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Gorbunov AA, Akentyev FI, Gubaidullin II, Zhiganov NI, Tereshchenkova VF, Elpidina EN, Kozlov DG. Biosynthesis and Secretion of Serine Peptidase SerP38 from Tenebrio molitor in the Yeast Komagataella kurtzmanii. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821090039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effect of Cereal α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors on Developmental Characteristics and Abundance of Digestive Enzymes of Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050454. [PMID: 34069260 PMCID: PMC8156395 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The main nutritionally relevant proteins of Tenebrio molitor L. larvae are cereal proteins. Cereals contain α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) that interact with digestive enzymes and which may impair the growth of the larvae. Despite the existing work on the subject, there is still a lack of information regarding the effects of ATIs on the relative abundance of various enzymes in larvae. Our aim was therefore to undertake an assessment of the potential effects of ATIs on the growth parameters and digestive enzyme contents of T. molitor. The larvae were fed with cereal meals containing different levels of ATIs. The developmental characteristics were evaluated and finally an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to quantify the relative abundance of enzymes in the larvae. The results indicated an increase in pupation and significantly higher protein concentrations in larvae fed with wheat meals compared to those fed with sorghum meals. Patterns of specific α-amylase activity (in mM maltose/min/mg protein) were similar to those of amylase activity (in mM maltose/min) and the larvae fed on high-ATI-content meals exhibited an increased death rate, although the results were not always significantly consistent. The results of the LC-MS/MS analysis showed a decrease of about half of the relative content of α-amylase among the three proteases monitored, as well as an increase in dipeptidylpeptidase I and chymotrypsin, whereas trypsin remained constant. Therefore, these results indicate that meal composition has an effect on the expression of T. molitor digestive enzymes. Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the potential effect of cereal α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) on growth parameters and selective digestive enzymes of Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. The approach consisted of feeding the larvae with wheat, sorghum and rice meals containing different levels and composition of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors. The developmental and biochemical characteristics of the larvae were assessed over feeding periods of 5 h, 5 days and 10 days, and the relative abundance of α-amylase and selected proteases in larvae were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, weight gains ranged from 21% to 42% after five days of feeding. The larval death rate significantly increased in all groups after 10 days of feeding (p < 0.05), whereas the pupation rate was about 25% among larvae fed with rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Siyazan/Esperya wheat meals, and only 8% and 14% among those fed with Damougari and S35 sorghum meals. As determined using the Lowry method, the protein contents of the sodium phosphate extracts ranged from 7.80 ± 0.09 to 9.42 ± 0.19 mg/mL and those of the ammonium bicarbonate/urea reached 19.78 ± 0.16 to 37.47 ± 1.38 mg/mL. The total protein contents of the larvae according to the Kjeldahl method ranged from 44.0 and 49.9 g/100 g. The relative abundance of α-amylase, CLIP domain-containing serine protease, modular serine protease zymogen and C1 family cathepsin significantly decreased in the larvae, whereas dipeptidylpeptidase I and chymotrypsin increased within the first hours after feeding (p < 0.05). Trypsin content was found to be constant independently of time or feed material. Finally, based on the results we obtained, it was difficult to substantively draw conclusions on the likely effects of meal ATI composition on larval developmental characteristics, but their effects on the digestive enzyme expression remain relevant.
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Ontogenic Development of Digestive Enzymes in Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor) and Their Suitable Harvesting Time for Use as Fish Feed. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060393. [PMID: 32604741 PMCID: PMC7349008 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) are edible insects consumed in feed and food. In the current study, the optimal harvesting time of mealworm larvae for use as aquafeed was investigated during the ages of 30-90 days after hatching (DAH). Development of digestive enzymes, proximate composition, and in vitro protein digestibility using digestive enzymes from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), were used as criteria. The specific activities of pepsin and trypsin significantly decreased with age (p < 0.05) from the first harvesting time until 50 and 45 DAH, respectively, while steadiness in these enzyme activities was observed onwards. Chymotrypsin specific activity appeared constant across all harvesting times. The specific activity of amylase significantly decreased in the later stages of development, while cellulase exhibited a different pattern suggesting it has a major role in dietary fiber utilization relative to starch. Regarding proximate compositions of the mealworm larvae, the moisture and ash contents decreased significantly with age, while the protein content exhibited the opposite trend with the highest contents from 60 to 90 DAH. Crude lipid was generally fairly constant, but its lowest value was observed in the earliest stage. In vitro protein digestibility was not significantly different across all harvesting times for both fish species, except for the significantly decreased digestibility value at 65 DAH relative to 30 and 35 DAH for Nile tilapia. However, based on the economic benefits of time for growth increment and proximate chemical composition, approximately 60 DAH is proposed as suitable for harvesting mealworm larvae to be used in fish feed.
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Janssen RH, Vincken JP, Arts NJ, Fogliano V, Lakemond CM. Effect of endogenous phenoloxidase on protein solubility and digestibility after processing of Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens. Food Res Int 2019; 121:684-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Insect gut as a bioresource for potential enzymes - an unexploited area for industrial biotechnology. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tereshchenkova VF, Goptar IA, Zhuzhikov DP, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Prolidase is a critical enzyme for complete gliadin digestion in Tenebrio molitor larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 95:e21395. [PMID: 28660745 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolidase is a proline-specific metallopeptidase that cleaves imidodipeptides with C-terminal Pro residue. Prolidase was purified and characterized from the Tenebrio molitor larval midgut. The enzyme was localized in the soluble fraction of posterior midgut tissues, corresponding to a predicted cytoplasmic localization of prolidase according to the structure of the mRNA transcript. Expression of genes encoding prolidase and the major digestive proline-specific peptidase (PSP)-dipeptidyl peptidase 4-were similar. The pH optimum of T. molitor prolidase was 7.5, and the enzyme was inhibited by Z-Pro, indicating that it belongs to type I prolidases. In mammals, prolidase is particularly important in the catabolism of a proline-rich protein-collagen. We propose that T. molitor larval prolidase is a critical enzyme for the final stages of digestion of dietary proline-rich gliadins, providing hydrolysis of imidodipeptides in the cytoplasm of midgut epithelial cells. We propose that the products of hydrolysis are absorbed from the luminal contents by peptide transporters, which we have annotated in the T. molitor larval gut transcriptome. The origin of prolidase substrates in the insect midgut is discussed in the context of overall success of grain feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail A Belozersky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yakov E Dunaevsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Elena N Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Joyyi L, Ahmad Thirmizir MZ, Salim MS, Han L, Murugan P, Kasuya KI, Maurer FH, Zainal Arifin MI, Sudesh K. Composite properties and biodegradation of biologically recovered P(3HB- co -3HHx) reinforced with short kenaf fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Akbar SM, Sharma HC. Alkaline serine proteases from Helicoverpa armigera: potential candidates for industrial applications. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 94:e21367. [PMID: 28019702 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We characterized trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine alkaline proteases from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, for their probable potential application as additives in various bio-formulations. Purification was achieved by using hydroxylapatite, DEAE sephadex and CM sephadex columns, which resulted in increased enzyme activity by 13.76- and 14.05-fold for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km ) for substrates of trypsin and chymotrypsin, BApNA and SAAPFpNA, were found to be 1.25 and 0.085 mM, correspondingly. Fluorescent zymogram analysis indicated the presence of five trypsin bands with molecular masses of ∼21, 25, 38, 40, and 66 kDa and two chymotrypsin bands with molecular masses of ∼29 and 34 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH was 10.0 and optimum temperature was 50°C for proteolytic activity for the purified proteases. The proteases were inhibited by synthetic inhibitors such as PMSF, aprotonin, leupeptin, pefabloc, and antipain. TLCK and TPCK inhibited about 94 and 90% of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity, respectively, while EDTA, EGTA, E64, pepstatin, idoacetamide, and bestatin did not affect the enzymes. The purified enzymes exhibited high stability and compatibility with metal ions; oxidizing, reducing, and bleaching agents; organic solvents; and commercial detergents. Short life cycles, voracious feeding behavior, and production of multiple forms of proteases in the midgut with rapid catalytic activity and chemostability can serve H. armigera as an excellent alternative source of industrially important proteases for use as additives in stain removers, detergents, and other bio-formulations. Identification of enzymes with essential industrial properties from insect species could be a bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Mohammad Akbar
- Entomology Unit, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Hari Chand Sharma
- Entomology Unit, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
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Murugan P, Han L, Gan CY, Maurer FHJ, Sudesh K. A new biological recovery approach for PHA using mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. J Biotechnol 2016; 239:98-105. [PMID: 27746304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are expensive partly due to the recovery and purification processes. Thus, many studies have been carried out in order to minimize the cost. Here we report on the use of mealworm, which is the larva of mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to recover PHA granules from Cupriavidus necator. Mealworms were shown to readily consume the freeze-dried C. necator cells and excrete the PHA granules in the form of whitish feces. Further purification using water, detergent and heat resulted in almost 100% pure PHA granules. Comparison with chloroform extraction showed no signs of reduction in the molecular weight and dispersion of the PHA molecules. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements revealed that the biologically recovered PHA granules retained their native spherical morphology. The PHA granules were subjected to a battery of tests to determine their purity and properties in comparison to the chloroform extracted PHA. This study has demonstrated the possibility of using mealworms as a biological agent to partially purify the PHA granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Murugan
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Lizhu Han
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Frans H J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Tereshchenkova VF, Goptar IA, Kulemzina IA, Zhuzhikov DP, Serebryakova MV, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 - An important digestive peptidase in Tenebrio molitor larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:38-48. [PMID: 27395781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP 4) is a proline specific serine peptidase that plays an important role in different regulatory processes in mammals. In this report, we isolated and characterized a unique secreted digestive DPP 4 from the anterior midgut of a stored product pest, Tenebrio molitor larvae (TmDPP 4), with a biological function different than that of the well-studied mammalian DPP 4. The sequence of the purified enzyme was confirmed by mass-spectrometry, and was identical to the translated RNA sequence found in a gut EST database. The purified peptidase was characterized according to its localization in the midgut, and substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity were compared with those of human recombinant DPP 4 (rhDPP 4). The T. molitor enzyme was localized mainly in the anterior midgut of the larvae, and 81% of the activity was found in the fraction of soluble gut contents, while human DPP 4 is a membrane enzyme. TmDPP 4 was stable in the pH range 5.0-9.0, with an optimum activity at pH 7.9, similar to human DPP 4. Only specific inhibitors of serine peptidases, diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suppressed TmDPP 4 activity, and the specific dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor vildagliptin was most potent. The highest rate of TmDPP 4 hydrolysis was found for the synthetic substrate Arg-Pro-pNA, while Ala-Pro-pNA was a better substrate for rhDPP 4. Related to its function in the insect midgut, TmDPP 4 efficiently hydrolyzed the wheat storage proteins gliadins, which are major dietary proteins of T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina A Kulemzina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry P Zhuzhikov
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Belozersky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yakov E Dunaevsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Irina Yu Filippova
- Chemical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena N Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Tamaki FK, Terra WR. Molecular insights into mechanisms of lepidopteran serine proteinase resistance to natural plant defenses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:885-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Dias-Lopes G, Borges-Veloso A, Saboia-Vahia L, Domont GB, Britto C, Cuervo P, De Jesus JB. Expression of active trypsin-like serine peptidases in the midgut of sugar-feeding female Anopheles aquasalis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:296. [PMID: 26021986 PMCID: PMC4459661 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles aquasalis is a dipteran of the family Culicidae that is widely distributed in the coastal regions of South and Central America. This species acts as a vector of Plasmodium vivax, an important etiological agent of malaria, which represents a serious public health problem. In mosquitoes, trypsin-like serine proteases are important in blood meal digestion, immune responses and reproductive functions. The study of peptidases expressed in the mosquito midgut is essential to understanding the mechanisms of parasite-host interaction and the physiological process of nutrient digestion. METHODS Our study aimed to identify and characterize the proteolytic activities in the midgut of sugar-fed An. aquasalis females using zymographic analyses (substrate-SDS-PAGE), in-solution assays and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Here, we used a zymographic analysis to further biochemically characterize the proteolytic profile of the midgut of sugar-feeding An. aquasalis females. The trypsin peptidases migrated between ~17 and ~76 kDa and displayed higher proteolytic activities between pH 7.5 and 10 and at temperatures between 37 °C and 50 °C. Four putative trypsin-like serine peptidases were identified using mass spectrometry and data mining. The molecular masses of these peptidases were similar to those observed using zymography, which suggested that these peptidases could be responsible for some of the observed proteolytic bands. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results contribute to the gene annotation of the unknown genome of this species, to the tissue location of these peptidases, and to the functional prediction of these crucial enzymes, which all impact further studies of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Andre Borges-Veloso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav. 26, Sala 509, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav. 26, Sala 509, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jose Batista De Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São João Del Rey, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil.
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Medel V, Palma R, Mercado D, Rebolledo R, Quiroz A, Mutis A. The Effect of Protease Inhibitors on Digestive Proteolytic Activity in the Raspberry Weevil, Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:77-83. [PMID: 26013015 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-014-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The raspberry weevil, Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important pest of blueberry in southern Chile. The digestive protease activity of adult insects was investigated using general and specific substrates and inhibitors. Enzymatic assays demonstrated the presence of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. Furthermore, in vitro assays using phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) at 0.01 and 0.1 mM showed percentages of enzymatic inhibition between 0 and 16% for PMSF and 67 to 76% for SBTI, whereas in vivo assays indicated that SBTI caused between 50 and 90% mortality in males and between 80 and 100% in females. Our data indicate the presence of serine proteases and suggest that digestive proteases could be a target for the design and development of strategies to control the raspberry weevil.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Medel
- Lab de Química Ecológica, Depto de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Univ de La Frontera, Temuco, Araucanía, Chile
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Oleic Acid and Linoleic Acid from Tenebrio molitor Larvae Inhibit BACE1 Activity in vitro: Molecular Docking Studies. J Med Food 2014; 17:284-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sanatan PT, Lomate PR, Giri AP, Hivrale VK. Characterization of a chemostable serine alkaline protease from Periplaneta americana. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 24229392 PMCID: PMC3831873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases are important enzymes involved in numerous essential physiological processes and hold a strong potential for industrial applications. The proteolytic activity of insects' gut is endowed by many isoforms with diverse properties and specificities. Thus, insect proteases can act as a tool in industrial processes. RESULTS In the present study, purification and properties of a serine alkaline protease from Periplaneta americana and its potential application as an additive in various bio-formulations are reported. The enzyme was purified near to homogeneity by using acetone precipitation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme activity was increased up to 4.2 fold after gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme appeared as single protein-band with a molecular mass of ~ 27.8 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the proteolytic activity for purified protein were found around pH 8.0 and 60°C respectively. Complete inhibition of the purified enzyme by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride confirmed that the protease was of serine-type. The purified enzyme revealed high stability and compatibility towards detergents, oxidizing, reducing, and bleaching agents. In addition, enzyme also showed stability towards organic solvents and commercial detergents. CONCLUSION Several important properties of a serine protease from P. Americana were revealed. Moreover, insects can serve as excellent and alternative source of industrially important proteases with unique properties, which can be utilized as additives in detergents, stain removers and other bio-formulations. Properties of the P. americana protease accounted in the present investigation can be exploited further in various industrial processes. As an industrial prospective, identification of enzymes with varying essential properties from different insect species might be good approach and bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant T Sanatan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MS, India
| | - Purushottam R Lomate
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MS, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, MS, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, MS, India
| | - Vandana K Hivrale
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MS, India
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Huang M, Ye Y, Han Y. Purification of a Trypsin-Like Enzyme and Cloning of Its Gene from Chinese Ground Beetle (E
upolyphaga sinensis
). J Food Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yali Han
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
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Goptar IA, Shagin DA, Shagina IA, Mudrik ES, Smirnova YA, Zhuzhikov DP, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. A digestive prolyl carboxypeptidase in Tenebrio molitor larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:501-509. [PMID: 23499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a lysosomal proline specific serine peptidase that also plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological processes in mammals. In this report, we isolate and characterize the first PRCP in an insect. PRCP was purified from the anterior midgut of larvae of a stored product pest, Tenebrio molitor, using a three-step chromatography strategy, and it was determined that the purified enzyme was a dimer. The cDNA of PRCP was cloned and sequenced, and the predicted protein was identical to the proteomic sequences of the purified enzyme. The substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined. The T. molitor PRCP participates in the hydrolysis of the insect's major dietary proteins, gliadins, and is the first PRCP to be ascribed a digestive function. Our collective data suggest that the evolutionary enrichment of the digestive peptidase complex in insects with an area of acidic to neutral pH in the midgut is a result of the incorporation of lysosomal peptidases, including PRCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Saboia-Vahia L, Borges-Veloso A, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Cuervo P, Dias-Lopes G, Britto C, Silva APDB, De Jesus JB. Trypsin-like serine peptidase profiles in the egg, larval, and pupal stages of Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:50. [PMID: 23445661 PMCID: PMC3606343 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus, a ubiquitous mosquito, is one of the main vectors of dengue and yellow fever, representing an important threat to public health worldwide. Peptidases play key roles in processes such as digestion, oogenesis, and metamorphosis of insects. However, most of the information on the proteolytic enzymes of mosquitoes is derived from insects in the adult stages and is often directed towards the understanding of blood digestion. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of active peptidases from the preimaginal stages of Ae. albopictus. METHODS Ae. albopictus eggs, larvae, and pupae were analyzed using zymography with susbtrate-SDS-PAGE. The pH, temperature and peptidase inhibitor sensitivity was evaluated. In addition, the proteolytic activities of larval instars were assayed using the fluorogenic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC. RESULTS The proteolytic profile of the larval stage was composed of 8 bands ranging from 17 to 130 kDa. These enzymes displayed activity in a broad range of pH values, from 5.5 to 10.0. The enzymatic profile of the eggs was similar to that of the larvae, although the proteolytic bands of the eggs showed lower intensities. The pupal stage showed a complex proteolytic pattern, with at least 6 bands with apparent molecular masses ranging from 30 to 150 kDa and optimal activity at pH 7.5. Peptidases from larval instars were active from 10°C to 60°C, with optimal activity at temperatures between 37°C and 50°C. The proteolytic profile of both the larval and pupal stages was inhibited by phenyl-methyl sulfonyl-fluoride (PMSF) and Nα-Tosyl L-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride (TLCK), indicating that the main peptidases expressed during these developmental stages are trypsin-like serine peptidases. CONCLUSION The preimaginal stages of Ae. albopictus exhibited a complex profile of trypsin-like serine peptidase activities. A comparative analysis of the active peptidase profiles revealed differential expression of trypsin-like isoforms among the preimaginal stages, suggesting that some of these enzymes are stage specific. Additionally, a comparison of the peptidase expression between larvae from eggs collected in the natural environment and larvae obtained from the eggs of female mosquitoes maintained in colonies for a long period of time demonstrated that the proteolytic profile is invariable under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Borges-Veloso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Barros Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose B De Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rey, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Oppert B, Martynov AG, Elpidina EN. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa protoxin intoxication of Tenebrio molitor induces widespread changes in the expression of serine peptidase transcripts. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Borges-Veloso A, Saboia-Vahia L, Cuervo P, Pires RC, Britto C, Fernandes N, d'Avila-Levy CM, De Jesus JB. Proteolytic profiling and comparative analyses of active trypsin-like serine peptidases in preimaginal stages of Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:123. [PMID: 22892097 PMCID: PMC3453504 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatu s, a widespread insect in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, is a vector of multiple arboviruses and parasites, and is considered an important risk to human and veterinary health. Proteolytic enzymes play crucial roles in the insect physiology including the modulation of embryonic development and food digestion. Therefore, these enzymes represent important targets for the development of new control strategies. This study presents zymographic characterization and comparative analysis of the proteolytic activity found in eggs, larval instars and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods The proteolytic profiles of eggs, larvae and pupa of Cx. quinquefasciatus were characterized by SDS-PAGE co-polymerized with 0.1% gelatin, according to the pH, temperature and peptidase inhibitor sensitivity. In addition, the proteolytic activities were characterized in solution using 100 μM of the fluorogenic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC. Results Comparison of the proteolytic profiles by substrate-SDS-PAGE from all preimaginal stages of the insect revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the peptidase expression among eggs, larvae and pupae. Use of specific inhibitors revealed that the proteolytic activity from preimaginal stages is mostly due to trypsin-like serine peptidases that display optimal activity at alkaline pH. In-solution, proteolytic assays of the four larval instars using the fluorogenic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC in the presence or absence of a trypsin-like serine peptidase inhibitor confirmed the results obtained by substrate-SDS-PAGE analysis. The trypsin-like serine peptidases of the four larval instars were functional over a wide range of temperatures, showing activities at 25°C and 65°C, with an optimal activity between 37°C and 50°C. Conclusion The combined use of zymography and in-solution assays, as performed in this study, allowed for a more detailed analysis of the repertoire of proteolytic enzymes in preimaginal stages of the insect. Finally, differences in the trypsin-like serine peptidase profile of preimaginal stages were observed, suggesting that such enzymes exert specific functions during the different stages of the life cycle of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Borges-Veloso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Huang MX, Ye Y, Chen YX, Han YL. Partial Purification and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzymes from Yellow Mealworm. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Goptar IA, Semashko TA, Danilenko SA, Lysogorskaya EN, Oksenoit ES, Zhuzhikov DP, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Cysteine digestive peptidases function as post-glutamine cleaving enzymes in tenebrionid stored-product pests. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 161:148-54. [PMID: 22056682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The major storage proteins in cereals, prolamins, have an abundance of the amino acids glutamine and proline. Storage pests need specific digestive enzymes to efficiently hydrolyze these storage proteins. Therefore, post-glutamine cleaving peptidases (PGP) were isolated from the midgut of the stored-product pest, Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm). Three distinct PGP activities were found in the anterior and posterior midgut using the highly-specific chromogenic peptide substrate N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Gln p-nitroanilide. PGP peptidases were characterized according to gel elution times, activity profiles in buffers of different pH, electrophoretic mobility under native conditions, and inhibitor sensitivity. The results indicate that PGP activity is due to cysteine and not serine chymotrypsin-like peptidases from the T. molitor larvae midgut. We propose that the evolutionary conservation of cysteine peptidases in the complement of digestive peptidases of tenebrionid stored-product beetles is due not only to the adaptation of insects to plants rich in serine peptidase inhibitors, but also to accommodate the need to efficiently cleave major dietary proteins rich in glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Macedo MLR, Freire MDGM, Franco OL, Migliolo L, de Oliveira CFR. Practical and theoretical characterization of Inga laurina Kunitz inhibitor on the control of Homalinotus coriaceus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 158:164-72. [PMID: 21094272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Digestive endoprotease activities of the coconut palm weevil, Homalinotus coriaceus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were characterized based on the ability of gut extracts to hydrolyze specific synthetic substrates, optimal pH, and hydrolysis sensitivity to protease inhibitors. Trypsin-like proteinases were major enzymes for H. coriaceus, with minor activity by chymotrypsin proteinases. More importantly, gut proteinases of H. coriaceus were inhibited by trypsin inhibitor from Inga laurina seeds. In addition, a serine proteinase inhibitor from I. laurina seeds demonstrated significant reduction of growth of H. coriaceus larvae after feeding on inhibitor incorporated artificial diets. Dietary utilization experiments show that 0.05% I. laurina trypsin inhibitor, incorporated into an artificial diet, decreases the consumption rate and fecal production of H. coriaceus larvae. Dietary utilization experiments show that 0.05% I. laurina trypsin inhibitor, incorporated into an artificial diet, decreases the consumption rate and fecal production of H. coriaceus larvae. We have constructed a three-dimensional model of the trypsin inhibitor complexed with trypsin. The model was built based on its comparative homology with soybean trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitor of I. laurina shows structural features characteristic of the Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor. In summary, these findings contribute to the development of biotechnological tools such as transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Loncar N, Vujcić Z, Bozić N, Ivanović J, Nenadović V. Purification and properties of trypsin-like enzyme from the midgut of Morimus funereus (coleoptera, cerambycidae) Larvae. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 74:232-246. [PMID: 20549815 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin-like enzyme (TLE) from the anterior midgut of Morimus funereus larvae was purified by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography and characterized. Specific TLE activity was increased 322-fold by purification of the crude midgut extract. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 9.0 (optimum pH range 8.5-9.5) and temperature optimum of 45 degrees C with the K(M) ratio of 0.065 mM for benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA). Among a number of inhibitors tested, the most efficient was benzamidine (K(I) value of 0.012 mM, Ic(50) value of 0.204 mM) while inhibition of TLE activity by SBTI, TLCK, and PMSF was partial. Almost all divalent cations tested enhanced the enzyme activity, amongst them Co2+ and Mn2+ stimulated TLE activity for 2.5 times. The purified TLE (after gel-filtration on Superose 12 column) had a molecular mass of 37.5 kDa with an isoelectric point over 9.3. Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed one band of 38 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is a monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Loncar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Silva L, Reis A, Pereira E, Oliveira M, Guedes R. Partial purification and characterization of trypsin-like proteinases from insecticide-resistant and -susceptible strains of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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A set of serine proteinase paralogs are required for blood-digestion in the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasitol Int 2008; 57:499-505. [PMID: 18775510 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence demonstrating that genes encoding enzymes essential for successful blood-feeding are differentially induced in the midgut of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Three serine proteinase genes (HlSP, HlSP2 and HlSP3) isolated from H. longicornis midgut exhibit protein sequence similarity with other trypsin-like serine proteinases reported from arthropods and vertebrate animal species. The endogenous enzymes were mainly detected in the midgut epithelial cells and in the lumen of an adult tick. The recombinant enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli efficiently hydrolyzed synthetic substrates specific for serine proteinases over a broad range of pH and temperature values. Notably, the transcript levels of HlSP2 and HlSP3 were detected to significantly increase at 96 h post infestation, while the transcript of HlSP was induced in the earlier stage of blood-feeding. Further, silencing of HlSP, HlSP2 and HlSP3 genes by RNA interference led to a significant reductions in the engorged tick body weight, suggesting synergetic roles of these serine proteinases in blood-feeding and digestion.
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27
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Sudha VT, Arora N, Gaur SN, Pasha S, Singh BP. Identification of a serine protease as a major allergen (Per a 10) of Periplaneta americana. Allergy 2008; 63:768-76. [PMID: 18445191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens are associated with the development of asthma, but none of these has been characterized for proteolytic activity. This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize a protease from Periplaneta americana and determine its allergenicity. METHODS A serine protease was isolated from P. americana extract using benzamidine sepharose column and characterized by immunobiochemical methods. Allergenicity of the protease was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, intradermal testing, histamine release and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation. RESULTS Affinity purified protein of approximately 28 kDa (Per a 10) showed a single band of activity in gelatin zymogram and agarose plate assay. N-terminal sequence (IVGGRPAQI) revealed similarity with mite serine protease allergens and insect trypsins. It demonstrated proteolytic activity with azocollagen > gelatin > defatted-milk > casein including serine protease specific substrate, N-benzoyl-arginine-ethyl-ester-hydrochloride. It was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, namely aprotinin > pefabloc > AEBSF > PMSF > benzamidine > antipain > leupeptin and trypsin-specific inhibitor (tosyl-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone) suggesting it to be a trypsin-like serine protease. Per a 10 was recognized as a major allergen, showing IgE reactivity with >80% of cockroach sensitized patients by skin tests and immunoblot. It could induce significant histamine release (P < 0.05) in blood and secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and IL-5 (P < 0.05) in culture supernatant of PBMCs from cockroach hypersensitive patients, suggesting a strong allergenic potency. CONCLUSION A serine protease isolated from P. americana was demonstrated to be a major allergen (Per a 10). It has a potential for component-based diagnosis of allergy and will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Magalhães CP, Fragoso RR, Souza DSL, Barbosa AEAD, Silva CP, Finardi-Filho F, da Silva MCM, Rocha TL, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Molecular and structural characterization of a trypsin highly expressed in larval stage of Zabrotes subfasciatus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 66:169-182. [PMID: 18000877 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus, feeds on several seeds such as Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Pisum sativum, causing severe crop losses. This ability to obtain essential compounds from different diets could possibly be explained due to a wide variability of digestive proteinases present in the weevil's midgut. These may improve digestion of many different dietary proteins. Coleopteran serine-like proteinases have not been thoroughly characterized at the molecular level. In this report, a full-length cDNA encoding a trypsin-like protein, named ZsTRYP, was isolated from Z. subfasciatus larvae using RT-PCR, 5' and 3' RACE techniques. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis strongly correlated the Zstryp transcript accumulation to the major feeding developmental larval stage. Zstryp cDNA was subcloned into pET101 vector and expressed in a Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strain. Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography was used to purify a 29.0-kDa recombinant enzyme. The purified ZsTRYP was then assayed with several synthetic peptide substrates and also challenged with different inhibitors. The biochemical data allowed us to classify ZsTRYP as a trypsin. Moreover, homology modeling analysis indicated a typical trypsin structural core and a conserved catalytic triad (His(41), Asp(86), and Ser(182)).
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Prabhakar S, Chen MS, Elpidina EN, Vinokurov KS, Smith CM, Marshall J, Oppert B. Sequence analysis and molecular characterization of larval midgut cDNA transcripts encoding peptidases from the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:455-68. [PMID: 17651235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptidase sequences were analysed in randomly picked clones from cDNA libraries of the anterior or posterior midgut or whole larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus. Of a total of 1528 sequences, 92 encoded potential peptidases, from which 50 full-length cDNA sequences were obtained, including serine and cysteine proteinases and metallopeptidases. Serine proteinase transcripts were predominant in the posterior midgut, whereas transcripts encoding cysteine and metallopeptidases were mainly found in the anterior midgut. Alignments with other proteinases indicated that 40% of the serine proteinase sequences were serine proteinase homologues, and the remaining ones were identified as either trypsin, chymotrypsin or other serine proteinases. Cysteine proteinase sequences included cathepsin B- and L-like proteinases, and metallopeptidase transcripts were similar to carboxypeptidase A. Northern blot analysis of representative sequences demonstrated the differential expression profile of selected transcripts across five developmental stages of Te. molitor. These sequences provide insights into peptidases in coleopteran insects as a basis to study the response of coleopteran larvae to external stimuli and to evaluate regulatory features of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prabhakar
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Vinokurov KS, Elpidina EN, Oppert B, Prabhakar S, Zhuzhikov DP, Dunaevsky YE, Belozersky MA. Diversity of digestive proteinases in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 145:126-37. [PMID: 16859942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of Tenebrio molitor larval digestive proteinases was studied in the context of the spatial organization of protein digestion in the midgut. The pH of midgut contents increased from 5.2-5.6 to 7.8-8.2 from the anterior to the posterior. This pH gradient was reflected in the pH optima of the total proteolytic activity, 5.2 in the anterior and 9.0 in the posterior midgut. When measured at the pH and reducing conditions characteristic of each midgut section, 64% of the total proteolytic activity was in the anterior and 36% in the posterior midgut. In the anterior midgut, two-thirds of the total activity was due to cysteine proteinases, whereas the rest was from serine proteinases. In contrast, most (76%) of the proteolytic activity in the posterior midgut was from serine proteinases. Cysteine proteinases from the anterior were represented by a group of anionic fractions with similar electrophoretic mobility. Trypsin-like activity was predominant in the posterior midgut and was due to one cationic and three anionic proteinases. Chymotrypsin-like proteinases also were prominent in the posterior midgut and consisted of one cationic and four anionic proteinases, four with an extended binding site. Latent proteinase activity was detected in each midgut section. These data support a complex system of protein digestion, and the correlation of proteinase activity and pH indicates a physiological mechanism of enzyme regulation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Vinokurov
- Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Oppert B, Walters P, Zuercher M. Digestive proteinases of the larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2006; 96:167-72. [PMID: 16556337 DOI: 10.1079/ber2005413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Digestion in the larger black flour beetle, Cynaeus angustus (LeConte), was studied to identify new control methods for this pest of stored grains and grain products. The physiological pH of the larval gut, as measured with extracts in water, was approximately 6.1, and the pH for optimal hydrolysis of casein by gut extracts was 6.2 when buffers were reducing. However, under non-reducing conditions, hydrolysis of casein and synthetic serine proteinase substrates was optimal in alkaline buffer. Three major proteinase activities were observed in zymograms using casein or gelatin. Caseinolytic activity of C. angustus gut extracts was inhibited by inhibitors that target aspartic and serine proteinase classes, with minor inhibition by a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. In particular, soybean trypsin and trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors were most effective in reducing the in vitro caseinolytic activity of gut extracts. Based on these data, further studies are suggested on the effects of dietary soybean inhibitors of serine proteinases, singly and in combination with aspartic and cysteine proteinase inhibitors, on C. angustus larvae. Results from these studies can be used to develop new control strategies to prevent damage to grains and stored products by C. angustus and similar coleopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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