1
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Clarke MJ, Battagin S, Coppolino MG. Assessment of Invadopodium Formation and Gelatin Degradation in Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2747:141-149. [PMID: 38038938 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3589-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer cells form highly regulated structures, termed invadopodia, which mediate local, enzymatic degradation of extracellular matrix and facilitate cancer cell invasion and migration during metastatic progression. Understanding invadopodium formation and function in cancer cells is therefore an important strategy to find novel clinical approaches to interfere with metastasis. Invadopodia are F-actin-rich protrusions that form on the advancing edge of cells, supported by complex molecular interactions at the cell membrane. Invadopodia formation, structure, and function can be studied in vitro, using commonly cultured cancer cell lines and standard microscopic techniques. Here, these approaches are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite J Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Battagin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Coppolino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Sun X, Zhou L, Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhong Z, Chen J. FYCO1 regulates migration, invasion, and invadopodia formation in HeLa cells through CDC42/N-WASP/Arp2/3 signaling pathway. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:458-472. [PMID: 36342046 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FYCO1, an autophagy adaptor, plays an essential role in the trafficking toward the plus-end of microtubules and the fusion of autophagosomes. Autophagic dysfunction is involved in numerous disease states, including cancers. Previous studies have implicated FYCO1 as one of the critical genes involved in the adenoma to carcinoma transition, but the biological function and mechanism of FYCO1 in carcinogenesis remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the role and mechanism of up- and downregulation of FYCO1 in mediating tumor effects in HeLa cells. Functionally, FYCO1 promotes cellular migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invadopodia formation, and matrix degradation, which are detected through wound healing, transwell, immunofluorescence, and Western blot approaches. Interestingly, the data show that although FYCO1 does not affect HeLa cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, nor vessels' formation, FYCO1 can block the apoptotic function. FYCO1 inhibits cleavage of PARP, caspase3, and caspase9 and increases Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Then, we used CK666, an Arp2/3 specific inhibitor, to confirm that FYCO1 may promote the migration and invasion of HeLa cells through the CDC42/N-WASP/Arp2/3 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results provide a new insight that FYCO1, an autophagy adaptor, may also be a new regulator of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Sun
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Linlin Zhou
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Zilin Zhong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
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3
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Olteanu GE, Mihai IM, Bojin F, Gavriliuc O, Paunescu V. The natural adaptive evolution of cancer: The metastatic ability of cancer cells. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:303-309. [PMID: 32020846 PMCID: PMC7416172 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer to adapt renders it one of the most challenging pathologies of all time. It is the most dreaded pathological entity because of its capacity to metastasize to distant sites in the body, and 90% of all cancer-related deaths recorded to date are attributed to metastasis. Currently, three main theories have been proposed to explain the metastatic pathway of cancer: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) hypothesis (1), the cancer stem cell hypothesis (2), and the macrophage–cancer cell fusion hybrid hypothesis (3). We propose a new hypothesis, i.e., under the effect of particular biochemical and/or physical stressors, cancer cells can undergo nuclear expulsion with subsequent macrophage engulfment and fusion, with the formation of cancer fusion cells (CFCs). The existence of CFCs, if confirmed, would represent a novel metastatic pathway and a shift in the extant dogma of cancer; consequently, new treatment targets would be available for this adaptive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Emilian Olteanu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara - OncoGen, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana-Maria Mihai
- Department of Microscopic Morphology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Bojin
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara - OncoGen, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana Gavriliuc
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara - OncoGen, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara - OncoGen, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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4
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Mohammadpour A, Derakhshan M, Darabi H, Hedayat P, Momeni M. Melanoma: Where we are and where we go. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3307-3320. [PMID: 30362507 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is known as an aggressive tumor which shows an increasing incidence and poor prognosis in the metastatic phase. Hence, it seems that diagnosis and effective management (including early diagnosis, choosing of the effective therapeutic platform, caring, and training of patients for early detection) are major aspects of melanoma therapy. Early detection of melanoma is a key point for melanoma therapy. There are various diagnosis options such as assessing of biopsy, imaging techniques, and biomarkers (i.e., several proteins, polymorphism, and liquid biopsy). Among the various biomarkers, assessing circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNAs, cell-free RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as powerful diagnosis tools for melanoma patients. Deregulations of these molecules are associated with melanoma pathogenesis. After detection of melanoma, choosing of effective therapeutic regimen is a key step for recovery of melanoma patients. Several studies indicated that various therapeutic approaches including surgery, immunotherapy, systematic therapy, radiation therapy and antibodies therapy could be used as potential therapeutic candidates for melanoma therapy. Caring for melanoma patients is one of the important components of melanoma therapy. Caring and training for melanoma patients could contribute to better monitoring of patients in response to various therapeutic options. Here, we summarized various diagnosis approaches such as assessing biopsy, imaging techniques, and utilization of various biomarkers (i.e., proteins, CTCs, cfDNAs, and miRNAs) as a diagnostic biomarker for detection and monitoring patients with melanoma. Moreover, we highlighted various therapeutic options and caring aspects in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadpour
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Derakhshan
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Darabi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pegah Hedayat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Momeni
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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5
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Msaki A, Pastò A, Curtarello M, Arigoni M, Barutello G, Calogero RA, Macagno M, Cavallo F, Amadori A, Indraccolo S. A hypoxic signature marks tumors formed by disseminated tumor cells in the BALB-neuT mammary cancer model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33081-95. [PMID: 27105499 PMCID: PMC5078077 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the final stage of cancer progression. Some evidence indicates that tumor cell dissemination occurs early in the natural history of cancer progression. Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) have been described in the bone marrow (BM) of cancer patients as well as in experimental models, where they correlate with later development of metastasis. However, little is known about the tumorigenic features of DTC obtained at different time points along tumor progression. Here, we found that early DTC isolated from BM of 15-17 week-old Her2/neu transgenic (BALB-neuT) mice were not tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. In contrast, DTC-derived tumors were easily detectable when late DTC obtained from 19-22 week-old BALB-neuT mice were injected. Angiogenesis, which contributes to regulate tumor dormancy, appeared dispensable to reactivate late DTC, although it accelerated growth of secondary DTC tumors. Compared with parental mammary tumors, gene expression profiling disclosed a distinctive transcriptional signature of late DTC tumors which was enriched for hypoxia-related transcripts and was maintained in ex-vivo cell culture. Altogether, these findings highlight a different tumorigenic potential of early and late DTC in the BALB-neuT model and describe a HIF-1α-related transcriptional signature in DTC tumors, which may render DTC angiogenesis-competent, when placed in a favourable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichi Msaki
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Pastò
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Macagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Fang M, Yuan J, Chen M, Sun Z, Liu L, Cheng G, Ying H, Yang S, Chen M. The heterogenic tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognostic analysis based on tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and α-SMA. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4805-4812. [PMID: 29552120 PMCID: PMC5840703 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to quantify tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore the prognostic factors of HCC. The distribution of tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts was quantified by immunohistochemistry and inverted microscopy with the CRi Nuance multispectral imaging system, and the correlation of these parameters with the clinico-pathological characteristics and overall survival of the patients was analyzed. The number of tumor neo-vessels and macrophages, and density of the fibroblasts, as calculated by the thickness of the tumor stroma in the tumor microenvironment, ranged from 51-429 (median, 218), 110-555 (median, 259) and 35.6-555.5 µm (median, 247.0), respectively. Using the median values as a cutoff, the cases were stratified into high- and low-density groups. Survival analysis demonstrated that the high-density groups regarding macrophages (χ2=5.249, P=0.022) and fibroblasts (χ2=18.073, P<0.001) had a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) than the low-density groups. The high-density tumor neo-vessel group had a shorter DFS with a median of 5 months than the low-density group with a median of 7 months; however, there was no statistical significance between these two groups (χ2=1.663, P=0.197). Regarding the above three stromal components combined, all of the cases were classified into low-, middle- and high-density groups. Survival analysis demonstrated that the high-density group of stromal components had a shorter DFS than the other two groups with a median of 3 months (χ2=14.439, P=0.001). Multivariate analysis by Cox regression indicated that cirrhosis, metastasis stage, as well as macrophage and fibroblast density were independent prognostic factors. In conclusion, the key elements in the tumor microenvironment, including tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts, were heterogenic in HCC tissues and have significant roles in HCC invasion and metastasis. Stromal components are associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC; the higher the density of stromal components, the poorer the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zongwen Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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7
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Arumugam P, Subramanian R, Priyadharsini JV, Gopalswamy J. Thymoquinone inhibits the migration of mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:904-912. [PMID: 28262117 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), an active component derived from the medial plant Nigella sativa, has been used for medical purposes for more than 2 000 years. Recent studies have reported that TQ blocked angiogenesis in animal model and reduced migration, adhesion, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We have recently shown that TQ could exhibit a potent cytotoxic effect and induce apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells. In the present study, TQ treatment markedly decreased the adhesion and migration of Neuro-2a cells. TQ down-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression and mRNA levels and their activities. Furthermore, TQ significantly down-regulated the protein expression of transcription factor NF-κB (p65) but not significantly altered the expression of N-Myc. Taken together, our data indicated that TQ's inhibitory effect on the migration of Neuro-2a cells was mediated through the suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, suggesting that TQ treatment can be a promising therapeutic strategy for human malignant neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Arumugam
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India.
| | | | - Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Jayaraman Gopalswamy
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar campus, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
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8
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Liver metastatic disease: new concepts and biomarker panels to improve individual outcomes. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:743-755. [PMID: 27541751 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer, one of the leading causes of all cancer related deaths, belongs to the most malignant cancer types. In fact, the secondary hepatic malignancies (liver metastases) are more common than the primary ones. Almost all solid malignancies can metastasise to the liver. It is well justified that the "treat and wait" approach in the overall management of the liver cancer is not up-to-date and so creation of complex individual patient profiles is needed. This review is specifically focused on the liver metastases originating from the colorectum, breast and prostate cancer. Innovative multilevel diagnostics may procure specific panels of validated biomarkers for predisposition, development and progression of metastatic disease. Creation of the patient specific "molecular portrait" is an essential part of the diagnostic strategy. Contextually, analysis of molecular and cellular patterns in blood samples as the minimally invasive diagnostic tool and construction of diagnostic windows based on individual patient profiling is highly recommended for patient cohorts predisposed to and affected by the liver metastatic disease. Summarised information on risk assessment, predictive and prognostic panels for diagnosis and treatments of the liver metastatic disease in colorectal, breast and prostate cancer is provided.
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9
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Mirzaei H, Gholamin S, Shahidsales S, Sahebkar A, Jaafari MR, Mirzaei HR, Hassanian SM, Avan A. MicroRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2015; 53:25-32. [PMID: 26693896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a life-threatening malignancy with poor prognosis and a relatively high burden of mortality in advanced stages. The efficacy of current available therapeutic strategies is limited, with a survival rate of less than 10%. Despite rapid advances in biomarker-guided drug development in different tumour types, including melanoma, only a very small number of biomarkers have been identified. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a molecular regulator in the development and progression of melanoma. Aberrant activation of some known miRNAs, e.g. let-7a and b, miR-148, miR-155, miR-182, miR-200c, miR-211, miR-214, miR-221 and 222, has been recognised to be linked with melanoma-associated genes such as NRAS, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT, AP-2 transcription factor, etc. There is accumulating evidence suggesting the potential impact of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic markers in diseases. In addition, miRNAs have turned out to play important roles in drug-resistance mechanisms; suggesting their modulation as a potential approach to overcome chemoresistance. This review highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies on circulating miRNAs and their potential role as diagnosis, and therapeutic targets in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soodabeh Shahidsales
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Grizzi F, Mirandola L, Qehajaj D, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Cancer-Testis Antigens and Immunotherapy in the Light of Cancer Complexity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:143-53. [PMID: 25901859 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Semczuk A, Sagan D, Olcha P, Semczuk-Sikora A, Szumiło J, Pyra A, Rechberger T. Multiple recurrences of early-stage, endometrioid-type G2 endometrial cancer with a long-time follow-up: A case study. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:478-80. [PMID: 25701363 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recurrence after a long-time free period of time, in women primarily operated on for early-stage of endometrial cancer (EC), is a unique phenomenon. Currently, we present the case of a 59-year-old woman with multiple recurrences from the moderately-differentiated, stage Ib, endometrioid-type, uterine cancer. All recurrences were pathologically proven to originate from the primary tumor, and the patient expired 12 years after the primary surgery for disseminated neoplasm. We summarize the current data to give a short overview of the role of late recurrences in women operated on for early-stage EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Semczuk
- II(ND) Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Sagan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Olcha
- II(ND) Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Semczuk-Sikora
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Szumiło
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pyra
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Chair, Municipal Hospital, Nowa Deba, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rechberger
- II(ND) Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Khanna C, Fan TM, Gorlick R, Helman LJ, Kleinerman ES, Adamson PC, Houghton PJ, Tap WD, Welch DR, Steeg PS, Merlino G, Sorensen PHB, Meltzer P, Kirsch DG, Janeway KA, Weigel B, Randall L, Withrow SJ, Paoloni M, Kaplan R, Teicher BA, Seibel NL, Smith M, Uren A, Patel SR, Trent J, Savage SA, Mirabello L, Reinke D, Barkaukas DA, Krailo M, Bernstein M. Toward a drug development path that targets metastatic progression in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4200-9. [PMID: 24803583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful primary tumor treatment, the development of pulmonary metastasis continues to be the most common cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma. A conventional drug development path requiring drugs to induce regression of established lesions has not led to improvements for patients with osteosarcoma in more than 30 years. On the basis of our growing understanding of metastasis biology, it is now reasonable and essential that we focus on developing therapeutics that target metastatic progression. To advance this agenda, a meeting of key opinion leaders and experts in the metastasis and osteosarcoma communities was convened in Bethesda, Maryland. The goal of this meeting was to provide a "Perspective" that would establish a preclinical translational path that could support the early evaluation of potential therapeutic agents that uniquely target the metastatic phenotype. Although focused on osteosarcoma, the need for this perspective is shared among many cancer types. The consensus achieved from the meeting included the following: the biology of metastatic progression is associated with metastasis-specific targets/processes that may not influence grossly detectable lesions; targeting of metastasis-specific processes is feasible; rigorous preclinical data are needed to support translation of metastasis-specific agents into human trials where regression of measurable disease is not an expected outcome; preclinical data should include an understanding of mechanism of action, validation of pharmacodynamic markers of effective exposure and response, the use of several murine models of effectiveness, and where feasible the inclusion of the dog with naturally occurring osteosarcoma to define the activity of new drugs in the micrometastatic disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section, Metastasis Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx
| | - Lee J Helman
- Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Peter C Adamson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William D Tap
- Sarcoma Oncology, Melanoma and Sarcoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Danny R Welch
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Poul H B Sorensen
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia; BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetics Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David G Kirsch
- Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brenda Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lor Randall
- Huntsman Cancer Institute & Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen J Withrow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Departments of
| | - Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rosandra Kaplan
- Tumor Microenvironment Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nita L Seibel
- Cancer Therapy Evaluations Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Aykut Uren
- Oncology and Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shreyaskumar R Patel
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denise Reinke
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donald A Barkaukas
- Children's Oncology Group, QuadW-COG Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Monrovia
| | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Fang M, Peng CW, Yuan JP, Zhang ZL, Pang DW, Li Y. Coevolution of the tumor microenvironment revealed by quantum dot-based multiplexed imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1029-37. [PMID: 23837765 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to provide new insights into the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invasion by simultaneously imaging tumor cells and major components of the tumor microenvironment. MATERIALS & METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human HCC tissues were studied by conventional immunohistochemistry and quantum dot-based multiplexed imaging to reveal type IV collagen, LOX and tumor angiogenesis. RESULTS Type IV collagen degradation and repatterning in the extracellular matrix (ECM) was a continuous process, making the ECM harder, although more fragile and less resistant to cancer invasion. The distribution of LOX among cancer nests was heterogeneous, with higher expression in small cancer nests and lower expression in large cancer nests. LOX expression in cancer cells was associated with rigid stroma and tumor angiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis occurred with type IV collagen presence. At the cancer invasion front, the ECM was hydrolyzed, with the prominent linear reorientation of type IV collagen surrounding cancer nests adjacent to neovessels. CONCLUSION The visualization of the temporal-spatial relationship between type IV collagen, LOX and tumor angiogenesis revealed the coevolution process of HCC cells and their microenvironment, emphasizing an active role of the ECM during cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Number 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
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14
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BAŁON BEATA, KAZNOWSKA EWA, IGNATOV ATANAS, STEĆ ANNA, SEMCZUK-SIKORA ANNA, SCHNEIDER-STOCK REGINE, JÓŹWIK MACIEJ, SULKOWSKI STANISŁAW, CYBULSKI MAREK, SZUMIŁO JUSTYNA, SEMCZUK ANDRZEJ. p53 is not related to Ki-67 immunostaining in the epithelial and mesenchymal components of female genital tract carcinosarcomas. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1661-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Fang M, Yuan JP, Peng CW, Pang DW, Li Y. Quantum dots-based in situ molecular imaging of dynamic changes of collagen IV during cancer invasion. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8708-17. [PMID: 23932291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis remains the root cause of mortality. This process involves alterations of tumor microenvironment, particularly the remodeling of extracellular matrix, characterized by collagen IV uncoiling, degradation, fragments deposition and cross-linking. Quantum dots-labeled molecular probes are promising platforms to simultaneously study several subtle changes of key biomolecules, because of their unique optical and chemical properties. Here we report on a quantum dots-based imaging technology to study key components in tumor microenvironment during cancer progression, so as to gain new insights into the role of collagen IV plays, to define the cancer "invasion unit" and to develop the "pulse-mode" of cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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16
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Fang M, Peng CW, Liu SP, Yuan JP, Li Y. In vitro invasive pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM9 based on three-dimensional cell culture and quantum dots molecular imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:520-524. [PMID: 23904371 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture and use quantum dots (QDs) molecular imaging to examine the invasive behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Each well of the 24-well cell culture plate was cover-slipped. Matrigel diluted with serum-free DMEM was added and HCCLM9 cells were cultured on the Matrigel. The cell morphological and cell growth characteristics were observed by inverted microscopy and laser confocal microscopy at different culture time. Cell invasive features were monitored by QDs-based real-time molecular imaging techniques. The results showed that on this 3D cell culture platform, HCCLM9 cells exhibited typical multi-step invasive behaviors, including reversion of cell senescence, active focal proliferation and dominant clones invasion. During the process, cells under 3D cell culture showed biological behaviors of spatio-temporal characteristics. Cells first merged on the surface of matrix, then gradually infiltrated and migrated into deep part of matrix, presenting polygonal morphology with stretched protrusions, forming tubular, annular and even network structure, which suggested that HCC cells have the morphological basis for vasculogenic mimicry. In addition, small cell clones with their edges well-circumscribed in early stage, progressed into a large irregular clone with ill-defined edge, while the other cells developed invadopodia. And QDs probing showed MT1-MMP was strongly expressed in the invadopodia. These findings indicate that a novel 3D cell culture platform has been successfully established, which can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment, and when combined with QDs-based molecular imaging, it can help to better investigate the invasive behaviors of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Oncology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chun-Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shao-Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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17
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Abstract
Breast cancer is now the most frequently diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Strategies targeting the primary tumour have markedly improved, but systemic treatments to prevent metastasis are less effective; metastatic disease remains the underlying cause of death in the majority of patients with breast cancer who succumb to their disease. The long latency period between initial treatment and eventual recurrence in some patients suggests that a tumour may both alter and respond to the host systemic environment to facilitate and sustain disease progression. Results from studies in animal models suggest that specific subtypes of breast cancer may direct metastasis through recruitment and activation of haematopoietic cells. In this review, we focus on data implicating breast cancer as a systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Redig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Exocyst complex component Sec8: a presumed component in the progression of human oral squamous-cell carcinoma by secretion of matrix metalloproteinases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23207790 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sec8, a component of the exocyst complex, has been implicated in tethering of secretory vesicles to specific regions on the plasma membrane. To investigate the involvement of Sec8 in oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC), we evaluated the expression status and effect of Sec8 in OSCC cell lines. METHODS Sec8 mRNA and protein expressions in human OSCC cell lines were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Functional analyses, proliferation assay, invasiveness assay, and gelatin zymography in Sec8 knockdown cells were performed. Also the correlation between Sec8 expression and the clinicopathological features in 98 primary OSCCs samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sec8 mRNA and protein expression were significantly up-regulated in all cell lines (p < 0.05). Sec8 knockdown cells were characterized by reduced cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP-2, proMMP-2, and proMMP-9). Sec8 protein expression in primary OSCCs also was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than in normal counterparts, and higher Sec8 expression was correlated with tumor size (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested for the first time that Sec8 might play a specific role in OSCC progression by mediating MMP secretion.
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19
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Leong SPL, Mihm MC, Murphy GF, Hoon DSB, Kashani-Sabet M, Agarwala SS, Zager JS, Hauschild A, Sondak VK, Guild V, Kirkwood JM. Progression of cutaneous melanoma: implications for treatment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:775-96. [PMID: 22892755 PMCID: PMC4311146 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The survival rates of melanoma, like any type of cancer, become worse with advancing stage. Spectrum theory is most consistent with the progression of melanoma from the primary site to the in-transit locations, regional or sentinel lymph nodes and beyond to the distant sites. Therefore, early diagnosis and surgical treatment before its spread is the most effective treatment. Recently, new approaches have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Genomic profiling and sequencing will form the basis for molecular taxonomy for more accurate subgrouping of melanoma patients in the future. New insights of molecular mechanisms of metastasis are summarized in this review article. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become a standard of care for staging primary melanoma without the need for a more morbid complete regional lymph node dissection. With recent developments in molecular biology and genomics, novel molecular targeted therapy is being developed through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley P L Leong
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment and Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Overexpression of TG-interacting factor is associated with worse prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1044-55. [PMID: 22771156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prognostic outcome prediction would be useful for the treatment of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, its prognostic biomarkers are not well established so far. According to the results of analysis of 168 human upper urinary tract UC specimens, overexpressed TG-interacting factor (TGIF) in nuclei of tumor tissues is significantly correlated with poor progression-free survival and higher cancer-related death. When both TGIF and p21 expression are altered, these patients had an even worse prognosis than those with one or no marker altered. Furthermore, to elucidate the role of TGIF in the progression of UC, overexpression of TGIF in RT4 or TSGH8301 cells was performed, and the results revealed that TGIF can significantly increase migration/invasion ability, matrix metalloproteinase expression, and invadopodia formation via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway. In contrast, knockdown of TGIF with its specific short hairpin RNA inhibited the invasion ability of T24 cells. Besides, TGIF could inhibit p21(WAF/CIP1) expression, up-regulate cyclin D1 expression, and phosphorylate retinoblastoma to promote G1-S transition and cellular proliferation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TGIF contributes to the progression of urothelial carcinoma via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway. It may serve as an attractive therapeutic or prognostic target for selected patients with upper urinary tract UC.
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21
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Todaro LB, Veloso MJ, Campodónico PB, Puricelli LI, Farías EF, Bal de Kier Joffé ED. A clinically relevant bi-cellular murine mammary tumor model as a useful tool for evaluating the effect of retinoic acid signaling on tumor progression. Breast Cancer 2012; 20:342-56. [PMID: 22374508 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of retinoic acid (RA) on breast cancer progression is controversial. Our objective was to obtain information about breast cancer progression, taking advantage of the ER-negative murine mammary adenocarcinoma model LM38 (LM38-LP constituted by luminal (LEP) and myoepithelial-like cells (MEP), LM38-HP mainly composed of spindle-shaped epithelial cells, and LM38-D2 containing only large myoepithelial cells), and to validate the role of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in each cell-type compartment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression and functionality of the RARs in LM38 cell lines. We analyzed cell growth and cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, the activity of proteases, motility properties, and expression of the molecules involved in these pathways. We also evaluated tumor growth and dissemination in vivo under retinoid treatment. RESULTS LM38 cell lines expressed most retinoic receptor isotypes that were functional. However, only the bi-cellular LM38-LP cells responded to retinoids by increasing RARβ2 and CRBP1 expression. The growth of LM38 cell sublines was inhibited by retinoids, first by inducing arrest in MEP cells, then apoptosis in LEP cells. Retinoids induced inhibitory effects on motility, invasiveness, and activity of proteolytic enzymes, mainly in the LM38-LP cell line. In in-vivo assays with the LM38-LP cell line, RA treatment impaired both primary tumor growth and lung metastases dissemination. CONCLUSION These in-vivo and in-vitro results show that to achieve maximum effects of RA on tumor progression both the LEP and MEP cell compartments have to be present, suggesting that the interaction between the LEP and MEP cells is crucial to full activation of the RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beatriz Todaro
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology "Angel H. Roffo", University of Buenos Aires, 5481 San Martín Ave, C1417DTB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The RalB small GTPase mediates formation of invadopodia through a GTPase-activating protein-independent function of the RalBP1/RLIP76 effector. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1374-86. [PMID: 22331470 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06291-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies implicated key and distinct roles for the highly related RalA and RalB small GTPases (82% sequence identity) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis and invasive and metastatic growth, respectively. How RalB may promote PDAC invasion and metastasis has not been determined. In light of known Ral effector functions in regulation of actin organization and secretion, we addressed a possible role for RalB in formation of invadopodia, actin-rich membrane protrusions that contribute to tissue invasion and matrix remodeling. We determined that a majority of KRAS mutant PDAC cell lines exhibited invadopodia and that expression of activated K-Ras is both necessary and sufficient for invadopodium formation. Invadopodium formation was not dependent on the canonical Raf-MEK-ERK effector pathway and was instead dependent on the Ral effector pathway. However, this process was more dependent on RalB than on RalA. Surprisingly, RalB-mediated invadopodium formation was dependent on RalBP1/RLIP76 but not Sec5 and Exo84 exocyst effector function. Unexpectedly, the requirement for RalBP1 was independent of its best known function as a GTPase-activating protein for Rho small GTPases. Instead, disruption of the ATPase function of RalBP1 impaired invadopodium formation. Our results identify a novel RalB-mediated biochemical and signaling mechanism for invadopodium formation.
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Assessing cancer cell migration and metastatic growth in vivo in the chick embryo using fluorescence intravital imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 872:1-14. [PMID: 22700400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration and metastasis are key features of aggressive tumors. These processes can be difficult to study, as they often occur deep within the body of a cancer patient or an experimental animal. In vitro assays are able to model some aspects of these processes, and a number of assays have been developed to assess cancer cell motility, migration, and invasion. However, in vitro assays have inherent limitations that may miss important aspects of these processes as they occur in vivo. The chick embryo provides a powerful model for studying these processes in vivo, facilitated by the external and accessible nature of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a well-vascularized tissue that surrounds the embryo. When coupled with multiple fluorescent approaches to labeling both cancer cells and the embryonic vasculature, along with image analysis tools, the chick CAM model offers cost-effective, rapid assays for studying cancer cell migration and metastasis in a physiologically-relevant, in vivo setting. Here, we present recent developments of detailed procedures for using shell-less chick embryos, coupled with fluorescent labeling of cancer cells and/or chick vasculature, to study cancer cell migration and metastasis in vivo.
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Sakamoto K, Imanishi Y, Tomita T, Shimoda M, Kameyama K, Shibata K, Sakai N, Ozawa H, Shigetomi S, Fujii R, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Overexpression of SIP1 and downregulation of E-cadherin predict delayed neck metastasis in stage I/II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma after partial glossectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19:612-9. [PMID: 21913013 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with clinical stage I/II (T1-2N0M0) oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) usually undergo partial glossectomy alone. However, 14-48% of them develop delayed neck metastasis (DNM), which may lead to an unfavorable course. Recently epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been thought to play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. The present study aimed to examine the associations of EMT-involved molecular factors and clinicopathological factors with DNM in stage I/II TSCC. METHODS mRNA expression levels of E-cadherin and its transcriptional repressors (snail, SIP1, and twist) in 7 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Clinicopathological parameters and immunohistochemical expressions of E-cadherin and its repressors were examined in surgical specimens of 37 stage I/II TSCC patients who underwent partial glossectomy alone. RESULTS In HNSCC cells, E-cadherin expression was inversely correlated with SIP1 expression (P = 0.023). Univariate analysis of immunohistochemistry showed that overexpression of SIP1 and loss of E-cadherin were significantly correlated with DNM, although no inverse correlation was found between E-cadherin and its repressors. Multiple logistic regression analysis including clinicopathological and molecular factors revealed that overexpression of SIP1 (P = 0.005), loss of E-cadherin (P = 0.046), and vascular invasion (P = 0.024) were independently correlated with DNM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that development of DNM in stage I/II TSCC is closely related to induction of EMT in primary tumor cells. Especially, SIP1 and E-cadherin are considered to be the possible markers for selecting patients at high risk of DNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka R, Koyanagi K, Narita N, Kuo C, Hoon DSB. Prognostic molecular biomarkers for cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:438-46. [PMID: 21557225 PMCID: PMC3673884 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signatures of melanoma have propelled new approaches to early diagnosis, monitoring of treatment response, and targeted therapy. This review discusses messenger RNA (mRNA), genomic, and epigenomic melanoma biomarkers in blood and tissue specimens. The major focus is on tissue-based molecular assays to upstage sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), and blood-based assays to detect melanoma progression by monitoring levels of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
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26
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Robertson CA, Abrahamse H, Evans D. The in vitro PDT efficacy of a novel metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivative and established 5-ALA photosensitizing dyes against human metastatic melanoma cells. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 42:766-76. [PMID: 21246581 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Numerous worldwide clinical trials have shown that photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents an effective and safe modality for various skin disorders, but little research has been done in terms of its effect on malignant melanomas (MM). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of both established porphyrin photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and novel metallophthalocyanine (MPc) photosensitizer on human metastatic skin cells which produce a MM. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cellular responses following PDT were assessed using changes in cell morphology, cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and proliferation. RESULTS Findings reported that in vitro human MM cell line A375 (EACC no: 88113005) are highly sensitive to growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by the cytotoxic side-effects induced by MPc and 5-ALA photosensitizing treatments post-laser irradiation at 680 and 636 nm, respectively. The decrease of cell viability accompanied by an increased cytotoxicity and apoptotic and necrotic levels, with a time-dependant decrease in cellular proliferation was found to be far more significant for MPc-treated cells than 5-ALA-treated cells, since MPc was applied in far lower concentrations and exhibited far less photoxicity to control cells. CONCLUSION Hence, novel MPc proved to be the better photosensitizing dye for metastatic melanoma tumor destruction in combination with laser irradiation and is a particularly attractive photosensitizer since it exhibits so many ideal properties of a photosensitizing agent, thus further research of this possible anticancer agent could contribute to its potential application in PDT cancer treatment of MMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Robertson
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
Distant metastases (MET) are for most solid cancers decisive life-threatening events. Data about MET-free survival and survival after MET show a strong dependency on the kind of cancer and the prognostic features. Nonetheless, within biological subgroups, the MET process is very homogenous. Therefore, the growth rate can be estimated from initiation of MET to MET diagnosis and to time of death. Based on the known volume doubling time of breast cancer, the time of the first possible dissemination can also be estimated. Important consequences of these MET-initiation estimates are the hypotheses that almost all MET are initiated before removal of the primary tumor and that MET do not metastasize in a clinically relevant magnitude. Although breast cancer data were primarily used to form these hypotheses, the discussed MET process can be generalized to all solid cancers. The impact of these hypotheses on diagnostic, curative and palliative treatment, aftercare, and especially on clinical research would be important.
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal skin tumor in large part because of a propensity for early metastasis. Good models of this most clinically relevant feature of melanoma are lacking. Here, we report the development of an in-vivo model of metastasis that relies on orthotopic injection of green fluorescent protein-tagged lines in immunodeficient mice, serial intravital imaging of tumor progression, and quantification of distant spread by two-photon laser scanning microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR analysis. Using this system, we report an assessment of the in-vivo growth and metastatic properties of 11 well-characterized human melanoma cell lines. A subset of lines showed rapid in-vivo growth with invasion of host vasculature and distant seeding of viscera in this system. The ability to form metastasis in vivo did not correlate with three-dimensional collagen invasion in vitro. Surprisingly, similar lines in terms of molecular genetic events differed markedly in their propensity to metastasize to distant organs such as brain and lung. In particular, two lines harboring B-RAF mutation and high levels of phosphorylated ERK and AKT were reproducibly unable to form tumors after orthotopic injection. Similarly, two previously identified RAS/RAF wildtype 'epithelial like' lines that do not have elevated phosphorylated ERK and AKT or express TWIST1 mRNA still showed a pronounced ability for orthotopic growth and metastatic spread. All the metastatic cell lines in this model showed increased NEDD9 expression, but NEDD9 lentiviral overexpression did not convey a metastatic phenotype on nonmetastatic cells. These data suggest that melanoma metastasis is a molecularly heterogeneous process that may not require epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or ERK activation, although both may facilitate the process.
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Abstract
CONTEXT While most patients diagnosed with thin cutaneous melanoma will have a good prognosis, nearly 5% will die of their disease. Thin melanomas are common and approximately one-quarter of all melanoma-related deaths result from thin primary tumors. Patients with thin melanoma commonly have sentinel lymph node biopsies that are uncommonly positive. OBJECTIVE To review the progress that has been made in the translation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers for patients with thin melanomas by focusing on the developments during the last 5 years in using measures of tumor proliferation. Given the paucity of biomarkers for patients with thin melanoma, we review some of the challenges in the development, validation, and translation of new biomarkers into clinical practice. DATA SOURCES Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry data, cohort data from a cancer center's program in melanoma, and focused literature review. CONCLUSIONS The presence of dermal mitoses improves prognostication and prediction. To optimize patient management, biomarkers reflecting biologic processes underlying tumor progression will need to be included in panels and risk models, validated, generalized, and ratified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis A Gimotty
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6021, USA.
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Decoding melanoma metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 3:126-63. [PMID: 24212610 PMCID: PMC3756353 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of morbidity and mortality associated with melanoma. Evidence suggests melanoma has a predilection for metastasis to particular organs. Experimental analyses have begun to shed light on the mechanisms regulating melanoma metastasis and organ specificity, but these analyses are complicated by observations of metastatic dormancy and dissemination of melanocytes that are not yet fully malignant. Additionally, tumor extrinsic factors in the microenvironment, both at the site of the primary tumor and the site of metastasis, play important roles in mediating the metastatic process. As metastasis research moves forward, paradigms explaining melanoma metastasis as a step-wise process must also reflect the temporal complexity and heterogeneity in progression of this disease. Genetic drivers of melanoma as well as extrinsic regulators of disease spread, particularly those that mediate metastasis to specific organs, must also be incorporated into newer models of melanoma metastasis.
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Campodónico PB, de Kier Joffé EDB, Urtreger AJ, Lauria LS, Lastiri JM, Puricelli LI, Todaro LB. The neural cell adhesion molecule is involved in the metastatic capacity in a murine model of lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:386-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mareel M, Oliveira MJ, Madani I. Cancer invasion and metastasis: interacting ecosystems. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:599-622. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Frequent down-regulation of hRAB37 in metastatic tumor by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009; 63:360-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Role of PKCβ in hepatocellular carcinoma cells migration and invasion in vitro: a potential therapeutic target. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:189-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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37
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Saad AG, Yeap BY, Thunnissen FBJM, Pinkus GS, Pinkus JL, Loda M, Sugarbaker DJ, Johnson BE, Chirieac LR. Immunohistochemical markers associated with brain metastases in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 2008; 113:2129-38. [PMID: 18720359 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there are no reliable markers able to identify patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that will develop metastases to the brain. The authors investigated associations between immunohistochemical markers and the development of brain metastases in patients with NSCLC. METHODS This was a hospital-based, case-control study of patients who were newly diagnosed with NSCLC between 1989 and 2003, developed brain metastases, and had pathology material available from both the primary NSCLC and the brain metastases. These patients were compared with a control group of patients who had NSCLC and no evidence of brain metastases. NSCLC was examined for expression levels of Ki-67, caspase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, E-cadherin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 54 surgical pathology specimens using immunohistochemistry, and associations were evaluated between those markers and the development of brain metastases. RESULTS Brain metastases developed after a median of 12.5 months (range, 1.7-89.4 months) after the diagnosis of NSCLC. A significantly increased risk of developing brain metastases was associated with patients with NSCLC who had primary tumors with high Ki-67 levels (adjusted odds ratio [OR] of 12.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.4-70.4 [P < .001]), low caspase-3 expression (adjusted OR of 43; 95% CI, 5.3 to >100 [P < .001]), high VEGF-C expression (adjusted OR of 14.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to >100 [P < .001]), and low E-cadherin (adjusted OR of 3.6; 95% CI, 0.9-16.4 [P = .05]). No significant risk was associated with VEGF-A or EGFR expression. High Ki-67 expression also was associated with a shorter overall survival (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicated that patients with NSCLC who had high Ki-67 expression, low caspase-3 expression, high VEGF-C expression, and low E-cadherin expression in their tumors may benefit from close surveillance because they may have an increased risk of developing brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali G Saad
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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38
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Wang W, Liu X, Liu G, Tang C, Qu L, Wang W. The difference between multi-drug resistant cell line H460/Gem and its parental cell NCI-H460. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-008-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Richmond
- VA Medical Center, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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40
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Amersi FF, Terando AM, Goto Y, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Tran AN, Faries MB, Morton DL, Hoon DSB. Activation of CCR9/CCL25 in cutaneous melanoma mediates preferential metastasis to the small intestine. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:638-45. [PMID: 18245522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Specific chemokines and their respective receptors have been implicated in distant tumor cell metastasis. Cutaneous melanoma has a distinct pattern of metastasis, preferentially targeting the submucosa of the small intestine. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. Migration of CCR9(+) lymphocytes to the small intestine is known to occur in response to the chemoattractant effects of CCL25 (thymus-expressed chemokine). The integrin heterodimers alphabeta are also known to be important mediators of cellular adhesion. We hypothesize that the mechanism of small intestinal metastasis by melanoma is via the CCR9-CCL25 axis and specific integrins. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess melanoma tumors for CCR9 and CCL25. Integrin expression was assessed using flow cytometry. CCR9 expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was assessed in primary (n = 23) and metastatic (n = 198) melanomas, and melanoma lines derived from small intestinal metastases (n = 23). RESULTS We showed CCR9 expression in 88 of 102 paraffin-embedded metastatic melanomas from the small intestine, 8 of 8 melanoma lines derived from metastases in the small intestine, and 0 of 96 metastatic melanomas from other sites. In vitro migration and invasion studies done on CCR9(+) melanoma lines showed migration in response to CCL25 that was inhibited by anti-CCR9 antibody or by short interfering RNA CCR9. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed CCR9 expression by melanomas to the small intestine and showed concomitant alpha(4)beta(1) integrin expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that functionally active CCR9 on melanoma cells facilitates metastasis to the small intestine. The CCR9-CCL25 axis may explain the high incidence of melanoma metastasis to this specific location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farin F Amersi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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41
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Bidard FC, Pierga JY, Vincent-Salomon A, Poupon MF. A "class action" against the microenvironment: do cancer cells cooperate in metastasis? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:5-10. [PMID: 18066649 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The authors review how cancer cells may cooperate in metastasis by means of microenvironmental changes. The main mechanisms underlying this cooperation are clustered migration of cancer cells, extracellular matrix degradation, paracrine loops of released signaling factors and/or induction of adhesion molecules on stromal cells. Another critical factor could be temporal cooperation: successive waves of cancer cells may induce progressive conditioning of the microenvironment. The "class action" of cancer cells against the microenvironment involves successive steps of the metastatic process: invasion of the primary tumor microenvironment, collective migration through the extracellular matrix, blood vessel disruption, vascular or lymphatic tumor emboli, establishment of a premetastatic niche by secreted factors and endothelial precursor recruitment, induction of cell adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells, extravasation, micrometastasis dormancy and establishment of a new growth in distant sites. As a result, after completion of the metastatic process, the series of microenvironmental changes from the primary tumor to the metastatic site may promote colonization of metastases by nonmetastatic cancer cells of the primary tumor.
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42
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Pocza P, Süli-Vargha H, Darvas Z, Falus A. Locally generated VGVAPG and VAPG elastin-derived peptides amplify melanoma invasion via the galectin-3 receptor. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1972-80. [PMID: 18076073 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas containing more elastin are associated with higher stages of the disease. The interaction between elastin-derived peptides and melanoma cells appears to play an important role in the progression of melanomas. The effects of the elastin-derived peptides VGVAPG and VAPG have been investigated on the migration, invasion, adhesion and angiogenesis of human melanoma cells of different invasive potential. Elastin, tropoelastin and VGVAPG peptide were demonstrated at the invasion site of melanoma using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Not only the VGVAPG elastin-derived peptide, which exhibits the XGXXPG consensus sequence in its primary structure, but also the shorter VAPG bind directly to 3 cell surface receptors: galectin-3, integrin alpha v beta 3 and elastin-binding protein. Our results suggest that the increased levels of elastin-derived peptides facilitate the invasion of melanoma cells: (i) VGVAPG and VAPG elastin-derived peptides are chemotactic for melanoma cells; (ii) they can increase the migration of melanoma cells and the expression of CXCR-4 and CXCL-12 chemokines; (iii) they enhance the expression of the elastin-degrading MMP-2 and MMP-3; (iv) they increase the attachment of melanoma cells and the expression of different adhesion molecules; (v) they increase the expression of the lymphangiogenic VEGF-C and (vi) the galectin-3 receptor can mediate all these effects. Clinical and therapeutic aspects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pocza
- Department of Genetics, Cell, and Immunbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest H-1089, Hungary
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43
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Clark ES, Weaver AM. A new role for cortactin in invadopodia: regulation of protease secretion. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:581-90. [PMID: 18342393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-dependent organelles that function in the invasion and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by tumor cells. Cortactin, a regulator of the Arp2/3 complex, is of particular importance in invadopodia function. While most of the focus has been on the possible role of cortactin in actin assembly for direct formation of actin-rich invadopodia puncta, our recent data suggest that the primary role of cortactin in invadopodia is to promote protease secretion. In this manuscript, we review our previous work and present new data showing that cortactin is essential for both the localization of key invadopodia matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to actin-positive puncta at the cell-ECM interface and for ECM degradation induced by overexpression of MT1-MMP-GFP. Based on these data and results from the literature, we propose potential mechanisms by which cortactin may link vesicular trafficking and dynamic branched actin assembly to regulate protease secretion for invadopodia-associated ECM degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Clark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Sigala S, Bodei S, Missale C, Zani D, Simeone C, Cunico SC, Spano PF. Gene expression profile of prostate cancer cell lines: effect of nerve growth factor treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 284:11-20. [PMID: 18280641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulation of the nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated control of prostate cell growth is associated with the malignant progression of prostate epithelial cells. Exogenous NGF induced in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines DU145 and PC3 the expression of p75(NGFR), accompanied by a reduction of the cell malignancy. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of NGF-regulated genes the PCa cell line DU145 by using the cDNA microarray technique. NGF treatment of DU145 cells decreased the expression of 52 known genes, while the expression of 40 known genes was increased. NGF treatment of the DU145 cell line modified the expression profile of clusters of genes involved in invasion and metastasis, in cell proliferation and apoptosis, inflammation, cell metabolism and transcriptional activity. Interestingly, NGF induced the same pattern of gene modifications in both PCa cell lines. Data presented here may help to identify gene/proteins that dispose to PCa progression and to assess future markers that could allow the development of new clinic diagnostic and therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia Medical School, V.le Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Ogino H, Yano S, Kakiuchi S, Muguruma H, Ikuta K, Hanibuchi M, Uehara H, Tsuchida K, Sugino H, Sone S. Follistatin Suppresses the Production of Experimental Multiple-Organ Metastasis by Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells in Natural Killer Cell–Depleted SCID Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:660-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Follistatin (FST), an inhibitor of activin, regulates a variety of biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the role of FST in cancer metastasis is still unknown. Previous research established a multiple-organ metastasis model of human small cell lung cancer in natural killer cell–depleted SCID mice. In this model, i.v. inoculated tumor cells produced metastatic colonies in multiple organs including the lung, liver, and bone. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of FST in multiple-organ metastasis using this model.
Experimental Design: A human FST gene was transfected into the small cell lung cancer cell lines SBC-3 and SBC-5 and established transfectants secreting biologically active FST. The metastatic potential of the transfectants was evaluated using the metastasis model.
Results: FST-gene transfection did not affect the cell proliferation, motility, invasion, or adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro. I.v. inoculated SBC-3 or SBC-5 cells produced metastatic colonies into multiple organs, including the lung, liver, and bone in the natural killer cell–depleted SCID mice. FST transfectants produced significantly fewer metastatic colonies in these organs when compared with their parental cells or vector control clones. Immunohistochemical analyses of the liver metastases revealed that the number of proliferating tumor cells and the tumor-associated microvessel density were significantly less in the lesions produced by FST transfectants.
Conclusions: These results suggest that FST plays a critical role in the production of multiple-organ metastasis, predominantly by inhibiting the angiogenesis. This is the first report to show the role of FST in metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ogino
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
| | - Seiji Yano
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
- 5Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Ikuta
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
| | | | - Hisanori Uehara
- 3Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- 4Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- 6Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan; and
| | - Hiromu Sugino
- 4Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- 7National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Organ Development Research Laboratory, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- 1Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics; Department of
- 2Medical Oncology and
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46
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Future perspectives and unanswered questions on cancer metastasis and the lymphovascular system. Cancer Treat Res 2007. [PMID: 17953424 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69219-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Abstract
Establishment of skeletal metastasis involves bidirectional interactions between the tumor cell and the cellular elements in the bone microenvironment. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastasis will be critical in developing the means to prevent bone metastasis or inhibit its progression. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand pathway has emerged as the key pathway regulating osteolysis in skeletal metastasis. A number of candidate factors, including the Wnt (wingless int) proteins, endothelin-1, and bone morphogenetic proteins, have been implicated in the establishment of osteoblastic metastasis. The complex nature of tumor-bone microenvironment interactions and the presence of multiple pathways that lead to bone metastasis suggests that simultaneous targeting of these pathways in the metastatic cascade are required for effective treatment. This review discusses current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie the establishment of bone metastasis and potential molecular therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Virk
- The New England Musculoskeletal Institute and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- The New England Musculoskeletal Institute and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Clark ES, Whigham AS, Yarbrough WG, Weaver AM. Cortactin is an essential regulator of matrix metalloproteinase secretion and extracellular matrix degradation in invadopodia. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4227-35. [PMID: 17483334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are branched actin-rich structures associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation that collectively form the invasive machinery of aggressive cancer cells. Cortactin is a prominent component and a specific marker of invadopodia. Amplification of cortactin is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), possibly because of its activity in invadopodia. Although the role of cortactin in invadopodia has been attributed to signaling and actin assembly, it is incompletely understood. We made HNSCC cells deficient in cortactin by RNA interference knockdown methods. In these cortactin knockdown cells, invadopodia were reduced in number and lost their ability to degrade ECM. In the reverse experiment, overexpression of cortactin dramatically increased ECM degradation, far above and beyond the effect on formation of actin/Arp3-positive invadopodia puncta. Secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as plasma membrane delivery of MT1-MMP correlated closely with cortactin expression levels. MMP inhibitor treatment of control cells mimicked the cortactin knockdown phenotype, with abolished ECM degradation and fewer invadopodia, suggesting a positive feedback loop in which degradation products from MMP activity promote new invadopodia formation. Collectively, these data suggest that a major role of cortactin in invadopodia is to regulate the secretion of MMPs and point to a novel mechanism coupling dynamic actin assembly to the secretory machinery, producing enhanced ECM degradation and invasiveness. Furthermore, these data provide a possible explanation for the observed association between cortactin overexpression and enhanced invasiveness and poor prognosis in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Clark
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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49
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Ji RC. Lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis: New insights into intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatics. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:677-94. [PMID: 17160713 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells represents a series of extremely complex and sequential processes that include dissemination and invasion into surrounding stromal tissues from primary tumors, penetration into lymphatic walls and implantation in regional lymph nodes, and extravasation or proliferation in parenchyma of target organs. Recent developments in lymphatic biology and research, especially the application of unique molecular markers specific for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), LYVE-1, Prox-1 and podoplanin have provided exciting new insights into the tumor microenvironment and LEC-tumor cell interface. To date, established factors for determining the behavior and prognosis of primary tumors have been emphasized morphologically and physiologically, i.e., lymphatic impairment and vessel density, dysfunction of lymphatic valves, interstitial fluid pressure, as well as a series of lymphangiogenic growth factors including VEGF-C/-D, and other cytokines and chemokines. Increasing knowledge of the tumor biological significance in lymphatics within the tumors (intratumoral lymphatics, ITLs) and at the tumor periphery (peritumoral lymphatics, PTLs) has greatly promoted understanding of tumor access into the lymphatic system by inducing lymphangiogenesis or by co-opting preexisting lymphatics. Therefore, the targeting PTLs and ITLs, which have been proposed as an important route for antimetastatic approach, are deemed worthy of further study in various animal tumor models and human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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50
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Abstract
Metastases are more decisive for tumour prognosis than primary lesions, because of their multiple locations, low accessibility to surgery and/or radiotherapy, and generally poor responsiveness to chemotherapy. The metastasis should therefore be the primary target for drug therapy. Among ruthenium complexes, NAMI-A is a leading compound that shows selective effects for solid tumour metastases related to a mechanism of action involving the inhibition of the processes of tumour invasiveness. NAMI-A opens an avenue to new perspectives in cancer chemotherapy. This includes novel compounds directed at targets selectively expressed by tumour metastases, thus reducing the typical side effects of the current metal-based drugs that are active via their unselective DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergamo
- Callerio Foundation Onlus, via A Fleming 22-31, Trieste, Italy
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