae L. in Europe and the Mediterranean area. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190237. [PMID: 29287103 PMCID: PMC5747460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalis pes-caprae L. is a South African geophyte that behaves as an invasive in the eurimediterranean area. According to a long-established hypothesis, O. pes-caprae may have invaded Europe and the Mediterranean area starting from a single plant introduced in the Botanical Garden of Malta at the beginning of the 19th century. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis, to track the arrival of O. pes-caprae in different countries of the Euro-Mediterranean area and to understand the pathways of spreading and particularly its starting point(s). Historical data attesting the presence of the plant in the whole Euro-Mediterranean region were collected from different sources: herbarium specimens, Floras and other botanical papers, plant lists of gardens, catalogs of plant nurseries and plant dealers. First records of the plant (both cultivated and wild) for each Territorial Unit (3rd level of NUTS) were selected and used to draw up a diachronic map and an animated graphic. Both documents clearly show that oldest records are scattered throughout the whole area, proving that the plant arrived in Europe and in the Mediterranean region more times independently and that its spreading started in different times from several different centers of invasion. Botanical gardens and other public or private gardens, nurseries and plant dealers, and above all seaside towns and harbors seemingly played a strategic role as a source of either intentional and unintentional introduction or spread. A geographic profiling analysis was performed to analyse the data. We used also techniques (Silhouette, Kmeans and Voronoi tessellation) capable of verifying the presence of more than one independent clusters of data on the basis of their geographical distribution. Microsatellites were employed for a preliminary analysis of genetic variation in the Mediterranean. Even if the sampling was insufficient, particularly among the populations of the original area, our data supported three main groups of populations, one of them corresponding to the central group of populations identified by GP analysis, and the other two corresponding, respectively, to the western and the eastern cluster of data. The most probable areas of origin of the invasion in the three clusters of observations are characterized by the presence of localities where the invasive plant was cultivated, with the exception of the Iberian cluster of observation where the observations in the field predate the data about known cultivation localities. Alternative possible reasons are also suggested, to explain the current prevalence of pentaploid short-styled plants in the Euro-Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Papini
- University of Florence, Dept. Biology (BIO), Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Bruno Foggi
- University of Florence, Dept. Biology (BIO), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luca Ongaro
- Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare (IAO), Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Vivona
- University of Florence, Dept. of AgriFood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Florence, Italy
| | - Ugo Santosuosso
- University of Florence, Dept. of Clinical and experimental Medicine (DMSC), Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Tani
- University of Florence, Dept. Biology (BIO), Florence, Italy
| | - Piero Bruschi
- University of Florence, Dept. of AgriFood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Florence, Italy
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Castro S, Castro M, Ferrero V, Costa J, Tavares D, Navarro L, Loureiro J. Invasion Fosters Change: Independent Evolutionary Shifts in Reproductive Traits after Oxalis pes-caprae L. Introduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:874. [PMID: 27446109 PMCID: PMC4919335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions offer optimal scenarios to study evolutionary changes under contemporary timescales. After long-distance dispersal, exotic species have to cope with strong mate limitation, and shifts toward uniparental reproduction have been hypothesized to be selectively advantageous. Oxalis pes-caprae is a clonal tristylous species native to South Africa, and invasive in Mediterranean regions worldwide. It reproduces sexually and asexually but the importance of each strategy differs between ranges. Native populations reproduce mostly sexually while in invasive ones asexual reproduction is the prevailing strategy due to the dominance of pentaploid monomorphic populations. Nevertheless, two contrasting scenarios have been observed after introduction: transition toward clonality, and re-acquisition of sexuality fueled by multiple introductions of compatible mates. Here, we aimed to assess evolutionary changes of reproductive traits in O. pes-caprae invasive populations and evaluate whether these traits could be related with invasion success and prevalence of certain forms in the western Mediterranean basin. Sexual and asexual reproduction traits were quantified under optimal conditions in a common garden experiment including native and invasive sexual, predominately asexual, and obligated asexual individuals. Different reproductive, ecological, and genetic constraints created by long-distance dispersal seem to have generated different selective pressures in sexual and asexual traits, with our results supporting evolutionary changes in invasive populations of O. pes-caprae. Native plants had higher sexual fitness, while a transition toward clonality was clear for invasive forms, supporting clonal reproduction as a major trait driving invasion. Differences were also observed among invasive plants, with sexual forms having increased dispersal potential; thus, they are expected to be in advantage in comparison with predominantly asexual and obligated asexual plants, and may become widespread in the future. Historical processes, like the initial introduction of predominantly asexual forms followed by sexual forms more recently, could be in the origin of current distribution patterns of O. pes-caprae in the western Mediterranean. This study shows that invasion processes are very dynamic and that ecological and genetic constraints determined by the invasion process may originate different reproductive strategies that are likely to determine invasion success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Sílvia Castro,
| | - Mariana Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Victoria Ferrero
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of VigoVigo, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joana Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Tavares
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of VigoVigo, Spain
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology and Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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Ferrero V, Barrett SCH, Castro S, Caldeirinha P, Navarro L, Loureiro J, Rodríguez-Echeverría S. Invasion genetics of the Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae): complex intercontinental patterns of genetic diversity, polyploidy and heterostyly characterize both native and introduced populations. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2143-55. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ferrero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street M5S 3B2 Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Plant Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36200 Vigo Spain
| | - Spencer C. H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street M5S 3B2 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Sílvia Castro
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Patrícia Caldeirinha
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Luis Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Vigo; As Lagoas-Marcosende 36200 Vigo Spain
| | - João Loureiro
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456 Coimbra Portugal
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Reproductive strategy of the invasive Oxalis pes-caprae: distribution patterns of floral morphs, ploidy levels and sexual reproduction. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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