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Janivara R, Hazra U, Pfennig A, Harlemon M, Kim MS, Eaaswarkhanth M, Chen WC, Ogunbiyi A, Kachambwa P, Petersen LN, Jalloh M, Mensah JE, Adjei AA, Adusei B, Joffe M, Gueye SM, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Fernandez PW, Rohan TE, Andrews C, Rebbeck TR, Adebiyi AO, Agalliu I, Lachance J. Uncovering the genetic architecture and evolutionary roots of androgenetic alopecia in African men. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575396. [PMID: 38293167 PMCID: PMC10827056 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a highly heritable trait. However, much of our understanding about the genetics of male pattern baldness comes from individuals of European descent. Here, we examined a novel dataset comprising 2,136 men from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa that were genotyped using a custom array. We first tested how genetic predictions of baldness generalize from Europe to Africa, finding that polygenic scores from European GWAS yielded AUC statistics that ranged from 0.513 to 0.546, indicating that genetic predictions of baldness in African populations performed notably worse than in European populations. Subsequently, we conducted the first African GWAS of androgenetic alopecia, focusing on self-reported baldness patterns at age 45. After correcting for present age, population structure, and study site, we identified 266 moderately significant associations, 51 of which were independent (p-value < 10-5, r2 < 0.2). Most baldness associations were autosomal, and the X chromosomes does not appear to have a large impact on baldness in African men. Finally, we examined the evolutionary causes of continental differences in genetic architecture. Although Neanderthal alleles have previously been associated with skin and hair phenotypes, we did not find evidence that European-ascertained baldness hits were enriched for signatures of ancient introgression. Most loci that are associated with androgenetic alopecia are evolving neutrally. However, multiple baldness-associated SNPs near the EDA2R and AR genes have large allele frequency differences between continents. Collectively, our findings illustrate how evolutionary history contributes to the limited portability of genetic predictions across ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Janivara
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ujani Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron Pfennig
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maxine Harlemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle S Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Wenlong C Chen
- Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Paidamoyo Kachambwa
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mediclinic Precise Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsay N Petersen
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mediclinic Precise Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- Université Iba Der Thiam de Thiès, Thiès, Senegal
| | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Maureen Joffe
- Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Pedro W Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Minas TZ, Lord BD, Zhang AL, Candia J, Dorsey TH, Baker FS, Tang W, Bailey-Whyte M, Smith CJ, Obadi OM, Ajao A, Jordan SV, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Mensah JE, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Liu J, Loffredo CA, Yates C, Cook MB, Ambs S. Circulating trans fatty acids are associated with prostate cancer in Ghanaian and American men. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4322. [PMID: 37468456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between fatty acids and prostate cancer remains poorly explored in African-descent populations. Here, we analyze 24 circulating fatty acids in 2934 men, including 1431 prostate cancer cases and 1503 population controls from Ghana and the United States, using CLIA-certified mass spectrometry-based assays. We investigate their associations with population groups (Ghanaian, African American, European American men), lifestyle factors, the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic locus, and prostate cancer. Blood levels of circulating fatty acids vary significantly between the three population groups, particularly trans, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. FADS1/2 germline genetic variants and lifestyle factors explain some of the variation in fatty acid levels, with the FADS1/2 locus showing population-specific associations, suggesting differences in their control by germline genetic factors. All trans fatty acids, namely elaidic, palmitelaidic, and linoelaidic acids, associated with an increase in the odds of developing prostate cancer, independent of ancestry, geographic location, or potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brittany D Lord
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany H Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francine S Baker
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Maeve Bailey-Whyte
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cheryl J Smith
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Obadi M Obadi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anuoluwapo Ajao
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Symone V Jordan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yao Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Molla MD, Wolde HF, Tafesse Teferi E, Kibret AA. Central obesity and its associated factors among cancer patients at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150303. [PMID: 37124535 PMCID: PMC10130526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Obesity, especially the hidden type of obesity (central obesity), has been believed to be the major risk factor for developing and progressing non-communicable diseases, including cancers. However, there are limited studies regarding the issue in Ethiopia and the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of central obesity and its associated factors among cancer patients visited the oncology unit of the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 10 to March 10, 2021. A total of 384 study participants were enrolled using a systematic sampling technique. The data were collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and were pretested to address the quality of assurance. The weight of the participants was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and central obesity. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify the factors associated with central obesity, and p-values less than 0.05 with multivariate were considered statistically significant associations. Result Most respondents (60.16%) were stage I cancer patients. The study found that about 19.27% of the participants were prevalent central obesity, and none of them were obese by body mass index (BMI) categorization criteria. However, about 12.24% and 7.03% of the participants were found to be underweight and overweight, respectively. The variables associated with central obesity were sex (AOR=14.40; 95% CI: 5.26 - 39.50), occupation (AOR=4.32; 95%CI: 1.10 - 17.01), and residency (AOR=0.30; 95% CI: 0.13 - 0.70). Conclusion A significant number of the respondents (19.27%) were centrally obese. Being female, urban residency and having an occupation other than a farmer, merchant, and governmental were the factors associated with central obesity. Hence, cancer patients may be centrally obese with average body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Meseret Derbew Molla,
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tafesse Teferi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anteneh Ayelign Kibret
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Minkowitz S, Ayeni O, Haffejee M, Joffe M. The effect of medical castration on lipid levels in black South African men with prostate cancer. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In South Africa, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly given as primary therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) due to many patients presenting with advanced disease. The metabolic adverse effects of ADT on lipid profile and weight gain have been reported mainly in Caucasian populations, but few studies have been performed in African populations. Men of African descent generally have favorable lipid profiles compared to other populations, and our study looked to analyze the effect of medical castration on lipid levels in black South African men with PCa.
Methods
The aim of this study is to describe the changes in blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL at 6 months and at 1 year in men with prostate cancer newly initiated on ADT. Changes to BMI, waist circumference and HbA1c were also measured after 1 year of ADT.
Our study was conducted at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital which is a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of the Witwatersrand. It is located in Soweto, South of Johannesburg, and serves the 1.3 million local residents who are predominantly black and of the lower-income bracket. This study enrolled 38 black South African men who were starting to receive ADT for PCa. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Lipid profiles and HbA1C levels were measured using blood samples, and body composition was measured using BMI and waist circumference.
Results
In this prospective single-center study, we found that ADT resulted in a significant rise in triglyceride levels and weight gain in black South African men reaching mean levels of obesity using ethnic-specific definitions. High-density lipoproteins levels decreased significantly particularly in the first 6 months of treatment and thereafter began to rise. ADT also resulted in an increased HbA1C level which is a marker for insulin resistance.
Conclusions
Androgen deprivation therapy unfavorably changed the body habitus and lipid profile of men with PCa. It was demonstrated that even black South Africans who generally have favorable lipid profiles compared to their counterparts are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome while being treated with ADT.
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Mapanga W, Norris SA, Craig A, Pumpalova Y, Ayeni OA, Chen WC, Jacobson JS, Neugut AI, Muchengeti M, Pentz A, Doherty S, Minkowitz S, Haffejee M, Rebbeck T, Joffe M. Prevalence of multimorbidity in men of African descent with and without prostate cancer in Soweto, South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276050. [PMID: 36256648 PMCID: PMC9578630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With increases in chronic disease, men with prostate cancer are likely to have at least one other chronic health condition. The burden and complexity of each additional chronic disease may complicate prostate cancer treatment and reduce survival. In this paper, we describe the frequency of multimorbid chronic diseases, HIV and depression among men in Soweto, South Africa (SA) with and without prostate cancer and determine whether the presence of multimorbid diseases is associated with metastatic and high-risk, non-metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS A population-based case-control study on prostate cancer was conducted among black men in Soweto. All participants completed a baseline survey on sociodemographics, lifestyle, and comorbid medical conditions. All participants completed a depression screening survey and HIV testing at enrolment. Blood pressure measurements and blood testing for fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein were performed on a subset of randomly selected cases and controls. For men with prostate cancer, clinical T staging was assessed with the digital rectal examination, the diagnosis was confirmed with a biopsy and PSA levels were assessed at presentation. The metastatic staging was assessed by bone scans, and this was confirmed with PSMA PET scans, CT scans and X-rays, standard for our resource-constrained setting. Normal PSA scores were used as an inclusion criterion for controls. RESULTS Of the 2136 men (1095 with prostate cancer and 1041 controls) included in the analysis, 43.0% reported at least one chronic metabolic disease; 24.1% reported two metabolic diseases; 5.3% reported three metabolic diseases; and 0.3% reported four metabolic diseases. Men with prostate cancer were more likely to report a multimorbid chronic metabolic disease compared to controls (p<0.001) and more likely to test positive for HIV (p = 0.05). The majority of men (66.2%) reported at least one metabolic disease, tested negative for HIV and had a negative depression screen. The clinical characteristics of men with prostate cancer, were as follows: 396 (36.2%) had a Gleason score of 8 and above; 552 (51.3%) had a PSA score of >20ng/ml; 233 (21.7%) had confirmed metastatic prostate cancer at diagnosis. Older age was associated with metastatic prostate cancer (OR = 1.043 95% CI:1.02-1.07) and NCCN defined high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer (OR = 1.03 95% CI:1.01-1.05), whilst being hypertensive was protective (OR = 0.63 95% CI:0.47-0.84 and OR = 0.55 95% CI:0.37-0.83) respectively for metastatic and high-risk, non-metastatic prostate cancer. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of multimorbid metabolic diseases and HIV among men with prostate cancer represents a public health concern in South Africa. There is a need to effectively address multiple chronic diseases among men with prostate cancer by incorporating coordinated care models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witness Mapanga
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of the Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Shane A. Norris
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of the Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Craig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yoanna Pumpalova
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Oluwatosin A. Ayeni
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wenlong Carl Chen
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Judith S. Jacobson
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazvita Muchengeti
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Audrey Pentz
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sean Doherty
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shauli Minkowitz
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Haffejee
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tim Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of the Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Common Epithelial Cancer Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
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Aladuwaka S, Alagan R, Singh R, Mishra M. Health Burdens and SES in Alabama: Using Geographic Information System to Examine Prostate Cancer Health Disparity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194824. [PMID: 36230747 PMCID: PMC9563407 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The focus of the research was to examine the relationship between Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer in Alabama’s Black Belt region. The cancer rate in Alabama is high, and the state has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the USA. The research aims to identify probable reasons, raise awareness, and propose cancer prevention policies. The Geographic Information System, a robust technology, has been adopted to understand Alabama’s county-level prostate cancer incidence and mortality and its association with socioeconomic and health disparities. The analysis indicated an apparent socioeconomic disparity between the Black Belt and Non-Black Belt counties of Alabama. The poverty rate is higher in Black Belt counties. The data revealed that the preexisting condition of diabetes and obesity is closely associated with prostate cancer. Also, incidence and mortality disparities strongly relate to socioeconomic status, and the preexisting condition of obesity and diabetes adds to prostate cancer incidences. Poverty is the root course of inequalities in education, income, and healthcare facilities, particularly among African Americans, contributing to Alabama’s health burden of prostate cancer. The study proposes effective health policy intervention to prevent and reduce prostate cases and mortality among underserved communities in Alabama. Abstract Socioeconomic disparities influence the risk of many diseases, including cancer. The cancer rate in Alabama is high, and the state has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the USA. Alabama’s counties are embedded with socioeconomic disparities, politics, race, ethnicity, and oppression, among which social equity and socioeconomic status (SES) been closely associated with prostate cancer. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a valuable technology in understanding public health in many applications, including cancer. This study integrates Alabama’s county-level prostate cancer incidence and mortality and its association with socioeconomic and health disparities. We conducted robust data mining from several data sources such as the Alabama State Cancer Profile data, Alabama Department of Health, American Cancer Society, Center for Disease Control, and National Cancer Institute. The research method is the Geographic Information System (GIS), and we employed prostate cancer data within GIS to understand Alabama’s prostate cancer prevalence regarding SES. The GIS analysis indicated an apparent socioeconomic disparity between the Black Belt and Non-Black Belt counties of Alabama. The Black Belt counties’ poverty rate is also remarkably higher than non-Black Belt counties. In addition, we analyzed the median household income by race. Our analysis demonstrates that the Asian background population in the state earned the highest median income compared to non-Hispanic whites and the African American population. Furthermore, the data revealed that the preexisting condition of diabetes and obesity is closely associated with prostate cancer. The GIS analysis suggests that prostate cancer incidence and mortality disparities are strongly related to SES. In addition, the preexisting condition of obesity and diabetes adds to prostate cancer incidences. Poverty also reflects inequalities in education, income, and healthcare facilities, particularly among African Americans, contributing to Alabama’s health burden of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seela Aladuwaka
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Department of Advancement Studies, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Ram Alagan
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Department of Advancement Studies, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology and Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Manoj Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zhu D, Toker M, Shyr W, Fram E, Watts KL, Agalliu I. Association of obesity and diabetes with prostate cancer risk groups in a multiethnic population. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2022; 20:299-299.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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