1
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Janivara R, Hazra U, Pfennig A, Harlemon M, Kim MS, Eaaswarkhanth M, Chen WC, Ogunbiyi A, Kachambwa P, Petersen LN, Jalloh M, Mensah JE, Adjei AA, Adusei B, Joffe M, Gueye SM, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Fernandez PW, Rohan TE, Andrews C, Rebbeck TR, Adebiyi AO, Agalliu I, Lachance J. Uncovering the genetic architecture and evolutionary roots of androgenetic alopecia in African men. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.12.575396. [PMID: 38293167 PMCID: PMC10827056 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a highly heritable trait. However, much of our understanding about the genetics of male pattern baldness comes from individuals of European descent. Here, we examined a novel dataset comprising 2,136 men from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa that were genotyped using a custom array. We first tested how genetic predictions of baldness generalize from Europe to Africa, finding that polygenic scores from European GWAS yielded AUC statistics that ranged from 0.513 to 0.546, indicating that genetic predictions of baldness in African populations performed notably worse than in European populations. Subsequently, we conducted the first African GWAS of androgenetic alopecia, focusing on self-reported baldness patterns at age 45. After correcting for present age, population structure, and study site, we identified 266 moderately significant associations, 51 of which were independent (p-value < 10-5, r2 < 0.2). Most baldness associations were autosomal, and the X chromosomes does not appear to have a large impact on baldness in African men. Finally, we examined the evolutionary causes of continental differences in genetic architecture. Although Neanderthal alleles have previously been associated with skin and hair phenotypes, we did not find evidence that European-ascertained baldness hits were enriched for signatures of ancient introgression. Most loci that are associated with androgenetic alopecia are evolving neutrally. However, multiple baldness-associated SNPs near the EDA2R and AR genes have large allele frequency differences between continents. Collectively, our findings illustrate how evolutionary history contributes to the limited portability of genetic predictions across ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Janivara
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ujani Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron Pfennig
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maxine Harlemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle S Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Wenlong C Chen
- Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Paidamoyo Kachambwa
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mediclinic Precise Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsay N Petersen
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mediclinic Precise Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- Université Iba Der Thiam de Thiès, Thiès, Senegal
| | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Maureen Joffe
- Strengthening Oncology Services Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Pedro W Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Liu Z, Luo Y, Kirimunda S, Verboom M, Onabajo OO, Gouveia MH, Ogwang MD, Kerchan P, Reynolds SJ, Tenge CN, Were PA, Kuremu RT, Wekesa WN, Masalu N, Kawira E, Kinyera T, Otim I, Legason ID, Nabalende H, Dhudha H, Ayers LW, Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Cole N, Luo W, Liu J, Manning M, Hicks B, Prokunina-Olsson L, Chagaluka G, Johnston WT, Mutalima N, Borgstein E, Liomba GN, Kamiza S, Mkandawire N, Mitambo C, Molyneux EM, Newton R, Hsing AW, Mensah JE, Adjei AA, Hutchinson A, Carrington M, Yeager M, Blasczyk R, Chanock SJ, Raychaudhuri S, Mbulaiteye SM. Human leukocyte antigen-DQA1*04:01 and rs2040406 variants are associated with elevated risk of childhood Burkitt lymphoma. Commun Biol 2024; 7:41. [PMID: 38182727 PMCID: PMC10770398 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is responsible for many childhood cancers in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is linked to recurrent or chronic infection by Epstein-Barr virus or Plasmodium falciparum. However, whether human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms, which regulate immune response, are associated with BL has not been well investigated, which limits our understanding of BL etiology. Here we investigate this association among 4,645 children aged 0-15 years, 800 with BL, enrolled in Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi. HLA alleles are imputed with accuracy >90% for HLA class I and 85-89% for class II alleles. BL risk is elevated with HLA-DQA1*04:01 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-1.97, P = 3.71 × 10-6), with rs2040406(G) in HLA-DQA1 region (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.26-1.63, P = 4.62 × 10-8), and with amino acid Gln at position 53 versus other variants in HLA-DQA1 (OR = 1.36, P = 2.06 × 10-6). The associations with HLA-DQA1*04:01 (OR = 1.29, P = 0.03) and rs2040406(G) (OR = 1.68, P = 0.019) persist in mutually adjusted models. The higher risk rs2040406(G) variant for BL is associated with decreased HLA-DQB1 expression in eQTLs in EBV transformed lymphocytes. Our results support the role of HLA variation in the etiology of BL and suggest that a promising area of research might be understanding the link between HLA variation and EBV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Kirimunda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Murielle Verboom
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover, Germany
| | - Olusegun O Onabajo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mateus H Gouveia
- Center for Research on Genomics & Global Health, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin D Ogwang
- St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Kerchan
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Kuluva Hospital, Arua, Uganda
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constance N Tenge
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Pamela A Were
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Robert T Kuremu
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Walter N Wekesa
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Esther Kawira
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Shirati Health, Education, and Development Foundation, Shirati, Tanzania
| | - Tobias Kinyera
- St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Otim
- St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ismail D Legason
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Kuluva Hospital, Arua, Uganda
| | - Hadijah Nabalende
- St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Herry Dhudha
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
- Shirati Health, Education, and Development Foundation, Shirati, Tanzania
| | - Leona W Ayers
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kishor Bhatia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Cole
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wen Luo
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Manning
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - George Chagaluka
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - W Thomas Johnston
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nora Mutalima
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Borgstein
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - George N Liomba
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steve Kamiza
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nyengo Mkandawire
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Collins Mitambo
- National Health Sciences Research Committee, Research Department, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elizabeth M Molyneux
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (formerly College of Medicine), University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Robert Newton
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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3
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Wang A, Shen J, Rodriguez AA, Saunders EJ, Chen F, Janivara R, Darst BF, Sheng X, Xu Y, Chou AJ, Benlloch S, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Plym A, Sahimi A, Hoffman TJ, Takahashi A, Matsuda K, Momozawa Y, Fujita M, Laisk T, Figuerêdo J, Muir K, Ito S, Liu X, Uchio Y, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Lophatananon A, Wan P, Andrews C, Lori A, Choudhury PP, Schleutker J, Tammela TL, Sipeky C, Auvinen A, Giles GG, Southey MC, MacInnis RJ, Cybulski C, Wokolorczyk D, Lubinski J, Rentsch CT, Cho K, Mcmahon BH, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Røder A, Stroomberg HV, Batra J, Chambers S, Horvath L, Clements JA, Tilly W, Risbridger GP, Gronberg H, Aly M, Szulkin R, Eklund M, Nordstrom T, Pashayan N, Dunning AM, Ghoussaini M, Travis RC, Key TJ, Riboli E, Park JY, Sellers TA, Lin HY, Albanes D, Weinstein S, Cook MB, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E, Lindstrom S, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Penney KL, Turman C, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM, Hamilton RJ, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Parent MÉ, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Koutros S, Beane Freeman LE, Stampfer M, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Andriole GL, Hoover RN, Machiela MJ, Sørensen KD, Borre M, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Lu YJ, Zhang HW, Feng N, Mao X, Wu Y, Zhao SC, Sun Z, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, West CM, Barnett G, Maier C, Schnoeller T, Luedeke M, Kibel AS, Drake BF, Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G, Menegaux F, Truong T, Koudou YA, John EM, Grindedal EM, Maehle L, Khaw KT, Ingles SA, Stern MC, Vega A, Gómez-Caamaño A, Fachal L, Rosenstein BS, Kerns SL, Ostrer H, Teixeira MR, Paulo P, Brandão A, Watya S, Lubwama A, Bensen JT, Butler EN, Mohler JL, Taylor JA, Kogevinas M, Dierssen-Sotos T, Castaño-Vinyals G, Cannon-Albright L, Teerlink CC, Huff CD, Pilie P, Yu Y, Bohlender RJ, Gu J, Strom SS, Multigner L, Blanchet P, Brureau L, Kaneva R, Slavov C, Mitev V, Leach RJ, Brenner H, Chen X, Holleczek B, Schöttker B, Klein EA, Hsing AW, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Logothetis CJ, Kim J, Neuhausen SL, Steele L, Ding YC, Isaacs WB, Nemesure B, Hennis AJ, Carpten J, Pandha H, Michael A, Ruyck KD, Meerleer GD, Ost P, Xu J, Razack A, Lim J, Teo SH, Newcomb LF, Lin DW, Fowke JH, Neslund-Dudas CM, Rybicki BA, Gamulin M, Lessel D, Kulis T, Usmani N, Abraham A, Singhal S, Parliament M, Claessens F, Joniau S, den Broeck TV, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Martinez ME, Larkin S, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C, Bush WS, Aldrich MC, Crawford DC, Srivastava S, Cullen J, Petrovics G, Casey G, Wang Y, Tettey Y, Lachance J, Tang W, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Truelove A, Niwa S, Yamoah K, Govindasami K, Chokkalingam AP, Keaton JM, Hellwege JN, Clark PE, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Niang L, Ogunbiyi O, Shittu O, Amodu O, Adebiyi AO, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Ajibola HO, Jamda MA, Oluwole OP, Nwegbu M, Adusei B, Mante S, Darkwa-Abrahams A, Diop H, Gundell SM, Roobol MJ, Jenster G, van Schaik RH, Hu JJ, Sanderson M, Kachuri L, Varma R, McKean-Cowdin R, Torres M, Preuss MH, Loos RJ, Zawistowski M, Zöllner S, Lu Z, Van Den Eeden SK, Easton DF, Ambs S, Edwards TL, Mägi R, Rebbeck TR, Fritsche L, Chanock SJ, Berndt SI, Wiklund F, Nakagawa H, Witte JS, Gaziano JM, Justice AC, Mancuso N, Terao C, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Madduri RK, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Characterizing prostate cancer risk through multi-ancestry genome-wide discovery of 187 novel risk variants. Nat Genet 2023; 55:2065-2074. [PMID: 37945903 PMCID: PMC10841479 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The transferability and clinical value of genetic risk scores (GRSs) across populations remain limited due to an imbalance in genetic studies across ancestrally diverse populations. Here we conducted a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 156,319 prostate cancer cases and 788,443 controls of European, African, Asian and Hispanic men, reflecting a 57% increase in the number of non-European cases over previous prostate cancer genome-wide association studies. We identified 187 novel risk variants for prostate cancer, increasing the total number of risk variants to 451. An externally replicated multi-ancestry GRS was associated with risk that ranged from 1.8 (per standard deviation) in African ancestry men to 2.2 in European ancestry men. The GRS was associated with a greater risk of aggressive versus non-aggressive disease in men of African ancestry (P = 0.03). Our study presents novel prostate cancer susceptibility loci and a GRS with effective risk stratification across ancestry groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Fei Chen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rohini Janivara
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Burcu F. Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yili Xu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alisha J. Chou
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Anna Plym
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Sahimi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Atushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing,Graduate school of Frontier Sciences,The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jéssica Figuerêdo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shuji Ito
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - The Biobank Japan Project
- Corresponding Author: Christopher A. Haiman, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1450 Biggy Street, Rm 1504, Los Angeles, CA 90033 or
| | - Yuji Uchio
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Peggy Wan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | | | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Csilla Sipeky
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokolorczyk
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Christopher T. Rentsch
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David E. Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Borge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F. Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hein V. Stroomberg
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse (COBLH), Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilly
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gail P. Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Aly
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Szulkin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SDS Life Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nordstrom
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Open Targets, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim J. Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B. Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH,, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M. Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phyllis J. Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian M. Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital – Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert J. Hamilton
- Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Dept. of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil E. Fleshner
- Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald L. Andriole
- Brady Urological Institute in National Capital Region, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert N. Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - James E. Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangzhu Province, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zan Sun
- The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Proviouce, The People’s Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China, Shenyang, China
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catharine M.L. West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gill Barnett
- University of Cambridge Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adam S. Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Urology, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Paris, France
| | | | - Florence Menegaux
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Akoli Koudou
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif Cédex, France
| | - Esther M. John
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lovise Maehle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Fachal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Barry S. Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L. Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Brandão
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jeannette T. Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ebonee N. Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James L. Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack A. Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Craig C. Teerlink
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad D. Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Pilie
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Bohlender
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara S. Strom
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Laurent Brureau
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy and Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xuechen Chen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric A. Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ann W. Hsing
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam B. Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J.M. Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim De Ruyck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F. Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel W. Lin
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Epidemiology,The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A. Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Urogenital Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aswin Abraham
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Parliament
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Larkin
- Scientific Education Support, Thames Ditton, Surrey, Formerly Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | | | - William S. Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melinda C. Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Science, Center for Public Health Genomics,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Yao Tettey
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew A. Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob M. Keaton
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacklyn N. Hellwege
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Atrium Health/Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olufemi Ogunbiyi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayiwola Shittu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and Univerity College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olukemi Amodu
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele O. Adebiyi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oseremen I. Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Hafees O. Ajibola
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha A. Jamda
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olabode P. Oluwole
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Halimatou Diop
- Laboratoires Bacteriologie et Virologie, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Susan M. Gundell
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron H.N. van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J. Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Linda Kachuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mina Torres
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael H. Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeyun Lu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology,, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nick Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- The Department of Applied Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - David V. Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Hoffmann TJ, Graff RE, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Cario CL, Feng K, Jiang Y, Wang A, Klein RJ, Pierce BL, Eggener S, Tong L, Blot W, Long J, Rebbeck T, Lachance J, Andrews C, Adebiyi AO, Adusei B, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Fernandez PW, Jalloh M, Janivara R, Chen WC, Mensah JE, Agalliu I, Berndt SI, Shelley JP, Schaffer K, Machiela MJ, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Li SA, Goodman PJ, Till C, Thompson I, Lilja H, Van Den Eeden SK, Chanock SJ, Mosley JD, Conti DV, Haiman CA, Justice AC, Kachuri L, Witte JS. Genome-wide association study of prostate-specific antigen levels in 392,522 men identifies new loci and improves cross-ancestry prediction. medRxiv 2023:2023.10.27.23297676. [PMID: 37961155 PMCID: PMC10635224 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 296,754 men (211,342 European ancestry; 58,236 African ancestry; 23,546 Hispanic/Latino; 3,630 Asian ancestry; 96.5% of participants were from the Million Veteran Program). We identified 318 independent genome-wide significant (p≤5e-8) variants, 184 of which were novel. Most demonstrated evidence of replication in an independent cohort (n=95,768). Meta-analyzing discovery and replication (n=392,522) identified 447 variants, of which a further 111 were novel. Out-of-sample variance in PSA explained by our new polygenic risk score reached 16.9% (95% CI=16.1%-17.8%) in European ancestry, 9.5% (95% CI=7.0%-12.2%) in African ancestry, 18.6% (95% CI=15.8%-21.4%) in Hispanic/Latino, and 15.3% (95% CI=12.7%-18.1%) in Asian ancestry, and lower for higher age. Our study highlights how including proportionally more participants from underrepresented populations improves genetic prediction of PSA levels, with potential to personalize prostate cancer screening.
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Minas TZ, Lord BD, Zhang AL, Candia J, Dorsey TH, Baker FS, Tang W, Bailey-Whyte M, Smith CJ, Obadi OM, Ajao A, Jordan SV, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Mensah JE, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Liu J, Loffredo CA, Yates C, Cook MB, Ambs S. Circulating trans fatty acids are associated with prostate cancer in Ghanaian and American men. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4322. [PMID: 37468456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between fatty acids and prostate cancer remains poorly explored in African-descent populations. Here, we analyze 24 circulating fatty acids in 2934 men, including 1431 prostate cancer cases and 1503 population controls from Ghana and the United States, using CLIA-certified mass spectrometry-based assays. We investigate their associations with population groups (Ghanaian, African American, European American men), lifestyle factors, the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic locus, and prostate cancer. Blood levels of circulating fatty acids vary significantly between the three population groups, particularly trans, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. FADS1/2 germline genetic variants and lifestyle factors explain some of the variation in fatty acid levels, with the FADS1/2 locus showing population-specific associations, suggesting differences in their control by germline genetic factors. All trans fatty acids, namely elaidic, palmitelaidic, and linoelaidic acids, associated with an increase in the odds of developing prostate cancer, independent of ancestry, geographic location, or potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brittany D Lord
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany H Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francine S Baker
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Maeve Bailey-Whyte
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cheryl J Smith
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Obadi M Obadi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anuoluwapo Ajao
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Symone V Jordan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yao Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, NCI, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Darst BF, Shen J, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Xiao Y, Sheng X, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Hoffmann TJ, Muir K, Wan P, Le Marchand L, Wilkens L, Wang Y, Schleutker J, MacInnis RJ, Cybulski C, Neal DE, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Batra J, Clements JA, Cancer BioResource AP, Grönberg H, Pashayan N, Travis RC, Park JY, Albanes D, Weinstein S, Mucci LA, Hunter DJ, Penney KL, Tangen CM, Hamilton RJ, Parent MÉ, Stanford JL, Koutros S, Wolk A, Sørensen KD, Blot WJ, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Lu YJ, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN, West CM, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cancel-Tassin G, Menegaux F, John EM, Grindedal EM, Khaw KT, Ingles SA, Vega A, Rosenstein BS, Teixeira MR, Kogevinas M, Cannon-Albright L, Huff C, Multigner L, Kaneva R, Leach RJ, Brenner H, Hsing AW, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Logothetis CJ, Neuhausen SL, Isaacs WB, Nemesure B, Hennis AJ, Carpten J, Pandha H, De Ruyck K, Xu J, Razack A, Teo SH, Newcomb LF, Fowke JH, Neslund-Dudas C, Rybicki BA, Gamulin M, Usmani N, Claessens F, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Townsend PA, Crawford DC, Petrovics G, Casey G, Roobol MJ, Hu JF, Berndt SI, Van Den Eeden SK, Easton DF, Chanock SJ, Cook MB, Wiklund F, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Watya S, Gaziano JM, Justice AC, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Evaluating approaches for constructing polygenic risk scores for prostate cancer in men of African and European ancestry. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1200-1206. [PMID: 37311464 PMCID: PMC10357473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide polygenic risk scores (GW-PRSs) have been reported to have better predictive ability than PRSs based on genome-wide significance thresholds across numerous traits. We compared the predictive ability of several GW-PRS approaches to a recently developed PRS of 269 established prostate cancer-risk variants from multi-ancestry GWASs and fine-mapping studies (PRS269). GW-PRS models were trained with a large and diverse prostate cancer GWAS of 107,247 cases and 127,006 controls that we previously used to develop the multi-ancestry PRS269. Resulting models were independently tested in 1,586 cases and 1,047 controls of African ancestry from the California Uganda Study and 8,046 cases and 191,825 controls of European ancestry from the UK Biobank and further validated in 13,643 cases and 210,214 controls of European ancestry and 6,353 cases and 53,362 controls of African ancestry from the Million Veteran Program. In the testing data, the best performing GW-PRS approach had AUCs of 0.656 (95% CI = 0.635-0.677) in African and 0.844 (95% CI = 0.840-0.848) in European ancestry men and corresponding prostate cancer ORs of 1.83 (95% CI = 1.67-2.00) and 2.19 (95% CI = 2.14-2.25), respectively, for each SD unit increase in the GW-PRS. Compared to the GW-PRS, in African and European ancestry men, the PRS269 had larger or similar AUCs (AUC = 0.679, 95% CI = 0.659-0.700 and AUC = 0.845, 95% CI = 0.841-0.849, respectively) and comparable prostate cancer ORs (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.87-2.26 and OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 2.16-2.26, respectively). Findings were similar in the validation studies. This investigation suggests that current GW-PRS approaches may not improve the ability to predict prostate cancer risk compared to the PRS269 developed from multi-ancestry GWASs and fine-mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu F Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yukai Xiao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peggy Wan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK; University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Prostate Cancer Research Program, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Chris O'Brien Lifehouse and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, UK; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catharine M West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universite, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-urology, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Menegaux
- "Exposome and Heredity", CESP (UMR 1018), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- University Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- 109 Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer F Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Watya
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John M Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chen F, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Darst BF, Chou A, Sheng X, Wang A, Shen J, Saunders EJ, Rhie SK, Bensen JT, Ingles SA, Kittles RA, Strom SS, Rybicki BA, Nemesure B, Isaacs WB, Stanford JL, Zheng W, Sanderson M, John EM, Park JY, Xu J, Wang Y, Berndt SI, Huff CD, Yeboah ED, Tettey Y, Lachance J, Tang W, Rentsch CT, Cho K, Mcmahon BH, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Truelove A, Niwa S, Sellers TA, Yamoah K, Murphy AB, Crawford DC, Patel AV, Bush WS, Aldrich MC, Cussenot O, Petrovics G, Cullen J, Neslund-Dudas CM, Stern MC, Kote-Jarai Z, Govindasami K, Cook MB, Chokkalingam AP, Hsing AW, Goodman PJ, Hoffmann TJ, Drake BF, Hu JJ, Keaton JM, Hellwege JN, Clark PE, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Niang L, Ogunbiyi O, Idowu MO, Popoola O, Adebiyi AO, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Ajibola HO, Jamda MA, Oluwole OP, Nwegbu M, Adusei B, Mante S, Darkwa-Abrahams A, Mensah JE, Diop H, Van Den Eeden SK, Blanchet P, Fowke JH, Casey G, Hennis AJ, Lubwama A, Thompson IM, Leach R, Easton DF, Preuss MH, Loos RJ, Gundell SM, Wan P, Mohler JL, Fontham ET, Smith GJ, Taylor JA, Srivastava S, Eeles RA, Carpten JD, Kibel AS, Multigner L, Parent MÉ, Menegaux F, Cancel-Tassin G, Klein EA, Andrews C, Rebbeck TR, Brureau L, Ambs S, Edwards TL, Watya S, Chanock SJ, Witte JS, Blot WJ, Michael Gaziano J, Justice AC, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Evidence of Novel Susceptibility Variants for Prostate Cancer and a Multiancestry Polygenic Risk Score Associated with Aggressive Disease in Men of African Ancestry. Eur Urol 2023; 84:13-21. [PMID: 36872133 PMCID: PMC10424812 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. OBJECTIVE To discover common genetic variants contributing to the risk of PCa in men of African ancestry. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a meta-analysis of ten genome-wide association studies consisting of 19378 cases and 61620 controls of African ancestry. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Common genotyped and imputed variants were tested for their association with PCa risk. Novel susceptibility loci were identified and incorporated into a multiancestry polygenic risk score (PRS). The PRS was evaluated for associations with PCa risk and disease aggressiveness. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Nine novel susceptibility loci for PCa were identified, of which seven were only found or substantially more common in men of African ancestry, including an African-specific stop-gain variant in the prostate-specific gene anoctamin 7 (ANO7). A multiancestry PRS of 278 risk variants conferred strong associations with PCa risk in African ancestry studies (odds ratios [ORs] >3 and >5 for men in the top PRS decile and percentile, respectively). More importantly, compared with men in the 40-60% PRS category, men in the top PRS decile had a significantly higher risk of aggressive PCa (OR = 1.23, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.38, p = 4.4 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of large-scale genetic studies in men of African ancestry for a better understanding of PCa susceptibility in this high-risk population and suggests a potential clinical utility of PRS in differentiating between the risks of developing aggressive and nonaggressive disease in men of African ancestry. PATIENT SUMMARY In this large genetic study in men of African ancestry, we discovered nine novel prostate cancer (PCa) risk variants. We also showed that a multiancestry polygenic risk score was effective in stratifying PCa risk, and was able to differentiate risk of aggressive and nonaggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Burcu F Darst
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alisha Chou
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Suhn K Rhie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yao Tettey
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Rentsch
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kelly Cho
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin H Mcmahon
- Theoretical Biology Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alpa V Patel
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Department of Urology and Predictive Onco-Urology Group, Sorbonne Université, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Urology, APHP-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bettina F Drake
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob M Keaton
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacklyn N Hellwege
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter E Clark
- Atrium Health/Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olufemi Ogunbiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael O Idowu
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Popoola
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele O Adebiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Hafees O Ajibola
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha A Jamda
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olabode P Oluwole
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Halimatou Diop
- Laboratoires Bacteriologie et Virologie, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Science, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anselm J Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Medical Center Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robin Leach
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael H Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan M Gundell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Wan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Fontham
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rosaline A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John D Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Department of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Menegaux
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif Cédex, France; Paris-Sud University, Villejuif Cédex, France
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- Department of Urology and Predictive Onco-Urology Group, Sorbonne Université, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Urology, APHP-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric A Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Brureau
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Darst BF, Shen J, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Xiao Y, Sheng X, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Hoffmann TJ, Muir K, Wan P, Le Marchand L, Wilkens L, Wang Y, Schleutker J, MacInnis RJ, Cybulski C, Neal DE, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Batra J, Clements JA, Grönberg H, Pashayan N, Travis RC, Park JY, Albanes D, Weinstein S, Mucci LA, Hunter DJ, Penney KL, Tangen CM, Hamilton RJ, Parent MÉ, Stanford JL, Koutros S, Wolk A, Sørensen KD, Blot WJ, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Lu YJ, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN, West CM, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cancel-Tassin G, Menegaux F, John EM, Grindedal EM, Khaw KT, Ingles SA, Vega A, Rosenstein BS, Teixeira MR, Kogevinas M, Cannon-Albright L, Huff C, Multigner L, Kaneva R, Leach RJ, Brenner H, Hsing AW, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Logothetis CJ, Neuhausen SL, Isaacs WB, Nemesure B, Hennis AJ, Carpten J, Pandha H, De Ruyck K, Xu J, Razack A, Teo SH, Newcomb LF, Fowke JH, Neslund-Dudas C, Rybicki BA, Gamulin M, Usmani N, Claessens F, GagoDominguez M, Castelao JE, Townsend PA, Crawford DC, Petrovics G, Casey G, Roobol MJ, Hu JF, Berndt SI, Van Den Eeden SK, Easton DF, Chanock SJ, Cook MB, Wiklund F, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Watya S, Gaziano JM, Justice AC, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Evaluating Approaches for Constructing Polygenic Risk Scores for Prostate Cancer in Men of African and European Ancestry. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.12.23289860. [PMID: 37292833 PMCID: PMC10246022 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.23289860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide polygenic risk scores (GW-PRS) have been reported to have better predictive ability than PRS based on genome-wide significance thresholds across numerous traits. We compared the predictive ability of several GW-PRS approaches to a recently developed PRS of 269 established prostate cancer risk variants from multi-ancestry GWAS and fine-mapping studies (PRS 269 ). GW-PRS models were trained using a large and diverse prostate cancer GWAS of 107,247 cases and 127,006 controls used to develop the multi-ancestry PRS 269 . Resulting models were independently tested in 1,586 cases and 1,047 controls of African ancestry from the California/Uganda Study and 8,046 cases and 191,825 controls of European ancestry from the UK Biobank and further validated in 13,643 cases and 210,214 controls of European ancestry and 6,353 cases and 53,362 controls of African ancestry from the Million Veteran Program. In the testing data, the best performing GW-PRS approach had AUCs of 0.656 (95% CI=0.635-0.677) in African and 0.844 (95% CI=0.840-0.848) in European ancestry men and corresponding prostate cancer OR of 1.83 (95% CI=1.67-2.00) and 2.19 (95% CI=2.14-2.25), respectively, for each SD unit increase in the GW-PRS. However, compared to the GW-PRS, in African and European ancestry men, the PRS 269 had larger or similar AUCs (AUC=0.679, 95% CI=0.659-0.700 and AUC=0.845, 95% CI=0.841-0.849, respectively) and comparable prostate cancer OR (OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.87-2.26 and OR=2.21, 95% CI=2.16-2.26, respectively). Findings were similar in the validation data. This investigation suggests that current GW-PRS approaches may not improve the ability to predict prostate cancer risk compared to the multi-ancestry PRS 269 constructed with fine-mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu F. Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yukai Xiao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peggy Wan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert J. MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David E. Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge UK
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F. Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane; Prostate Cancer Research Program, Monash University, Melbourne; Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Chris O’Brien Lifehouse and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert J. Hamilton
- Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Dept. of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karina D. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - William J. Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward D. Yeboah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E. Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catharine M. West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Adam S. Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universite, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-urology, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Menegaux
- “Exposome and Heredity”, CESP (UMR 1018), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Esther M. John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue A. Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Barry S. Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - NC-LA PCaP Investigators
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, France
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robin J. Leach
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Texas, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann W. Hsing
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Adam B. Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William B. Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J. Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Canary PASS Investigators
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa F. Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela GagoDominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, UK
- The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- 109 Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer F. Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K. Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B. Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Watya
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala Uganda
| | - John M. Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C. Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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Oyortey MA, Essoun SA, Ali MA, Abdul-Rahman M, Welbeck J, Dakubo JCB, Mensah JE. Safe duration of silicon catheter replacement in urological patients. Ghana Med J 2023; 57:66-74. [PMID: 37576373 PMCID: PMC10416272 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v57i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study compared the infection rates, degree of encrustation, symptoms, and complications in patients regarding the duration of urethral catheterisation (three weeks, six weeks, and eight weeks). Design A cross-sectional study with stratified simple random sampling. Setting Urology Unit, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Participants One hundred and thirty-seven male patients with long-term urinary catheters. Interventions Participants were grouped into 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks duration of catheter replacements. Primary outcomes measures Symptoms due to the urinary catheters, urinalysis, urine and catheter tip cultures, sensitivity, and catheter encrustations were assessed. Results Eighty-six patients had a primary diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 35 had urethral strictures,13 had prostate cancer, two had BPH and urethral strictures, and one participant had bladder cancer. There was no difference in the symptoms the participants in the different groups experienced due to the urinary catheters (p > 0.05). The frequency of occurrence of complications (pyuria, p = 0.784; blocked catheter, p=0.097; urethral bleeding, p=0.148; epididymo-orchitis, p=0.769 and bladder spasms, p=1.000) showed no differences in the three groups. There was no statistical difference in the urinalysis for the three groups (p>0.05) and the degree of encrustations (3 weeks: 0.03 ± 0.06, 6 weeks: 0.11±0.27 and eight weeks: 0.12 ±0.27) with p=0.065. Conclusions In this study, the duration of urinary catheterisation using silicone Foley's catheters did not influence the complication and symptom rates; hence silicon catheters can be placed in situ for up to 8 weeks before replacement instead of the traditional three-weekly change. Funding Enterprise Computing Limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawuenyo A Oyortey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho
| | - Samuel A Essoun
- Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle Bu, Accra
| | - Mahamudu A Ali
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho
| | | | | | | | - James E Mensah
- Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle Bu, Accra
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10
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Kim MS, Naidoo D, Hazra U, Quiver MH, Chen WC, Simonti CN, Kachambwa P, Harlemon M, Agalliu I, Baichoo S, Fernandez P, Hsing AW, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Niang L, Diop H, Ndoye M, Snyper NY, Adusei B, Mensah JE, Abrahams AOD, Biritwum R, Adjei AA, Adebiyi AO, Shittu O, Ogunbiyi O, Adebayo S, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Nwegbu MM, Ajibola HO, Oluwole OP, Jamda MA, Singh E, Pentz A, Joffe M, Darst BF, Conti DV, Haiman CA, Spies PV, van der Merwe A, Rohan TE, Jacobson J, Neugut AI, McBride J, Andrews C, Petersen LN, Rebbeck TR, Lachance J. Testing the generalizability of ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores to predict prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Genome Biol 2022; 23:194. [PMID: 36100952 PMCID: PMC9472407 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies do not always replicate well across populations, limiting the generalizability of polygenic risk scores (PRS). Despite higher incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in men of African descent, much of what is known about cancer genetics comes from populations of European descent. To understand how well genetic predictions perform in different populations, we evaluated test characteristics of PRS from three previous studies using data from the UK Biobank and a novel dataset of 1298 prostate cancer cases and 1333 controls from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. RESULTS Allele frequency differences cause predicted risks of prostate cancer to vary across populations. However, natural selection is not the primary driver of these differences. Comparing continental datasets, we find that polygenic predictions of case vs. control status are more effective for European individuals (AUC 0.608-0.707, OR 2.37-5.71) than for African individuals (AUC 0.502-0.585, OR 0.95-2.01). Furthermore, PRS that leverage information from African Americans yield modest AUC and odds ratio improvements for sub-Saharan African individuals. These improvements were larger for West Africans than for South Africans. Finally, we find that existing PRS are largely unable to predict whether African individuals develop aggressive forms of prostate cancer, as specified by higher tumor stages or Gleason scores. CONCLUSIONS Genetic predictions of prostate cancer perform poorly if the study sample does not match the ancestry of the original GWAS. PRS built from European GWAS may be inadequate for application in non-European populations and perpetuate existing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daphne Naidoo
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ujani Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Melanie H Quiver
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenlong C Chen
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Corinne N Simonti
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Maxine Harlemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Pedro Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lamine Niang
- Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Medina Ndoye
- Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Afua O D Abrahams
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Biritwum
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Sikiru Adebayo
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Maxwell M Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Hafees O Ajibola
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olabode P Oluwole
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha A Jamda
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Elvira Singh
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Audrey Pentz
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Petrus V Spies
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - André van der Merwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Judith Jacobson
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jo McBride
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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11
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Chen F, Darst BF, Madduri RK, Rodriguez AA, Sheng X, Rentsch CT, Andrews C, Tang W, Kibel AS, Plym A, Cho K, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Niang L, Ogunbiyi OJ, Popoola O, Adebiyi AO, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Ajibola HO, Jamda MA, Oluwole OP, Nwegbu M, Adusei B, Mante S, Darkwa-Abrahams A, Mensah JE, Adjei AA, Diop H, Lachance J, Rebbeck TR, Ambs S, Gaziano JM, Justice AC, Conti DV, Haiman CA. Validation of a multi-ancestry polygenic risk score and age-specific risks of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis within diverse populations. eLife 2022; 11:78304. [PMID: 35801699 PMCID: PMC9322982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently developed a multi-ancestry polygenic risk score (PRS) that effectively stratifies prostate cancer risk across populations. In this study, we validated the performance of the PRS in the multi-ancestry Million Veteran Program and additional independent studies. Methods Within each ancestry population, the association of PRS with prostate cancer risk was evaluated separately in each case-control study and then combined in a fixed-effects inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. We further assessed the effect modification by age and estimated the age-specific absolute risk of prostate cancer for each ancestry population. Results The PRS was evaluated in 31,925 cases and 490,507 controls, including men from European (22,049 cases, 414,249 controls), African (8794 cases, 55,657 controls), and Hispanic (1082 cases, 20,601 controls) populations. Comparing men in the top decile (90-100% of the PRS) to the average 40-60% PRS category, the prostate cancer odds ratio (OR) was 3.8-fold in European ancestry men (95% CI = 3.62-3.96), 2.8-fold in African ancestry men (95% CI = 2.59-3.03), and 3.2-fold in Hispanic men (95% CI = 2.64-3.92). The PRS did not discriminate risk of aggressive versus nonaggressive prostate cancer. However, the OR diminished with advancing age (European ancestry men in the top decile: ≤55 years, OR = 7.11; 55-60 years, OR = 4.26; >70 years, OR = 2.79). Men in the top PRS decile reached 5% absolute prostate cancer risk ~10 years younger than men in the 40-60% PRS category. Conclusions Our findings validate the multi-ancestry PRS as an effective prostate cancer risk stratification tool across populations. A clinical study of PRS is warranted to determine whether the PRS could be used for risk-stratified screening and early detection. Funding This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers U19 CA214253 to C.A.H., U01 CA257328 to C.A.H., U19 CA148537 to C.A.H., R01 CA165862 to C.A.H., K99 CA246063 to B.F.D, and T32CA229110 to F.C), the Prostate Cancer Foundation (grants 21YOUN11 to B.F.D. and 20CHAS03 to C.A.H.), the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation Los Angeles Founder Chapter to B.F.D, and the Million Veteran Program-MVP017. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under application number 42195. This research is based on data from the Million Veteran Program, Office of Research and Development, and the Veterans Health Administration. This publication does not represent the views of the Department of Veteran Affairs or the United States Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Christopher T Rentsch
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, United States.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anna Plym
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, United States.,Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | | | | | - Olufemi J Ogunbiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Popoola
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele O Adebiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Hafees O Ajibola
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha A Jamda
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olabode P Oluwole
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Halimatou Diop
- Laboratoires Bacteriologie et Virologie, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, United States.,Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Amy C Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, United States
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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12
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Agalliu I, Lin WKJ, Zhang JS, Jacobson JS, Rohan TE, Adusei B, Snyper NYF, Andrews C, Sidahmed E, Mensah JE, Biritwum R, Adjei AA, Okyne V, Ainuson-Quampah J, Fernandez P, Irusen H, Odiaka E, Folasire OF, Ifeoluwa MG, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Nwegbu MM, Pentz A, Chen WC, Joffe M, Neugut AI, Diallo TA, Jalloh M, Rebbeck TR, Adebiyi AO, Hsing AW. Overall and central obesity and prostate cancer risk in African men. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:223-239. [PMID: 34783926 PMCID: PMC8776598 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE African men are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer (PCa). Given the increasing prevalence of obesity in Africa, and its association with aggressive PCa in other populations, we examined the relationship of overall and central obesity with risks of total and aggressive PCa among African men. METHODS Between 2016 and 2020, we recruited 2,200 PCa cases and 1,985 age-matched controls into a multi-center, hospital-based case-control study in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. Participants completed an epidemiologic questionnaire, and anthropometric factors were measured at clinic visit. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations of overall and central obesity with PCa risk, measured by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), respectively. RESULTS Among controls 16.4% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), 26% and 90% had WC > 97 cm and WHR > 0.9, respectively. Cases with aggressive PCa had lower BMI/obesity in comparison to both controls and cases with less aggressive PCa, suggesting weight loss related to cancer. Overall obesity (odds ratio: OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.99-1.93), and central obesity (WC > 97 cm: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.10-2.33; and WHtR > 0.59: OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.24-2.29) were positively associated with D'Amico intermediate-risk PCa, but not with risks of total or high-risk PCa. Associations were more pronounced in West versus South Africa, but these differences were not statistically significant. DISCUSSION The high prevalence of overall and central obesity in African men and their association with intermediate-risk PCa represent an emerging public health concern in Africa. Large cohort studies are needed to better clarify the role of obesity and PCa in various African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Wei-Kaung Jerry Lin
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janice S Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith S Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elkhansa Sidahmed
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Biritwum
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Victoria Okyne
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joana Ainuson-Quampah
- College of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Emeka Odiaka
- College of Medicine and University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Audrey Pentz
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wenlong Carl Chen
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thierno Amadou Diallo
- Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé Familiale, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé Familiale, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, 780 Welch Road, Room 250D, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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13
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Darst BF, Hughley R, Pfennig A, Hazra U, Fan C, Wan P, Sheng X, Xia L, Andrews C, Chen F, Berndt SI, Kote-Jarai Z, Govindasami K, Bensen JT, Ingles SA, Rybicki BA, Nemesure B, John EM, Fowke JH, Huff CD, Strom SS, Isaacs WB, Park JY, Zheng W, Ostrander EA, Walsh PC, Carpten J, Sellers TA, Yamoah K, Murphy AB, Sanderson M, Crawford DC, Gapstur SM, Bush WS, Aldrich MC, Cussenot O, Petrovics G, Cullen J, Neslund-Dudas C, Kittles RA, Xu J, Stern MC, Chokkalingam AP, Multigner L, Parent ME, Menegaux F, Cancel-Tassin G, Kibel AS, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Stanford JL, Drake BF, Hu JJ, Clark PE, Blanchet P, Casey G, Hennis AJM, Lubwama A, Thompson IM, Leach RJ, Gundell SM, Pooler L, Mohler JL, Fontham ETH, Smith GJ, Taylor JA, Brureau L, Blot WJ, Biritwum R, Tay E, Truelove A, Niwa S, Tettey Y, Varma R, McKean-Cowdin R, Torres M, Jalloh M, Magueye Gueye S, Niang L, Ogunbiyi O, Oladimeji Idowu M, Popoola O, Adebiyi AO, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Nwegbu M, Adusei B, Mante S, Darkwa-Abrahams A, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Anthony Adjei A, Diop H, Cook MB, Chanock SJ, Watya S, Eeles RA, Chiang CWK, Lachance J, Rebbeck TR, Conti DV, Haiman CA. A Rare Germline HOXB13 Variant Contributes to Risk of Prostate Cancer in Men of African Ancestry. Eur Urol 2022; 81:458-462. [PMID: 35031163 PMCID: PMC9018520 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rare African ancestry-specific germline deletion variant in HOXB13 (X285K, rs77179853) was recently reported in Martinican men with early-onset prostate cancer. Given the role of HOXB13 germline variation in prostate cancer, we investigated the association between HOXB13 X285K and prostate cancer risk in a large sample of 22 361 African ancestry men, including 11 688 prostate cancer cases. The risk allele was present only in men of West African ancestry, with an allele frequency in men that ranged from 0.40% in Ghana and 0.31% in Nigeria to 0% in Uganda and South Africa, with a range of frequencies in men with admixed African ancestry from North America and Europe (0-0.26%). HOXB13 X285K was associated with 2.4-fold increased odds of prostate cancer (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-3.9, p = 2 × 10-4), with greater risk observed for more aggressive and advanced disease (Gleason ≥8: odds ratio [OR] = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.3-9.5, p = 2 × 10-5; stage T3/T4: OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.0-10.0, p = 2 × 10-4; metastatic disease: OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.9-13.7, p = 0.001). We estimated that the allele arose in West Africa 1500-4600 yr ago. Further analysis is needed to understand how the HOXB13 X285K variant impacts the HOXB13 protein and function in the prostate. Understanding who carries this mutation may inform prostate cancer screening in men of West African ancestry. PATIENT SUMMARY: A rare African ancestry-specific germline deletion in HOXB13, found only in men of West African ancestry, was reported to be associated with an increased risk of overall and advanced prostate cancer. Understanding who carries this mutation may help inform screening for prostate cancer in men of West African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu F Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Raymond Hughley
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Pfennig
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ujani Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caoqi Fan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Wan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucy Xia
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Koveela Govindasami
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick C Walsh
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP & Sorbonne Universite, GRC n° 5, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Rick A Kittles
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florence Menegaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Inserm, Team Cancer-Environment, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bettina F Drake
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter E Clark
- Atrium Health/Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU de Guadeloupe, Univ Antilles, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Alexander Lubwama
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Health System and The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Susan M Gundell
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loreall Pooler
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth T H Fontham
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Laurent Brureau
- CHU de Guadeloupe, Univ Antilles, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Tay
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Yao Tettey
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mina Torres
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olufemi Ogunbiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Olufemi Popoola
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele O Adebiyi
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and Cancer Science Center, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Edward D Yeboah
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Halimatou Diop
- Laboratoires Bacteriologie et Virologie, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Watya
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Uro Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and Division of Population Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Lord BD, Minas T, Dorsey TH, Baker F, Tang W, Yeboah ED, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Mensah JE, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Cook MB, Ambs S. Abstract PO-199: Determining the association between circulating fatty acids, immune oncological markers, and prostate cancer risk in a diverse cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp21-po-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Men of African descent, including African American (AA) men and Ghanaian (AFR) men, have a disproportionately higher burden of lethal prostate cancer (PCa) when compared to European American (EA) men. This increased mortality burden could be partially attributed to lifestyle factors including the intake of dietary fatty acids and their metabolism, but may also relate to differences in inflammation and immune function. Although the extent to which fatty acids are PCa risk factors remains controversial, the relationship between fatty acids, inflammation and immune function, and PCa in men of African descent remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the goal of our study was to characterize the relationship between circulating fatty acids, immune-oncological mediators, and PCa in the ethnically diverse NCI-Maryland and NCI-Ghana Prostate Cancer Case-Control studies, with an over-representation of men of African descent. A CLIA-certified, mass spectrometry-based assay was applied to measure 24 fatty acids in sera from 1,562 cases and 1,693 controls. Logistic regression analyses were performed on seven types of fatty acids including total, saturated, trans, cis-monounsaturated, omega-6, omega-3 fatty acids, and the omega 6:3 fatty acid ratio to explore disease associations by population group. Additionally, we measured 82 immune-oncological proteins in the same sera and explored their role as potential mediators of the relationship between fatty acids and PCa. Using this approach, we observed a significant association between trans fatty acid levels and the odds of developing PCa in all three racial/ethnic groups. Although AFR men were found to have the lowest level of trans fatty acids compared to AA and EA men, they still experienced significantly increased odds of developing PCa with increasing trans fatty acid levels. Exploratory mediation analyses found a relationship between Palmitelaidic trans fatty acid levels and two circulating proteins, CD27 and CXCL1, with protein levels being higher in men with elevated levels of circulating Palmitelaidic trans fatty acids and an increased risk of PCa. Our findings point to a previously unexplored oncogenic role of fatty acids and immune-oncological mediators in men of African descent with PCa.
Citation Format: Brittany D. Lord, Tsion Minas, Tiffany H. Dorsey, Francine Baker, Wei Tang, Edward D. Yeboah, Yao Tettey, Richard B. Biritwum, Andrew A. Adjei, Evelyn Tay, James E. Mensah, Robert N. Hoover, Ann W. Hsing, Michael B. Cook, Stefan Ambs. Determining the association between circulating fatty acids, immune oncological markers, and prostate cancer risk in a diverse cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-199.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsion Minas
- 1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | - Wei Tang
- 1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Ambs
- 1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
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15
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Yamoah K, Asamoah FA, Abrahams AOD, Awasthi S, Mensah JE, Dhillon J, Mahal BA, Gueye SM, Jalloh M, Farahani SJ, Lal P, Rebbeck TR, Yarney J. Prostate tumors of native men from West Africa show biologically distinct pathways-A comparative genomic study. Prostate 2021; 81:1402-1410. [PMID: 34529278 PMCID: PMC8563425 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native African men (NAM) experience a disproportionate burden of prostate cancer (PCa) and have higher mortality rates compared to European American men (EAM). While socioeconomic status has been implicated as a driver of this disparity, little is known about the genomic mechanisms and distinct biological pathways that are associated with PCa of native men of African origin. METHODS To understand biological factors that contribute to this disparity we utilized a total of 406 multi-institutional localized PCa samples, collected by Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate biospecimen network and Moffitt Cancer Center/University of Pennsylvania Health science system. We performed comparative genomics and immunohistochemistry to identify the biomarkers that are highly enriched in NAM from west Africa and compared them with African American Men (AAM) and EAM. Quantified messenger RNA expression and Median H scores based on immune reactivity of staining cells, were compared using Mann Whitney test. For gene expression analysis, p values were further adjusted for multiple comparisons using false discovery rates. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis on selected biomarkers showed a consistent association between ETS related gene (ERG) status and race with 83% of NAM exhibiting tumors that lacked TMPRSS2-ERG translocation (ERGnegative ) as compared to AAM (71%) and EAM (52%). A higher proportion of NAM (29%) were also found to be double negative (ERGnegative and PTENLoss ) as compared to AAM (6%) and EAM (7%). NAM tumors had significantly higher immunoreactivity (H-score) for PSMA, and EZH2, whereas they have lower H-score for PTEN, MYC, AR, RB and Racemase, (all p < .05). Comparative genomics revealed that NAM had significant transcriptomic variability in AR-activity score. In pathways enrichment analysis NAM tumors exhibited the enrichment of proinflammatory pathways including cytokine, interleukins, inflammatory response, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. CONCLUSIONS Prostate tumors in NAM are genomically distinct and are characterized by the dysregulation of several biomarkers. Furthermore, these tumors are also highly enriched for the major proinflammatory pathways. These distinct biological features may have implications for diagnosis and response to targeted therapy among Black men, globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francis A. Asamoah
- National Center for Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Afua O. D. Abrahams
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Shivanshu Awasthi
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James E. Mensah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brandon A. Mahal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Yarney
- National Center for Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana, West Africa
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Conti DV, Darst BF, Moss LC, Saunders EJ, Sheng X, Chou A, Schumacher FR, Olama AAA, Benlloch S, Dadaev T, Brook MN, Sahimi A, Hoffmann TJ, Takahashi A, Matsuda K, Momozawa Y, Fujita M, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Wan P, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Carter BD, Schleutker J, Tammela TLJ, Sipeky C, Auvinen A, Giles GG, Southey MC, MacInnis RJ, Cybulski C, Wokołorczyk D, Lubiński J, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Røder MA, Iversen P, Batra J, Chambers S, Moya L, Horvath L, Clements JA, Tilley W, Risbridger GP, Gronberg H, Aly M, Szulkin R, Eklund M, Nordström T, Pashayan N, Dunning AM, Ghoussaini M, Travis RC, Key TJ, Riboli E, Park JY, Sellers TA, Lin HY, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E, Lindstrom S, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Penney KL, Turman C, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM, Hamilton RJ, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Parent MÉ, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Geybels MS, Koutros S, Freeman LEB, Stampfer M, Wolk A, Håkansson N, Andriole GL, Hoover RN, Machiela MJ, Sørensen KD, Borre M, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Lu YJ, Zhang HW, Feng N, Mao X, Wu Y, Zhao SC, Sun Z, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, West CML, Burnet N, Barnett G, Maier C, Schnoeller T, Luedeke M, Kibel AS, Drake BF, Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G, Menegaux F, Truong T, Koudou YA, John EM, Grindedal EM, Maehle L, Khaw KT, Ingles SA, Stern MC, Vega A, Gómez-Caamaño A, Fachal L, Rosenstein BS, Kerns SL, Ostrer H, Teixeira MR, Paulo P, Brandão A, Watya S, Lubwama A, Bensen JT, Fontham ETH, Mohler J, Taylor JA, Kogevinas M, Llorca J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Cannon-Albright L, Teerlink CC, Huff CD, Strom SS, Multigner L, Blanchet P, Brureau L, Kaneva R, Slavov C, Mitev V, Leach RJ, Weaver B, Brenner H, Cuk K, Holleczek B, Saum KU, Klein EA, Hsing AW, Kittles RA, Murphy AB, Logothetis CJ, Kim J, Neuhausen SL, Steele L, Ding YC, Isaacs WB, Nemesure B, Hennis AJM, Carpten J, Pandha H, Michael A, De Ruyck K, De Meerleer G, Ost P, Xu J, Razack A, Lim J, Teo SH, Newcomb LF, Lin DW, Fowke JH, Neslund-Dudas C, Rybicki BA, Gamulin M, Lessel D, Kulis T, Usmani N, Singhal S, Parliament M, Claessens F, Joniau S, Van den Broeck T, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Martinez ME, Larkin S, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C, Bush WS, Aldrich MC, Crawford DC, Srivastava S, Cullen JC, Petrovics G, Casey G, Roobol MJ, Jenster G, van Schaik RHN, Hu JJ, Sanderson M, Varma R, McKean-Cowdin R, Torres M, Mancuso N, Berndt SI, Van Den Eeden SK, Easton DF, Chanock SJ, Cook MB, Wiklund F, Nakagawa H, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Haiman CA. Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction. Nat Genet 2021; 53:65-75. [PMID: 33398198 PMCID: PMC8148035 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Conti
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Burcu F Darst
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilit C Moss
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Sheng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alisha Chou
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ali Sahimi
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Atushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Biobank, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peggy Wan
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Carter
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokołorczyk
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Leire Moya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse (COBLH), Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Aly
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Szulkin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- SDS Life Science, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nordström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital - Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Milan S Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zan Sun
- The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Burnet
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gill Barnett
- University of Cambridge Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Florence Menegaux
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Exposome and Heredity, CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Akoli Koudou
- CESP (UMR 1018), Paris-Saclay Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lovise Maehle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sue A Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Fachal
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Fundación Pública Galega Medicina Xenómica, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Brandão
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth T H Fontham
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Mohler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luc Multigner
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, University of the French Antilles, University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Laurent Brureau
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, University of the French Antilles, University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brandi Weaver
- Department of Urology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Cuk
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric A Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Nemesure
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Chronic Disease Research Centre and Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Agnieszka Michael
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay H Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Parliament
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Larkin
- The University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire Aukim-Hastie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - William S Bush
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C Cullen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J Hu
- The University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Sanderson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mina Torres
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher A Haiman
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Harlemon M, Ajayi O, Kachambwa P, Kim MS, Simonti CN, Quiver MH, Petersen DC, Mittal A, Fernandez PW, Hsing AW, Baichoo S, Agalliu I, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Snyper NYF, Adusei B, Mensah JE, Abrahams AOD, Adebiyi AO, Orunmuyi AT, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI, Nwegbu MM, Joffe M, Chen WC, Irusen H, Neugut AI, Quintana Y, Seutloali M, Fadipe MB, Warren C, Woehrmann MH, Zhang P, Ongaco CM, Mawhinney M, McBride J, Andrews CV, Adams M, Pugh E, Rebbeck TR, Petersen LN, Lachance J. A Custom Genotyping Array Reveals Population-Level Heterogeneity for the Genetic Risks of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers in Africa. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2956-2966. [PMID: 32393663 PMCID: PMC7335354 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for African men, the vast majority of known disease associations have been detected in European study cohorts. Furthermore, most genome-wide association studies have used genotyping arrays that are hindered by SNP ascertainment bias. To overcome these disparities in genomic medicine, the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Network has developed a genotyping array that is optimized for African populations. The MADCaP Array contains more than 1.5 million markers and an imputation backbone that successfully tags over 94% of common genetic variants in African populations. This array also has a high density of markers in genomic regions associated with cancer susceptibility, including 8q24. We assessed the effectiveness of the MADCaP Array by genotyping 399 prostate cancer cases and 403 controls from seven urban study sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Samples from Ghana and Nigeria clustered together, whereas samples from Senegal and South Africa yielded distinct ancestry clusters. Using the MADCaP array, we identified cancer-associated loci that have large allele frequency differences across African populations. Polygenic risk scores for prostate cancer were higher in Nigeria than in Senegal. In summary, individual and population-level differences in prostate cancer risk were revealed using a novel genotyping array. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents an Africa-specific genotyping array, which enables investigators to identify novel disease associations and to fine-map genetic loci that are associated with prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Harlemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Olabode Ajayi
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle S Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Corinne N Simonti
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melanie H Quiver
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Pedro W Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Ilir Agalliu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Urologie et Santé Familiale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Serigne M Gueye
- Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Urologie et Santé Familiale, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - James E Mensah
- Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxwell M Nwegbu
- College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Division, Wits Health Consortium (PTY) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wenlong C Chen
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Irusen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yuri Quintana
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mayowa B Fadipe
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chrissie M Ongaco
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle Mawhinney
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jo McBride
- Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marcia Adams
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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18
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Hurwitz LM, Yeboah ED, Biritwum RB, Tettey Y, Adjei AA, Mensah JE, Tay E, Okyne V, Truelove A, Kelly SP, Zhou CK, Butler EN, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Cook MB. Overall and abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk in a West African population: An analysis of the Ghana Prostate Study. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2669-2676. [PMID: 32350862 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, most studies have been conducted among North American and European populations. Prostate cancer mortality appears elevated in West Africa, yet risk factors for prostate cancer in this region are unknown. We thus examined the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer using a case-control study conducted in Accra, Ghana in 2004 to 2012. Cases and controls were drawn from a population-based sample of 1037 men screened for prostate cancer, yielding 73 cases and 964 controls. An additional 493 incident cases were recruited from the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Anthropometric measurements were taken at enrollment. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and prostate cancer, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean BMI was 25.1 kg/m2 for cases and 24.3 kg/m2 for controls. After adjustment, men with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 had an increased risk of prostate cancer relative to men with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11-3.13). Elevated WC (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.24-2.51) and WHR (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.99-2.16) were also associated with prostate cancer. Associations were not modified by smoking status and were evident for low- and high-grade disease. These findings indicate that overall and abdominal obesity are positively associated with prostate cancer among men in Ghana, implicating obesity as a potentially modifiable risk factor for prostate cancer in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hurwitz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard B Biritwum
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yao Tettey
- Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology,University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vicky Okyne
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Scott P Kelly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eboneé N Butler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center and Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Asamoah FA, Yarney J, Awasthi S, Vanderpuye V, Venkat PS, Fink AK, Naghavi AO, Abrahams A, Mensah JE, Sasu E, Tagoe SNA, Johnstone PAS, Yamoah K. Contemporary Radiation Treatment of Prostate Cancer in Africa: A Ghanaian Experience. J Glob Oncol 2019; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30085846 PMCID: PMC6223508 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.17.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Data on prostate cancer (PCa) treatment in Africa remains under-reported. We present a review of the management of PCa at the cancer center of the largest tertiary referral facility in Ghana, with emphasis on curative treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data on 1,074 patients seen at the National Center for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine from 2003 to 2016. Patient and disease characteristics at presentation are presented using descriptive statistics. The χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze differences between categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Methods of survival analysis were used to evaluate the relative risk of biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS). Results Seventy percent of the study population presented with localized disease. High-risk disease presentation accounted for 64.4% of these patients. Only 57.6% of patients with localized disease received curative radiotherapy. The 5-year overall survival for the curative cohort was 96% (interquartile range, 93% to 98%). The 5-year bDFS rates for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 95%, 70%, and 48%, respectively. Both Gleason score and pretreatment prostate-specific antigen were significant predictors for bDFS in multivariable analysis. Conclusion We show that the majority of patients with PCa have locally advanced disease at the time of presentation for radiotherapy. bDFS was significantly better for low- and intermediate-risk than for high-risk disease. These data emphasize the dire need to re-evaluate screening and patient education of PCa in regions of the world with high incidence and mortality as well as the need for improved access to care and treatment delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Asamoah
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Joel Yarney
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Shivanshu Awasthi
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Verna Vanderpuye
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Puja S Venkat
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Angelina K Fink
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Arash O Naghavi
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Afua Abrahams
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - James E Mensah
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Evans Sasu
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Samuel N A Tagoe
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Peter A S Johnstone
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Francis A. Asamoah, Shivanshu Awasthi, Puja S. Venkat, Angelina K. Fink, Arash O. Naghavi, Peter A.S. Johnstone, and Kosj Yamoah, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; and Francis A. Asamoah, Joel Yarney, Verna Vanderpuye, Afua Abrahams, James E. Mensah, Evans Sasu, and Samuel N.A. Tagoe, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, West Africa
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20
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Odiaka E, Lounsbury DW, Jalloh M, Adusei B, Diallo TA, Kane PMS, Rockson I, Okyne V, Irusen H, Pentz A, Makinde I, Ajibola OH, Petersen L, McBride J, Petersen DC, Mante S, Agalliu I, Adebiyi AO, Popoola O, Yeboah E, Mensah JE, Hsing A, Fernandez P, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach O, Joffe M, Singh E, Gueye SM, Quintana Y, Fortier B, Rebbeck TR, Andrews C. Effective Project Management of a Pan-African Cancer Research Network: Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP). J Glob Oncol 2019; 4:1-12. [PMID: 30260756 PMCID: PMC6223501 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Health research in low- and middle-income countries can generate novel scientific knowledge and improve clinical care, fostering population health improvements to prevent premature death. Project management is a critical part of the success of this research, applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to accomplish required goals. Here, we describe the development and implementation of tools to support a multifaceted study of prostate cancer in Africa, focusing on building strategic and operational capacity. Methods Applying a learning organizational framework, we developed and implemented a project management toolkit (PMT) that includes a management process flowchart, a cyclical center-specific schedule of activities, periodic reporting and communication, and center-specific monitoring and evaluation metrics. Results The PMT was successfully deployed during year one of the project with effective component implementation occurring through periodic cycles of dissemination and feedback to local center project managers. A specific evaluation was conducted 1 year after study initiation to obtain enrollment data, evaluate individual quality control management plans, and undertake risk log assessments and follow-up. Pilot data obtained identified areas in which centers required mentoring, strengthening, and capacity development. Strategies were implemented to improve project goals and operational capacity through local problem solving, conducting quality control checks and following compliancy with study aims. Moving forward, centers will perform quarterly evaluations and initiate strengthening measures as required. Conclusion The PMT has fostered the development of both strategic and operational capacity across project centers. Investment in project management resources is essential to ensuring high-quality, impactful health research in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka Odiaka
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - David W Lounsbury
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ben Adusei
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thierno Amadou Diallo
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Papa Moussa Sene Kane
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Isabella Rockson
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Vicky Okyne
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Hayley Irusen
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey Pentz
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ifeoluwa Makinde
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Olalekan Hafees Ajibola
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Petersen
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jo McBride
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Desiree C Petersen
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sunny Mante
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Olufemi Popoola
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Yeboah
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - James E Mensah
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Hsing
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Pedro Fernandez
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Elvira Singh
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Serigne Magueye Gueye
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yuri Quintana
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Brian Fortier
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Emeka Odiaka, Ifeoluwa Makinde, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, and Olufemi Popoola, University College Hospital, Ibadan; Olalekan Hafees Ajibola and Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; David W. Lounsbury and Ilir Agalliu, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mohamed Jalloh, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Papa Moussa Sene Kane, and Serigne Magueye Gueye, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institut de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Familliale, Dakar, Senegal; Ben Adusei and Sunny Mante, 37 Military Hospital, Ghana; Isabella Rockson, Vicky Okyne, Edward Yeboah, and James E. Mensah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, and University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Hayley Irusen and Pedro Fernandez, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, and Desiree C. Petersen, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town; Audrey Pentz, Elvira Singh, and Maureen Joffe, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brian Fortier, Timothy R. Rebbeck, and Caroline Andrews, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Gouveia MH, Bergen AW, Borda V, Nunes K, Leal TP, Ogwang MD, Yeboah ED, Mensah JE, Kinyera T, Otim I, Nabalende H, Legason ID, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Kerchan P, Bhatia K, Reynolds SJ, Birtwum RB, Adjei AA, Tettey Y, Tay E, Hoover R, Pfeiffer RM, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Prokunina-Olsson L, Dean M, Yeager M, Lima-Costa MF, Hsing AW, Tishkoff SA, Chanock SJ, Tarazona-Santos E, Mbulaiteye SM. Genetic signatures of gene flow and malaria-driven natural selection in sub-Saharan populations of the "endemic Burkitt Lymphoma belt". PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008027. [PMID: 30849090 PMCID: PMC6426263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations in sub-Saharan Africa have historically been exposed to intense selection from chronic infection with falciparum malaria. Interestingly, populations with the highest malaria intensity can be identified by the increased occurrence of endemic Burkitt Lymphoma (eBL), a pediatric cancer that affects populations with intense malaria exposure, in the so called "eBL belt" in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effects of intense malaria exposure and sub-Saharan populations' genetic histories remain poorly explored. To determine if historical migrations and intense malaria exposure have shaped the genetic composition of the eBL belt populations, we genotyped ~4.3 million SNPs in 1,708 individuals from Ghana and Northern Uganda, located on opposite sides of eBL belt and with ≥ 7 months/year of intense malaria exposure and published evidence of high incidence of BL. Among 35 Ghanaian tribes, we showed a predominantly West-Central African ancestry and genomic footprints of gene flow from Gambian and East African populations. In Uganda, the North West population showed a predominantly Nilotic ancestry, and the North Central population was a mixture of Nilotic and Southern Bantu ancestry, while the Southwest Ugandan population showed a predominant Southern Bantu ancestry. Our results support the hypothesis of diverse ancestral origins of the Ugandan, Kenyan and Tanzanian Great Lakes African populations, reflecting a confluence of Nilotic, Cushitic and Bantu migrations in the last 3000 years. Natural selection analyses suggest, for the first time, a strong positive selection signal in the ATP2B4 gene (rs10900588) in Northern Ugandan populations. These findings provide important baseline genomic data to facilitate disease association studies, including of eBL, in eBL belt populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus H Gouveia
- Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Research on Genomics & Global Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor Borda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Leal
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Martin D Ogwang
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Tobias Kinyera
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Otim
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ismail D Legason
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Gaonyadiwe George Mokone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patrick Kerchan
- EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kishor Bhatia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yao Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Tay
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J Biggar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M Fernanda Lima-Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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22
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Adler C, Friesen MC, Yeboah ED, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Okyne V, Mensah JE, Truelove A, Yang B, Kelly SP, Zhou CK, McCullough LE, Pardo L, Hoover RN, Hsing AW, Cook MB, Koutros S. Usual adult occupation and risk of prostate cancer in West African men: the Ghana Prostate Study. Occup Environ Med 2018; 76:71-77. [PMID: 30530485 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Established prostate cancer (PCa) risk factors include age, family history of PCa and African ancestry. Studies, mostly among highly screened, predominantly European ancestral populations, suggest that employment in certain occupations (eg, farming, military) may also have an increased risk for PCa. Here, we evaluated the association between usual adult occupation and PCa risk in Ghanaian men, a population with historically low rates of PCa screening. METHODS The Ghana Prostate Study is a case-control study of PCa that was conducted from 2004 to 2012 in 749 cases and 964 controls. In-person interviews were conducted to collect information from participants, including longest held job. Industrial hygienists classified job titles into occupational categories. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs for the association between longest held job and PCa risk (overall, aggressive (Gleason≥7)), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Risk was increased among men in management (overall PCa OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.2; aggressive PCa OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.5) and military occupations (overall PCa OR=3.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 7.0; aggressive PCa OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 8.3). Risks were also elevated for management and military-specific jobs based on 3-digit level Standard Occupational Classification definitions. Sensitivity analyses accounting for access to medical care did not show significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides some evidence for increased risk of PCa among men in management and military occupations, which is consistent with the published literature. Additional research is needed to clarify the drivers of the associations between these occupations and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adler
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yao Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Evelyn Tay
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Baiyu Yang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Scott P Kelly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Larissa Pardo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Andrews C, Fortier B, Hayward A, Lederman R, Petersen L, McBride J, Petersen DC, Ajayi O, Kachambwa P, Seutloali M, Shoko A, Mokhosi M, Hiller R, Adams M, Ongaco C, Pugh E, Romm J, Shelford T, Chinegwundoh F, Adusei B, Mante S, Snyper NY, Agalliu I, Lounsbury DW, Rohan T, Orfanos A, Quintana Y, Jacobson JS, Neugut AI, Gelmann E, Lachance J, Dial C, Diallo TA, Jalloh M, Gueye SM, Kane PMS, Diop H, Ndiaye AJ, Sall AS, Toure-Kane NC, Onyemata E, Abimiku A, Adjei AA, Biritwum R, Gyasi R, Kyei M, Mensah JE, Okine J, Okyne V, Rockson I, Tay E, Tettey Y, Yeboah E, Chen WC, Singh E, Cook MB, Duffy CN, Hsing A, Soo CC, Fernandez P, Irusen H, Aisuodionoe-Shadrach O, Jamda AM, Olabode PO, Nwegbu MM, Ajibola OH, Ajamu OJ, Ambuwa YG, Adebiyi AO, Asuzu M, Ogunbiyi O, Popoola O, Shittu O, Amodu O, Odiaka E, Makinde I, Joffe M, Pentz A, Rebbeck TR. Development, Evaluation, and Implementation of a Pan-African Cancer Research Network: Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-14. [PMID: 30260755 PMCID: PMC6223491 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer of the prostate (CaP) is the leading cancer among men in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A substantial proportion of these men with CaP are diagnosed at late (usually incurable) stages, yet little is known about the etiology of CaP in SSA. METHODS We established the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate Network, which includes seven SSA centers partnering with five US centers to study the genetics and epidemiology of CaP in SSA. We developed common data elements and instruments, regulatory infrastructure, and biosample collection, processing, and shipping protocols. We tested this infrastructure by collecting epidemiologic, medical record, and genomic data from a total of 311 patients with CaP and 218 matched controls recruited at the seven SSA centers. We extracted genomic DNA from whole blood, buffy coat, or buccal swabs from 265 participants and shipped it to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD) and the Centre for Proteomics and Genomics Research (Cape Town, South Africa), where genotypes were generated using the UK Biobank Axiom Array. RESULTS We used common instruments for data collection and entered data into the shared database. Double-entered data from pilot participants showed a 95% to 98% concordance rate, suggesting that data can be collected, entered, and stored with a high degree of accuracy. Genotypes were obtained from 95% of tested DNA samples (100% from blood-derived DNA samples) with high concordance across laboratories. CONCLUSION We provide approaches that can produce high-quality epidemiologic and genomic data in multicenter studies of cancer in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Andrews
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Brian Fortier
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amy Hayward
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Lederman
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lindsay Petersen
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jo McBride
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Desiree C. Petersen
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olabode Ajayi
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Paidamoyo Kachambwa
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moleboheng Seutloali
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Aubrey Shoko
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mamokhosana Mokhosi
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Reinhard Hiller
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcia Adams
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chrissie Ongaco
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jane Romm
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tameka Shelford
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Frank Chinegwundoh
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ben Adusei
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sunny Mante
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nana Yaa Snyper
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - David W. Lounsbury
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Thomas Rohan
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alex Orfanos
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yuri Quintana
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Judith S. Jacobson
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Edward Gelmann
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Lachance
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Cherif Dial
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Thierno Amadou Diallo
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Serigne Magueye Gueye
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Papa Moussa Sène Kane
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Halimatou Diop
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anna Julienne Ndiaye
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amina Sow Sall
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ezenwa Onyemata
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alash’le Abimiku
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Andrew A. Adjei
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard Biritwum
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard Gyasi
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Kyei
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James E. Mensah
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Julian Okine
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Vicky Okyne
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Isabella Rockson
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Evelyn Tay
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yao Tettey
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Edward Yeboah
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wenlong C. Chen
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elvira Singh
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael B. Cook
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Christine N. Duffy
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ann Hsing
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Cassandra Claire Soo
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Pedro Fernandez
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Hayley Irusen
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Mustapha Jamda
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Peter Oluwole Olabode
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Hafees Ajibola
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yakubu Garba Ambuwa
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Asuzu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Ogunbiyi
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Popoola
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayiwola Shittu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olukemi Amodu
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Odiaka
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa Makinde
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Maureen Joffe
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Audrey Pentz
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Caroline Andrews, Brian Fortier, Amy Hayward, Ruth Lederman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Alex Orfanos and Yuri Quintana, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Timothy R. Rebbeck, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Lindsay Petersen, Jo McBride, Desiree C. Petersen, Olabode Ajayi, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Moleboheng Seutloali, Aubrey Shoko, Mamokhosana Mokhosi, and Reinhard Hiller, Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research; Pedro Fernandez and Hayley Irusen, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town; Wenlong C. Chen and Elvira Singh, National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service; Wenlong C. Chen, Elvira Singh, Maureen Joffe, Audrey Pentz, and Cassandra Claire Soo, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Marcia Adams, Chrissie Ongaco, Elizabeth Pugh, Jane Romm, and Tameka Shelford, Center for Inherited Disease Research, Baltimore; Michael B. Cook, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Frank Chinegwundoh, Bart’s Health National Health Services Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ben Adusei, Sunny Mante, and Nana Yaa Snyper, 37 Military Hospital; Andrew A. Adjei, Richard Biritwum, Richard Gyasi, Mathew Kyei, James E. Mensah, Julian Okine, Vicky Okyne, Isabella Rockson, Evelyn Tay, Yao Tettey, and Edward Yeboah, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Ilir Agalliu, David W. Lounsbury, and Thomas Rohan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx; Judith S. Jacobson, Alfred I. Neugut, and Edward Gelmann, Columbia University, New York, NY; Joseph Lachance, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Cristine N. Duffy and Ann Hsing, Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA; Cherif Dial, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Mohamed Jalloh, Serigne Magueye Gueye, and Papa Moussa Sène Kane, Hôpital Général de Grand Yoff, Institute de Formation et de la Recherche en Urologie et de la Santé de la Famillie; Halimatou Diop, Anna Julienne Ndiaye, Amina Sow Sall, and Ndeye Coumba Toure-Kane, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal; Ezenwa Onyemata and Alash’le Abimiku, Institute of Human Virology, H3 African Biorepository Initiative; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, and Olalekan Hafees Ajibola, University of Abuja; Oseremen Aisuodionoe-Shadrach, Abubakar Mustapha Jamda, Peter Oluwole Olabode, and Maxwell Madueke Nwegbu, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja; Olushola Jeremiah Ajamu and Yakubu Garba Ambuwa, Federal Medical Center, Keffi; Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Michael Asuzu, Olufemi Ogunbiyi, Olufemi Popoola, Olayiwola Shittu, Olukemi Amodu, Emeka Odiaka, and Ifeoluwa Makinde, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Asafo-Adjei K, Mensah JE, Labi AK, Dayie NTKD, Donkor ES. Urinary Tract Infections among Bladder Outlet Obstruction Patients in Accra, Ghana: Aetiology, Antibiotic Resistance, and Risk Factors. Diseases 2018; 6:E65. [PMID: 30029549 PMCID: PMC6164110 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate urinary tract infections among patients with Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Accra, Ghana, including the prevalence, risk factors, aetiological agents and their antibiogram. Urine specimens were collected from 188 male patients presenting with BOO and cultured for bacteria. The bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods and tested against a spectrum of antimicrobial agents using the Kirby Bauer method. Demographic information and the clinical history of study participants were also recorded. The prevalence of urinary tract infection among the BOO patients was 76.6% and the main risk factor identified was catheterization (p < 0.0001). A wide range of bacterial organisms was isolated from urine specimens and they were predominantly, Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli was the most frequent cause of bacteriuria (33.3%), followed by Klebsiella (17.3%). Bacterial isolates were most resistant to Augmentin (97.8%) followed by tetracycline (85.8%), nalidixic acid (82.8%) and ciprofloxacin (75%) while 93.6% were multi-drug resistant. The highest susceptibility was observed with amikacin, which had a resistance prevalence of 4.4% resistance. These findings have important implications in the treatment of urinary tract infections among the BOO patients in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikari Asafo-Adjei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, 00233 Accra, Ghana.
| | - James E Mensah
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, 00233 Accra, Ghana.
| | - Appiah-Korang Labi
- Department of Microbiology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, 00233 Accra, Ghana.
| | - Nicholas T K D Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, 00233 Accra, Ghana.
| | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, 00233 Accra, Ghana.
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Zhou CK, Young D, Yeboah ED, Coburn SB, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Tay E, Niwa S, Truelove A, Welsh J, Mensah JE, Hoover RN, Sesterhenn IA, Hsing AW, Srivastava S, Cook MB. TMPRSS2:ERG Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer of West African Men and a Meta-Analysis of Racial Differences. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:1352-1361. [PMID: 28633309 PMCID: PMC5860576 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fusions of the transmembrane protease, serine 2, gene (TMPRSS2) with the erythroblast transformation-specific-related gene (ERG), or TMPRSS2:ERG, in prostate cancer varies by race. However, such somatic aberration and its association with prognostic factors have neither been studied in a West African population nor been systematically reviewed in the context of racial differences. We used immunohistochemistry to assess oncoprotein encoded by the ERG gene as the established surrogate of ERG fusion genes among 262 prostate cancer biopsies from the Ghana Prostate Study (2004-2006). Poisson regression with robust variance estimation provided prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals of ERG expression in relation to patient characteristics. We found that 47 of 262 (18%) prostate cancers were ERG-positive, and being negative for ERG staining was associated with higher Gleason score. We further conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions in relation to race, Gleason score, and tumor stage, combining results from Ghana with 40 additional studies. Meta-analysis showed the prevalence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions in prostate cancer to be highest in men of European descent (49%), followed by men of Asian (27%) and then African (25%) descent. The lower prevalence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions in men of African descent implies that alternative genomic mechanisms might explain the disproportionately high prostate cancer burden in such populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Ke Zhou
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denise Young
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Sally B Coburn
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yao Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Evelyn Tay
- University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Judith Welsh
- NIH Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Robert N Hoover
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Isabell A Sesterhenn
- Genitourinary Pathology, Joint Pathology Center, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Stanford Prevention Research Center and Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael B Cook
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Yeboah ED, Hsing AW, Mante S, Mensah JE, Kyei MY, Yarney J, Vanderpuye V, Beecham K, Tettey Y, Biritwum RB, Adjei AA, Gyasi R, Asante K, Ampadu KN, Klufio GO, Gepi-Attee S, Owoo C, Kwami D, Ahiaku, Pandra R, Cook MB. MANAGEMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER IN ACCRA, GHANA. J West Afr Coll Surg 2016; 6:31-65. [PMID: 29181364 PMCID: PMC5667721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Africans living with prostate cancer in Africa face problems of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. AIM To study the clinical incidence of prostate cancer, risk factors, TNM stage, their management and outcomes. METHODS A prospective study of Prostate Cancer cases managed at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and hospitals in Accra, diagnosed by history, abnormal PSA/DRE, physical examination and histologically confirmed by biopsy from 2004 to 2013 was carried out. The cases were TNM staged and managed by approved protocol. RESULTS There were 669 cases with a mean age 70±0.045SE years, median Gleason Score of 7, organ confined Prostate Cancer(PC) in 415(62%), locally advanced in 167(25%) and metastatic Prostate Cancer in 87(13%) cases. The cases were followed for median of 10 months to ≥ 84 months. Organ confined cases were managed by: Radical Prostatectomy (RP) 92 (13.8%) with a mortality of 0.3%; brachytherapy 70 (10.5%) with a mortality of 0.1% and External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) 155 (23%) with a mortality 0.7%. In all, 98 men constituting (14.1%) cases with a mean age of 75+0.25SE years, life expectancy <10 years were treated by hormonal therapy with a mortality of 1.7%. Twenty cases who were for active surveillance (GS6), PSA <10ng/ml, life expectancy <10 years later all opted for EBRT. Locally advanced cases 25% all had neoadjuvant hormonal therapy then Brachytherapy in 3 (0.4%) mortality 0.15% and EBRT in 64 (9.5%), mortality 0.59%. Hormonal therapy was given in 100 (15%) locally advanced cases, mortality 5%. Metastatic prostate cancer cases (13%) were managed by hormonal therapy, mortality 6%. CONCLUSION Improved facilities and dedicated skilled teams led to a significant rise in proportion of organ confined Prostate Cancer from 15.3% to 62% curable by Radical Prostatectomy, brachytherapy or EBRT with longer disease free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Yeboah
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - A W Hsing
- Stanford University - Stanford Cancer Institute, CA, USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute(NCI),National Institute of Health(NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Mante
- 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - J E Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - M Y Kyei
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - J Yarney
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - V Vanderpuye
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - K Beecham
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - Y Tettey
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - R B Biritwum
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - A A Adjei
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - R Gyasi
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - K Asante
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - K N Ampadu
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - G O Klufio
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - S Gepi-Attee
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - C Owoo
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | - D Kwami
- University of Ghana Medical School(UGMS), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital(KBTH), Accra, Ghana now University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry(UGSMD), Accra, Ghana
| | | | - R Pandra
- Visiting Surgeon, Indian Forces Hospital
| | - M B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute(NCI),National Institute of Health(NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kyei MY, Klufio GO, Mensah JE, Gepi-Attee S, Ampadu K, Toboh B, Yeboah ED. Determinants of peri-operative blood transfusion in a contemporary series of open prostatectomy for benign prostate hyperplasia. BMC Urol 2016; 16:17. [PMID: 27020662 PMCID: PMC4810510 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to determine the factors responsible for peri-operative blood transfusion in a contemporary series of open prostatectomy for benign prostate hyperplasia and thus offer a guide for blood product management for the procedure. Methods This was a prospective study of 200 consecutive patients who underwent open prostatectomy for BPH from January 2010 to September 2013 at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. The data analyzed included the pre-operative blood haemoglobin level (Hb), presence of co-morbidities, the case type, indication for the surgery, ASA score, anaesthetic method used, systolic blood pressure, status of the operating surgeon, duration of surgery and the operative prostate weight. The transfusion of blood peri-operatively was also documented. Results The mean age of the patients was 69.1 years. Elective cases formed 83.5 % with refractory retention of urine being the commonest indication for surgery (68.0 %). The mean pre-operative Hb was 12.1 g/dl. Consultants performed 56.0 % of the prostatectomies. Transvesical approach was used in 90.0 % of the cases. The mean operative time was 101.3mins (range 35.0–240.0) with a mean operative prostate weight of 110.8 g (range 15–550 g). Most of the patients (82.0 %) had spinal anaesthesia. The blood transfusion rate was 23.5 %. The transfusion rate was significantly higher in patients with anaemia (p = .000), emergency cases (p = .000), the use of general anaesthesia (p = .002), a resident as the operating surgeons (p = .034), prostate weight >100 g (p = .000) and duration of surgery (p = .011). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis however only the pre-operative Hb (p = .000. OR 0.95, 95 % CI [0.035–0.257]) and the duration of surgery (p = .025, OR 1.021, 95 % CI [1.003–1.039]) could predict blood transfusion in open prostatectomy for BPH in this series. Conclusions A ‘group and save’ policy should be the preferred blood ordering procedure for patients with Hb ≥ 13.0 g/dl scheduled for an elective open prostatectomy for BPH under spinal anaesthesia. A long operative time however may increase the need for blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Y Kyei
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana.
| | - George O Klufio
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - James E Mensah
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Gepi-Attee
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Ampadu
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bernard Toboh
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward D Yeboah
- Department of Surgery and Urology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
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Kyei MY, Klufio GO, Mensah JE, Gyasi RK, Gepi-Attee S, Ampadu K. Nephrectomy in adults: Experience at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2015; 26:638-42. [PMID: 26022047 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.157438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze nephrectomies performed in adults over a 12-year period at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra and to compare our findings with reports from other institutions. In this retrospective study, medical records of 97 consecutive adult patients who underwent nephrectomy from January 2000 to December 2011 were reviewed. The parameters extracted included the patients' age, gender, indication for nephrectomy and the side of nephrectomy. Also considered were the histology of the nephrectomy specimen and the peri-operative mortality. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (Version 19.0). Of the 97 nephrectomies performed, 62 were performed for suspected malignant renal tumors and 35 were performed for clinically benign renal conditions. Malignancy was confirmed in 85.5% (53/62) of the suspected cases. The mean age of this group was 52.2 ± 15.5 years and the male to female ratio was 1:0.9. Thirty-two tumors (60.4%) were in the right kidney and 21 (39.6%) tumors were in the left kidney; the mean tumor size was 16.8 ± 4.0 cm. The predominant presenting complaints included flank pain (67.9%), flank mass (50.9%) and hematuria (24.5%). In one case (1.9%), the renal mass was found incidentally. Among patients who had benign disease, non-functioning kidney due to renal cystic disease was the most common lesion (11/44; 25.0%). A peri-operative mortality rate of 3.1% was recorded. Our study suggests that malignant renal tumors constitute the main indication for nephrectomy in our institution. Non-functioning kidney due to renal cystic disease was the most common benign renal indication for nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Y Kyei
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Kyei MY, Asante EK, Mensah JE, Klufio GO, Paintsil A, Gepi-Atee S, Morton B, Ampadu K, Toboh B. Penile Strangulation by Self‐Placement of Metallic Nut: Corporal Cavernosa Tissue Showed Resilience to Thermal Burns Sustained at Removal. Ghana Med J 2015. [DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v49i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Kyei MY, Asante EK, Mensah JE, Klufio GO, Paintsil A, Gepi-Atee S, Morton B, Ampadu K, Toboh B. Penile Strangulation by self-Placement of Metallic Nut. Ghana Med J 2015; 49:57-59. [PMID: 26339086 PMCID: PMC4549816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 37-year-old male who presented with a 12-hour history of a strangulating 2cm wide by 0.8 cm thick metallic nut on the penile shaft at the peno-scrotal junction. Unlike instances where these metallic objects are placed to enhance sexual stimulation this nut was rather placed to prevent intercourse. A Bosch electric circular grinder was successfully used for removal but a thermal burn to the penile tissues was sustained in the process as the hardness of the nut required a high energy to cut and its thickness did not allow for effective cooling during the process of removal. This resulted in a circumferential denudation of penile skin, a urethro-cutaneous fistula at the peno-scrotal junction and a mid-bulbar urethral stricture. The penile wound was subsequently covered with a split skin graft with a delayed closure of the urethrocutaneous fistula and a buccal mucosa patch urethroplasty for the mid bulbar stricture. Despite the degree of thermal burns sustained the patient has maintained good erectile function with grade four rigidity. The tunica albuginea and the underlying corpora cavernosa have shown a significant degree of resilience to thermal burns compared to the corpora spongiosum where the thermal burns led to a urethrocutaneous fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kyei
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236 , Accra, Ghana
| | - E K Asante
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236 , Accra, Ghana
| | - J E Mensah
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236 , Accra, Ghana
| | - G O Klufio
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236 , Accra, Ghana
| | - A Paintsil
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - S Gepi-Atee
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236 , Accra, Ghana
| | - B Morton
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 77 Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - K Ampadu
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - B Toboh
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 77 Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
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31
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Wang Z, Zhu B, Zhang M, Parikh H, Jia J, Chung CC, Sampson JN, Hoskins JW, Hutchinson A, Burdette L, Ibrahim A, Hautman C, Raj PS, Abnet CC, Adjei AA, Ahlbom A, Albanes D, Allen NE, Ambrosone CB, Aldrich M, Amiano P, Amos C, Andersson U, Andriole G, Andrulis IL, Arici C, Arslan AA, Austin MA, Baris D, Barkauskas DA, Bassig BA, Beane Freeman LE, Berg CD, Berndt SI, Bertazzi PA, Biritwum RB, Black A, Blot W, Boeing H, Boffetta P, Bolton K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Bracci PM, Brennan P, Brinton LA, Brotzman M, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Buring JE, Butler MA, Cai Q, Cancel-Tassin G, Canzian F, Cao G, Caporaso NE, Carrato A, Carreon T, Carta A, Chang GC, Chang IS, Chang-Claude J, Che X, Chen CJ, Chen CY, Chen CH, Chen C, Chen KY, Chen YM, Chokkalingam AP, Chu LW, Clavel-Chapelon F, Colditz GA, Colt JS, Conti D, Cook MB, Cortessis VK, Crawford ED, Cussenot O, Davis FG, De Vivo I, Deng X, Ding T, Dinney CP, Di Stefano AL, Diver WR, Duell EJ, Elena JW, Fan JH, Feigelson HS, Feychting M, Figueroa JD, Flanagan AM, Fraumeni JF, Freedman ND, Fridley BL, Fuchs CS, Gago-Dominguez M, Gallinger S, Gao YT, Gapstur SM, Garcia-Closas M, Garcia-Closas R, Gastier-Foster JM, Gaziano JM, Gerhard DS, Giffen CA, Giles GG, Gillanders EM, Giovannucci EL, Goggins M, Gokgoz N, Goldstein AM, Gonzalez C, Gorlick R, Greene MH, Gross M, Grossman HB, Grubb R, Gu J, Guan P, Haiman CA, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Harris CC, Hartge P, Hattinger C, Hayes RB, He Q, Helman L, Henderson BE, Henriksson R, Hoffman-Bolton J, Hohensee C, Holly EA, Hong YC, Hoover RN, Hosgood HD, Hsiao CF, Hsing AW, Hsiung CA, Hu N, Hu W, Hu Z, Huang MS, Hunter DJ, Inskip PD, Ito H, Jacobs EJ, Jacobs KB, Jenab M, Ji BT, Johansen C, Johansson M, Johnson A, Kaaks R, Kamat AM, Kamineni A, Karagas M, Khanna C, Khaw KT, Kim C, Kim IS, Kim JH, Kim YH, Kim YC, Kim YT, Kang CH, Jung YJ, Kitahara CM, Klein AP, Klein R, Kogevinas M, Koh WP, Kohno T, Kolonel LN, Kooperberg C, Kratz CP, Krogh V, Kunitoh H, Kurtz RC, Kurucu N, Lan Q, Lathrop M, Lau CC, Lecanda F, Lee KM, Lee MP, Le Marchand L, Lerner SP, Li D, Liao LM, Lim WY, Lin D, Lin J, Lindstrom S, Linet MS, Lissowska J, Liu J, Ljungberg B, Lloreta J, Lu D, Ma J, Malats N, Mannisto S, Marina N, Mastrangelo G, Matsuo K, McGlynn KA, McKean-Cowdin R, McNeill LH, McWilliams RR, Melin BS, Meltzer PS, Mensah JE, Miao X, Michaud DS, Mondul AM, Moore LE, Muir K, Niwa S, Olson SH, Orr N, Panico S, Park JY, Patel AV, Patino-Garcia A, Pavanello S, Peeters PHM, Peplonska B, Peters U, Petersen GM, Picci P, Pike MC, Porru S, Prescott J, Pu X, Purdue MP, Qiao YL, Rajaraman P, Riboli E, Risch HA, Rodabough RJ, Rothman N, Ruder AM, Ryu JS, Sanson M, Schned A, Schumacher FR, Schwartz AG, Schwartz KL, Schwenn M, Scotlandi K, Seow A, Serra C, Serra M, Sesso HD, Severi G, Shen H, Shen M, Shete S, Shiraishi K, Shu XO, Siddiq A, Sierrasesumaga L, Sierri S, Loon Sihoe AD, Silverman DT, Simon M, Southey MC, Spector L, Spitz M, Stampfer M, Stattin P, Stern MC, Stevens VL, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Stram DO, Strom SS, Su WC, Sund M, Sung SW, Swerdlow A, Tan W, Tanaka H, Tang W, Tang ZZ, Tardon A, Tay E, Taylor PR, Tettey Y, Thomas DM, Tirabosco R, Tjonneland A, Tobias GS, Toro JR, Travis RC, Trichopoulos D, Troisi R, Truelove A, Tsai YH, Tucker MA, Tumino R, Van Den Berg D, Van Den Eeden SK, Vermeulen R, Vineis P, Visvanathan K, Vogel U, Wang C, Wang C, Wang J, Wang SS, Weiderpass E, Weinstein SJ, Wentzensen N, Wheeler W, White E, Wiencke JK, Wolk A, Wolpin BM, Wong MP, Wrensch M, Wu C, Wu T, Wu X, Wu YL, Wunder JS, Xiang YB, Xu J, Yang HP, Yang PC, Yatabe Y, Ye Y, Yeboah ED, Yin Z, Ying C, Yu CJ, Yu K, Yuan JM, Zanetti KA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zheng W, Zhou B, Mirabello L, Savage SA, Kraft P, Chanock SJ, Yeager M, Landi MT, Shi J, Chatterjee N, Amundadottir LT. Imputation and subset-based association analysis across different cancer types identifies multiple independent risk loci in the TERT-CLPTM1L region on chromosome 5p15.33. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6616-33. [PMID: 25027329 PMCID: PMC4240198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have mapped risk alleles for at least 10 distinct cancers to a small region of 63 000 bp on chromosome 5p15.33. This region harbors the TERT and CLPTM1L genes; the former encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase reverse transcriptase and the latter may play a role in apoptosis. To investigate further the genetic architecture of common susceptibility alleles in this region, we conducted an agnostic subset-based meta-analysis (association analysis based on subsets) across six distinct cancers in 34 248 cases and 45 036 controls. Based on sequential conditional analysis, we identified as many as six independent risk loci marked by common single-nucleotide polymorphisms: five in the TERT gene (Region 1: rs7726159, P = 2.10 × 10(-39); Region 3: rs2853677, P = 3.30 × 10(-36) and PConditional = 2.36 × 10(-8); Region 4: rs2736098, P = 3.87 × 10(-12) and PConditional = 5.19 × 10(-6), Region 5: rs13172201, P = 0.041 and PConditional = 2.04 × 10(-6); and Region 6: rs10069690, P = 7.49 × 10(-15) and PConditional = 5.35 × 10(-7)) and one in the neighboring CLPTM1L gene (Region 2: rs451360; P = 1.90 × 10(-18) and PConditional = 7.06 × 10(-16)). Between three and five cancers mapped to each independent locus with both risk-enhancing and protective effects. Allele-specific effects on DNA methylation were seen for a subset of risk loci, indicating that methylation and subsequent effects on gene expression may contribute to the biology of risk variants on 5p15.33. Our results provide strong support for extensive pleiotropy across this region of 5p15.33, to an extent not previously observed in other cancer susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | | | | | - Jinping Jia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Charles C Chung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher Hautman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew A Adjei
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anders Ahlbom
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine
| | | | - Naomi E Allen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Melinda Aldrich
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain, CIBERESP, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia Arici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alan A Arslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa A Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine and
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard B Biritwum
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - William Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Bolton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2RE, UK
| | | | - Paige M Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | | | | | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Butler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Carreon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Angela Carta
- Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gee-Chen Chang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xu Che
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | | | - Lisa W Chu
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine and
| | | | - Victoria K Cortessis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine and
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Paris, France, AP-HP, Department of Urology, Tenon Hospital, GHU-Est, Paris, France, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, ONCOTYPE-URO, Paris, France
| | - Faith G Davis
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Deng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ti Ding
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Anna Luisa Di Stefano
- Service de Neurologie Mazarin, GH Pitie-Salpetriere, APHP, and UMR 975 INSERM-UPMC, CRICM, Paris, France
| | - W Ryan Diver
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanne W Elena
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin-Hu Fan
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- UCL Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | | | | | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine
| | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotaong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Reina Garcia-Closas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Ohio State University Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine and Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Massachusetts Veteran's Epidemiology, Research and Information Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela S Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carol A Giffen
- Information Management Services Inc., Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Robert Grubb
- Department of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research
| | | | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Claudia Hattinger
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qincheng He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Chancellor Hohensee
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Preventive Medicine and
| | | | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chin-Fu Hsiao
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences and Taiwan Lung Cancer Tissue/Specimen Information Resource Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences and
| | - Nan Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David J Hunter
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eric J Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA, Bioinformed, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, Unit of Survivorship, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - In-Sam Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Genomic Research Center for Lung and Breast/Ovarian Cancers, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Brain and Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Kim
- Lung and Esophageal Cancer Clinic, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Jung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Vittorio Krogh
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Hideo Kunitoh
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nilgun Kurucu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, A.Y. Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Yenimahalle- Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Genotypage, IG/CEA, Evry Cedex, France, Centre d'Étude du Polymorphism Humain (CEPH), Paris, France
| | - Ching C Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
| | | | - Wei-Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology and
| | - Josep Lloreta
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daru Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nuria Malats
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Satu Mannisto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neyssa Marina
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Mastrangelo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan, Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Scicence, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Lorna H McNeill
- Department of Health Disparities Research, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, and Center for Community-Engaged Translational Research, Duncan Family Institute and
| | | | | | | | - James E Mensah
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nick Orr
- Complex Traits Genetics Team and
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Alpa V Patel
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Patino-Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Petra H M Peeters
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Malcolm C Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Porru
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Jennifer Prescott
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xia Pu
- Department of Epidemiology
| | | | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rebecca J Rodabough
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Avima M Ruder
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeong-Seon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Marc Sanson
- Service de Neurologie Mazarin, GH Pitie-Salpetriere, APHP, and UMR 975 INSERM-UPMC, CRICM, Paris, France
| | - Alan Schned
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology and
| | - Kendra L Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adeline Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Consol Serra
- Centre for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)
| | - Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kouya Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luis Sierrasesumaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sabina Sierri
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alan Dart Loon Sihoe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Margaret Spitz
- Dan L. Duncan Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Par Stattin
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology and
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara S Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sook Whan Sung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK, Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wei Tang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Ze-Zhang Tang
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Evelyn Tay
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yao Tettey
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - David M Thomas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry Associazione Iblea Ricerca Epidemiologica, Onlus and Asp Ragusa, Ragusa Italy
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Imperial College, London, UK, Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino Italy
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Soborg, Denmark
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | | | - Junwen Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA, Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Genomic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope and the Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Emily White
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John K Wiencke
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Medical Research Center and Cancer Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotaong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital and
| | | | - Edward D Yeboah
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, PO BOX 77, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Ying
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and
| | - Krista A Zanetti
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Baosen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
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Kyei MY, Mensah JE, Morton B, Gepi-Attee S, Klufio GO, Yeboah ED. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF BPH IN GHANA: A NEED TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE. East Afr Med J 2012; 89:241-245. [PMID: 26845803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open prostatectomy for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is widely practiced in Ghana and Africa. Some of the reasons include lack of expertise and facilities for Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) and digital rectal examination assessment of prostates as greater than 50 grams. OBJECTIVES To assess the prostate volumes of patients for surgical management of BPH by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and to determine, on the basis of prostatic volume, what percentage of those who had open prostatectomy could have been managed by TURP. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. SUBJECTS Patients for elective surgical management of BPH from March to September 2010 were studied. RESULTS Fifty-eight. patients had surgical management of BPH. Forty-six of them (79.3%) had open prostatectomy whilst twelve (20.7%) had TURP with a mean age of 70.4 and 65.2 years respectively. The most common reason for the open prostatectomy was refractory retention of urine (76.0%) while that for TURP was lower urinary tract symptoms (58.3%). The mean prostate volume for the patients who had open prostatectomy was 64.2ml ± 28.7mls (range 23.0-121.0ml) while that of the TURP group was 40.1g ± 16.2mls (range 18.5-70.0mls). Of the open prostatectomy group, 67.4% of them had prostate volumes 75 mls or less. The blood transfusion and peri-operative complication rates for the open prostatectomy and TURP groups were 13% versus 8.3% and 8.7% versus 8.3% respectively. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION Access to TURP in the surgical management of BPH in Ghana is low (20.7%). With improved facilities including routine use of TRUS for assessing prostate size and availability of expertise for TURP, 67.4% of patients offered open prostatectomy presently could benefit from TURP, using prostate volumes 75mls (75g) or less as indication for TURP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kyei
- Department of Surgery and Urology, University of Ghana medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Kyei MY, Yeboah ED, Klufio GO, Mensah JE, Gepi-Atee S, Zakpaa L, Morton B, Adusei B. Retrocaval ureter: two case reports. Ghana Med J 2011; 45:177-80. [PMID: 22359425 PMCID: PMC3283090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrocaval ureter also referred to as pre-ureteral vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly with the ureter passing posterior to the inferior vena cava. Though it is a congenital anomaly, patients do not normally present with symptoms until the 3rd and 4th decades of life from a resulting hydronephrosis. We present the first two cases to be reported in Ghana; a 36-year-old male and a 40-year-old female both with right flank pains and associated right hydronephrosis. Diagnoses were confirmed with retrograde ureteropyelogram and both had an open surgical repair of the anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kyei
- Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, and Urology Unit, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 77, Accra, Ghana.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present our experience with diagnosis and surgical management of penile fracture PATIENTS AND METHODS We present six cases of penile fracture managed at our unit between 2003 and 2008. The diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and physical examination. The treatment was surgical in all cases with Subcoronal circumferential degloving incision, evacuation of hematoma and reconstruction of the rupture with absorbable suture. RESULTS The clinical diagnosis of penile fracture was accurate in all six cases. All patients had a successful outcome, with preservation of erectile function CONCLUSION Penile fracture is a clinical diagnosis and immediate surgical repair offers complete recovery of sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Mensah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Surgery, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
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