Coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma

Biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a type of kidney cancer has biological sex-based differences that play a role in cancer incidence. Specifically, the incidence of urinary system cancers in men is two times greater than in women, while the incidence of genital cancers is three times greater. There is conflicting epidemiologic and limited evidence in the literature to suggest apparent biological sex discrepancy. The primary objective of this review and meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence to understand biological sex disparity in the survival outcomes of RCC following any treatment intervention.

METHODS

A three-step search strategy was utilized in this review. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases for manuscript on biological sex differences in treatment outcomes. Study screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction were executed independently by pairs of reviewers among co-authors. Studies that had any form of treatment modality in the management of RCC were included. Study designs included observational studies in the form of prospective and retrospective studies that utilized cox proportional hazard assumption to conduct survival analysis. The data synthesis was carried out using the R metafor software package (Software version of 1.2.8) and Microsoft Office Excel 2019 package (Microsoft Corporation, USA). The random effects model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood estimation (REML). Data synthesis included narrative review and meta-analysis.

RESULTS

We had 23 eligible studies for this review. On review of the full text, 35 studies were excluded due to irrelevances to measure estimates utilized. Finally, 12 studies were selected for the meta-analysis with a total of n = 21,2453 individuals. Females had a better survival outcome following a treatment intervention for RCC than their male counterpart [Mean effect size = -0.1737 (95 % CI: -0.2524, -0.0949)].

CONCLUSION

Females were more likely to be cancer free than their male counterpart following treatment for RCC. This finding will inform appropriate decision making for stakeholders.

Food groups and urologic cancers risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

Background

To assess the association between 12 food groups intake and the risk of urologic cancers.

Methods

We scanned PubMed and Web of Science databases up to April 1st, 2023, and 73 publications met the inclusion criteria in the meta-analysis. We used a random effects model to estimate the summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

In the linear dose-response meta-analysis, an inverse association was found between each additional daily 100 g of fruits [RR: 0.89, 95%CI = (0.83, 0.97)], 100 g of vegetables [RR: 0.92, 95%CI = (0.85, 0.99)], 12 g of alcohol [RR: 0.91, 95%CI = (0.88, 0.94)] and 1 cup of coffee [RR: 0.95, 95%CI = (0.83, 0.97)] intake and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Conversely, each additional daily 100 g of red meat intake was positively associated with renal cell carcinoma [RR: 1.41, 95%CI = (1.03, 2.10)]. Inverse associations were observed between each additional daily 50 g of egg [RR: 0.73, 95%CI = (0.62, 0.87)] and each additional daily 1 cup of tea consumption and bladder cancer risk [RR: 0.97, 95%CI = (0.94, 0.99)]. There were no significant associations for nonlinear dose-response relationships between 12 food groups and urological cancers.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis strengthens the evidence that appropriate intake of specific food groups, such as fruits, vegetables, alcohol, tea, and coffee, is associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma or bladder cancer. More studies are required to fill the knowledge gap on the links between various food groups and urologic cancers because the evidence was less credible in this meta-analysis.

Systematic Review Registration

This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022340336).

Coffee and caffeine consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study

Background

The association between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma was inconsistent among observational studies, and whether these observed associations were causal remained unclear. Therefore, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causal nature of the association.

Materials and methods

In this study, 12 and two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to coffee and caffeine consumption at a genome-wide significance level of p < 5 × 10^–8 were used as instrumental variables (IVs), respectively. Summary-level data for renal cell carcinoma were taken from the FinnGen consortium with up to 174,977 individuals, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) with 13,230 individuals. We used inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the main method, followed by the weighted median method, the MR-Egger regression method, and the MR robust adjusted profile score method. Outlier and pleiotropic variants were assessed by the MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test and MR-Egger regression. We used meta-analysis methods in fixed-effects to combine the estimates from the two sources.

Results

The genetically predicted coffee consumption was not associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the FinnGen consortium, and the relationship was consistent in the IARC consortium. The pooled odds ratio (OR) per 50% increase of coffee consumption was 0.752 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.512–1.105; p = 0.147]. In addition, complementary analyses that separated the coffee-related SNPs according to their relationship with blood levels of caffeine metabolites (higher, lower, or unrelated) found no relationship with renal cell carcinoma. The results were consistent after excluding eight SNPs due to potential risk factors at genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10^–8). Moreover, genetically predicted per 80-mg increase in caffeine consumption was not associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma (pooled OR = 0.872, 95% CI: 0.676–1.125, p = 0.292).

Conclusion

Our MR study provided no convincing evidence for a causal effect between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. The associations for renal cell carcinoma need to be verified in well-powered studies.

Biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review protocol

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review will assess the biological sex disparity in survival outcomes following treatment for renal cell carcinoma and analyze the estimates of biological sex disparity outcomes following supposed or proposed curative treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer. There is a lack of conformity in the literature on the biological sex disparity in survival outcomes after treatment. This review will help inform the decision-making of clinicians, health care administrators, policy makers, public health workers, and pharmaceutical/biotechnology researchers in predicting positive outcomes following treatment.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

The review will consider prospective and retrospective studies on any form of treatment for renal cell carcinoma. The Cox proportional hazard assumption will be used to conduct survival analysis. Hazard rates of participants' survivability across biological sex will also be reported.

METHODS

A three-step search strategy will be used. First, a limited search of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted and text words in the title, abstract, and index terms were analyzed. Second, a search using identified keywords and index terms will be tailored for all included databases. Third, the reference lists of all included reports and articles will be screened to search for additional studies. There will be no language or date restrictions. Papers not written in English but with a professional translated copy will be included. Study screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be conducted independently by pairs of reviewers. Data synthesis will include narrative review and meta-analysis, if appropriate.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO CRD42020195721.

Coffee intake and trace element blood concentrations in association with renal cell cancer among smokers

PURPOSE

To determine whether higher coffee intake may reduce the risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) associated with lead (Pb) and other heavy metals with known renal toxicity.

METHODS

We conducted a nested case-control study of male smokers (136 RCC cases and 304 controls) within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Cases diagnosed with RCC at 5 or more years following cohort enrollment were matched to controls on age (± 7 years) and whole blood draw date (± 30 days). Conditional logistic regression (using two-sided tests) was used to test for main effects and additive models of effect modification.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 16.3 years, coffee consumption was not significantly associated with renal cell cancer risk, when adjusting for blood concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb and RCC risk factors (age, smoking, BMI, and systolic blood pressure) (p-trend, 0.134). The association with above median blood Pb and RCC (HR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.06, 2.85) appeared to be modified by coffee consumption, such that RCC risk among individuals with both increased coffee intake and higher blood lead concentration were more than threefold higher RCC risk (HR = 3.40, 95% CI 1.62, 7.13; p-trend, 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Contrary to our initial hypothesis, this study suggests that heavy coffee consumption may increase the previously identified association between higher circulating lead (Pb) concentrations and increased RCC risk. Improved assessment of exposure, including potential trace element contaminants in coffee, is needed.

Caffeine Targets G6PDH to Disrupt Redox Homeostasis and Inhibit Renal Cell Carcinoma Proliferation

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and plays a crucial role in the maintenance of redox homeostasis by producing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), the major intracellular reductant. G6PDH has been shown to be a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we report a previously unknown biochemical mechanism through which caffeine, a well-known natural small molecule, regulates G6PDH activity to disrupt cellular redox homeostasis and suppress RCC development and progression. We found that caffeine can inhibit G6PDH enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, caffeine directly binds to G6PDH with high affinity (K _D = 0.1923 μM) and competes with the coenzyme NADP⁺ for G6PDH binding, as demonstrated by the decreased binding affinities of G6PDH for its coenzyme and substrate. Molecular docking studies revealed that caffeine binds to G6PDH at the structural NADP⁺ binding site, and chemical cross-linking analysis demonstrated that caffeine inhibits the formation of dimeric G6PDH. G6PDH inhibition abrogated the inhibitory effects of caffeine on RCC cell growth. Moreover, inhibition of G6PDH activity by caffeine led to a reduction in the intracellular levels of NADPH and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered the expression of redox-related proteins in RCC cells. Accordingly, caffeine could inhibit tumor growth through inhibition of G6PDH activity in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that caffeine can target G6PDH to disrupt redox homeostasis and inhibit RCC tumor growth, and has potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of RCC.

Perioperative Outcomes of Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Mass in Patients on Dialysis or with Renal Transplant in Place Compared to Normal Controls

Background: The risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development in the native kidney of patients on dialysis or with a renal transplant is increased compared to the general population. This study examines perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LN) in dialysis patients or renal transplant patients compared to normal controls. Methods: Four hundred twelve consecutive LN were evaluated (July 2007 to October 2018). Patients were divided into three groups (control, dialysis, and transplant). Perioperative outcomes, including operating room time (OT), postoperative complications, hospital length of stay, and 90-day readmission rates, were evaluated for the three groups. Results: There were 62 patients in the dialysis group, 20 renal transplants, and 330 normal controls. Dialysis patients were younger (median: 58 years versus 67 years; P = .002) and predominantly male (73% versus 59%, P = .047). Dialysis patients compared to controls had shorter total OT (median: 133 versus 149; P = .022), more papillary RCC (27% versus 10%; P < .001), and fewer high grade tumors (73% [8/11] versus 94% [100/106]; P = .038). Renal transplant patients had a higher rate of 90-day readmission (20% versus 6%; P = .034) and more papillary RCC (30% versus 10%; P = .016) compared to controls. Conclusion: LN on dialysis patients does not alter expected perioperative outcomes compared to a large cohort of control LN. LN on renal transplant patients carries a higher 90-day readmission rate than control LN.

Decaffeinated coffee and its benefits on health: focus on systemic disorders

The current literature has mainly focused on benefits and risks deriving from the consumption of caffeinated coffee and its implications for inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Today, data about the role of caffeine in many disorders are controversial and the attention has increasingly focused on decaffeinated coffee and its non-caffeine compounds, which could have mainly beneficial effects. In fact, coffee phenolic compounds not only exhibit well-known antioxidant properties, but they can also antagonize some negative effects of caffeine, for example in inflammatory pathway and in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. In this review, we consider the literature of the last two decades and critically discuss the effects of decaffeinated coffee compounds on systemic disorders, mainly inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic dysfunctions, and cancer.

Lifestyle in urology: Cancer

The opportunity to prevent, to improve their prognosis, or even to cure uro-oncological diseases by modifying the lifestyle habits is a very modern topical subject and represents a great and fascinating challenge for the future. A PubMed and Web of Science databases search has been performed to review the published knowledge on most important lifestyle habits, such as smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sexual activity, and personal hygiene, highlighting modifiable factors influencing development and progression of urological cancers. Cigarette smoking has been historically established as risk factors for urothelial cancer, and an association with risk of renal cell carcinoma and worse prognosis of prostate cancer has been sufficiently demonstrated. Poor genital hygiene is a recognized risk factor for penile cancer. Furthermore, a convincing evidence has been found on the association between physical activity and both risk and prognosis of bladder and prostate cancer. Obesity is strongly associated with increased risk of developing lethal prostate cancer. An unequivocal evidence of a direct relationship between most of the other lifestyle habits and development of the uro-oncological diseases has not been found.